A

PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

CORE JAVA(J2SE)
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor Of Technology degree Of the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

Approved By AICTE & Affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University,Kota SESSION 2011-2012

Submitted to: Mr. Ashok Kumar Gill(Asst.Professor) Miss Jyoti Sharma (Asst.Professor)

Submitted by: Hemant Kumar IT,4th year 08ESMIT021

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ENGG. S.M.E.C , NEEMRANA ALWAR(Raj)-301705 Rajasthan Technical University August, 2011

Department of Information Technology

St. Margaret Engineering College Neemrana, NH-8, Alwar, Rajasthan -301705

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project titled CORE JAVA(J2SE) submitted by Mr. Hemant Kumar,08ESMIT021 in partial fulfillment of the course workrequirement for B.Tech Program in the Department of Information Technology, St. Margaret Engineering College, Neemrana, Alwar (Raj.) is a bona fide work carried out by her under my guidance and supervision. This project report has been find quite satisfactory.

Head of Department
Name- Mr. Hawa Singh Kumar Designation- Asst. Professor Department of CS/IT Engg

Project Guide
Name- Mr.Permod Designation-Asst.Professor Department of CS/IT Engg.

St. Margaret Engineering College

St. Margaret Engineering College

Neemrana

Neemrana

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to St. Margaret Engineering College, for permitting me to undergo for a minor project for the development of an expert system. While developing this project, I have learnt a lot. This will be an un-forgetful experience. While developing this project, a lot of difficulties were faced by me. But it was the help of some special people that I have gained much confidence and developed the project quite well. I would like to thank all the lecturers of Appin Knowledge Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (Pitampura) to co-ordinate with me and provide me the information needed to complete the analysis part of this project.

(HEMANT KUMAR)

CONTENTS

Chapter 1: History 1.1 Principles Chapter 2: Features of Java 2.1 Encapsulation 2.2 Java Platform

1 HISTORY
Duke, the Java mascotSee also: Java (Sun) history and Java version history. James Gosling initiated the Java language project in June 1991 for use in one of his many set-top box projects. The language, initially called Oak after an oak tree that stood outside Gosling's office, also went by the name Green and ended up later renamed as Java, from a list of random words. Gosling aimed to implement a virtual machine and a language that had a familiar C/C++ style of notation. Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no-cost runtimes on popular platforms. Fairly secure and featuring configurable security, it allowed network- and file-access restrictions. Major web browsers soon incorporated the ability to run Java applets within web pages, and Java quickly became popular. With the advent of Java 2 (released initially as J2SE 1.2 in December 1998), new versions had multiple configurations built for different types of platforms. For example, J2EE targeted enterprise applications and the greatly stripped-down version J2ME for mobile applications. J2SE designated the Standard Edition. In 2006, for marketing purposes, Sun renamed new J2 versions as Java EE, Java ME, and Java SE, respectively. In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a de facto standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without charge, despite their proprietary software status. Sun generated revenue from Java through the selling of licenses for specialized products such as the Java Enterprise System. Sun distinguishes between its Software Development Kit (SDK) and Runtime Environment (JRE) (a subset of the SDK); the primary distinction involves the JRE's lack of the compiler, utility programs, and header files. On 13 November 2006, Sun released much of Java as open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL). On 8 May 2007 Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code available under free software / open-source distribution terms, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.

1.1What Is the Java Technology?

