University of Puerto Rico Physics & Chemistry Department Arecibo

, s Production of Biofuels e Manure Biogas Generation rr from o Ty o B Daz, PhD,PE t iTorres Hirohito h Energy Program Renewable ro UPR-ARECIBO i Colegio de Ingenieros y Agrimensores de PR gH g g . f Salvador Caro o r 31 de mayo de 2011 P

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Poultry Manure

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Cow Manure

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RENEWABLE ENERGY

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BIOMASS BIOFUELS SOLAR ENERGY (SOLAR CELLS) EOLIC (WIND TURBINE) GEOTHERMAL THERMAL GRADIENT HYDRO PLANTS TIDE ENERGY WAVE ENERGY

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Propiedades del biogas

El biogas es una mezcla de gases compuesta principalmente de: Metano (CH4): 40 70 vol % 40-70 vol. Dixido de carbono (CO2): 30-60 vol.% Otros gases: 1 5 vol.% Ot 1-5 l %

ro del Biogs ~ 550 BTU/CUFT i Contenido H Energtico f. ro P

hidrgeno (H2): 0-1 vol.% sulfuro de hidrgeno (H2S): 0-3 vol %

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HEAT OF COMBUSTION OF SOME FLAMMABLE MATERIALS

Fuel Diesel (LIQUID) Gasoline (LIQUID) Propane (LPG) Ethanol (LIQUID) Coal (SOLID) Wood W d (SOLID) Natural Gas ( 90 % methane) (GAS) BTU/LB 19,300 20,400 21,500 21 500 12,800

BTU/CUFT

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Biogas (Methane + Carbon Dioxide) (GAS) Hydrogen ( y g (GAS) )

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~10,000 ~6,500 6 500

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~972,000 ~936,000 ~686 000 686,000 ~570,000 ~750,000 ~233,000 233 000 ~1,030 ~550 ~223

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~23,000 N/A 61,000 ,

Fuel Energy Equivalence

Fuel
Diesel (LIQUID) Propane (LPG)

Ethanol (LIQUID)

=
1 gal of Gasoline G li

Coal (SOLID)

Wood (SOLID)

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Natural Gas ( 90 % methane) (GAS at STP) Biogas (Methane + Carbon Dioxide) (GAS at STP) Hydrogen (GAS at STP)

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Equivalence (1 Gal) 0.96 1.4 1.6 1 4 909 1702 ~4197

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ANAEROBIC METABOLIC PROCESS

Ref. htt // R f http://www.age.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/g/G77.pdf d / t i /f t h t / /G77 df

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Schematic showing the components and products of a bi biogas recovery system.

Source: EPA-AGSTAR

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Appropriate manure characteristics and handling systems for specific types of biogas digester systems. systems

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Source: EPA-AGSTAR

Manure Digester Type

Source: EPA-AGSTAR

A plug flow digester is a long, relatively p g g g, y narrow, heated tank, often built below ground level, with a gastight cover. This type of digester requires thick manure ranging between 11 and 13 percent total solids. Plug flow digesters can tolerate some bedding, but the amount should be minimized and sand bedding must be minimized, avoided. A complete mix digester is a heated tank, constructed of either reinforced concrete or steel, with a gastight cover. The digester contents are mixed periodically, either by a motor-driven impeller or a pump. This digester type works best with slurry manure and with a total solids content of 3 t 10 percent. l d ith t t l lid t t f to t

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A covered lagoon digester is an earthen lagoon fitted with a cover that collects biogas as it is produced from the manure. These digesters are best suited for flush or pit recharge manure collection systems with a total solids content of 0.5 to 3 percent.

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CONVERSION OF MANURE TO ENERGY VIA A PLUG FLOW BIOREACTOR PLUG-FLOW

MANURE SCRAPPER
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE/GENERATOR

SWITCHGEAR

MANURE PIT COLLECTOR

MANURE FED AT 8 TO 12 % TOTAL SOLID

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PLUG-FLOW BIOREACTOR WITH FLEXIBLE COVER FOR GAS COLLECTION

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POWER GRID

METER

SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATOR

OXIDATION POND

FOR COMPOSTING. SOLID SOLD AS FERTILIZER

CROP SPRAYING

NET METERING STATUS IN PR

LAWS OF PUERTO RICO 2007 PR ALS 114; 2007 PR LAWS 114; 2007 PR ACT 114; 2007 PR S B S.B. 1212 Section 1.- Mandate.Section 2.- Eligibility.-

The Electric Power Authority is hereby directed and authorized to establish a net metering program allowing the interconnection to its electric transmission and distribution Have a generating capacity of not more than twenty-five kilowatts (25 kW) for g g p y y ( ) residential customers and one megawatt (1 MW) for commercial be installed on the customer's premises; The installation of the net meter shall be at the customer's expense and must be made by a registered electrician. electrician The Electric Power Authority will charge a minimum monthly service for the grid connection Daily maximum of three hundred kilowatt-hours (300 kWh) for residential customers and ten megawatt-hours (10 MWh) for commercial customers. Any excess kilowatt-hour credit accumulated shall be compensated as follows: Seventy-five percent (75%) of the excess shall be purchased by the Electric Power Authority at the rate of ten ( ) cents p kilowatt-hour and the remaining twenty-five y (10) per g y percent (25%) shall be granted to the Electric Power Authority to distribute as a credit or reduction in the electricity bills of public schools.

