1st BSc.

Programme
PH 101 PHYSICS
The primary objective of this course is to lay the foundation of Physics essential for the undergraduate students of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Applied Sciences. This course provides the basic understanding of core concepts in Physics and deals with their impact on modern day technology. The concepts of physics has been elaborated by some examples with the purpose of understanding the impact on other fields.

Essentials of Physics Unit I Mechanics

Galilean invariance and Newtons Laws of motion. Dynamics of a system of particles, Conservation of momentum and energy, work energy theorem. Conservation of angular momentum, torque, Motion of a particle in central force field. Keplers Laws, Satellite in circular orbit and applications (Synchronous satellite, GPS), Angular motion.

Unit II Special Theory of Relativity

Constancy of speed of light, postulate of Special theory of relativity, length contraction, time dilation, relativistic velocity addition, Mass-energy-momentum relations.

Unit III Waves and Oscillations

Simple harmonic motion, damped and driven harmonic oscillator, coupled oscillator, energy relation and energy transfer, normal modes, Wave equation, Travelling waves, superposition principle, pulses. Doppler effect, effects of vibrations in humans, physics of hearing, heartbeat.

Unit IV Modern optics

Two slit Interference, Diffraction, Resolving power, Resolution of the eye, Laser characteristics, Principle, Population inversion, Application of laser in medical science, Polarization of EM wave, Malus Law, Polarizing materials, Polarizer, Analyzer. Unit V Electronics and Semiconductor Physics PN junction diode, transistor, Operational amplifier, Inverting and noninverting amplifier OP-Amp as adder, subtractor, comparator, integrator and differentiator, Digital : Half adder and full adder, Multiplexer

Unit VI Quantum Mechanics

Inadequacy of classical mechanics, photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, wave particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis, two slit experiment with electrons, Heisenbergs uncertainty Principle, basic postulates of Quantum Mechanics, Particle in a box.

Unit VII Applied Physics

Viscosity, Poiseuilles equation, Application to blood flow in human body, Principal for measuring the blood pressure, Physiological effects of electric Current. Nano-particles and its properties, Methods of synthesis of nanostructuresPhysical & Chemical, introduction to Fullerenes and Carbon nano-tubes.

Reference
1. Fundamentals of Physics, Halliday, Resnick and Walker, John Wiley. 2. Physics, Paul A. Tipler, CBS Publishers and Distributors. 3. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics, Serway and Beichner, Thomson, Brooks/Cole. 4. Physics (5th Edn.) : Principles with applications, Douglas C. Giancoli, Prentice Hall. 5. Physics (5th Edn.), John D. Cutnell & Kenneth W. Johnson, John Willey & Sons, Inc. 6. Plasma Physics, F. F. Chen. 7. Nanoelectronics & Information Technology, Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. 8. Op-Amps and linear integrated circuits, Ramakant A. Gayakwad,

Prentice Hall. 9. Digital Principles and Applications, A.P. Malvino and D. P. Leach, McGraw-Hill. 21

PH 102 PHYSICS LABORATORY

Proposed Experiments
1. Moment of Inertia using Fly Wheel 2. g by Katers Pendulum/Free fall 3. To study the Coupled Oscillator 4. Frequency of tuning fork by Meldes experiment 5. Single slit & Double slit diffraction using laser 6. Specific rotation of cane sugar by Polarimeter 7. Coefficient of thermal conductivity by Lees disc method using resistive heating. 8. Boltzman constant by PN junction 9. Poiseuilles method (Viscosity of fluid) 10. Characteristics of RC circuits 11. Forced Oscillation in LCR (series & Parallel) resonance circuit 12. Determination of Planks constant by LEDs 13. e/m by Bar Magnet/Magnetic focusing

Reference
Practical Physics, Nelson and Jon Ogborn

CH 103 CHEMISTRY
The Primary objective of this course is to promote an understanding of the fundamental concepts of Chemistry and their applications while retaining the excitement of Chemistry. The course also emphasizes the development of problem solving skills in students.

