) (

/ .
) (




.

.
.


.
.

.
.

) ( 254
.
1879
.
:
1 .
2 .
3 ) .
12 ( 20

.
) 1632 ( 1704
) 1651 ( 1626

2

 ) ( Tabula Rasa )
( Blank Slate ) (
.



.
.

) . 323 ( 384

) ( ) Classical
. ( conditioning ) (




) . ( 326 ) (
) ( ) ( )
(

). ( 331


) 323 ( 384



.

) ( 254
3

 ) 1874 ) ( Thorndike ( 1949

) ( Law of effect

.
) ( Hull
) ( Drive Reduction

.
) .... (326
:
1 ) (
. )
(
. ) (

. ) (
.
_ 2 .
.
1852 ) Morgan ( 1936
1894
) (


) ( )
( . ) (
1891

.
4

 _ 3

.
_ 4 ) ( ) .
( 366 _ 331

 1849) Ivan Pavlov ( 1936

) . 167 2 ( 168

_ 1


.
_ 2 :
( ) :
( .
.
(
.
_ 3
. ) ( 188 167 2
_ 4 ) ( Uncconditional
. )(Conditional Stimulus

.
_ 5 ) ( Conditioned Response
) . ( 157 ) ( Unconditional Response

) . ( 80
6

 _ 6

.
_ 7

) . ( 170
_ 8 ) Law of
) . (Reinforcement ( 188 167 2
.
_ 9
.
_ 10
) ) . ( Law of ( 188 167 2

) ( Law of spontaneous recovery

.
_ 11
) . ( 188 167
_ 12 ) ( Law of generalization
) . 11 ( 12
_ 13 ) ( Law of Discrimination ) .
( 188 167 2

 _ 14


) . ( 12

 . . 1878 ) Jon B. Watson ( 1958

)
(

1912
) .
( 38
) (



.

) .
( 134

) . ( 184

_ 1 ) (

) 240
(
_ 2
.
_ 3
.
_ 4 ) . ( 134
_ 5

9

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( 92
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) . ( 134

.
_ 7
.
_ 8
.
_ 9
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_ 10

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)
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_ 12
)
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.

10

 _ 14

)
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_ 15
)
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.
_ 16 ) . ( 186
_ 17 .
_ 18 )
( .
_ 19 .
_ 20
.
_ 21
) . ( 38
_ 22 .
_ 23
.
_ 24
.

11

 _ 25
.
) . ( law of repetition
_ 26
.
_ 27 .
_ 28 ) .
185 (178
_ 29



) ) ( Law of Recency 271 267 ( 272
_ 30
.
_ 31
.
. ) ( .
_ 32


.

) . 331 ( 366

12


Thorndike
) 1874 ( 1949

.
.


) . ( 73

) ( 187

_ 1 .
.
.
.
_ 2

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) ( .
_ 3
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.
_ 4 .
.

13

 ) .
( 76 74
_ 5
) . ( 387 2
_ 6 .
_ 7
.
_ 8
.
_ 9
.
.
_ 10
) .
( 77
_ 11 .
_ 12
:
( ) ( Law of readiness



.
Maturation Experience

14

 ( Practice frequency
) (
.

.
(

.
.
_ 13 :
( Positive reinforcement
.
( negative reinforcement
.
_ 14 .
_ 15 :
(

) . ( Satisfying
( ) (



.
(



.
15

 (

.
(


) . 188 ( 194
_ 16 .

.
.
.
.
_ 17
.
:

) ... 101 ( 102

: . . B.F. Skiner
Radical Behavioris



) .
( 86 .
.

.
16



1948 ) . 344
( 346

_ 1

.
) (
. .

.
_ 2
.
.
_ 3 .

.

.

.
.
.
_ 4 :
( : .

.

17

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.
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( :

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_ 5 :
( : .
( : .
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_ 6 .
.

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_ 7


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_ 8



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) . 323 ( 384

18

 _ 10 .
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_ 11 ) . ( 195
_ 12 .
_ 13 :
( .
(


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(


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(


) . (95 89
_ 14 :
(
.
.
( ) ( Conditioning

.
19

 _ 15 .
_ 16
.
_ 17 .
_ 18
.
_ 19 :
(
(
.
_ 20 ) (
.
_ 21
.
.
.
_ 22 .
.

.
_ 23 .
.

) . 90 ( 98

20

 _ 24 .
_ 25
.
_ 26
.
_ 27
.
_ 28 .
.
_ 29 Verbal Behavior
.


) . 331
( 366

21

 1886) Guthrie ( 1959

. ) ( )
( ) ( Simultaneous Conditioning
) . ( 351

_ 1
. Contiguity
_ 2

.
_ 3 .
_ 4
.
_ 5
Contiguous Conditioning
.
_ 6 .

.
_ 7
.
22


.
_ 8
.
_ 9

.
_ 10
. .
Iearning By Doing .

) . 116 ( 127
_ 11
.
. . ) (



) ( ) . 331 ( 366
_ 12

.


.
.
_ 13 )
(
23

 .
.
_ 14
.




.
. ) (

.
_ 15
.

.
_ 16

.

.
_ 17
.
.

