ATM Overview (1)

s Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) traffic will be carried using Asynchronous

Transfer Mode (ATM) at the physical layer

q q q

B-ISDN Designed to provide similar services as ISDN B-ISDN is substantially more capable than ISDN B-ISDN technology x Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switching x Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) for transport

s ATM versus Synchronous Transfer Mode (STM) q STM is circuit-switched; ATM is packet-switched q STM would require all channels to use some standard multiple of 64 Kbps; ATM more flexible x High complexity if many standard rates x Inefficiencies if few standard rates q ATM benefits from high-speed packet switching -- very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits x Cell processing x Switching
EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97) ATM - 1

ATM Overview (2)

s An ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) above ATM divides messages or bit

streams from above into ATM cells (packets) and reconstructs messages or streams at receiver s AALs and other protocols support different traffic models
q q q q

Constant bit rate (CBR) Variable bit rate (VBR), including isochronous and asynchronous Unspecified bit rate (UBR) Available bit rate (ABR)

s Mapping to layers it depends

CBR
data link physical

VBR

UBR

ABR
transport network data link physical
ATM - 2

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) SONET

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

BISDN Protocol Reference Model Layers and Sublayers

Convergence Segmentation and reassembly Generic flow control Cell VPI/VCI translation Cell multiplex and demultiplex Cell rate decoupling HEC header sequence generate/verify Cell delineation Transmission frame adaptation Transmission frame generate/recovery Bit timing Physical medium CS SAR AAL ATM

CS: convergence sublayer SAR: segmentation and reassembly TC: transmission convergence PM: physical convergence

TC

PHY

PM

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Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

s ATMs basic unit of transfer is the fixed-length cell q 5 bytes of header q 48 bytes of data s Fixed cell size makes switches simpler q Per cell processing normally done in hardware rather than software q Per connection processing still normally done in software s Cell size is a compromise q Small size selected to minimize packetization delay for voice transmission q Larger cell size would be more efficient for data x Per packet processing x Header overhead

Header 5 bytes

Data 48 bytes

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

ATM Header Functionality

s ATM is a connection-oriented (virtual circuit) network q Permanent virtual circuit (PVC) -- connections and paths through the network are established when network is established q Switched virtual circuit (SVC) -- connections and paths through the network are established on an as-needed basis s Connection-oriented eliminates need for q Source and destination addresses in header q Sequence number for resequencing s Error control and flow control are only done on an end-to-end basis if needed

by application
s Header functions q Connection identification q Congestion control q Cell loss priority q Payload type

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths (1)

s Virtual channel identifier (VCI) -- 16-bit field in header q Identify a virtual channel on a link between two ATM switches 16 = 64K different channels can be carried over one link q Up to 2 s Virtual path identifier (VPI) -- 8-bit field in header q Identify a path over which the VCI does not change q Used for semi-permanent connections 8 12 = 4K paths can be carried over one link q Up to 2 = 256 to 2 q There can be 64K VCIs over one VPI

VC switch

VP switch

VC switch

path

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

Virtual Channels and Virtual Paths (2)

B VPI=3 VPI=3 A VCI=8 VCI=9 B VPI=3 VCI=4 VPI=3 VCI=9

A B C

VPI=1 VCI=9 VPI=1 VCI=8 VPI=2 VCI=7

VC switch VP switch
C VPI=2 VCI=7 D VPI=3 VCI=6

VPI=3 VCI=8 VPI=2 VCI=5

VC switch

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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ATM Header Format (1)

s There are two header formats: q User network interface (UNI): user to subnet q Network node interface (NNI): internal subnet

8 1 2 3 4 5 VCI GFC VPI

5 4 VPI VCI VCI PTI HEC

8 VPI

5 4 VPI VCI VCI

1 1 2 3 PTI CLP 4 5

CLP

VCI HEC

UNI Header Format

NNI Header Format

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

ATM Header Format (2)

s Addressing q The address field (channel identifier) consists of two subfields: x Virtual channel identifier (VCI): 16 bits x Virtual path indentifer (VPI): 8 bits in UNI format, 12 bits in NNI format q VCI and VPI together identify the virtual connection x 24 bits in UNI format x 28 bits in NNI format q A special reserved address indicates unassigned or idle cells which carry no data but are needed to fill up a cell slot in transmission s Generic Flow Control (GFC): May be used by the user to multiplex data

from multiple applications or devices onto the access link to the network (8 bits) s PT: Payload type -- user data versus network control information (3 bits) s CLP: Cell loss priority bit (1 bit) s Header error control (HEC): CRC check over the header (does not include data) -- use switches between error detection and error correction (8 bits)
EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97) ATM - 9

ATM Adaptation Layer -- AAL

s The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) is responsible for breaking incoming

source data into 48-byte pieces and reconstructing the data at the receiver
q q

Used at entry and exit from network If ATM is viewed as a network layer, then AAL is a transport layer

s Operation depends on the type of source traffic: q Class 1: Constant bit rate (CBR) traffic, e.g. 64 Kbps voice and fixed-rate video q Class 2: Variable bit rate (VBR) traffic to be delivered with fixed delay, e.g. packetized voice or video q Class 3/4: Non-real-time data in messaging or streaming modes q Class 5: Similar to class 3/4, but without multiplexing or error detection q Other classes being defined, e.g. Class 6 for MPEG-2 video

data link physical

ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) SONET

transport network data link physical

ATM - 10

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

Adaptation Layer Sublayers

s Convergence Sublayer (CS) q Upper-layer frames are basic data units q Concerned with flow control and error recover for Class 3 (connection-oriented) traffic s Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer q Segments of upper-layer frames are basic data units q Concerned with segmenting frames at source and reconstructing frames at destination