Unit I. Atomic Structure

Wave Mechanical Model of the Hydrogen Atom : Recapitulation of : Bohrs theory and its limitations, dual behaviour of matter and radiation, De-Broglies relation, Hisenberg Uncertainty principle. Need of new approach to the atomic structure. What is Quantum mechanics (wave mechanics)? Timeindependent Schrodinger equation (H = E ) and meaning of various terms in it. Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Need of polar coordinates, transformation of cartesian coordinates (x,y,z) into polar coordinates (r, , ). Outline of various steps in the solution of the electronic Schrodinger equation for hydrogen atom. Radial and angular parts of the hydogenic wavefunctions (atomic orbitals) and their variations for 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals. Radial and angular nodes and their significance. Radial distribution functions and the calculation of the most probable distances for 1s and 2s atomic orbitals (by taking actual wavefunctions for these orbitals). Significance of quantum numbers, orbital angular momentum and quantum numbers m1 and m1. Shapes of s, p and d atomic orbitals - charge cloud diagrams and boundary surface diagrams, nodal planes. Discovery of spin, spin quantum number (s) and magnetic spin quantum number (ms).

Multi-electron Atoms

Recapitualation of : rules for filling electrons in various orbitals, Electronic configurations of the atoms. Stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals, concept of exchange energy. Relative energies of atomic orbitals, Anomalous configurations. Total orbital angular momentum, Total spin angular momentum and total angular momentum, Spin-orbit coupling, Term symbols for light atoms containing no unpaired electron, one unpaired electron and two nonequivalent unpaired electrons (s-s, s-p and pp electrons) and their importance (including the fine spectrum of H atom).

Unit II Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Ionic Bonding : Recapitualation of : the general characteristics of ionic bonding Energy considerations in ionic bonding, lattice energy and solvation energy and their importance in the context of stability and solubility of ionic compounds, Derivation of Born-Lande equation for calculation of lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle and its applications, polarizing power and polarizability, Fajans rules, ionic character in covalent compounds, bond moment, dipole moment, percentage ionic character. Covalent Bonding :

VB Approach
Recapitulation of : Lewis theory, VSEPR theory to explain the shapes of molecules, salient features of the Valence bond (VB) theory and the concept of hybridization. Shapes of some inorganic molecules and ions on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization with examples of linear, trigonal planar, square planar, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal , BeCl , XeO F. NO , CO , SF , C F , XeF , IF , XeF , IF , XeF , BrF , CIO , CIO Concept of resonance, resonating structures and resonance energy in various inorganic and organic compounds. MO Approach Recapitulation of : limitations of the VB approach, salient features of the MO theory. Rules for the LCAO method, bonding and anti-bonding MOs and their characteristics for s-s-, s-p and p-p combinations of atomic orbitals, nonbonding combinations of orbitals MO treatment of homonuclear diatomic molecules of 1st period (including idea of s-p mixing) and heteronuclear diatomic molecules such as CO, NO, NO4, CN, HF, HCI. Comparison of VB and MO approaches.

Unit III Chemical Thermodynamics

Recapitulation of : objectives and limitations of thermodynamics, state of system, state variables, thermodynamic equilibrium, thermodynamic properties, intensive and extensive properties, various types of systems and processes. First Law of Thermodynamics : Recapitulation of : First law of thermodynamics, concepts of internal energy and enthalpy. Calculation of work (w), heat (q), change in internal energy ( E) and change in enthaply (H) for expansion or compression of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabatic conditions for both reversible and irreversible processes. Calculation of w, q, E, and H for processes involving changes in physical state. Thermochemistry : Recapitulation of : laws of thermochemistry, intenal energy and enthaply changes for physical and chemical processes including formation, neutralisation, combustion, ionisation, fusion and vaporisation. Concept of standard state and standard enthapies of formation, integral and differential enthalpies of solution and dilution. Calculation of bond energy, bond dissociation energy and resonance energy from thermochemical data. Variation of ethalpy of a reaction with temperatureKirchhoffs equation.

Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics : Recapitulation of : second law of thermodynamics, concepts of entropy, Gibbs free energy and Helmoltz free energy. Various statements of the second law of thermodynamics. Calculations of entropy change and free energy change for reversible and irreversible processes under isothermal and adiabatic conditions. Criteria of spontaniety, Gibbs - Helmholtz equation. Maxwells relations, thermodynamic equation of state. Third Law of thermodynamics : Statement of the law, calculation of absolute entropies of substances.

Unit IV. Ionic Equilibria

Recapitulation of : strong, moderate and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, factors affecting degree of ionization., ionization constant and ionic product of water, ionization of weak acids and bases. pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, buffer solutions and solubility product. Multistage equilibria of acids and bases. Salt hydrolysis - calculation of hydrolysis constant, degree of hydrolysis and pH for different salts. Buffer solutions-buffer capacity, calculation of pH of different buffer solutions. Solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts applications of solubility product principle. Acid-base titrations : calculation of pH at various stages of different titrations, acid-base titration curves, Theory of acid-base indicators, pH changes and selection of indicators in different acidbase titrations.

Unit V. Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

Recapitulation of : Hybridization in organic compounds, classification and nomenclature of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, cleavage of covalent bonds by homolysis and heterolysis. Electronic effects : Electronic effects and their applications - inductive, resonance and hyperconjugation effects. Structure and stability of reactive carbon species - carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes. Relative strengths of carboxylic acids (both aliphatic and aromatic), alcohols, phenols, amines (aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic) and the effect of solvent and substituents (including their steric effects) on their strengths. Molecular Forces : Intermolecular and intramolecular forces, types of intermolecular forces and their characteristics : ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole and dispresion (London) forces. Hydrogen bond (both intramolecular and intermolecular), Effect of inter/intramolecular forces on physical properties such as solubility, vapour pressure, melting and boiling points of different compounds. Aromaticity : Criterion of aromaticity : Huckels rule and its applications to aromatic (homonuclear and heteronuclear) and non-aromatic compounds.

Unit VI. Stereochemistry

Recapitulation of : Meaning of stereochemistry and its importance. Optical isomerism - optical activity, plane polarized light, enantiomerism, chirality, specific molar rotation. Stereoisomerism with two chiral centers : Diastereomers, mesoisomers, threo and erythro isomers. Physical and chemical properties of enantiomers and diastercomers. Resolution of racemic modification. A brief introduction to optically active compounds with no chiral center. Projection diagrams of stereoisomers : Fischer, Newman, Sawhorse and Flying Wedge projections. Illustration of interconversion of different projections with different examples. Relative Configuration : D/L designation in carbohydrates and amino acids. Absolute Configuration : R/S nomenclature of chiral centers, sequence rules of priority order.

Conformational isomerism ethane, butane, 1, 2-dihaloethane and 1, 2 diols, energy diagrams and relative stability of conformers. Ring strain in cyclopropane, cyclobutane. Baeyer strain theory and its limitations, cyclohexane and its conformers. Geometrical isomerism : cis/trans and E/Z nomenclature in olefins.