Java technology is: A programming language A development environment An application environment A deployment environment

 It is similar in syntax to C++; similar in semantics to SmallTalk It is used for developing both applets and applications
1.2 PRIMARY GOALS OF THE JAVA TECHNOLOGY

Provides an easy-to-use language by: Avoiding the pitfalls of other languages Being object-oriented Enabling users to create streamlined and clear code Provides an interpreted environment for: Improved speed of development Code portability Enables users to run more than one thread of activity Loads classes dynamically; that is, at the time they are actually needed Supports dynamically changing programs during runtime by loading classes from disparate sources Furnishes better security

2 FEATURES OF JAVA
Simple Secure Portable Object-oriented Robust Multithreaded Architecture-neutral Interpreted High performance Distributed Dynamic

SIMPLE Java was designed to be easy for the professional programmer to learn and use effectively. The basic concepts of object-oriented programming , make learning Java easier. Beyond its similarities with C/C++, Java has another attribute that makes it easy to learn: it makes an effort not to have surprising features. SECURE Every time that you download a normal program, you are risking a viral infection. Prior to Java, most users did not download executable programs frequently, and those who did scanned them for viruses prior to execution. Even so, most users still worried about the possibility of infecting their systems with a virus. When you use a Javacompatible Web browser, you can safely download Java applets without fear of viral infection or malicious intent. PORTABILITY Many types of computers and operating systems are in use throughout the world and many are connected to the Internet. For programs to be dynamically downloaded to all the various types of platforms connected to the Internet, some means of generating portable executable code is needed, which is provided by java. OBJECT-ORIENTED Java was not designed to be source-code compatible with any other language. This allowed the Java team the freedom to design with a blank slate. One outcome of this was a clean, usable, pragmatic approach to objects. The object model in Java is simple

and easy to extend, while simple types, such as integers, are kept as high-performance non objects.

ROBUST The multiplatformed environment of the Web places extraordinary demands on a program, because the program must execute reliably in a variety of systems. Thus, the ability to create robust programs was given a high priority in the design of Java. To gain reliability, Java restricts you in a few key areas, to force you to find your mistakes early in program development. At the same time, Java frees you from having to worry about many of the most common causes of programming errors. Because Java is a strictly typed language, it checks your code at compile time. However, it also checks your code at run time. In fact, many hard-to-track-down bugs that often turn up in hard-to-reproduce run-time situations are simply impossible to create in Java. Knowing that what you have written will behave in a predictable way under diverse conditions is a key feature of Java. MULTITHREADED Java was designed to meet the real-world requirement of creating interactive, networked programs. To accomplish this, Java supports multithreaded programming, which allows you to write programs that do many things simultaneously. The Java run-time system comes with an elegant yet sophisticated solution for multiprocess synchronization that enables you to construct smoothly running interactive systems. Javas easy-to-use approach to multithreading allows you to think about the specific behavior of your program, not the multitasking subsystem. ARCHITECTURE-NEUTRAL A central issue for the Java designers was that of code longevity and portability. One of the main problems facing programmers is that no guarantee exists that if you write a program today, it will run tomorroweven on the same machine. Operating system upgrades, processor upgrades, and changes in core system resources can all combine to make a program malfunction. The Java designers made several hard decisions in the Java language and the Java Virtual Machine in an attempt to alter this situation. Their goal was write once; run anywhere, any time, forever. To a great extent, this goal was accomplished. INTERPRETED AND HIGH PERFORMANCE Java enables the creation of cross-platform programs by compiling into an intermediate representation called Java bytecode. This code can be interpreted on any system that provides a Java Virtual Machine. Most previous attempts at crossplatform solutions have done so at the expense of performance DISTRIBUTED

Java is designed for the distributed environment of the Internet, because it handles TCP/IP protocols. In fact, accessing a resource using a URL is not much different from accessing a file. The original version of Java (Oak) included features for intraaddress-space messaging. This allowed objects on two different computers to execute procedures remotely. Java revived these interfaces in a package called Remote Method Invocation (RMI). This feature brings an unparalleled level of abstraction to client/server programming. DYNAMIC Java programs carry with them substantial amounts of run-time type information that is used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run time. This makes it possible to dynamically link code in a safe and expedient manner. This is crucial to the robustness of the applet environment, in which small fragments of bytecode may be dynamically updated on a running system.

