POWER ELECTRONICS CET

Channaveer.N

POWER ELECTRONICS

Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power

 Power Devices & Applications Power Electronics Circuits Solid State Control of DC & AC motors,PLC

Power Devices & Applications

POWER DIODE
How it Looks Representation

IMP POINTS
It is similar to PN junction diode Power Diodes have large Power , Current and Voltage handling Capability Power Diodes are uncontrolled devices Break down voltages is decided by depletion region

V-I Characteristics

POWER TRANSISTOR
How it Looks Representation

IMP POINTS
It is similar to low power transistor Power Transistor have large Power , Current and Voltage handling Capability Power Transistor are controlled devices It turns on when current is given to base It turns off when current is removed from base

V-I Characteristics

Region ACTIVE (amp) CUT-OFF (switch) Saturation

Emitter Junction Forward Bias Reverse Bias Forward Bias

Collector Junction Reverse Bias Reverse Bias Forward Bias

THYRISTOR:
Its a 4 layer PN semiconductor device used for controlling and conversion of power Examples SCR DIAC TRIAC GTO IGBT

SCR(Silicon controlled Rectifier)

How it Looks Representation Representations

IMPORTANT POINTS ABOUT SCR

It is a 4-Layer Device It is having 3 junctions It is having 3-terminals Current Rating is 3000A Voltage Rating is 10kV Power Handling 30MW It is a Unidirectional Device SCR is a gate Triggered Device

 Two Transistor Analogy

SCR is made up of 1 NPN and 1PNP transistor

 When SCR is in Forward Bias

FORWARD BLOCKING MODE FORWARD CONDUCTION MODE

J1 is Forward Biased J1 is Forward Biased J2 is Reverse Biased J2 is Forward Biased J3 is Forward Biased J3 is Forward Biased

 When SCR is in Reverse Bias

Its is called as Reverse Blocking Mode J1 is Reverse Biased J2 is Forward Biased J3 is Reverse Biased

 V-I Characteristics

IL :Min current required to switch device from OFF to ON IH :Min current required to hold device in ON state

IL > IH
VBO :Voltage above which SCR entersCond uction State VBR: Voltage

Methods Of Triggering SCR

Thermal Triggering : Triggering the device by heating Radiation Triggering :Light particles are made to bombard the reverse bias junction j2 Voltage Triggering : A positive voltage applied between anode and cathode of SCR dv/dt Triggering : Sudden change in voltage Gate Triggering : A positive voltage

 Types of Gate Triggering Resistance(R) Resistance-Capacitance(RC) UJT Firing Circuit

SCR Protection
Protection Against Over current:
Use Circuit Breaker & fast acting fuses in series with SCR

Protection Against Over voltage:

By connecting non-linear resistance devices in parallel to SCR

Protection Against Large di/dt :

By connecting L in series with SCR Protection Against Large dv/dt: By connecting snubber circuit in parallel with SCR

DIAC(Diode for Alternating Current)

How it Looks Representation

IMPORTANT POINTS
Its a Four Layer Device It has three junctions It has two terminals MT1 and MT2 DIAC is bidirectional device DIAC is nothing but 2 SCRs in antiparallel manner DIAC=TRIAC with out gate DIAC is used to trigger the gate of TRIAC eg. Light Dimmer CKT Break Down voltage is 28V to 36V

V-I Characteristics
By This we can say DIAC can be triggered by both positive and negative half cycle

TRIAC(Triode for Alternating Current)

How it Looks Representation

IMPORTANT POINTS
Its a Four Layer Device It has three junctions It has 3 terminals Gate,TE1 and TE2 It is 2 SCRs in anti-parallel manner Triac can be triggered by Gate,TE1 and TE2 ,So gate alone does not have control over triac Triac can be Triggered by both positive and negative half cycle

MOSFET(Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor)

How it Looks Representation n-channel depletion type

IMPORTANT POINTS
Two types of MOSFET Depletion Type: The conduction channel is physically implanted Enhanced Type : The conduction channel is not physically implanted Flow of Current controlled by electric field MOSFET a voltage controlled device Used as switch and switching speed is of the order of nanosecond V-I is similar to power transistor

GTO(Gate Turn OFF Switch )

How it Looks Representation

IMPORTANT POINTS
In GTO , Gate turns on and turns off the switch Positive voltage turns on the device Negative voltage turns off the device Commutation Circuit is not required Current rating 1400A Voltage rating 2500V The forward VI characteristic is identical to a conventional thyristor