.
.
) . 12 ( 20
_ 18 The
Breaking Of Habits .
24


. :
( :




.
.
( :


.
( :

.

) . 116 ( 127

25

 John Dollard and Neal Miller

Psychonalytic Learning
Theory

.

) . ( 153
) (

.

) . ( 324

_ 1 Drive .
.... .
_ 2
.
_ 3 Cue
) .
( 152
_ 4
.
.
.
_ 5

:

26

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.

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27

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)
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.

28


.
_ 14 .
_ 15
.
:
(
.
.
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) . 324 ( 341
_ 16
) . 23 ( 24

29

 1884 )Clark Hull ( 1952

.
.


.
.

.

.
) . 331 ( 366


) :
(
.
.


.
) ( ) . 134 ( 135


.




.
30







) . 168 ( 169

1 .
2 .
3
4 )
( ) .
( 21
_ 5
. ) .
331 ( 366
_ 6
.
7
.
8
.
9 .
10 .
31

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12
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13
.
14
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15
.
16 ) . 21
( 22
_ 17

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_ 18


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_ 19 .
_ 20 ) ( ) (
.

32

 _ 21
.
.
_ 22
.
_ 23 :
( :
.
.
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( :
.
_ 24
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_ 25 .
) (
) ( .
_ 26
.
33

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_ 27 :
(
.
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.
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(

) . ( 175 _ 168
28
) . ( 22
_ 29
:
( : ) ( SLR
.

) ( Reaction Threshold


100
34



.
( : .





.
.
( : ) (SER



.
) . ( Stimulus Generalisation
( .





.
( :
) ( Afferent Interaaction


.

35

 :

) (
.
: .


) . 176 ( 183

36

 1886 ) Toleman ( 1959

.


.

.
:



.


.

_ 1
.
_ 2
.
_ 3
.
_ 4 : ) :
( .
_ 5

.
37


.
_ 6
.
_ 7 ) (
.
_ 8
.
_ 9
Sing Gestalt
.
_ 10 .
.

) . 331 ( 366

:
=

.
) . 194 ( 197
=

) . ( 326
=

38



.

) (


.

.
=


.


) Dashiell
( .
=


Csse Study
.


) . 172
( 373
= .

39

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.
=
.
= .
=

.
= : .

.
=

.
=



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.
= )
190 ( 192
=
). 365 ( 384

40

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) . ( 131
=

) . ( 264
=



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=

) . 171 2
( 188
=

) . ( 264
=
) . ( 398
=

) . ( 175

41

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.
=
) .
( 176 175
=

) . . ( 386 2
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.

) . 194 ( 197
=

.
=
.
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) . ( 185
=
) (

.
.
42

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. ) . 128 ( 138
=
. :

.
.
) . ( 191
=


). ( 386 2
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172 ( 373
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) . 194 ( 197
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) . 128 ( 138
43

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=

) . 365 ( 384
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) ( 358
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=

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) . 331 ( 334
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44

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) (

.


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.


) ( .
=

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=
.
=



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. .
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.
= Ritchie
) ( Mower . Miller ) (
45




.

.
=


)
(


.
=
.
.





) . 172 ( 373

=




.
46



.
) . ( 371
=
...
= )
( Counter Conditioning :
_1 ) (
.
_2 ) (

.
=

.
= .
=

.
=
:
) ( 175 174
=

) (

47



) . ( 203
=

) .( 135
=

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... .
=
=
.
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.
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48


.
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.
.
.

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) . ( 194 193 190
=

.
. :
49

1 .
2 .
3 . .
.
4
.
5
6
.
7

) . 83 ( 85
=

.
.
.
=
.
=
.
=
.
:




.

50

= .
.
= .

.
= ) (

. ) (
.
= ) (
.
) (
.
= ) ( Programmed
Learning :
1 .
2 Feedback .
.
3 .
.

.
. Teaching
Machine
.
=

.

51

=
.
= .
=
.
=

) . 106 ( 113
=

50 20 Guthre



.
.
=


...
.
= Punishement
and Reward

.


.
52

=

.


.
= .


) (

.
.
=


.

) (

) (

.




.
=


53

 .



) . 374 ( 382
=

.




.
=

) ( )
(



.
= Learning by Doing

.
.
. :
1 .
2
.
3
.
54

.
) . 116 ( 127

=
.
=
.
.
=
(
.
= .
= .
=
) ( ....
) . 190 ( 197
=


) . ( 90
= .

.
.

55

 .
.
=

.
Intervening Variables ) ( 1938 1935

.
.

.

Experimental Variable
.
) ( ) .
128 ( 132
=
.

.
=



.

.
=

.
56

=
.
) (

.



.
=

.
=

.

. .


=
.


) . 339 ( 341

=
.

57

=

.
=
.
=
.
= ) (

.
=

.
=










.

58


- 1 . 1992
. 10
- 2
1991 .
3 -
1986 .
- 4
1983 .
- 5 - 1986 .
-6 1996 . 1
- 7 - .
- 8 - 1988 . 3
- 9 1988 . 14
- 10 2 .
11
. 3
- 12 - 1987 . 7
- 13 -
1984 .
59

 - 14 1971
. 4
- 15 -
1988 . 1
- 16 .

60