3 SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT USING JAVA

3.1WHAT IS A JAVA BEAN? A Java Bean is a software component that has been designed to be reusable in a variety of different environments. There is no restriction on the capability of a Bean. It may perform a simple function, such as checking the spelling of a document, or a complex function, such as forecasting the performance of a stock portfolio. A Bean may be visible to an end user.A Bean that provides real-time price information from a stock or commodities exchange would need to work in cooperation with other distributed software to obtain its data. 3.1.1ADVANTAGES OF JAVA BEANS A Software component architecture provides standard mechanisms to deal with software building blocks. A Bean obtains all the benefits of Javas write-once, run-anywhere paradigm. The properties, events, and methods of a Bean that are exposed to an application builder tool can be controlled. A Bean may be designed to operate correctly in different locales, which makes it useful in global markets. Auxiliary software can be provided to help a person configure a Bean. This software is only needed when the design-time parameters for that component are being set. It does not need to be included in the run-time environment. The configuration settings of a Bean can be saved in persistent storage and restored at a later time. A Bean may register to receive events from other objects and can generate events that are sent to other objects. 3.2A TOUR OF SWING Swing is a set of classes that provides more powerful and flexible components than are possible with the AWT. In addition to the familiar components, such as buttons, check boxes, and labels, Swing supplies several exciting additions, including tabbed panes, scroll panes, trees, and tables. Even familiar components such as buttons have more capabilities in Swing. The Swing component classes that are used in this book are shown here: Class AbstractButton Description Abstract superclass for Swing buttons.

ButtonGroup ImageIcon JApplet JButton JCheckBox JComboBox JLabel JRadioButton JScrollPane JTabbedPane JTable JTextField JTree

Encapsulates a mutually exclusive set of buttons. Encapsulates an icon. The Swing version of Applet. The Swing push button class. The Swing check box class. Encapsulates a combo box (an combination of a drop-down list and text field). The Swing version of a label. The Swing version of a radio button. Encapsulates a scrollable window. Encapsulates a tabbed window. Encapsulates a table-based control. The Swing version of a text field. Encapsulates a tree-based control.

This example Swing application creates a single window with "Hello, world!" inside: // Hello.java (Java SE 5) import java.awt.BorderLayout; import javax.swing.*; public class Hello extends JFrame { public Hello() { super("hello"); setDefaultCloseOperation(WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); setLayout(new BorderLayout()); add(new JLabel("Hello, world!")); pack(); } public static void main(String[] args) { new Hello().setVisible(true); } } The first import statement directs the Java compiler to include the BorderLayout class from the java.awt package in the compilation; the second import includes all of the public classes and interfaces from the javax.swing package. The Hello class extends the JFrame class; the JFrame class implements a window with a title bar and a close control. The Hello() constructor initializes the frame by first calling the superclass constructor, passing the parameter "hello", which is used as the window's title. It then calls the setDefaultCloseOperation(int) method inherited from JFrame to set the default operation when the close control on the title bar is selected to

AWT - BUILDING A GRAPHICAL INTERFACE Adding a Frame and using the show() method package com.cosc210.awt; import java.awt.*; public class MyApp1 { public static void main (String arg[]) { Frame myFrame = new Frame("example Frame for cosc210"); myFrame.show(); // necessary for the frame to be visible } } Used the mouse to drag the Window to a larger size

WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE this causes the JFrame to be disposed of when the frame is closed (as opposed to merely hidden), which allows the JVM to exit and the program to terminate. Next, the layout of the frame is set to a BorderLayout; this tells Swing how to arrange the components that will be added to the frame.

3.3SERVLETS Servlets are small programs that execute on the server side of a Web connection. A Simple Servlet:To become familiar with the key servlet concepts, we will begin by building and testing a simple servlet. The basic steps are the following: Create and compile the servlet source code. Start Tomcat. Start a Web browser and request the servlet.