IGBT
How it Looks Representation

IMPORTANT POINTS
It is combination of merits of BJT and MOSFET Turn ON and Turn OFF time 1s Current Rating 1200A Voltage Rating 1700V More Expensive that BJT

Commutation
Its a method of turning OFF thyristor with help of External circuit Types Natural Commutation: Connected to ac source , the current goes to 0 @ the end of half cycle

 Forced Commutation : Commutation by external Circuit Resonant(Class A) : R , C and L are in series with thyristor Self(Class B) : In this commutation is done by thyristor Auxiliary/Voltage(Class C) : Auxiliary thyristor is used for switching off main thyristor

 Complementary Commutation (Class D) : In this capacitor is connect in parallel to main thyristor with one more thyristor called Complementary thyristor
External Pulse Commutation (Class E)

Commutation is obtained by external pulse from transistor

Power Electronics Circuits

Rectifier: AC to DC
Appln: DC transmission , HVDC transmission Classification

Rectifier
(Based On DC OutPut)
Uncontrolled (Fixed DC OutPut) Controlled (Variable DC OutPut)

Controlled Rectifiers
(Based On SCRs and Diodes) Half Controlled (Diodes and SCRs) Fully Controlled (SCRs)

Rectifiers
(Based On SCRs and Diodes) Half Wave Rectifiers Full Wave Rectifiers (One Half Cycle) (Two Half Cycle)

Rectifiers
(Based On Transformer) Mid-Point Rectifiers (Uses Transformer) Bridge Rectifiers (Not uses transformer)

Rectifiers
(Based On Phase) Single phase Rectifiers Three phase Rectifiers

Rectifiers
(Based On Quadrant)
Semi Converter (One Quadrant) Full converter (Two Quadrant) Dual Converter (Four Quadrant)

Examples Of Rectifier
Single phase half-Wave Controlled Rectifier (one SCR, half Cycle ) Single phase Mid-point Controlled Rectifier (one transformer, two SCRs, both cycles) Single phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier (four SCRs, both cycles) Single phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier (two SCRs, two diodes, both cycles) Three phase Fully Controlled Bridge Rectifier (six SCRs, both cycles of 3-

Choppers : Fixed DC to Variable DC

Choppers are turn-off by forced commutation Appln: Electric traction, Trolley Cars, DC voltage regulation etc Classification Choppers
(Based On Frequency)
Constant Frequency (Duty Cycle varied by varying TON and TOFF) Variable Frequency (Duty Cycle varied by varying by chopping frequency)

Choppers
(Based On Input(Vs) and Output(Vo)) Step-Up Transformer {(Vo>Vs), (1 Thyristor and 1 Diode)} Step-Down Transformer {(Vo<Vs), (1 Thyristor and 1 Diode)}

Choppers
(Based On Quadrant) Single Quadrant Two Quadrant Four Quadrant

 Single Quadrant Choppers First Quadrant (Type A) (1 Thyristor and 1 Diode)

Second Quadrant (Type B) (1 Thyristor and 1 Diode)

 TwoQuadrant Choppers Type C (2 Thyristor and 2 Diode)

Type D (2 Thyristor and 2 Diode)

 Four Quadrant Choppers (4Thyristor and 4 Diode)

Inverters(Converts DC to AC)
Classification
Inverter (Based On Source) Voltage Source

Current Source

Inverter (Based On O/P) Single Phase Inverter Three Phase Inverter

Inverter (Based On Connection)

Series Inverter (All Components are in series with Load) Voltage Inverter (All Components are in parallel with Load)

 Types Single Phase half bridge Voltage Source Inverter (2 thyristors , 2 diodes) Single Phase Full bridge Voltage Source Inverter (4 thyristors , 4 diodes) Application Variable speed ac motor devices, Induction heating, HVDC transmission Heart of Inverter is oscillating circuit

Cyclo-converters (One freq of ac to another freq of ac)

Classification
Cycloconverters (Based On Phase)
Single Phase to Single Phase Three Phase to Single Phase Three Phase to Three Phase

Cycloconverters (Based On Frequency)

Step-Up (O/P freq > I/P freq) Step-Down (O/P freq < I/P freq)

Cycloconverters (Based On Transformer)

Mid point Tapping (Transformer used) Bridge (Transformer not used)

 Examples Single Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter Centre-trapped (4 thyristors , 1 transformer) Bridge (6 thyristors ) Three Phase to Single Phase Cycloconverter Half-wave (6 thyristors ) Bridge (12 thyristors ) Three Phase to Three Phase Cycloconverter (6 thyristors ) Appln : Speed control of high power ac