CH 104 CHEMISTRY LABORATORY

Foundation Course Chemistry
1. Preparation of standard solutions of different molarities. 2. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating with sodium hydroxide. 3. Estimation of sodium carbonate by titrating with hydrochloric acid. 4. Estimation of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate/sodium hydroxide present together in a mixture. 5. Estimation of Fe (II) ions by titrating with KMnO4. 6. Estimation of oxalic acid by titrating with KMnO4. 7. Estimation of water of crystallization in Mohrs salt/oxalic acid using KMnO4. 8. Estimation of Fe(II) ions by titrating with K2Cr2O7 using internal indicator. 9. Estimation of Cu(II) ions iodom etrically using Na2S2O3. 10. Detection of extra elements (N, S, C1, Br, I) in organic compounds (containing not more than one extra element). 11. Purification of organic compounds by crystallization (from water or alcohol) and distillation. 12. Determination of melting and boiling points of organic compounds. 13. Determination of heat capacity of a calorimeter directly (Heat gained = Heat lost by water) or by using known enthalpy data. 14. Determination of enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. 15. Determination of enthalpy of ionization of acetic acid. 16. Determination of integral enthalpy of solution of salts (KNO3, NH4Cl). 17. Verification of Hesss law of constant heat summation.

BY 105b BIOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Biology is the science of the living state. It is a science of the living process and of life forms. It is a historical science in more than one sense. Biology tells us the story of life on the earth. All the currently living organisms are not only connected to each other but also connected to all the ancestors who ever lived on the earth in the past. This course presents processed information on Biology in a capsular and conceptualized form to physical scientists.

Unit I : Biodiversity and Evolution

Characteristics of living organisms. Origin of Life on Earth-problems and perspectives. Description of diversity of life forms, habitats and ecosystems. Hierarchy of interacting systems-molecules to Communities. Biosphere-Geosphere interactions through geological periods. Concept of Evolution- Elemental factors, speciation, phylogeny and bioinformatic tools. Mathematical modeling of any one biological phenomeon such as bioreactors, foraging behaviour, metabolic networks, population genetics etc.

Unit II : Chemical Biology

Structural Diversity of biomolecules. Physical properties of biological

structures. Nutritional requirements of Organisms. Metabolism, energy and work. Macromoleculs - structure and functions, Regulatory networks. Physical phenomena in biological systems - analysis of any two (e.g. membrane transport, photobiology, Body and Tissue Design, etc.)

Unit III : Biology and Human Welfare

Medicinal Plants and products. Genetic Engineering, Ethical issues. Immuno-diagnostics. Immobilized enzymes and Biosensors. Fossil fuels and Biofuels. 33

BY 106b LABORATORY : BIOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL SCIENCES

1. Field Trip to any one ecosystem - practical description 2. Field Trip to botanical garden and Zoo-ex-situ conservation analysis 3. Biodiversity indices-measurement 4. Protein and Nucleic Acid Data Base - phylogenic analysis 5. Analysis of Modelling Data 6. Statistical analysis of biological Data - any one tool 7. Atomic Models of 10 biomolecules (e.g. amino acids, sugars, nucleotides, vitamins, peptides, steroids, antibiotics, fats and oils, etc.) 8. One animal behaviour experiment 9. Haemolysis - quantitation 10. Observation of Cell structure 11. Observation of Cell division (Mitosis) 12. Observation of Cell division (Meiosis) 13. One experiment in photosynthesis - quantitative measurement 14. Measurement of anyone Circadian rhythm 15. One experiment on adsorption 16. Qualitative analysis of 2 sugars and 1 amino acid and 1 vitamin tablet 17. One physiological experiment on a live animal/plant 18. Type study of 6 representative each of plants and animals 19. Extraction and quantitation of one plant pigment / oil 20. Examination of histological sections (permanent slides)

MA 107a MATHEMATICS
The objective of this course is to lay the foundations of Mathematics required for the study of Physical Sciences. The focus is on introducing mathematical concepts using examples and problems from various science domains. Rigorous approaches including proofs and derivations are exemplified in a few topics. Visual, graphical and application oriented approaches are introduced, wherever appropriate.

Unit I. Matrices
R, R2, R3 as vector spaces over R and concept of Rn. Standard basis for each of them. Concept of Linear Independence and examples of different bases. Subspaces of R2, R3. Translation, Dilation, Rotation, Reflection in a point, line and plane. Matrix form of basic geometric transformations. Interpretation of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for such transformations and eigenspaces as invariant subspaces. Matrices in diagonal form. Reduction to diagonal form upto matrices of order 3. Computation of matrix inverses using elementary row operations. Rank of matrix. Solutions of a system of linear equations using matrices.