4 SYNTAX
The syntax of Java is largely derived from C++. Unlike C++, which combines the syntax for structured, generic, and object-oriented programming, Java was built almost exclusively as an object oriented language. All code is written inside a class and everything is an object, with the exception of the intrinsic data types (ordinal and real numbers, boolean values, and characters), which are not classes for performance reasons. Java suppresses several features (such as operator overloading and multiple inheritance) for classes in order to simplify the language and to prevent possible errors and anti-pattern design. Java uses the same commenting methods as C++. There are two different styles of comment: a single line style marked with two forward slashes, and a multiple line style opened with a forward slash asterisk (/*) and closed with an asterisk forward slash (*/). Example: //This is an example of a single line comment using two forward slashes /* This is an example of a multiple line comment using the forward slash and asterisk. This type of comment can be used to hold a lot of information but it is very important to remember to close the comment. */

5 EXAMPLES
5.1 Hello world The traditional Hello world program can be written in Java as: /* * Outputs "Hello, world!" and then exits */ public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, world!"); } } Source files must be named after the public class they contain, appending the suffix .java, for example, HelloWorld.java. It must first be compiled into bytecode, using a Java compiler, producing a file named HelloWorld.class. Only then can it be executed, or 'launched'. The java source file may only contain one public class but can contain multiple classes with less than public access and any number of public inner classes. A class that is declared private may be stored in any .java file.The compiler will generate a class file for each class defined in the source file. The name of the class file is the name of the class, with .class appended. It is simply the name of the method the Java launcher calls to pass control to the program. Java classes that run in managed environments such as applets and Enterprise JavaBean do not use or need a main() method. A java program may contain multiple classes that have main methods, which means that the VM needs to be explicitly told which class to launch from. 5.2 A MORE COMPREHENSIVE EXAMPLE import java.awt.*; import javax.swing.*; public class JLabelDemo extends JApplet{ public void init() { // Get content pane Container contentPane = getContentPane(); // Create an icon ImageIcon ii = new ImageIcon("france.gif");

// Create a label JLabel jl = new JLabel("France", ii, JLabel.CENTER); // Add label to the content pane contentPane.add(jl); } } Output from this applet is shown here:

6 SPECIAL CLASS
6.1 APPLET Java applets are programs that are embedded in other applications, typically in a Web page displayed in a Web browser. // Hello.java import javax.swing.JApplet; import java.awt.Graphics; public class Hello extends JApplet { public void paintComponent(Graphics g) { g.drawString("Hello, world!", 65, 95); } } The import statements direct the Java compiler to include the javax.swing.JApplet and java.awt.Graphics classes in the compilation.The import statement allows these classes to be referenced in the source code using the simple class name (i.e. JApplet) instead of the fully qualified class name (i.e. javax.swing.JApplet). The Hello class extends (subclasses) the JApplet (Java Applet) class; the JApplet class provides the framework for the host application to display and control the lifecycle of the applet. <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd"> <!-- Hello.html --> <html> <head> <title>Hello World Applet</title> </head> <body> <applet code="Hello" width="200" height="200"> </applet> </body> </html> An applet is placed in an HTML document using the <applet> HTML element. The applet tag has three attributes set: code="Hello" specifies the name of the JApplet class and width="200" height="200" sets the pixel width and height of the applet.

Applets may also be embedded in HTML using either the object or embed element[26], although support for these elements by Web browsers is inconsistent. [27] However, the applet tag is deprecated, so the object tag is preferred where supported. The host application, typically a Web browser, instantiates the Hello applet and creates an AppletContext for the applet. Once the applet has initialized itself, it is added to the AWT display hierarchy. The paint method is called by the AWT event dispatching thread whenever the display needs the applet to draw itself. 6.2 SERVLET Java Servlet technology provides Web developers with a simple, consistent mechanism for extending the functionality of a Web server and for accessing existing business systems. Servlets are server-side Java EE components that generate responses (typically HTML pages) to requests (typically HTTP requests) from clients. 6.3 JAVA SERVER PAGE JavaServer Pages (JSPs) are server-side Java EE components that generate responses, typically HTML pages, to HTTP requests from clients. JSPs embed Java code in an HTML page by using the special delimiters <% and %>. A JSP is compiled to a Java servlet, a Java application in its own right, the first time it is accessed.After that, the generated servlet creates the response. 6.4 GENERICS In 2004 generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Either the container operates on all subtypes of a class or interface, usually Object, or a different container class has to be created for each contained class. Generics allow compile-time type checking without having to create a large number of container classes, each containing almost identical code.

