Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction
There has to be a cause for the inequality we notice in the material world (sansär). We are
unable to justify inequality based on external reasons. There has to be something internal
which justifies the worldly inequality.
As a student we have seen that some students do very well in the class while others
struggle. Some earn money easily, while others struggle. There is nothing but suffering in
some people's life while others enjoy their life. Question may arise in our mind that how
come some live longer while others die at younger age. Twins born in the same family,
one is smarter than other. One makes more money than other. Someone is healthy,
someone is sick. Someone is rich and someone is poor. Someone is good looking and
someone is not so good looking. One is born in a rich family, other is born in a poor
family. Someone is a good person, someone is not a good person. Why there is such a
contrast in the life? What are the root causes behind these? These all happen due to one’s
own karmas. How that can we get rid of karmas?
Jainism is based on two basic substances: a) ätma and b) karma. Nine tatvas
(fundamentals) of Jainism are based on ätma and karma. To succeed in our crusade to
free our souls, we must know all about karma and ätma, and their interrelationship. Here,
we will make a brief attempt to understand the doctrine of karma.
It is a duality of light and darkness, purity and impurity, detachment and attachment,
alertness and carelessness, awareness and ignorance, and insight and outward-ness. For
worldly souls like us it is a battle between ätma and karma. All we have to do is
disassociate ätma from karma. In fact, our final and only objective is to disassociate ätma
from karma and to realize our-own (ätma's) qualities.
Jains have gone in extraordinary details to describe the theory of karma. The
involvement of the soul with karma has had no beginning. The soul of sansäri has always
been impure, just as gold in a gold
mine. As gold cannot be purified
until it goes through the
refinement process, the soul
cannot be purified until it goes
through proper purification
process of achieving perfect faith,
perfect knowledge and perfect
conduct. As long as the soul is
impure, it will go through the
cycle of birth and death (the cycle
of transmigration - samsära). The
impurities are called karma. There is a continuous interaction between soul and karma. It
is very likely that the most souls will have endless journey through the cycle of four
destinies - dev (heavenly beings), manusya (human beings), näraki (hellish beings) and
tiryancha (animals, plants and all other living beings).
2. What is karma?
Karma is made of karman particles. Karman particles are pudgalas (non-living, ajiva).
Karmas are the subtlest pudgala.. It cannot be seen by most magnificent microscope or
any similar instrument.
• • There are infinite number of individual atoms that do not join with others. The
group of such atoms is known as first varganä. Similarly, there are infinite numbers
of 2 atoms joined (such group is called second varganä), infinite numbers of 3 atoms
joined (called third varganä), and going up to the group of infinite atoms joined.
• • Now we come to the great group called mahävarganä. In the first mahävarganä,
there are infinite number of first varganäs, second, third, up to infinite varganäs. In
second mahävarganä, the first group has one more atom joined than the last group of
the first mahävarganä, (the first raw of this mahävarganä has infinite number of such
groups) and the last group has infinite more atoms joined that the last group of the
first mahävarganä (the last raw of this mahävarganä has infinite number of such
groups). Similarly, third, fourth and up to sixteenth mahävarganä are there in this
universe. The number of atoms are more and the size is finer in the second
mahävarganä than in the first mahävarganä and onwards.
• • The mahävarganäs with odd number has no usefulness to the living beings. The
body of human beings and tiryancha (other than human beings, hellish beings and
heavenly beings) called audärik sharir, is made from second mahävarganä. The body
of hellish beings and heavenly beings, called vaikriya sharir is made from fourth
mahävarganä. Similarly, ähärak sharir (special holy body - only very knowledgeable
sädhus can have capacity to develop), taijasha sharir (body of vital energy), anäpana
(respiratory system), bhäsha (speech), manah (mind) and karmana sharir are made
from sixth, eighth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth and sixteenth mahävarganä respectively.
All non-liberated living beings have taijasha sharir and karmana sharir in addition to
their gross body.