Unit II. Calculus

Sequences to be introduced through the examples arising in Science beginning with finite sequences, followed by concepts of recursion and difference equations. For instance, the sequence arising from Tower of Hanoi game, the Fibonacci sequence arising from branching habit of trees and breeding habit of rabbits. Convergence of a sequence and algebra or convergent sequences. Illustration of proof of convergence of some simple sequences such as (1)n/n, I/n2, (1+1/n)n, sin n/n, xn with x < 1. Graphs of simple concrete functions such as polynomial, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic and hyperbolic functions arising in problems or chemical reaction, simple pendulum, radioactive decay, temperature cooling/heating problem and biological rhythms. Successive differentiation. Leibnitz, theorem. Recursion formulae for higher derivative. Functions of two variables. Graphs and Level Curves of functions of two variables. Partial differentiation upto second order. Verification of known basic solutions of wave equation, heat equation, Laplace equation and diffusion equation arising from diffusion of Potassium ions in cells. Computation of Taylors Maclaurins series of functions such as ex, log (1 + x), sin (2x), cos x. Their use in polynomial approximation and error estimation. Formation and solution of Differential equations arising in population growth, radioactive decay, administration of medicine and cell division.

Unit III. Statistics

Elementary Probability and basic laws. Discrete and Continuous Random variable, Mathematical Expectation, Mean and Variance of Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution. Sample mean and Sampling Variance. Hypothesis testing using standard normal variate. Curve Fitting. Corelation and Regression.

MA 107b. MATHEMATICS
The objective of this course is to lay the foundations of Mathematics required for life sciences. The focus is on introducing mathematical concepts using relevant examples and in developing problem solving skills. Visual, graphic and application oriented approaches are used, wherever appropriate.

Unit I Calculus
Sets. Functions and their graphs : polynomial, sine, cosine, exponential and logarithmic functions. Motivation and illustration for these functions through projectile motion, simple pendulum, biological rhythms, cell division, muscular fibres etc. Simple observations about these functions like increasing, decreasing and, periodicity. Sequences to be introduced through the examples arising in Science beginning with finite sequences, followed by concepts of recursion and difference equations. For instance, the Fibonacci sequence arising from branching habit of trees and breeding habit of rabbits. Intuitive idea of algebraic relationships and convergence. Infinite Geometric Series. Series formulas for ex, log (1+x), sin x, cos x. Step function. Intuitive idea of discontinuity, continuity and limits. Differentiation. Conception to be motivated through simple concrete examples as given above from Biological and Physical Sciences. Use of methods of differentiation like Chain rule, Product rule and Quotient rule. Second order derivatives of above functions. Integration as reverse

process of differentiation. Integrals of the functions introduced above.

Unit II Sequences and Multivariate Calculus

Points in plane and space and coordinate form. Examples of matrices inducing Dilation, Rotation, Reflection and System of linear equations. Examples of matrices arising in Physical, Biological Sciences and Biological networks. Sum and Produce of matrices upto order 3. Functions of two variables. Partial differentiation upto second order. Modeling and verification of solutions of differential equations arising in population growth, administration of medicine and diffusion equation arising from diffusion of Potassium ions in Cells. 38

Unit III. Statistics

Mesures of central tendency. Measures of dispersion; skewness, kurtosis. Elementary Probability and basic laws. Discrete and Continuous Random variable, Mathematical Expectation, Mean and Variance of Binomial, Poisson and Normal distribution. Sample mean and Sampling variance. Hypothesis testing using standard normal variate. Curve Fitting. Correlation and Regression. Emphasis on examples from Biological Sciences.