ATM Adaptation Layer Convergence Sublayer Service Specific Common Part Segmentation/Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer ATM
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Class 5 AAL
s Promoted by the ATM Forum to match the needs of q LAN equipment manufacturers q High data rate, connection-oriented data service users s Features q Low overhead -- lower than Class 3/4 AAL q No error detection in the SAR (just at CS) q No multiplexing q No buffer allocation information CS-SDU (user data) CS CS-PDU SAR ATM cells

...
ATM
ATM - 12

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

Data Networking with ATM

s ATM switches are now largely used for LAN applications, especially for

LAN backbone networks

Ethernet OC-3c (155 Mbps) bridge/ router router FDDI ATM switch DS3 or SONET ATM switch

computer ATM switch computer computer

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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Difficulties with Data Networking with ATM

s Legacy networks q The world will not instantly convert to ATM s Network services q Typical LANs are connectionless q No connection setup needed q Connections established at higher layers s Protocol performance with large latency-bandwidth product -- flow control

problem
q q q

10-15 + increase in bandwidth 100-5,000 + increase in latency 1,000-75,000 + increase in amount of data in the pipe

s Deployment alternatives q Native ATM q Classical IP over ATM q ATM LAN Emulation (LANE)

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

Native ATM Interface

s Applications designed to use ATM s Applications can leverage ATMs features s API may be more general, e.g. Winsock 2

Applications AAL n ATM

Application Program Interface (API)

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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Classical IP over ATM

s Classical IP and ARP over ATM defined in RFC 1577 s ATM is used as a link layer s IP (and other network protocols) adapted to utilize ATM and to cope with

differences from other LANs

Applications Transport (TCP, UDP) Network (IP) AAL 5 (or 3/4) ATM

Existing API New Interface

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

LAN Emulation -- LANE

s An emulated MAC layer is built on ATM s LANE hides ATM from the network layer, supports any existing network

layer

Applications Transport (TCP, UDP) Network (IP) LLC/MAC (LANE) AAL 5 (or 3/4) ATM

Existing API Existing Interface

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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ATM LAN Emulation

s LANE defined by the ATM Forum to address: q Migration and interoperability of ATM and legacy LANs q Service differences between ATM and legacy LANs s Uses IEEE 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) s Connectionless service approach q Connection-based for most unicast frames q Server-based for broadcast frames s Version 1.0 issued in January 1995

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

LANE Protocol Model (1) Appl TCP IP LLC LANE AAL 5 ATM Phys Appl TCP IP LLC MAC Phys

Bridging LANE ATM Phys AAL 5 MAC ATM Phys Phys

ATM host

ATM switch

ATM-Ethernet IWU

Ethernet host
ATM - 19

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

LANE Protocol Model (2) IEEE 802.2 LLC ATM MAC (LANE) entity Multicast Unicast Address Address Framing Resolution Resolution Connection Management Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) ATM Layer Physical Layer
EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97) ATM - 20

LANE

Configuration Management

1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

LANE Components (1)

s LANE is based on a client-server model q LAN Emulation Client (LEC) x ATM hosts in a virtual LAN x ATM-LAN IWUs q LANE servers s LANE servers q LAN Emulation Configuration Server (LECS): connection setup q LAN Emulation Server (LES): maps MAC addresses to ATM virtual connections q Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS)

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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LANE Components (2)

Non-proxy LEC
host
LANE Host ATM Switch LECS LES BUS

Proxy LEC
LAN/ATM Switch LANE IWU

host host

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

LAN Emulation Configuration Server -- LECS

s LAN Emulation Client (LEC) uses the LECS to join an emulated LAN q LEC specifies MAC address, ATM address, LAN type, maximum frame q LECS assigns LEC to a LAN and provides ATM address of a LAN Emulation Server (LES) s LECS required only for LEC start-up; one LECS can service a large network

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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LAN Emulation Server -- LES

s Client registration q LEC provides its MAC address and ATM address q LES adds LEC to its table of ATM-MAC address translations q LES provides an LEC ID to the LEC s LEC uses the LES to map MAC addresses to ATM address, and then makes

a connection s LES provides ATM address of Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS) for MAC broadcast address (all 1s)

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

Broadcast and Unknown Server -- BUS (1)

s LEC establishes a connection to the BUS; the BUS adds the LEC to a point-

to-multipoint connection
s LEC uses the BUS to forward broadcast and multicast frames s LEC also uses the BUS to forward unicast frames while the LEC establishes

a connection to the destination

q Masks the overhead of establishing the connection s BUS serializes broadcasts

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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Broadcast and Unknown Server -- BUS (2)

ATM host Host ATM host Host

ATM Switch

LAN/ATM Switch

host host

ATM-LAN IWU

BUS

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff

Address Resolution
s Address resolution still a problem since LES only know LECs, not all LAN

hosts
s Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) on a LAN

A Dest MAC=*, Src MAC=A Dest IP=B, Src IP=A A

B Dest MAC=A, Src MAC=B Dest IP=A, Src IP=B

* = broadcast
EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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Address Resolution with LE-ARP B C

LAN-ATM

ATM Switch LE-ARP (in LES)

Dest MAC=*, Src MAC=A Dest IP=B, Src IP=A

LAN-ATM

ATM Switch LE-ARP (in LES)

B C

Dest MAC=A, Src MAC=B Dest IP=A, Src IP=B

EE 4984: Telecommunication Networks (4/27/97)

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1996, 1997, Scott F. Midkiff