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HOMEBUILT ENGINE/GENERATOR

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AC GENERATOR

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Mixing (CSTR) Digester

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30-L BIOREACTOR DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

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30-L 30 L BIOREACTOR DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

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Reactor de 30L Terminado

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CONSTRUCCIN Y ENSAMBLAJE DE LOS REACTORES DE 55 GALONES

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15 L Bioreactor (PLC Controlled)

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Biogas Burning

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Biogas Burning ogas u g

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E Prueba de Combustin del Biogas P , D h P , s e rr o T to i h ro i H f. ro P

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Corrida Tpica en el Cromatgrafo de Gases,

200

150

100

Cat #: N931 6360 Phase: Elite-Plot Q Dimensions: L 30m ID 0.53 Serial #: 893873 Temp. Range: 40 to 250 C C

50

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3.0

T o
3.5 4.0

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AirRT= 3.1 min CO2RT=4.1 min

P ,

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Carrier Gas: 4.9 psi Flujo: 6.5 ml/min Velocidad: 46.4 cm/sec Temperatura del Inyector: 250C Inyeccin:5L
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5

2.5

4.5

Experimental Setup for Biogas Generation and Flow Measurement

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Gas Bubble Trap (Flapper)

Reed Swich Magnet Flapper off

Bubble

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Flapper on

Flapper Volume Calibration

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Flapper Buoyancy Action pp y y

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Accumulated Biogas Produced per day as a Function of Manure T.S. Concentration

200000 180000 160000 mL of biogas prod b duced 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000

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5%T.S.

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Control3%T.S.

3%T.S. 10%T.S. 10 % T.S. 1%T.S.

20

40 Days

50

60

70

80

Biogas Production and Comparison to Gompertz Mathematical Model

250000 A Acumulated mL of biogas Produc o ction

200000

150000

100000

50000

0 0.000 20.000 40.000

Lbs.V.S.

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5% 3% 1% 1% 3%control

0.6987 0.3783 0.1657 0 1657 0.5406

H .

mLofmaxbiogas (A) 140000 60000 35000 192000

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60.000

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Days

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Control 5% 3% 1%

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80.000

100.000

120.000

140.000

160.000

180.000

ProductionRate(U) 6000 3200 2350 15500

AverageSpecificProduction Rate(U/A) 0.043 0.053 0.067 0 067 0.081

Lamda() 3 4 0.5 05 1

Biogas Production Rate as a Function of Manure T.S. Concentration and Bioreactor Setup
B Biogas Production Ra ( cuft/cu bioreac ate uft ctor-day) 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 05 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

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Control 3 % T.S.

5 % T.S.

3 % T.S. 10%T.S. 1%T.S.

40 Days

50

60

70

80

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Total Biogas Production g For a Dairy Cow Farm

BARN=334 DAIRYCOW
20TO30GALLONSOF RECYCLEDWATER/COWFOR SANDREMOVAL/CLEANING

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WATERWASHFOR WATER WASH FOR SAND/MANURE SEPARATION

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MAXIMUMEXPECTEDDILUTED MANUREFLOWRATE=20,960 GAL/DAY@3%T.S.

DIGESTERVOLUMEFOR 60DAYSR.T.=1.2 MILLIONSGALLONS

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BIOGAS RATE = 19,492 CUFT/DAY

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OXIDATION POND
SANDTOBE REUSED LANDIRRIGATION

Electricity Generation Using an Internal Combustion E i /G C b i Engine/Generator

AIR

EXHAUST
BIOGAS INTAKE CHAMBER

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38 KW 24 HRS PER DAY $ 70,000/YEAR @ 21 CENTS/KWH

(From EUCI Conference)

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Bioreactor Tubular

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Bioreactor Tubular

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Tubular Plug Flow Digestor Plug-Flow

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Tubular Plug Flow Digestor Plug-Flow

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Tubular Plug Flow Digestor Plug-Flow

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Plug Flow Plug-Flow Digestor

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E Brinson Farm Poultry DigesterP , D h P , s e rr o T to i h ro i H f. ro P

