RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY SINE LAW AND COSINE LAW AREA OF A TRIANGLE GEOMETRY OF 3-D SHAPES

Warm Up Given the measure of one of the acute angles in a right triangle, find the measure of the other acute angle. 1. 45 3. 24 45 66 2. 60 4. 38 30 52

Warm Up Continued Find the unknown length for each right triangle with legs a and b and hypotenuse c. 5. b = 12, c =13 6. a = 3, b = 3 a=5

Vocabulary
trigonometric function sine cosine tangent cosecants secant cotangent

A trigonometric function is a function whose rule is given by a trigonometric ratio. A trigonometric ratio compares the lengths of two sides of a right triangle. The Greek letter theta is traditionally used to represent the measure of an acute angle in a right triangle. The values of trigonometric ratios depend upon .

Example 1: Finding Trigonometric Ratios

Find the value of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions for .

sin =

cos =

tan =

Check It Out! Example 1 Find the value of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions for .

sin =

cos =

tan =

Find the value of each of the six trigonometric functions of the angle U

c = Hypotenuse = 13
12 13

b = Opposite = 12

Adjacent

a ! Adjacent = 5 b ! Opposite = 12 c ! Hypotenuse = 13

Reciprocal Identities

Quotient Identities

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES

90

PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITIES
Prove the identities

1  tan U ! sec U 1  cot U ! csc U

2 2

c a
E

To solve a right triangle means to find the missing lengths of its sides and the measurements of its angles.

4 b

c
35
Q

Two acute angles are complementary if their sum is a right angle.

E
F
b c

and

are complimentary angles

E
a

Example 2: Finding Side Lengths of Special Right Triangles Use a trigonometric function to find the value of x. The sine function relates the opposite leg and the hypotenuse.

Substitute 30 for , x for opp, and 74 for hyp. Substitute for sin 30.

x = 37

Multiply both sides by 74 to solve for x.

Check It Out! Example 2 Use a trigonometric function to find the value of x. The sine function relates the opposite leg and the hypotenuse.

Substitute 45 for , x for opp, and 20 for hyp.

Example 3: Sports Application In a waterskiing competition, a jump ramp has the measurements shown. To the nearest foot, what is the height h above water that a skier leaves the ramp?

Substitute 15.1 for , h for opp., and 19 for hyp.

Multiply both sides by 19. 5h Use a calculator to simplify.

The height above the water is about 5 ft.

Caution! Make sure that your graphing calculator is set to interpret angle values as degrees. Press . Check that Degree and not Radian is highlighted in the third row.

Check It Out! Example 3 A skateboard ramp will have a height of 12 in., and the angle between the ramp and the ground will be 17. To the nearest inch, what will be the length l of the ramp?

Substitute 17 for , l for hyp., and 12 for opp.

Multiply both sides by l and divide by sin 17. l 41 Use a calculator to simplify.

The length of the ramp is about 41 in.

When an object is above or below another object, you can find distances indirectly by using the angle of elevation or the angle of depression between the objects.

Example 4: Geology Application A biologist whose eye level is 6 ft above the ground measures the angle of elevation to the top of a tree to be 38.7. If the biologist is standing 180 ft from the trees base, what is the height of the tree to the nearest foot?

Step 1 Draw and label a diagram to represent the information given in the problem.

Example 4 Continued Step 2 Let x represent the height of the tree compared with the biologists eye level. Determine the value of x.

Use the tangent function. Substitute 38.7 for , x for opp., and 180 for adj. 180(tan 38.7) = x 144 x

Multiply both sides by 180. Use a calculator to solve for x.

Example 4 Continued Step 3 Determine the overall height of the tree.

x + 6 = 144 + 6 = 150 The height of the tree is about 150 ft.

Check It Out! Example 4 A surveyor whose eye level is 6 ft above the ground measures the angle of elevation to the top of the highest hill on a roller coaster to be 60.7. If the surveyor is standing 120 ft from the hills base, what is the height of the hill to the nearest foot?