• • The universe is full of karmana particles. On the tip of a needle, there are infinite
number of karman particles.
karma is the hindrance that does not allow us to realize the true qualities of ätma, does
not let us become what we should be by our own nature, does not let ourselves free from
misery, does not let us become paramätma from ätma. Kevelis (siddhas) do not have any
association with karma. We all want to achieve this state. The effect of karmas on the
soul is illustrated in the following table:
A human body has over 50 trillion (50x1012) cells. This is 10,000 times the world's
population. There are thousands of genes in one cell. Over 100,000 cells can be placed in
one square inch. Each cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Each chromosome has
thousands of genes. This gives over a billion genes in one square inch. Each DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) strand is 16 inches long. If we put all gene threads in one line,
the line will be 50 billion miles long (200,000 times the distance between Moon and
Earth).
Genes cannot be seen. Scientists have used mightiest electron microscope that magnifies
an object by 100,000 times. Such microscope makes the length of an ant half a mile long.
And yet we cannot see genes. DNA module is the nucleus of every cell. It never leaves
the nucleus of the cell. DNA is surrounded by organic molecules. DNA has four basic
building blocks A, T, C and G (adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine). With this four
basic blocks, each DNA can produce infinite number of combinations, some short and
some long. Computers use only 0's and 1's with limited field length. DNA can produce
over 2 million different proteins. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a copy of DNA. RNA is an
active knowledge. Shall we call DNA a silent intelligent? DNA invents new chemicals
itself. There are spacers in between A, T, C and G when used in combination. The modern
science knows that DNA uses only 1% of the available genetic material. About 99% of
the genetic material, the modern science does not know anything, yet. 5% of 1% genetic
material is what we use - called "intelligence". One cell, if it is written in molecular
words, it will fill up about thousand volumes, each equal to the size of Webster’s
dictionary. This is due to only 1% of the genetic material, we use. Aren't we approaching
infinity and micro subtleness when we try to understand about genes and DNA’s? For
example, there are 280 million molecules in each red cell. A molecule of Hemoglobin has
over 10,000 atoms. Our system is so organized that the chemicals produced in a cell
move from one point to another in an extremely organized way and their aim is very
precise. Who is behind all these? One can conclude that a non-molecule becomes a
molecule - If so, how? Guru Vishishtha said, "In every atom, there are worlds within
worlds".
Genetic program decides characteristics of the body of every living beings (Näma
karma?). So does karma. Genes affect aging process (Äyushya karma?). So does karma.
Genes link family history (Gotra karma?). So does karma. Non-stop chemicals and
proteins produced by DNA affect our feelings, our emotions, our energy level, our
knowledge, etc. (Vedniya karma, antaräya karma, etc.?). So does karma. Remember,
karman particles are much finer (subtler) than the genes.
The modern science has a long way to go in finding many answers about genes: a) how
do genes operate?, b) detailed function of all tiny parts, c) what causes aging process, d)
do not know what most of the genetic codes means, e) can genetic code be corrected?, f)
If so, how can we correct?, and more.
Scientists are searching answers by external experiments. This approach can be called
primitive. The carrier of the genes (our own-self) is the best laboratory. They need to add
elements like positive thinking, emotions, austerities, forgiveness, humility,
straightforwardness, contentment, etc.
75 years back, the science told us " we are what we are because of our endocrine glands".
Only in last 100 years, they have understood the importance of endocrine glands. One
may conclude that the science may not have completely understood the endocrine gland
system.
Recently, the modern science says " we are what we are because of our genes". They still
do not know most about genes.
Our thirthankars have said since the beginningless beginning that " we are what we are
because of our karmas."
We all have Body. The body is consisted of systems, the systems are consisted of organs,
the organs are consisted of tissues, the tissues are consisted of cells, the cells are
consisted of genes. The science knows this far. What is beyond genes? Is there an
emptiness? Where the thoughts (non-molecule) reactions are generated? The answer, the
science someday will find, will be that there is consciousness (soul) and karma behind
genes.
5. Parapsychology & Karma
The parapsychology comes closer to find the answers regarding what is behind genes.
They claim that we have a unconscious mind and a subconscious mind. Per Jainism,
unconscious mind is the karma and the subconscious mind is adhyavasäya (waves due to
the effect of the karma on the soul's purity). They talk about things that are controlled by
other than the senses. They talk about ESP (Extra Sensory Perception). They talk about
telepathy (sending thoughts/feeling from one person to another), clairvoyance (awareness
of objects, things without use of senses), pre-recognition (knowledge of future events)
and psychokinesis (mind over matter). We say there are avadhi jnäna (knowledge limited
by area, time and feelings), manahparyava jnäna (knowledge of others thoughts) and
keval jnäna (perfect knowledge). These three knowledge’s are not dependent on our
senses and mind. Karma and its effect on our soul are behind everything we do.