IN 108 LABORATORY : ELECTRONICS AND MODERN INSTRUMENTATION

The primary objective of this Laboratory Course is to provide hands-on exposure to basic electronic components, devices, commonly used circuit blocks, test procedures and datagathering techniques. The emphasis will be on introducing sensors and transducers used in measurement of physical quantities. The course includes basic familiarization exercises, characterization and analysis of pre-designed circuits and design applications. Students will develop a working knowledge of functional circuit blocks and integrated circuits commonly used in instrumentation. The recommended systems approach is conceptually simple and would enable the students to set up fairly advanced measurement systems for project work.

List of Experiments MODULE I Unit I : Introduction to Basic Electronic Components, Test and Measurement Instruments
1. To gain familiarity with basic electronic components. 2. To become familiar with the use of analog and digital multimeter for measurement of resistance, current and voltage in different ranges and testing of components. 3. To gain familiarity with Function Generator and cathode ray oscilloscope and (a) Investigate signal waveforms using an oscilloscope and calibrate frequency. (b) Calibrate the Audio Oscillator against main frequency. (c) Measure the phase difference between two independent signals.

Unit II : DC Circuits
1. To verify Ohms Law for a resistor across a power supply for a range of values of R and determine the error as R is increased to mega ohms.

2. To investigate the I-V characteristics of (a) Tungsten bulb, (b) diode, and (c) Solar cell.

Unit III : RC Circuits

1. Measure the time constant of an RC circuit. 2. To construct the RC differentiator and study the response to time varying signals. 3. To construct the RC integrator and study the response to time varying signals. 4. To model chemical and biological systems as RC analogs.

Unit IV : Diode Circuits

1. To design a semiconductor power supply of given rating using (a) half wave, and (b) full wave bridge recitifier circuits; investigate the affect of introducing C-filter; and study voltage regulation using a semiconductor IC.

Unit V : Transistor Circuits

1. To investigate the transistor characteristics of a common-emitter circuit and design an amplifier of given gain. 2. To study the use of transistor as a switch and a. design a light operated switch circuit using a photoresistor. b. design an opto switch using in infra-red source-sensor pair. c. design a relay driver circuit to light a bulb.

MODULE II

Unit VI : Operational Amplifier

1. To design an amplifier of given gain using Op-Amp in inverting and non-inverting configurations. 2. To measure EMF using Op-Amp. 3. To design and calibrate a differential input Op-Amp Amplifier for measuring temperature in a given range using a thermocouple. 4. To design and calibrate three Op-Amp instrumentation Amplifier for measuring temperature in a given range using a Resistance Temperature Device (RTD).

Unit VII : Timers

1. To design an astable oscillator of given specifications using Timer IC 555. 2. To design a monostable oscillator of given specifications using Timer IC 555.

Unit VIII : Digital Gates and Combinatorial Logic Circuits

1. To design basic logic gates OR, AND, NAND, NOT, NOR using discrete components; verify the truth tables using LED as output indicator. 2. To design a logic system for a given real life application such as water level indicator, vending machine, combinatorial lock, traffic light system, etc. 3. To study use of 4-bit binary counter; use a decoder IC to display an input 4-bit binary number as a hexadecimal number on a seven segment display.

Unit IX : Data Converters

1. To study and calibrate the circuit for a digital-to-analog converter. 2. To study and calibrate the circuit for analog-to-digital converter with LED display unit for measurement of output voltage.

MODULE III

Unit X : Transducer Circuits

1. To design a photometer using a photo-diode and use this to : (a) determine how the intensity of light varies with distance from the light source (b) verify Lambert-Beers Law 2. Study of off-balance Wheatstone bridge for measurement of fractional changes in electrical resistance of resistive transducers, such as Resistive Temperature Device (RTD) or Strain Guage.

IN 109 LABORATORY : ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

The objective of this paper is to provide the students an exposure to instrumental methods and analytical techniques commonly used in Chemistry and Biology.

Experimental errors and their statistical treatment

Types of errors, precision and accuracy, absolute and relative uncertainty, Gaussian distribution, mean value and standard deviation. Students T and Q tests, confidence intervals, central charts spread sheets and finding best straight line. The students must be encouraged to perform these tests wherever possible using computational techniques.