Step 1 Draw and label a diagram to represent the information given in the problem.

60.7 120 ft

Check It Out! Example 4 Continued Step 2 Let x represent the height of the hill compared with the surveyors eye level. Determine the value of x.

Use the tangent function. Substitute 60.7 for , x for opp., and 120 for adj. 120(tan 60.7) = x 214 x

Multiply both sides by 120. Use a calculator to solve for x.

Check It Out! Example 4 Continued Step 3 Determine the overall height of the roller coaster hill.

x + 6 = 214 + 6 = 220 The height of the hill is about 220 ft.

The reciprocals of the sine, cosine, and tangent ratios are also trigonometric ratios. They are trigonometric functions, cosecant, secant, and cotangent.

Example 5: Finding All Trigonometric Functions Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for .

Step 1 Find the length of the hypotenuse. a2 + b2 = c2 c2 = 242 + 702 c2 = 5476 c = 74 Pythagorean Theorem. Substitute 24 for a and 70 for b. Simplify. Solve for c. Eliminate the negative solution.

70

24

Example 5 Continued Step 2 Find the function values.

Helpful Hint In each reciprocal pair of trigonometric functions, there is exactly one co

Check It Out! Example 5 Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for .

Step 1 Find the length of the hypotenuse. a2 + b2 = c2 c2 = 182 + 802 c2 = 6724 c = 82 Pythagorean Theorem. Substitute 18 for a and 80 for b. Simplify. Solve for c. Eliminate the negative solution.

80

18

Check It Out! Example 5 Continued Step 2 Find the function values.

Lesson Quiz: Part I Solve each equation. Check your answer. 1. Find the values of the six trigonometric functions for .

If none of the angles of a triangle is a right angle, the triangle is called oblique.

All angles are acute

Two acute angles, one obtuse angle

To solve an oblique triangle means to find the lengths of its sides and the measurements of its angles.

FOUR CASES CASE 1: One side and two angles are known (SAA or ASA). CASE 2: Two sides and the angle opposite one of them are known (SSA). CASE 3: Two sides and the included angle are known (SAS). CASE 4: Three sides are known (SSS).

A S A ASA S A

A SAA CASE 1: ASA or SAA

A S CASE 2: SSA

A S CASE 3: SAS

S CASE 4: SSS

The Law of Sines is used to solve triangles in which Case 1 or 2 holds. That is, the Law of Sines is used to solve SAA, ASA or SSA triangles.

Theorem Law of Sines

Law of Cosines used when you are given the measures of two sides and the included angle of a triangle. cannot use law of Sines. Let be any triangle with a, b, and c representing the measures of sides, and opposite angles with measures A, B, and C respectively. Then, the B following equations are true. a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
A b C c a

c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C

Solve A You are given the measures of two sides and the included angle. Begin by using the Law of Cosines to determine c.

24 57

18

c ! a  b  2ab cos C

c ! 18  24  2(18)(24) cos 57

c }

9.

c } 20.7

Next you can use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle A.

sin A sin 57 ! 18 20.7 o 18sin 57 sin A } 20.7

sin A sin C ! a c o

The measure of angle B is approx. 180 - (57 + 47) = 76. o Therefore,

sin A } 0.7293

A } 47

c } 20.7, A } 47 , B } 76

Solve
2 2
2

B 15

a !b 
2 2

 2b cos

15 ! 9  7  2(9)(7) cos A

15  9  7 ! 2(9)(7) cos A 2 2 2 15  9  7 ! cos A 2(9)(7)

0.7540 cos A

A } 139

Use the Law of Sines to find the measure of angle B.

sin B sin ! b a
sin B sin139o } 9 15

9sin139o sin B } 15

sin B } 0 3936 o B } 23

C } 180

(139
o

23 ) } 18
o

Therefore, A }

B}

C}

Solving an Oblique Triangle Given Begin by Using Law of Sines Law of Sines Law of Cosines Law of Cosines

Two angles and any side Two sides and an angle opposite one of them Two sides and their included angle Three sides