(Yogäs).
Mithyätva (False belief) is the greatest enemy of the soul. First step to practice the true
religion and advance spiritually is to get rid of Mithyätva.
6.2 Avirati (Vowlessness - Non-abstinence)
Avirati means not taking any vows. Even though we may not commit sins, but vow-lwss-
ness may cause temptation or desire to commit sins. If one does not want to commit a sin,
then why should he/she hesitate to take a vow to that effect ?
In simple terms, Avirati or the absence of vows is of 12 kinds. 1 to 6 - Not having taken
vows relating to the pleasures of the five senses and the mind. 7 to 12 - Not having taken
vows relating to the use of earth, water, fire, air and plants (vegetation), and all moving
(trasa) living beings. In addition, included are not taking vows to discard violence,
falsehood, stealing, sensual activity, attachment and taking food in the nights. Taking
vows for a partial restraint from these is called Desh virati (for family-persons). If a
serious and solemn vow is taken with three yogas and three karanas i.e. if a vow is taken
by a person that he/she will not by mind, speech or body commit these sins; that he would
not get them committed by others; and would not approve them when others commit
them, then it is called Sarva virati. This type of vows is taken by a Jain monk. But for a
family-person it is impossible not to approve knowingly or unknowingly when others are
committing sins as well as it is difficult to stop the sins of subtle kind. Therefore, the
family-person takes partial vows which he/she can observe.
6.3 Pramäd (Spiritual non-vigilance)
Pramäd makes the soul to stop taking delight in contemplating on its own form. Pramäd
is mainly of five kinds. Arrogance, sensual cravings, passions (kashäyas), sleep and
engaging in gossiping. In addition, attachments, hatred, ignorance, doubt, illusion,
forgetfulness, are the evil activities of the mind, body and speech, not caring for true
dharma and not having enthusiasm for true dharma also constitute the pramäd.
Even after a person takes all necessary vows and becomes a Jain sädhu, he/she may be
subjected to pramäda time to time. This state is called pramatta. If he/she discards the
pramäd completely, then he becomes an Apramatta Mahämuni. It is more often that a
Jain sädhu goes for and back from apramatta state to pramatta state.
6.4 Kashäyas (Passions)
Kash means Samsär (material world, cycles of birth and death, world of misery). Aya
means gain. Kashäyas, therefore, secure the samsär for the jiva. Anger, ego, deceit, and
greed keep us in samsär, keep us miserable. Therefore, they are called kashäyas.
Anger, ego, deceit and greed are the main four Kashäyas. Each one is of four kinds. Thus
a total of 16 main Kashäyas. These kashäyas are many forms such as attachments, hatred,
animosity, hostility, arrogance, craftiness, trickery, lust, etc. Laughing (joking hasya),
improper liking (rati), improper dislike (arati), sorrow (shok), fear (bhaya), disgust
(jugupsa) and sexual craving for male (purusha-ved), for female (stri-ved) and for both
(napusamka-ved) ( a total of 9) provoke kashäyas.
6.5 Yoga (Psychophysical Activities)
The activities of mind (man), speech (vachan) and body (käya) of the jiva are called
yogas. If these activities are noble, the soul gathers auspicious karmas (punya) and if they
are ignoble (dishonorable), the soul gathers inauspicious karmas (päpa).
Thus we have a total of 15 yogas of mind, speech and body. Of them, there are two kinds;
namely, the auspicious ones and the inauspicious ones. Truthful speech, truthfulness
thoughts and corresponding truthful physical activity relating to the true dharma are
auspicious vocal, mental and physical activities. All other activities are inauspicious. We
attain punya (merit) by means of auspicious yogänd päpa (sin) by means of inauspicious
yoga.
This makes the causes for the bondage of karma 57 in number, 5 mithyätva, 12 avirati, 25
kashäyas and 15 yogas. The types of pramäd are not included since the pramäd is due to
other four causes.