7 Documentation
Javadoc is a comprehensive documentation system, created by Sun Microsystems, used by many Java developers. It provides developers with an organized system for documenting their code. Whereas normal comments in Java and C are set off with /* and */, the multi-line comment tags, Javadoc comments have an extra asterisk at the beginning, so that the tags are /** and */. 8.1 Examples The following is an example of java code commented with simple Javadoc-style comments: /** * A program that does useful things. */ public class Program { /** * A main method. * @param args The arguments */ public static void main(String[] args) { //do stuff } }

8 Editions
Sun has defined and supports four editions of Java targeting different application environments and segmented many of its APIs so that they belong to one of the platforms. The platforms are: Java Card Micro Edition (ME) Standard Edition (SE) Enterprise Edition (EE)

Java Card Java Card refers to a technology that allows Java dd application(applets)to be run securely on smart cards and similar small memory footprint devices. Java Card is the tiniest of Java targeted for embedded devices. Java Card gives the user ability to program the device and make them application specific. It is widely used in SIM cards(used in mobile phones) and ATM cards. The first Java Card was introduced in 1996 by Schlumbergers card division which later merged with Gemplus to form Gemalto. Java Card products are based on the Java Card Platform specifications developed by Sun Microsystems, a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation.

Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) J2SE is Sun's platform that includes the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and packages. There is the core package which is basically the contents of rt.jar in the distribution package of J2SE. Then there are specification such as Swing and Networking. Java Platform, Standard Edition or Java SE is a widely used platform for programming in the Java language. It is the Java Platform used to deploy portable applications for general use. In practical terms, Java SE consists of a virtual machine, which must be used to run Java programs, together with a set of libraries (or "packages") needed to allow the use of file systems, networks, graphical interfaces, and so on, from within those programs Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) J2EE on the other hand builds on top of J2SE so to speak; J2EE needs J2SE. It includes tools to create frameworks, API specifications suitable for companies. By specification, JSP and Servlets (and Beans) are J2EE. Java Platform, Enterprise Edition or Java EE is a widely used platform for server programming in the Java programming

language. The Java platform (Enterprise Edition) differs from the Java Standard Edition Platform (Java SE) in that it adds libraries which provide functionality to deploy fault-tolerant, distributed, multi-tier Java software, based largely on modular components running on an application server Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) Java Platform, Micro Edition, or Java ME, is a Java platform designed for embedded systems (mobile devices are one kind of such systems) . Target devices range from industrial controls to mobile phones (especially feature phones) and set-top boxes. Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME). Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems, now a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation; the platform replaced a similar technology, PersonalJava. Originally developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 68, the different flavors of Java ME have evolved in separate JSRs. Sun provides a reference implementation of the specification, but has tended not to provide free binary implementations of its Java ME runtime environment for mobile devices, rather relying on third parties to provide their own. J2ME (Micro Edition) which runs on portable, mobile, handheld devices. I'm honestly not that familiar with this one; I don't really have a testing environment. The classes in the Java APIs are organized into separate groups called packages. Each package contains a set of related interfaces, classes and exceptions. Refer to the separate platforms for a description of the packages available. The set of APIs is controlled by Sun Microsystems in cooperation with others through the Java Community Process program.Companies or individuals participating in this process can influence the design and development of the APIs. This process has been a subject of controversy. Sun also provided an edition called PersonalJava that has been superseded by later, standards-based Java ME configuration-profile pairings.