to produce a new organism having the full complement of chromosomes.

During game togenesis the production of new gametes by an adult the normal complement of 46 chro mosomes needs to be halved to 23 to ensure that the resulting haploid gamete can join with another gamete to produce a diploid organism. An error in the number of chromosomes, such as those caused by a diploid gamete joining with a haploid gamete, is termed aneuploidy. In independent assortment the chromosomes that end up in a newly-formed gamete a re randomly sorted from all possible combinations of maternal and paternal chrom osomes. Because gametes end up with a random mix instead of a pre-defined "set" from either parent, gametes are therefore considered assorted independently. As such, the gamete can end up with any combination of paternal or maternal chromos omes. Any of the possible combinations of gametes formed from maternal and pater nal chromosomes will occur with equal frequency. For human gametes, with 23 pair s of chromosomes, the number of possibilities is 223 or 8,388,608 possible combi nations.[3] The gametes will normally end up with 23 chromosomes, but the origin of any particular one will be randomly selected from paternal or maternal chrom osomes. This contributes to the genetic variability of progeny.

Principle of unit character: Phenotypic or visible characteristic an individual organism is determined by at least two mendelia factors called as genes. Principle of unit characters signify that, each character of an organism is carried and transmitted through a specif ic unit factor called genes. Thus genes are unit of character. One character is governed by a pair of genes which called unit of character. In Mendel's experiment he selected a number of separate traits in same species o f graded pea and determined that each trait carried by a unit of character. For example Tallness phenotypic trait is carried by "TT" factors or genotype and dwa rf ness is carried by "tt" genotype. ii. Principle of dominance: (Monohybrid experiment) Mendel in his monohybrid experiment selected a pair of contrasting characters or alleles in pea variety one is "Tall" and other is dwarf with genotype "TT" and "tt" respectively. He made artificial crosses between these two varieties. In fi rst felial (F1) generation be got the offsprings all having relines character. N o dwarf plant is generated. Thus F1 plant is a hybrid tall having both the factors 'T' which tallness and't' for dwarfness in their gneotype and phenotypically expressed as tall plant. Principle of dominancy says that, the character in hybrid which is phenotypicall y expressed is dominant allele over the character which has not phenotypic expre ssion or suppressed. In above cross rall character is called as dominant allele and dwart is called recessive allele. Mendel further suggested that, the factor for domination of a character when com e in combination of recessive factor the dominant factor masks over the recessiv e factor. When the recessive factors remain alone, only they ability to be expre ssed phenotypically. One allele is dominant over its co allele in a hybrid.