7. Components of Bondage Process
Binding of Karman Varganä with soul is called Dravya karmas. Attachment-aversion
(räg-dvesha) oriented results of soul are called Bhäva karmas.
Our activities are physical, verbal and mental. Some are good and some are bad. Bad
ones are: 1) physical, like killing, hunting, crushing, etc. , 2) verbal, like abusive or harsh
words, gossiping, and/or 3) mental, like thinking bad about someone, etc. Good ones are
just opposite of bad ones. We do these three activities in three different ways: 1) we do
activities ourselves, 2) we ask someone else to do for us, and/or 3) we encourage
someone else who is doing them. Through these nine types of our activities are causes for
the bondage of karmas. This is a simple way to state the causes of karma bondage as
compared to the causes of karma bondage discussed in earlier section.
At the time of bondage, there are four factors are decided. They are: 1) What Kind of
(Nature-Prakriti) karmas will these be? (What characteristic of the soul will it obstruct?)
2) How many karma particles (Quantity-Pradesh) will be involved? 3) How long
(Duration-Sthiti) will these karmas stay with the soul? and 4) How intense (Intensity-
anubhäg or ras) will be the results of these karmas?
These are the four components involved in bondage process. The nature and the quantity
of karmas depend on the intensity of physical and verbal activities while the duration and
the intensity of karmas depend on the intensity of desires (thoughts) behind these
activities.
These karmas are grouped into two categories, 1) Destructive, Ghäti karmas and 2) Non-
destructive, Aghäti karmas. Ghat means destruction. The karmas that destroy the real
nature of the Soul are called the destructive or Ghäti karmas. While, the karmas that do
not destroy the real nature of the soul but affect the body in which the soul abodes are
called non-destructive or Aghäti karmas.
Karman particles have 2 odors, 5 colors, 5 tastes and only 4 touches (cold, worm, sticky
and dry) instead of 8 touches that the physical body has. The soul accumulates the karma
in its own pradesha, they do not reside outside the soul’s pradesha. The quantity of eight
main karmas differ from each other. Age-Determining, äyushya karma receives the
smallest quantity. Body-Making, Näma karma and Status-determining, Gotra karma
receive equal and the next smallest quantity. Knowledge-Obscuring, Jnänävaraniya
karma, Intuition-Obscuring, Darshanävaraniya karma and Obstructive, Antaräy karma;
all three receive equal but more quantity than previously mentioned karmas and less than
the remaining karmas. Deluding (belief and conduct obstructing), Mohniya karma
receives more quantity than previously mentioned karmas and less than the remaining
karma. Feeling-Producing, Vedniya karma receives the largest quantity.
Family (Gotra)
Energy Restricting
(Antaräya)
7.3 Duration of karma (Sthiti)
How long the karma will stay associated with the soul is determined by the quality of
our passions at the time of our activities. If our desire for the activity is mild then the
duration of bondage would be of a shorter time. If our desire is stronger then the duration
of bondage would be of a longer time. The minimum time could be a fraction of a second
and a maximum time could be of innumerable years (70 kroda-krodi sägaropam).
Now, when the karmas get attached to the soul, they may be attached very loose or very
tight. There are four types: 1) Loose (Sprusta or Sithil; ): In this case, karmas are attached
to the soul like a loose knot that can easily be shed off. 2) Tight (Baddha or Gadha) In
this case, karmas are attached to the soul like a tight knot that can be shed off with some
efforts. 3) Nidhatta (Tighter): In this case, karmas are attached to the soul like a
moderately tight knot that can only be shed off by very strong efforts like tapascharya
and 4) Nikachit (Tightest): In this case, karmas are very tightly attached to the soul that
they cannot be shed off by any type of efforts except by bearing the results.
8. 158 Subgroups (Uttaraprakriti) Of Eight Main karmas
8.1 Jnänävaraniya (5)
Jnänävaraniya means the blockage of Knowledge that is knowing about an object in a
special manner. There are five sub-classifications of it. They are: 1) Matijanävaraniya, 2)
Shrutajnänävaraniya, 3) Avadhijnänävaraniya, 4) Manaparyay jnänävaraniya and 5)
Kevaljnänävaran.
