MATHS REVISION NOTES 2011:

PROBABILITY: -Probability: is to do with the likelihood of an event occurring.

-Relative Frequency: when an experiment is carried out with many trials, the relative frequency should tend toward a constant value [long term relative frequency] -Random Number Generator [Die]: Ran# x 6 + 1 Theoretical Probability: -P(event) = successful outcomes Possible outcomes -Note: We must consider whether the outcomes are equally likely. -Example: a deck of cards [52] are shuffled and a card is selected at random. -Q. What is: a) P(spade)= 13/52 or b) P(Black ace)= 2/52 or 1/26 c) P(King, Queen or Jack)= 52-12 = 40 = 40/52 or 10/13 -If I picked ten cards at random, how many spades would I expect? x 10= 2.5 Using Diagrams to list outcomes: -A good way to see all possible outcomes. Example: Tables or a Probability Tree [refer to exercise book for examples] The Multiplicative Rule [Not equally likely outcomes]

-If events are independent [one doesnt affect the other] we can use the multiplicative rule [multiply the possibilities] -We can use this alongside a tree diagram: A car is driving along Highway 2. It goes through three traffic lights. The probability that a light is green is 0.8, 0.7 at the second and 0.9 at the third. What is the probability that the car has to stop at two lights?

Outcomes: 1. GGG 2. GGR 3. GRG 4. GRR 5. RGG 6. RGR 7. RRG 8. RRR

Probability: 1. 0.504 2. 0.056 3. 0.216 4. 0.024 5. 0.126 6. 0.014 7. 0.054 8. 0.006

P(green AND green AND green)= 0.504 P(stop at 2 lights)= P(exactly 2 red) P(exactly two red)= P(GRR) or P(RGR) or P(RRG) *or= addition 0.024+0.014+0.054= 0.092 P(exactly two red)= 0.092 *Generally [in most cases] AND= x [independent events] OR = + [mutually exclusive events]

MEASUREMENT:
Metric conversions:

m= metre g= gram L= litre Multiply by 1000 milli (m)

Divide by 1000

m= metre g= gram L= litre Multiply by 1000 Kilo (k) Divide by 1000

1m= 100cm 1cm= 10mm 1tonne= 1000kg

Area:

-Units: mm2, cm2, m2, km2 -Conversions: 1m2= 10,000cm2 1cm2= 100mm2 1ha= 100m2 x 100m2 OR 10,000m2 Areas of simple polygons:

-Rectangles: a= b x h height base -Triangle: a= b x h =bxh2 Height

-Parallelogram: a= b x h

Height

Base -Trapezium: A (a+b2) x h a h

b Composite Areas:

-A complex area which consists of the sum/difference of the areas of simple shapes. Example: [refer to exercise book]

Circles: radius

Diameter

-Circumference: the whole outer part of a circle [perimeter] -d= 2r C = [pi] D - = 3.141592654 [approx.] or 22/7 - Pi is irrational; cant be expressed properly as a fraction. Finding the circumference: C= d or 2r Area of a circle:

Volume:

-Units: mm3, cm3, m3 -Prism: a 3D shape which has a constant cross sectional area [CSA] or i.e, looks the same when its sliced. Examples of prisms: Cuboid

Cylinder

Triangular Prism

Trapezoid

Volume of a prism:

-V= Cross Sectional Area x Depth. Example: 4m 3m 6m 10m V= (6+4) x 10 2 = 150m2 20m [diameter] V= x 102 = 314.15 x 10 = 3142m3

10m

Liquid Volume:

- 1cm3= 1mL of water, weighs 1g - 1000cm3= 1L of water, weighs 1kg Example: What does 1m3 of water weigh? 1m3= 1,000,000cm3

Weighs 1,000,000g = 1000kg = 1 tonne Surface Area:

-Is the entire area of the outside of a 3D shape. -Measured in square units. -It is helpful to consider the net of the shape. Example:

4cm 6cm 5cm

2 x 5 x 6= 60 Top & Base 2 x 5 x 4= 40 Sides 2 x 4 x 6= 48 Front & Back 2 = 148cm [surface area] 2 x r2= 157.08 Top & Base 8 x x 10= 251.33 Curved Surface = 408.4cm2 [surface area] 8cm