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Brinson Farm Digester For Broiler Chicken

Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi

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Brinson Farm Digester

Solar Hot Water System(Capacity: 2,500 gallons per day;Target temperature: 140 F)

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Grants for the Project

(Brinson Farm Digester)

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Grant from Mississippi Land Water and Timber Resources Land, Board (LWTRB) is approved (project endorsed by Mississippi Department of Agriculture and Mississippi Development Authority) ~ $502 000 (2003) $502,000 USDOE Grant through State Energy Office and MTA to conduct education and outreach ~ $65,000 (2004) USDA Rural Development Section 9006 -Renewable Energy Renewable Grant ~ $49,500 (the only Large solar thermal system grant in the US that year) (2004) USDA Rural Development -Value Added Producers Grant ~ Value Producers $47,000 (business planning purposes) (2004) USDA NRCS Conservation Innovation Grant ~ $75,000 (for installing the computerized process control and feedback system) (2005) Brinson Farm contribution ~ $350,000 ( 2006)

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Primary Project Benefits

Current Energy Cost ~ $75,000 per year

Energy Cost Offset per year

Heating: $40,000

Electricity: $58,000 @ 7.5/KwH

Total: $98,000 per year

ro Payback ~ 7 years i Demonstration H Expected Commercial Payback ~ 5 years f. ro P

Project Total Cost ~ $ 700,000

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Secondary Project Benefits

hK Marketable liquid fertilizer with N P M k t bl li id f tili ith N, P P, , peat Marketable organic solids: compost, s e moss rr disposal o Environmentally friendly materials Tth Eliminate bacterial Eli i t b t i opathogens l it Odor reduction h o rmethane emissions to atmosphere Eliminate i gas 21X more potent than CO2) (Greenhouse H f. ro P

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(From EUCI Conference)

MANURE SOURCE
Manure quantity Manure volume % of water Total solids

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to Volatile solids i h Nitrogen (N) phosphorous (P) potassium (K) (N), ro practices (P), i Waste handling H f. o

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MANURE COLLECTION

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ANIMAL MANURE WASTE COMPARISON

(Source: NRCS- AWM)

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E MANURE TO METHANE P , D h TOTAL SOLID P , s VOLATILE SOLID e rr pH o T REACTOR PRESSURE to REACTOR TEMPERATURE ( 32 36 C) i CONCENTRATION h METHANE ro i H f. ro P

TOTAL SOLID DETERMINATION

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VOLATILE SOLID DETERMINATION

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Biogas production cuft per day

(Source :NRCS-AWM)

Beef ................... 5 x daily VS input (lbs/day) Dairy .................. 6 x daily VS input (lbs/day) Swine................. 7.2 x daily VS input (lbs/day) Poultry .............. 7.8 x daily VS input (lbs/day) 78

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Calculo de Produccin de Biogas E P

Una granja tiene 270,000 pollos parrilleros con un peso promedio de 2 lbs, (4 lbs peso final para la venta) venta). 1. Calcule las libras de material orgnico voltil de excremento al da 2. Calcule el potencial de formacin de biogas 3. 3 Calcule el tamao del generador elctrico ( KW) 4. Calcule el ahorro de energa en $/AO
MATERIAL VOLTIL = (TOTAL DE POLLOS) X (PESO PROMEDIO) X (FACTOR DE VS POR UNIDAD ) = 270,000 X 2 X ( 17/1000) = 9,180 lbs/da 2. BIOGAS (PIES CBICOS/DA) = (MATERIAL VOLTIL) X (FACTOR DE FORMACIN DE BIOGAS) = 9,180 X 7.8 = 71,604 PIES CBICOS/DA 3. POTENCIAL DE POTENCIA (KW) = BIOGAS X 6.72 /1000 X (EFICIENCIA) = 71 604 X 6 72 /1000 X 0 25 = 120 KW 71,604 6.72 0. 4. AHORRO = POTENCIA X HORAS TRABAJADAS X (COSTO ELECTRICIDAD) = 120 X 24 X 365 X (0.23 $/KWH) = $ 242,174
1. 1

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
STUDENTS ON THE PROJECT
Nicole Vega Carlos Zayas William Pagn Aracelis Soto Yashira Cabrera Alejandro Medina Marals Butler Leroy Goez Amarilis Declet Zairn Torres

Edmarie Roble

Moiss Montalvo

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Rafael A. Daz

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Xavier Torres Madeline Ruiz Alberto L. Prez Melanie Reyes Jonathan Reyes

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Centro de Investigacin y Creacin (CIC), UPR Arecibo for providing the seed funds for this project.

FOOD FOR THOUGHT

Ref. Thomas Menke, Menke Consulting Inc.

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