MATH 389 FALL 2011, TEST 1 SOLUTIONS

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

(1) Write each of the following in the form x + iy ei 4 (a) 3+i Sol: i e 4 2 + i 2 (1 + i)(3 i) = = 2 3+i 2(3 + i) 20 2 2 2 = (3 + 1 + i(3 1)) = (4 + 2i) = (2 + i) 20 20 10 (b) (1 3i)50

Sol: Let w = 1 3i. Then |w| = 2 and Arg(w) = /3, so w = 2ei/3 . Thus w50 = 250 ei50/3 . Since 50 = 3 16 + 2, 50/3 = 16 + 2/3, w50 = 250 e16i e2i/3 = 250 e2i/3 = ) ( 50 1 i 3 = 249 (1 + i 3). 2 2

(2) Find all values of (1 + i)1/3 , in the form x + iy Sol: By denition (1 + i)1/3 are all the complex numbers z such that z 3 = 1 + i. All possible solutions of that equation are of the form z=e = 21/6 e 4 e 3 ) ( 2 + i 2 2ki 2ki = 21/6 e 3 = 21/3 (1 + i)e 3 , k Z 2
2ki 3 2i ln( 2)+(3/4+2k)i 3 i 2ki

But e

, k Z, can take just three possible values: 1, e 3 = 1+ 3i 1 3i = ,e . Thus all possible solutions of z 3 = 1 + i are 2 2 21/3 (1 + i)( ) 21/3 (1 + i) 1+ 3i = 24/3 (1 3 + ( 3 1)i) 2 ( ) 21/3 (1 + i) 1 3i = 24/3 (1 + 3 ( 3 + 1)i) 2
4i 3

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

(3) Let denote the part of the curve y = x2 running from (0, 0) to (2, 4). Evaluate the following line integrals 2z (a) z 2 +1 dz
2z Sol: The idea consists in nding a primitive of z 2 +1 on an ap 2z propriate domain, and then compute the integral z 2 +1 dz by evaluating at the end points. If Log(z) denotes the principal branch of log and if the function F (z) = Log(z 2 + 1) is well dened and continuous on a domain , F (z) would be a primitive 2z of z 2 +1 , i.e., 2z F (z) = 2 z +1

Remember that the function Log is continuous and is well dened on the set of points C\L, where L = {(x, y) : y = 0, x 0}. We know for sure that the function Log(z 2 + 1) would be continuous at those points z C such that z 2 + 1 L (although / Log(z 2 + 1) could be continuous in some points z C such that z 2 + 1 L) If z = x+iy, then z 2 +1 = x2 y 2 +1+2ixy L i x2 y 2 +1 0 and xy = 0. If y = 0, then x2 y 2 + 1 = x2 + 1, which is always greater than zero. So x = 0, and x2 y 2 + 1 = 1 y 2 0 when |y| 1. Thus Log is continuous and well dened in the domain = C\L where L = {(x, y) : x = 0, |y| 1} (although may not be the largest domain in which Log(z 2 + 1) is continuous) Since is completely inside the domain , 2z dz = Log(z 2 + 1)|z=2+4i z=0 z2 + 1 = Log((2 + 4i)2 + 1) Log(1) = Log(11 + 16i) = ln(11 + 16i) + i Arg(11 + 16i) ( 16 ) ln (377) + i( arctan ) = 2 11 (b)

z dz

Sol: Let (t) = t+it2 , t [0, 2] be a parametrization of the curve . Then (t) = 1 + 2it and (t) = t(1 it). Thus (t) (t)dt = 2 + ti)dt = (t + 2t3 + t2 i)dt. By t(1 it)(1 + 2it) = t(1 + 2t denition of integral line,

MATH 389 FALL 2011, TEST 1 SOLUTIONS

z dz =

(t) (t)dt =
0

(t + 2t3 + it2 )dt

t2 t4 it3 2 = = 2 + 8 + i8/3 = 10 + i8/3. + + 2 2 3 0 (4) For each of the following sets E write down or describe precisely the interior, the closure and the boundary of E. (a) E = {z C : |z| 1, Im(z) > 0} Sol: Int(E) = {z C : |z| < 1, Im(z) > 0} Cl(E) = {z C : |z| 1, Im(z) 0} Bd(E) = {z C : |z| = 1, Im(z) 0} {t R : 1 t 1}

(b) E = {z C : |z 1| < 1} {t R : 1 < t < 1} Sol: Int(E) = {z C : |z 1| < 1} Cl(E) = {z C : |z 1| 1} {t R : 1 t 0} Bd(E) = {z C : |z 1| = 1} {t R : 1 t 0}

(5) Show that f (z) is dierentiable at a i g(z) = f () is dierentiable z at a. f (z) f (a) exists i za f (z) f (a) f (z) f (a) limza = limza exists (here the fact that za za the conjugation function is a continuous involution is used). If me f (z) f (a) make the change of variable w = z , the limit limza za g(w) g() a f (w) f (a) exists i the limit limw = limw exists a a wa wa (again, here the fact that the conjugation is a continuous function is used). And the last limit exists i g is dierentiable at a, and we are done. Sol: f is dierentiable at a i limza (6) A positive integer m is said to be a sum of squares if m = a2 + b2 for some integers a and b. Show that if m and n are sums of squares then so is mn Sol: Notice rst that m is a sum of squares i m = |a + bi|2 for some a, b Z. Let n be another integer that can be written as sum of squares so there exist c, d Z such that n = |c + id|2 . Since

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

mn = |a+ib|2 |c+id|2 = |(a+ib)(c+id)|2 = |(acbd)+i(bc+ad)|2 = (ac bd)2 + (bc + ad)2 , mn is a sum of squares. (7) Show that if r is a positive real number and a, b C then |z a| = r|z b| is the equation of a circle when r = 1 and of a line L when r = 1. Describe L geometrically. When r = 1 nd the center and radius of the circle in terms of a, b and r. Sol: |z|2 If r = 1, |z a| = |z b|, then |z a|2 = |z b|b and 2Re(z) + |a|2 = |z|2 2Re(z + |b|2 . Thus a b) Re(2( a b)z) = |a|2 |b|2

If c + id = 2( e = |a|2 |b|2 R, and z = x + iy, the a b), equation Re((c + id)z) = cx dy = e represents the equation of a line. This line corresponds to the perpendicular bisector of the segment that joins the points a and b in the plane. Lets suppose now that r < 1. If w = z b and c = a b, the equation |z a| = r|z b| becomes r|w| = |w c| Squaring both sides of the equality, we obtain r2 |w|2 = |w|2 2Re(w) + |c|2 c and thus (1 r2 )|w|2 2Re(w) + c Equivalently w or, zb c r = |c| , 2 1r 1 r2 |c|2 r2 |c|2 = 1 r2 1 r2

ab r = |a b| , 1 r2 1 r2 which represents the equation of a circle of radius r R = |a b| 1 r2 and center ab a br2 z0 = b + = 1 r2 1 r2 The last expressions makes sense because the condition r < 1 implies that 1 r2 > 0.

MATH 389 FALL 2011, TEST 1 SOLUTIONS

Now if r > 1, the equation |z a| = r|z b| which is equivalent to the equation 1 |z a| = |z b| r represents the equation of a circle of radius 1/r r R = |b a| = |b a| 2 2 1 (1/r) r 1 and center b a(1/r)2 r2 b a z0 = = 2 1 (1/r)2 r 1 (notice that I can apply without problem the formula obtained above because 1/r > 1)