Separation Techniques
1. Chromatography (a) Separation of mixtures (i) Paper chromatographic separation of Fe3+, Al3+ and Cr3+ OR Paper chromatographic separation of Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+. (ii) Identify and separate the components of a given mixture of amino acids (glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and tyrosine) by paper chromatography. (iii) Separate and identify the monosaccharides present in the given mixture (glucose and fructose) by paper chromatography. Report and Rr values. (b) Separate a mixture of Sudan Yellow and Sudan Red by T.L.C. techniques and identify them on the basis of their Rr values. (c) Chromatographic separation of the active ingredients of plant/ flower juices by TLC. (d) Separation of ortho and para-nitroaniline by Column Chromatography. 44 2. Solvent Extraction To separate a mixture of Ni2+ and Fe3+ by complexing Ni2+ with DMG and extracting the Ni2+ - DMG complex in CHCl3. Also record the absorbance of the extracted complex at A. max . 3. DNA Isolation Isolation of DNA from an actively growing tissue by disruption of noncovalent bonds among various macromolecules (cauliflower or onion can be used).

Electroanalytical Methods :
1. Conductometry (a) (i) Determine the equivalent conductance of a weak electrolyte (acetic acid) at different concentrations.

(ii) Determine the pH and conductivity of a soil sample. (b) (i) Determine the strength of the given HCI solution by titrating it against NaOH solution conductometrically. (ii) Determine the strength of the given Ch3COOH solution by titrating it against NH4OH solution conductometrically. 2. pH-Metry and Potentiometry (a) (i) Prepare buffers of (i) CH3COOH and CH3COONa (ii) Citric acid and Na2HPO4 and determine their pH values using glass electrode. (ii) Determine the pH of given aerated drinks, fruit juices, shampoos and soaps. (Use diluted solutions of soaps and shampoos to prevent damage to the glass electrode) (b) Titrate given solution of HCI with NaOH pH-metrically. (c) Determine the isoelectric point of an amino acid (e.g. glycine) by pH-metric titration with a weak acid or a weak base. 45 (d) Determine the strength of given solution of K2Cr2O7 by titrating with Mohrs salt solution potentiometrically. 3. Electrophoresis (a) Separation of mixture of 2 or 3 amino acid viz. Glycine, arsine/ lysine, aspartic acid/glutamic acid by electrophoresis.

Introduction to Spectroscopic Techniques

1. COLORIMETRY / SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (a) To plot absorbance Vs wavelength curve for a given coloured complex {Fe(SCN)2+} and identify max for the complex ion. (b) To draw calibration curve [Absorbance at max vs concentration] for various concentrations of Fe3+ in Fe(SCN)2+ complex and estimate the concentration of Fe3+ in a given solution.

CS 110 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

As application of computers plays a central role in the study of science, the course aims at familiarizing the students with basic concepts and applications of computers. The course would enable the student to make use of computers for document preparation, data analysis, visual interpretation and electronic communication. The student would also be able to develop small programs for solving scientific problems, making use of suitable tools.

Unit I : Introduction :
Computer Fundamentals : Logical organization of computer, memory : primary, secondary; input-output devices; keyboard, monitor, printers; data representation : bits and bytes, words, number systems : decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal, BCD; ASCII, EBCDIC; byte codes. User Computer Interface : Functional familiarity with operating system: Linux/Windoes, security.

Unit II : Presentation and Communication Tools :

Document Preparation : Creating a document, entering and editing text, formating text, using spell check, applying styles and fonts, columns, tables and frames, merging and indexing, inserting links, working with other applications, inserting pictures, inserting symbols. Spreadsheet Handling : Working with worksheets : Creating a spreadsheet, entering and formating information, basic functions and

formulas, creating charts, tables and graphs. Presentation Software : Creating a presentation : applying special effects (animation and sound), working with images, linking with other documents or spreadsheets. Internet Technology : Introduction to network terminology, internet and intranet, connecting to internet, internet services : telnet, ftp, www, e-mail, electronic publishing.