5cm

2r2 + 2rh= 2r (r+h)

NUMBER:
Calculations and Estimations:

-Example: 36.3 + 21.85 3.009 Approx: 35+20 = 55 = approx. 18 3 3 Calculator: (36.3+21.85)3.009= 19.32 [2dp] Significant Figures [sf]:

-Used to round [approximate] numbers. -Much for very large and very small numbers. -take from left hand side [highest place value] -if the number is decimal, the zero before the first NON-ZERO digit doesnt count. -if the zero is between the two non-zero digits, they count. -fill the 0s where they affect place value. -then round normally, like decimal places. Standard From [scientific notation]:

-used to write really big and really small numbers. *Big numbers: Example: 37,000= 37 x 1000 = 3.7 x 10 [37] x 10 x 10 x 10 [1000] = 3.7 x 104 5,000,000= 500 x 10,000 = 5 x 106 6,800,000,000= 6.8 x 109 -Numbers in standard form always have ONE non-zero digit to the left of the d.p. *Small numbers: -Work the opposite BUT the powers are negative. Example: 0.0000358= 3.58 x 10-5 4.8 x 10-7 = 0.00000048 On Your Calculator: -EXP= x10^ -This is the standard form button. It means x10^ [times 10 to the power of] Example: 3.72 x 106= 3.72 EXP 6 = 3720000

Fractions: multiply the numerators and denominators.

- 1x2=2 5 3 15 -3 1 x 4 3 = 25 x 19 = 475 8 4 8 4 32 - 7 3 4 = 38 x 1 = 19 5 5 4 10

convert mixed numbers into improper fractions, then multiply numerators and denominators. in the case, covert mixed number to improper. Then flip the right side fraction. Then cross cancel.

- 1 1 3= 4 3= 16- 9 = 7 In this case, covert mixed to improper. Multiply two denominators to 3 4 3 4 12 12 12 get final denominator. Then cross multiply for two numerators. Then subtract two numerators for final numerator. -3+2= 3+2 8 4 8 8 = 5 8 Find a common denominator.

Percentages of an amount:

-Convert the percentage to a fraction or decimal. Example: 15.5% of $318.95 0.155 x 318.95= $49.44 -Round to the nearest cent unless told otherwise. -Unless you have an integer dollar value, round to 2dp. An amount as a percentage of another:

Example: In a test score you score 17/26. What % did you get right? 17 x 100= 65.4% [1dp] 26 Percentage Increase:

-When we increase by x% it is the same as adding x% to the original [100%] Example: increase $35 by 32% 132% of $35= 1.32 x 35 = $46.50 Percentage Decrease: -In this case we subtract x% from the original. We use the result as the percentage and then we solve. Example: Decrease $35 by 32% 100%-32%=68% 68% of $35= 0.68 x 35 = $23.80

Calculating a percentage change:

Example: A house appreciates in value from $345,000 to $360,000 Nb: appreciate- increase in value Depreciate- decrease in value Q. What is the percentage value? % change= actual change x 100 Original amount 360,000-345,000 x 100 = 4.347% increase 345,000 Working out an original amount after an increase/decrease:

Example: after a 5.8% increase in house values, a house is valued at $375,000. What was its original value before the increase? Let x be the original value. 1.058 times x= $375,000 X= $375,0001.058 X= 354,422.344 = $354,000 [4sf] GST:

-tax at 15% on all goods and services. -Usually GST is included in the price. Prices excluding GST:

Example: a builder quotes a price of $3650+GST to build a deck. What will you actually pay? 1.15 x 3650= $4197.50 Prices including GST:

Example: tourists can claim back GST on souvenirs they have purchased. If they spend $780, how much can they claim? Pre GST value: 780 1.15= $678.26 GST: 780-678.26= $101.74 -Pre GST Post GST: multiply by 1.15 -Post GST Pre GST: divide by 1.15 -Pre GST: excluding GST -Post GST: including GST

Simple Interest:

-Interest is only paid on the principal amount [original investment] Example: $300 is invested for 3 years in an account paying 3.8% p.a [simple interest] 300 x 0.038 x 3 = Interest = $34.20 -I= p x r x t = prt 100 100 P= principal R= rate T= time [years] I= Interest Compound Interest: -Interest is paid on the principal and continues to be paid on the interest. Example: $300 is invested for 3 years at 3.8% p.a YEAR START END 1 $300 300x1.038= $311.40 2 $311.40 311.40x1.038= $323.23 3 $323.23 323.23x1.038= $335.52 I= $35.52 300 x 1.0383= $335.52 -Formula: P(1 + R )T 100 A= the final amount. Ratio: -A ratio represents the proportion of one amount to another. Example- 3:5, 1:50, 3:50,000 Ratios and Fractions: Example: The ratio of boys to girls in a school is 2:3 What fraction are boys? 2:3 2+3=5 students in total. 2= 40% 5 If there are 850 students, how many are girls? 3 of 850= 3 x 850 5 5 =510 girls.

Proportional Rates:

Example: if half of half a candle takes half an hour to burn, how long will a box of 12 candles take? of a candle: of a candle which takes an hour to burn. Whole Candle: 4 x = 2 hours to burn. 12 candles: 2 x 12= 24 hours to burn. Exchange Rates:

Example: an iPod in the USA costs $180USD. In the UK, the same iPod costs 125GBP. The rates are as follows: CURRENCY: US Dollar GB Pound Which is cheapest? 180 USD= $230.77 NZD 0.78 125 GBP= $263.16 NZD 0.475 The US iPod is cheaper by $32.39 NZD NZ Currency Foreign Currency: multiply by the exchange rate. Foreign Currency NZ Currency: divide by the exchange rate. 1NZD: 0.78 0.475

ALGEBRA:
Powers: Example: 35[power/index form]= 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 [expanded form] 35= 243 -The 3 is the BASE. -The 5 is the INDEX or POWER -The 243 is the RESULT or EVALUATED. -Power, exponent, index are all the same. Roots: - = means the number that we square to get 64 -3 = means the number we CUBE to get 27 -n = the number that we multiply by itself n times to get a To type in a calculator: 3 [press shift] x 27

-Anything to the power of 0 equals 1.

Formulae and Expressions:

-Expression: an algebraic statement involving letters. Example: 3x+2, n2, 3n2-7 -Formula: like an expressions but contains a = sign. The letters are called VARIABLES. Example: f=ma f is the subject of the formula. ma= the formula is written in terms of m & a Rules of Indices:

-Multiplying: xa + xb= xa+b If we multiply indices, they have to have the same base and we add the powers. -Dividing: xa xb= xa-b When dividing, they have to have the same base. We subtract the powers. -Power raised to a power: (xa)b= xa x b When raising a power, we multiply the two powers together. Nb: x0=1 Anything raised to the power of zero will always be 1. -Roots with Indices: When we take a square root of an index number, we half the power. Expanding Brackets: -We multiply the number [letter] with its sign outside of the bracket by everything inside the bracket. Examples: 3(a+5)= 3 x a + 3 x 5 -3x2(5xy-2x4z)= -15x3y + 6x6z 3(x+2) + 5(x+4) = 3x + 6 + 5x + 20 =26+8x 5(3x-4) 8(2x+2) = 15x- 20 16x 16 = -x-36

Factorising:

-Opposite of expanding- put brackets in. -Look for the highest common factor. Examples: 3x + 6= 3(x+2) 8abc + c= c(8ab+1) -6x + 2= -2(3x-1) Solving Equations: Example: 3x 7= -2x + 5 3x + 2x= 5 + 7 5x = 12 X = 12/5 -When changing sides, change operations. -Put xs on the side with the biggest x. Equations with brackets:

-Expand the brackets, then simplify. Examples: 3(x+3)= 18 3x + 9 = 18 3x = 18-9 3x =9 X = 9/3 X =3 2(5x-2)-3= 8 10x 4 3= 8 10x = 8+4+3 10x = 15 X = 15/10 X = 3/2 Equations with Fractions: -If there is a fraction on both sides, cross multiply [the whole side must be over a common denominator] Examples: 3x = 8 5 3x= 8 x 5 3x= 40 X= 40/3