(1) Chakshu (eyes)-darshanävaraniya karma obscures our vision (eyes). (2) Achakshu-
darshanävaraniya (the non-eye darshanävaran) obscures ordinary knowledge of the
other senses (except eyes) and the mind. (3) Because of Avadhi-darshanävaraniya, the
power to see without the help of senses and mind would be impaired. (4) Because of the
Kevaldarshanävaraniya, the power to see everything would be impaired. 5 types of
Sleep: (5) Nidrä karma causes slight sleep from which one is easily awakened; (6) Nidrä-
nidrä karma causes sleep from which one is awaken with great difficulty; (7) Prachalä
karma causes the sleep while sitting or standing; (8) Prachaläprachalä causes sleep, but
during sleep one walks; (9) Satyanaddhi causes the sleep during which one carries out an
action which would be sometime impossible during day time and may not remember
what one has done during this sleep.
The first four Darshanävarans do not allow the power of darshan or understanding or
perception. All five types of nidrä completely destroy the power of understanding.
Causes of Darshanävarniya karma: same six causes for Jnänävaraniya karma except
knowledge mentioned Causes of Jnänävaraniya karma is special knowledge and here it
is an ordinary knowledge (intuition).
8.3 Vedaniya (2)
(1) Shätä vedaniya causes happiness, and (2) Ashätä vedaniya causes unhappiness.
Causes of Vedaniya karma: There are ten causes for Shätä vedaniya – 1. To show
compassion to two, three and four sense living beings, 2. To show compassion to “plant”
living beings, 3. To show compassion five sense living beings, 4. To show compassion to
other four one-sense living beings, 5. Not to make any living beings sad, 6. Not to cause
sorrow to any living beings, 7. Not to harass any living beings, 8. Not to make anyone
cry, 9. Not to hurt any living beings, and 10. Not to give hard time to anyone. There are
twelve causes for Ashätä vedaniya: 1. sadness, 2. sorrow, 3. regretting, 4. crying, 5.
violence and 6. causing hardship – to do these six by self and get them done by others –
makes a total of 12 causes.
8.4 Mohaniya karma (28)
This karma obstructs true faith and right conduct. It keeps us deeply involved in the
worldly affairs. This karma is called the king of all karmas. If we can overcome this
karma then the Kevaljnäna can be attained in less than 48 minutes, and after the nirvana,
salvation (Moksha) is attained. There are two main groups: (1) Darshanmohaniya - 3
sub-groups and (2) Chäritramohaniya - 25 sub-groups. Thus, there are 28 sub-divisions
of this Mohaniya karma.
1) Darshan Mohaniya: Here the meaning of darshana is true faith. At the time of its
bondage this karma is single but at the times of realization, it becomes diversified into
three forms namely: 1) Mithyätva mohaniya, 2) Mishra mohaniya and 3) Samyaktva
mohaniya.
1) Mithyätva Mohaniya or False Belief: Because of this karma, jivas lose their faith in the
right doctrine that leads to everlasting happiness (Moksha) as expounded by the
omniscient ones (Tirthankars) and develop a taste for false doctrines. 2) Mishra
mohaniya makes a man indifferent to false doctrines as well as to the right doctrine. and
3) Because of the Samyaktva Mohaniya, faith in the true doctrine becomes sound but
breaches may occur.
These four are grouped into two; attachment and hatred. The hatred includes anger and
ego; while deceit and greed are included in attachment. Each of these four kashäyas are
further sub-grouped into four divisions. These are: 1) Anantänubandhi, 2)
Apratyäkhyäna, 3) Pratyäkhyäna and 4) Samjvalan. Therefore, we have 4 x 4 = 16
kashäyas.
Examples:
Anantänubandhi Apratyäkhyäna Pratyäkhyäna Samjvalan
anger line in rock line in earth line in sand line in water
(krodh)
pride (män) stone pillar Bone piece of wood cane
deceit bamboo root horn of a ram urine of cow shavings of
(mäyä ) wood
greed fast color grease mud water color
(lobha)
9 Nokashäyas: Nokashäyas are those which provoke kashäyas. They are: laughter,
sorrow, pleasure, (being pleased with what one likes), displeasure (being displeased with
what one dislikes), fear (fearing one's own decisions), contempt, purushved (desiring the
company of woman), strived (desiring union with a man), and napumsakved (desiring
both, man and woman).
