pH The concentration oI hydrogen ions (H) in a solution.

Lower the pH # H
concentration
Normal blood pH 7.35-7.45
Alkalosis ~7.45
Acidosis 7.35
HCO3- The major buIIer in the body; its pH is around 8
Regulation Kidneys: Controls concentration oI HCO3 by or it`s excretion
Lungs: Regulate the amount oI CO2 in the body by or respirations This controls H
concentration
PaCO2 & PaO2 These are the measurements oI CO2 & O2 gas that is NOT bound to hemoglobin.
Respiratory Acidosis
pH 7.35
PaCO2 ~ 45mmHg
(higher than normal)
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
-When retain CO2 by Respirations H concentration (shiIt equation to the right)
Causes:
-muscle paralysis & morphine overdose Respiration
-primary lung disease (emphysema) cannot get air out so in CO2
- pulmonary Iibrosis gas exhange so CO2
-chronic CHF Iluid in lungs gas exhange so CO2
Respiratory alkalosis
pH ~ 7.45
PaCO235mmHg
(lower than normal)
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3
When you respirations in CO2 so in H concentration (equation shiIts to leIt)
Causes:
-Hyperventilation RR CO2 H; High Fever also increases RR.
- In early stages oI asprin overdose, the body secretes HCO3- because it still has it leIt
to counteract H
-Drug stimulation
Metabolic Acidosis
pH 7.35
PaCO235-45mmHg
(w/in normal limits)
Can gain Acid or loose Base
Casues:
-asprin overdose (late stage) asprin in H based so the body reacts to it by secreting
HCO3-, eventually it runs out oI HCO3- and becomes acidic.
-Dieabetic ketoacidosis RR CO2 & H.so body secreting HCO3-, eventually it
runs out oI HCO3- and becomes acidic.
-Starvation breakdown oI muscle creates a lactic acidosis and have to utilize HCO3-
(same as above)
-Severe dehydration loss oI electrolytes
-Severe diarrhea dump HCO3-
-Uremia bladder & kidney inIections
Metabolic Alkalosis
pH ~ 7.45
PaCO235-45mmHg
(w/in normal limits)
Can Gain HCO3- or loose acid
Cause:
-Protracted vomiting Loss oI H Irom stomache acid being vomited up
-excessive sodium bicarbonate intake (ex. TUMS)
-K loss Irom diuretics (eventually run out oI K so use H in exchange process)
Measurement oI PaO2 -Can determine iI hypoxic or not
-Can determine CO poisioning normal Sat O2, but a low PaO2
-Management oI in/out patient that are on O2
Pulse ox & electrode
systems
Both are non-invasive ways to measure O2 & CO2
-Pulse ox measures O2
-Electrodes measures CO2