2x = 5x 5 3 2x X 3= 5x X 5 6x = 25x = 25x-6x 0 = 19x 0/19 = x X =0 Multiplication and Division: -Turn a division problem into a multiplication problem, then simplify. -Turn the reciprocal of the second fraction and solve. Example: 3xy 9= 2 xy Z 2z 3 Quadratic Expressions:

-A quadratic expression is a polynomical [expression with powers of x] where the highest power is 2. Example: 3x2+5, x2+3x+2, x2-8 Expanding Quadratic expressions: -Make sure that everything in the first brackets are multiplied by everything in the second brackets. -Expand, then simplify. Examples: (x + 1) (x + 2)= x2 + 2x + x + 2 = x2 + 3x + 2 (x 5) (x + 2)= x2 + 2x 5x -10 = x2 -3x-10 -Shortcut: if there is not a number in front of the xs in the brackets [i.e. their co-efficients are 1] we can get the x co-efficient in the expansion by adding the numbers and the constant by multiplying. Special Cases- Perfect Squares: -When we have a bracket squared. -Also called, Difference of Two Squares Example: (x + 5)2 = (x + 5) (x + 5) = x2 + 10x + 25 How to factorise quadratic equations:

-look for a common factor first. -if there is no x term- is it the difference of 2 squares ? -if theres no constant term, is it straightforward common factor?

 How to Solve a Quadratic Equation: -When solving, we make the equation equal zero. -Then factorise. -Make each bracket equal to zero and solve. Examples: (x + 2) (x - 3)= 0 So either x + 2= 0 or x 3= 0 X = -2 OR x = +3 Solution: x= -2 or +3 (x + 5)2= 0 Solution: x= -5 X( x + 3) = 0 Solution: x= -3 or 0 (2x + 1) (3x 2)= 0 X= -1/2 or 2/3 Factorising Quadratics with no common factor:

2x2 + 7x + 5 (2x + 5) (x + 1)
Multiply

= 7x

-The numbers with x should add up to the middle number in the equation.

GEOMETRIC REASONING:
Angle Properties: 1.

a + b + c= 180o Adjacent Angles on a Straight Line Add to 180o [adj<s st line add to 180o] 2.

a + b + c + d= 360o Angles at a point add to 360o [<s at pt add to 360o]

3.

a + b + c= 180o Interior angles of a triangle add to 180o [int <s 4.

add to 180o]

z= x+y Exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the opposite interior angles [ext < equal sum op pint. <s] 5.

b= c Base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal [base <s isos. Triangle equal] 6.

a=b y=z Vertically opposite angles are equal [vert.opp <s equal] 7.

w=x y=z Corresponding angles on parallel lines are equal [corr.<s || equal]

8.

y=z w=x Alternate angles on parallel lines are equal [alt. <s || equal] 9.

w+x=180o OR y+z= 180o Co-Interior angles on a parallel line add to 180o [co-int <s || add to 180o] Polygons- Exterior Angles: -The exterior angles of a polygon add to 360o [ext <s poly add to 360o] -The interior angles of a polygon add to (n-2) x 180o n= number of sides -Examples of polygons: triangles, squares, pentagon NB: Each exterior angle: 360o n Each interior angle: (n-2) x 180o n Parts of a circle: 1. Diameter- a line joining two points on the circumference of a circle and passing through the centre.

2. Radius- a line joining a point on the circumference of the circle to the centre.

3. Chord- is a line segment that joins two points on a curve. In geometry, a chord is often used to describe a line segment joining two endpoints that lie on a circle.