Unit III : Programming :

Introduction to Scientific Programming Environment : Introduction to High level language, problem solving using algorithmic notation, prorgramming fundamentals : input-output statements, data types and data structures such as array, control structures for selection and looping, functions, introduction to files : opening, closing, reading and writing; use of geometric transformations for 2D and 3D objects, use of scientific functions such as finding derivatives, interpolation, roots, use of statistical functions such as mean, median, standard deviation, variance and histogram, use of functions for scientific visualization, introduction to molecular modeling tool kit (overview). Note : Use of Star Office is recommended as it is freely downloadable, Python to be used for programming.

ES 111 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

This course aims to provide an overview of the environmental and natural resource system that are essential for a sustainable earth. The course emphasizes the issues related to environmental degradation affecting abiotic and biotic components with typical Indian examples. This course would also expose the students to good practices of measures adopted for effective management, and conservation of earth resources.

Unit I : Introduction to the Environment

Components of the Environment & Natural Resources : Water, air, rocks, soils, sediments and living organisms; kinds of natural resources. Levels of Ecological Organization : populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, biosphere. Linkages within and among Components of Ecosystem : Food chain and webs, energy flow and cycling of chemical substances and other materials in ecosystem, hydrological cycle. Finiteness of resources : carrying capacity; human population and resource utilization; humanecological interrelationships. Resources and Development : Concept of Mother Earth; Conflict between development and environment; conservation and sustainable development; biodiversity. Environmental Protection, global and regional issues.

Unit II : Environmental Problems with Special Reference to India

Deforestation, soil degradation and desertification Air pollution - sources and sinks, pollutants Water pollution - sources and sinks, pollutants Soil pollution - sources and sinks Noise pollution 49 Mining related environmental problems Hazardous wastes and Radioactive Pollution

Solid Wastes Disposal, Sewage Treatment and Sanitation Energy and Environment - patterns and trends in energy consumption and production Environment, Public Health and Hygiene.

Field Trip Unit III : Impact of Environmental Degradation

Climate Change, Acid Rain and Damage to Forests Pollution and damage to National Heritage Monuments Radioactive Pollution, Nuclear winter and Mass Destruction Biodiversity, Losses and Species Extinction Oil Spills and Loss of Marine Life Natural Disasters - earthquakes and seismicity, floods, drought, Tsunamis and cyclones Reduction of Agriculture Productivity and Pastures and associated Food Security Concerns, Poverty and Famines.

Field Trip Unit IV: Management of Environment and Sustainability Technological

choices in agriculture, industrial and domestic spheres, population, resources and sustainability. Technological solutions : pollution abatement technologies, clean technologies, alternate sources of energy; afforestation programmes (Social forestry, agroforestry and alley cropping); restoration technologies for ecological rehabilitation of degraded lands; water shed management; bioremediation; resource recycling and biotechnologies. Environmental auditing, environmental impact assessment and environmental laws.

HU 112 TECHNICAL WRITING AND COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH

This is an enabling course which aims to give students a formal and methodical exposure to technical writing and professional communication skills. The approach is practical in nature. The course will provide an opportunity to use computer-based tools for effective document preparation and presentation.

Unit I
Communication : Language and communication, differences between speech and writing, distinct features of speech, distinct features of writing.

Unit II
Writing Skills; Selection of topic, thesis statement, developing the thesis; introductory, developmental, transitional and concluding paragraphs, linguistic unity, coherence and cohesion, descriptive, narrative, expository and argumentative writing.

Unit III
Technical Writing : Scientific and technical subjects ; formal and informal writings; formal writings/reports, handbooks, manuals, letters, memorandum, notices, agenda, minutes; common errors to be avoided.