What is the contribution to linguistics of Ferdinand de saucier?

Sassuers main contribution is the system of Structural Linguistics, which main components are the sign system (signifier and signified), langue, parole, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships. Sign system, langue and parole A sign is a abstract term composed of two separate units, the signifier, which means an idea or concept, and the signified, which means the expression of that concept. Langue is a system of language that exists in the speech community, in the collectivity and it is shared by the speakers of that speech community, while Parole is the actual use that individual does of that system what is the difference between diachronic and synchrony? The difference between diachronic and synchrony is that Diachrony studies the change language (e.g. the meaning of words) through time, while synchrony studies a language at a specific point in time, with the absence of time in a linguistic description. explain longue and parole

Langue is the system that exists in a speech community, in the collectivity, it is shared by all the members of that speech community, while Parole is the actual use of each individual of the langue system. explain syntagmatic and paradigmatic: Paradigmatic means the relationship of units of a set in the mind (langue) like bit, wit, pit, lit. The units must have a similarity but at the same time make a contrast, otherwise they would be the same unit, and could not be a set. Syntagmatic means temporary relationships where rows of units are in contrast with one another, and what units can be used in each part of the row is determined by the ones surrounding them, this makes it a part of Parole. what is Chomsky contribution to linguistics the main contribuitin of Chomsky to linguistics is the theory of generative grammar, A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences Explain the difference between grammar and syntax

Grammar is the set a rules regarding a language and its structure while syntax is a part of grammar and its the study of the principles and rules of how a phrase should be worded and structured

*Define phonetics and phonology and briefly describe what the following are: articulatory phone, acoustic phon, auditory phon. Phonetics and phonology are two branches of linguistics that deal with the structure of human language sounds. Phonetics focuses on the physical manifestations of speech sounds and on theories of speech production and perception and Phonology the study of the knowledge of the mental sysem underlaying the ways speech encodes lexical and grammatical structures. Articulatory phonetics is an area of phonetics that deals with the the production of speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. Acoustic phonetics is a technical area of phonetics that deals with the sound waves made by human vocal organs for communication

Auditory phonetics is an area of phonetics that deals with the hearing of speech sounds and speech perception.

Explain morpheme and allomorph The morpheme is the basic unit of grammatical meaning,not to be confused with a syllable which is a unit of sound structure. This element is the one involved in word composition, words are composed of one or more morphemes. An allomorph is a morpheme with two different realizations depending on the phonological environment, like the word cats ends with a S and the word dogs ends with a Z because although the both use the same morpheme for plurality, the morpheme is preceded by a voiced sound in dogs and a voiceless one in cats what is the difference between semantics and pragmatics Semantics is the branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning of words, phrases and sentences, however contrary to pragmatics it does not deal with the intended meaning of the speaker or the context. Pragmatics on the other hand is the study of the meaning of these same things but in a context,

explain connotation , denotation Connotation and denotation refer to the meaning of words and are a part of semantics. Denotation means the literal meaning of a word, while connotation means, an association, emotional or otherwise, that the word evokes Describe briefly the speech acts theory What is the co-operative principle The cooperative principle means that for a speech act to be completely meaningful 4 basic principles must be met, these are Quality (the veracity of whats being said ) Quantity (the amount of information, nor more or less than required )manner (being clear, in order) and relevance what is discourse analysis, explain coherence and cohesion Discourse analysis is the analysis of language, beyond the sentence, so its basic unit is the paragraph. It involves reframing (talk and going back to reinterpret the meaning of the first sentence) TurnTaking (intonations, pauses and whatnot that make

implicit when its the others person turn to speak) discourse markers (oh, well, but, small words that break our speech into parts and show relationships between them) and speech acts (not what the utterance means but what it does) Cohesion: a text can be cohesive but not coherent, as cohesion is the use of distinctive linguistic devices to signal grammatical relations between words. Coherence is a semantic property of discourse, it means the text must be semantically meaningful, purely linguistic elements are part of cohesion.

speech and written are parallel forms of linguistics expressions, different but equally fundamental types of texts. Do you agree? Yes, I agree, because although one could use only sounds and speech to communicate, the communication would only be temporal, and the transactional process of communication would be easily lost, it is for this reason that writing was

created, so that there could be a permanent record to what is being said, or the information that is being shared, making both equally fundamental. What is the idea behind the yo-he-ho theory The idea behind the theory has its root in the natural sound theory, and it says that language could find its origin in task made by the Neanderthals, the sounds related to those tasks, and also the sounds made in the realization of those tasks could be the basis for language.

Describe the following arbitrariness, productivity, and cultural transmition. Arbitrariness means that words in a language do not have a special meaning attached to them, and in assigning them there is only an arbitrary process. Productivity means that unlike animals, human language is not finite, especially in the creation of words, and although sounds are finite, an infinite numbers of words can be created. Cultural transmission means that although the capacity to learn a language might be inherent, the language itself is not, and it is learned from the culture to which an individual belongs to.

what is the difference between discreteness and duality discreteness means that language is composed of discrete units that are used in combination to create meaning

explain the difference between linguistics awareness and linguistics belief Linguistic awareness means a higher level of consciousness in the process of language use, this mainly refers to people who are in the field of language and know about the processes that happen for language to occur, and are able to identify them on a conscious level when they are occurring, at the same time this might create some personal beliefs of what language should be like, and specially about what language is better than the other, this are the linguistics beliefs. *what is linguistics knowledge Linguistic knowleged are all the processes and parts of the system that we use to communicate with one another, this means the words in our mental lexicon,

and also the rules and meanings, like grammar, semantics, pragmatics, etc. explain what is the fundamental paradox The fundament paradox of language is that although language itself is only on each individual human mind, it must be perceived as a collective system for it to actually exist. what is metalinguistics knowledge Metalinguistic knowledge is when we use language, and what we know about to language, to speak about or share information about language itself. what it is said the language is a barer to thought because language does not transfer meaning, because it is not telepathy, so the meaning (and the thought the originated the speech act) its entirely dependent on what the user is able to convey and what the listener infers from it, so this can lead to a great deal of missunderstadings what is the story behind the Hoover the story behind the hoover vaccum cleaner is that Murray splanger built a suction sweeper and the hoover family began to produce his product, an

example of coinage and derivation occurred when the name hoover became known as the act of using a vacuum cleaner. to hoover provide two example of the following coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, convertion and derivation. Coinage: Gillete, Kleenex

Borrowing: Kimono, Pizza Compounding: Bookcase, lipstick, mouthwash, toothbrush, toothpaste

Blending: Motel, smog, televangelist. Clipping: fax, math, Backformation: bugler, swindle Conversion: Butter, paper Derivation: unhealthy, absobloddylutely