The jivas of Naraka, devloka, and Tirthankars, including 63 Shaläkä Purush live until
their span is over and their life-span is not shortened. While the life-span of plants, birds,
animals and most human beings may be shorten for various reasons.
Causes of Äyushya karma: Causes for (1) Narakäyu – highly intensive a) violent
activities, b) attachment, c) intake of alcohol and meat and d) killing of five sense living
beings. Causes for (2) Tiryanchäyu – a) deceitful acts, b) highly intensive cheating, c) lies
often, d) dishonest interactions. Causes for (3) Manushyäyu – a) straightforwardness, b)
humility, c) compassion and d) absence of jealousy and ego. Causes for (4) Deväyu – a)
practicing great vows, b) practicing partial vows, c) to tolerate because of ignorance and
d) to perform austerities without desire or with force.
8.6 Näma karma (103)
This karma gives personality, body, individuality and diversity to each living being.
There are 103 subdivisions of this karma as follows:
Of these bodies, we, human beings, have audärik sharir, taijasha sharir and karmana
sharir. We may or may not have the subtle or vaikriya body, while only the very
spiritually advanced munis have the ähäraka body.
The taijasha and the karmana bodies do not have limbs or organs.
The teaching is that the moksha can only be achieved by those who has the first kind of
joint. This does not mean that we do not pursue the goal to attain moksha. If we do every
thing properly in this life then we can get the right body and joints in the next life.
All living beings born in the womb may have any of these six kinds of bodies and those
living beings not born in the womb can have only the hunda body.
Of the above colors, the Black and green are inferior (though in respect to things other
than color the person may be superior); and the yellow, red and white are superior colors.
It does not mean that a person is inferior in this one particular that he/she is therefore
inferior in all, or if superior, superior in all. A white man may be a thief and a murderer, a
black man may be virtuous and spiritually advanced.
Group 10: 2 Gandha näma karmas: (Odors)
55. Surabhi gandha näma karma: This karma makes the general odor of the body
pleasant.
56. Durabhi gandha näma karma: This karma makes the general odor of the body
unpleasant.
Causes of Näm karma: Causes for auspicious Näm karma – a-c) straightforwardness of
body, speech and thinking and d) not to engage in wrongful debate or fight. Causes for
inauspicious Näm karma – a-c) deceitful behavior of body, speech and thinking and d) to
engage in wrongful debate and fight.
8.7 Gotrakarma (2)
(1) Uchchagotra, due to it jivas attain wealth, honorable treatment, honor, etc. and are
born in high families. (2) Nichagotra, due to it one does not get much wealth, honorable
treatment and is born in lower family.
Causes of Gotra karma: Lower family Gotra karma is bound because of eight types of
egos: ego of race, family, strength, beauty, austerities, gain, knowledge and special gifts.
And absense of these eight egos bind higher family Gotra karma.
8.8 Antaräy karma (5)
(1) Dänantaräy obstructs rendering benevolence (charity), (2) Labhantaräy obstructs
attaining gain, (3) Bhogantaräy obstructs enjoying things like food which can be enjoyed
once, (4) Upabhogantaräy obstructs enjoying things like dress which can be enjoyed
several times by wearing, and (5) Viryantaräy obstructs the emergence of spiritual energy.
The above mentioned four karmas affect the true nature of the soul and that is why they
are called Ghäti karmas. While, the following four karmas do not affect the true nature
of the soul but affect the body in which soul abodes. They are called Aghäti karmas.
Only 122 subgroups out of a total of 158 subgroups can be realized (can come in udaya) -
15 Bandhana näma karmas (Binding of new body particles to old ones) and 5
Sanghatana näma karmas (Organizing particles for various body parts) are included in 5
Shrarira näma karmas (Bodies). This reduces number by 20. Only one for each color,
odor, taste and touch (total 4) instead of 5 colors, 2 odors, 5 tastes and 8 touches (instead
of 20) is considered for realization as auspicious or sinful. This further reduces the
number by 16. Thus, the total number for realization (Udaya) is 122.