4. Arc- part of the circumference of a circle.

5. Sector- part of the circle bounded by an arc and two radii.

6. Segment- part of the circle bound by an arc and chord.

7. Circumference- total distance of a circle [perimeter]

8. Tangent- a line which touches the circle. Major= large part of circle. Minor= small part of circle. Examples: major arc, minor arc, major segment, minor segment, major sector, minor sector etc

SEQUENCES, PATTERNS AND GRAPHS:

Simultaneous Equations:

-A linear equation has only one solution. Example: 3x-5= -2 3x = -2+5 3x = 3 X = 3/3 X =1 -A pair of simultaneous equations has a pair of solutions [linear simultaneous equations] -There are only two variables. -The pair of solutions will be true for both equations. Example: 2x+y= 5 x+y= 2 x=3 Y= -1 2(3)+(-1)=5 (3)+(-1)=2 -There are 3 methods to solve simultaneous equations. -2 are algebraic: elimination and substitution. -The third is using graphs. The Elimination Method: -We eliminate a variable by adding or subtracting the equations together. -Sometimes, we use multiplication. NB: if the two equations are + and +, subtract. If they are + and -, add. Example: 2x+y= 5 X+y= 2 Equation -Equation 2x-x= x y-y= --5-2= 3 X=3 -Find the solution for one variable and substitute into either equation to find. Substitute into x+y= 2 3+y= 2 Y= 2-3 Y= -1

So: x= 3 and y= -1 Sequence:

-A sequence is made up of terms. -When looking at a sequence, we try to establish a pattern. -The first thing to look at is the difference between the terms. The Constant [first] difference:

Example: 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 -5 is the first term [t1] 11 is the third term [t3] etc -The pattern is to add 3 to the previous term to get the next term. The General Term [tn]: -Called the nth term. -Allows us to work out any number in the sequence. Example: 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 Expression: 3n+2 tn= (difference) x n + 2/0th term NB: substitute into the first term to find the 2 OR use the 0th term. Example 2: 20, 18, 16, 14, 12 0th term: 22 50th term= 22-2n = 22-2x50 = -78 Linear Sequence: -A linear sequence has a general term [tn] of the form: an+b -It is called a linear sequence because when graphed, the points fall on a line. [refer to book for graph] -DO NOT join points together when graphing sequences. The algebra behind it all [finding the nth term]:

Example: tn 5, 8, 11, 14, 17 -Linear sequence of form an+b as 1st difference is constant. n= 1 t=5 a + b= 5 . n=2 t=8 2a + b= 8. a= 3 b= 2 tn= an+b

 Quadratic Sequences: -If the second difference is constant the sequence is quadratic. -In the form of an2+bn+c -Since we have 3 unknowns, we need 3 equations. Example: 9, 15, 23, 33, 45 The first difference between the numbers is not constant as it goes 6, 8, 10, 12. The second difference between the numbers [6, 8, 10, 12] is constant as it goes +2 each time. tn= an2+bn+c n=1 n=2 n=3 a+b+c=9 4a+2b+c=12 9a+3b+c=23

*NB: the a+b+c, 4a+2b+c and 9a+3b+c will always stay the same. It is the result that changes according to the sequence. - 4a-a= 3a 2b-b= b 15-9=6 3a+b=6 - 9a-4a= 5a 3b-2b= b 23-15= 8 5a+b= 8 - 5a-3a= 2a 8-6=2 2a=2 a=1 Substitute into (3x1) + b= 6 b=3 Substitute into a+b+c=9 1+3+c=9 c=5 So: a=1 b=3 c=5

Straight Line Graphs:

-Co-ordinate: (x, y) -x= x ordinate y= y ordinate -x axis [horizontal] -y axis [vertical] -Axes intersect at (0,0) called the origin. Drawing Graphs: Example: Sketch y=x+5 -This is a straight line as it is a linear equation because the highest power of x is 1. Need to find 3 co-ordinates. X axis Y axis -5 -5+5=0 O O+5-5 5 5+5=10 Then plot these on a graph [see back of exercise book] Co-ordinate (-5, 0) (0, 5) (5, 10)

NB: in an equation [like y= x-2], x can be substituted for anything, unless stated otherwise. y=mx+c: -a linear graph has the form y=mx+c -m is the gradient [steepness of the line] -c is the y intercept [where it crosses the y axis] Gradient: -The gradient of a line is its steepness. -It is defined as the change in y = m the change in x -m= rise run

^1 (rise) 1 (run) Gradient: 1/1 m= 1