For bondage (bandha), the number is further reduced by two. Only one of the three
darshan-mohaniyas, Mithyätva mohaniya is bound and, Mishra mohaniya and
Samyaktva mohaniya are not bound. At the time of realization, either Mithyätva
mohaniya is realized or it is converted into either Mishra mohaniya or Samyaktva
mohaniya.
All subgroups (158 of them) can be in existence with the soul. This will be an advanced
topic for a later discussion.
Aghäti karma: The remaining 75 karmas do not effect the quality of the soul.
(1) Bandhan Karan: This comprises the activities relating to the bondage of karmas to
the soul. We already discussed four components of it.
(2) Samkraman Karan: It means the activity of combining the karma of one sub-type
with the other sub-type of the same karma. Samkraman means a certain number of karma
is already present and are mixing with the new karma and assuming that form. For
example, let us say that because of some noble contemplation, the shätä vedaniya karma
(happiness causing) is being attracted. Some of the already existing Ashätä vedaniya
karma (sadness causing) mixes with it (the new shätä vedaniya karma (happiness
causing)); assumes the form of shätä vedaniya karma. This is called the Samkraman of
Ashätä vedaniya karma. On the contrary when the Ashätä vedaniya karma is gathered
on account of some evil contemplation, some of the already existent shätä vedaniya
mixes with them and assumes the form of Ashätä .
(3 & 4) Udvartana And Apavartana Karan: Udvartana means an increase in the Sthithi
and Ras of a karma; and a decrease in their intensity and/or duration is called
Apavartana. If the jiva is occupied in noble contemplation, the Ras and Sthiti of the
existing noble karmas increases; and reduces the Ras and Sthiti of the evil ones. The
effect of evil contemplation is opposite to this.
(6) Udirana Karan: In this case, the karma are forced to be realized pre-maturely by
special efforts by the soul.
(7) Nidhatti Karan: This activity gives such a form to the karma that no other karans can
act upon it except the Udvartana and Apavartana Karans. It becomes unfit for the other
karans.
(8) Nikächana Karan: This makes the karma uninfluenced by all other karans. The
karans like Samkraman cannot act upon them when they are influenced by the
Nikachana karan. Punya (auspicious) karmas and päpa (sinful) karmas become Nikachit
(inevitable) by strong contemplation either noble or inferior (evil).
From this, it becomes evident that karmas do not remain in the same form or condition or
intensity after they are gathered. But they undergo such changes as udvartan and udirana
in Sthithi and Ras by combining with other karmas.
Päpa or sin is the name given to the evil or inauspicious actions and propensities of the
mind, speech and body. The Ashubha karma is also known as inauspicious karma. Like
the effect of Punya, the effect of Päpa also falls deeply on the soul. Due to päp, the jiva
experiences various kinds of misery and anguish; and it has to bear many hardships like
poverty, sickness, violence, falsehood, foolishness, ugliness, defamation etc., result only
from sin. There are eighteen main kinds of sinful propensities are: stealing, bad conduct,
attachment, improper liking, improper disliking, gossiping, etc.
Äshrav means influx of karma through sinful actions - like causes of bondage of karma
discussed earlier. Äshrav of good karma is punya and äshrav of bad karma is called
päpa.
The actions and propensities that uproot and eradicate the karmas that are bound to the
soul, are called Nirjarä. The external and internal austerities help in ending or burning
away the karmas that are associated with the soul. There are mainly, twelve forms of
Nirjara like fasting, control of senses and mind, confession, humility, svädhyäya,
meditation, etc.
15. References
1. Karma Granth, Parts 1-6 2. The Doctrine of Karman in Jain Philosophy by Glasenapp,
Helmuth Von, 3. The Jaina Path o Purification by Dr. P. S. Jaini, 4. the Jain Philosophy by
Virchand Gandhi, 5. Guidences of Jainism, By Bhadrabahu Vijay, 6. Electronic Material
which was prepared by various individuals for JAINA, 7. Essense of Jainism by
Manubhai Doshi, 9. Many Jain Books.
I've tried my best to present veeträg väni as I understood.
I've tried not to inject my personal thinking. Since I've a very
long way to go spiritually, I must have committed some
mistakes. Michchhä Mi Dukkadam, if I’ve committed
mistakes or offended anyone’s beliefs.