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This sheets contains notes on basic coordinate geometry which starts with introduction to coordinate geometry and gets you into points, straightlines, collinearity, A point-line properties, two line properties, linear combination. Flow of lectures :
Lecture I :
related to algebra or a nice use of algebra for geometry. We study all properties, structures with respect to when we have a single point, two points (collinear, non-collinear), three points, we study equation of a line, and its dierent forms, Transformations - shift of origin & rotation of coordinates axes
Lecture II :
of a line, short distance of a point from a line, Foot of perpendicular, image of a point in a line, And how that is helpful for getting the reection of a line in another line.
Lecture III :
Lecture IV : Linear combination & problem solving to complete the topic. Lecture V : Problem solving
CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
Contents
1 Motivation 2 A point
2.1 Polar representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 3
4
3 Two points
3.1 3.2 Distance formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
4 4
4 Three points
4.1 4.2 Three points are Non-collinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Three points are Collinear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5 7
5 Equation of a line
5.1 Forms of a line equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
8
6 Transformations
6.1 6.2 Shift of origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rotation of axes about origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12 12
13
13 14 14 14
15 16
17 17 18
21 21
List of Figures
1 2 Mindmap of dierent forms of line equation . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3
Demonstrates the region containing the origin and angle bisector equation lying in that region. The green region contains the origin and red region doesn't contain the origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Origin lies in Acute or Obtuse Angle, How we decide ? . . . . . . . . . .
19 20
2 A POINT
1 Motivation
Coordinate Geometry or Cartesian coordinate geometry or Rectangular coordinate geometry was a major step forward in the direction of geting algebra and geometry together. But can be said as a set back for beauty of Pure geometry. Though this was a setback for pure geometry( which is not everybody's cup of tea), turned out to be boon for anybody who wanted geometry problems to be approachable. What amazing thought of relating geometrical point to an algebraic point. A point is denoted using a coordinate pair denoted as a tuple called the x-coordinate and distance of the point
(x, y)
where
xis
yis
x-coordinate is the
(x, y)
(x, y)
x-axis and y-axis which are perpendicular to each other) and move
distance
2 A point
A point in cartesian coordinate geometry is denoted as denote a point uniquely, algebraically we need the
abscissa
and
y coordinate
called the
ordinate.
3 TWO POINTS
A point coodinate geometry can also be represented using a polar form. i.e.
(x, y) (r, )
where
is
x axis.
r=
x2 + y 2 x + iy
and )
tan =
y x
complex number
Problem 1.
A(8, 1200 )
and
B(8, 1200 )
3 Two points
Given two points in cartesian coordinate system. We study what all structures and operation we can work out. There are 2 new quantities we dene on these points. Namely distance formula and section formula.
3.1
Distance formula
A(x1 , y1 )
and
B(x2 , y2 )
the distance
AB =
3.2 Section formula
(x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2
A, B
in
A(x1 , y1 ) and B(x2 , y2 ), if a point C(, y ) divides2 the line x the ratio m : n. And C is given by (this can be very easily
C = (, y ) = x
This is the internal section formula. A special case is Mid point formula, given as
M=
x1 + x2 y1 + y2 , 2 2
1 Note : Distance is an invariant formula. Later we see even if we change shift the origin or rotate the axes about the origin, the coordinates of those points will change but distance between the points remain invariant. 2 We dene sum/dierence & scalar multiplication for coordinates (actually this is using vectors) 1. (x1 , y1 ) (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 x2 , y1 y2 )
4 THREE POINTS
External section formula
If a point C divides line joining
and
m:n
then the
C=
This can be derived by seeing that if C externally divides AB means B divides AC internally.
Fact 2. If we are given three points A, B, C and we need to nd the ratio in AC = rather which C divides the segment joining A & B. Better we assume
Problem 3.
is
a+
r(d b) r(c a) ,b + n n
4 Three points
Given three points
A, B, C
4.1
If three points are non-collinear then they represent the vertices of a triangle. Hence we rst see the area of a triangle formed.
Area of triangle
Given three points
A, B =
&
C 1 2 1 2
A(ABC)
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2
y1 y2 y3 y1 y2
1 1 1 + x2 x3
3
y2 y3
x3 x1
y3 y1
Problem 4.
and
(5, 4)
a n-sided regular polygon A1 , A2 , . . . , An the area is given as
1 2 x1 x2 y1 y2 + x2 x3 y2 y3 + + xn x1 yn y1
3 Given
A(poly) =
Note the points are chosen in anticlockwise or clockwise as they appear in the coordinate system. i.e. A quadrilateral, should be fed into the formula in the order of the vertices
A, B, C, D
4 THREE POINTS
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + m3 x3 m1 y1 + m2 y2 + m3 y3 , m1 + m2 + m3 m1 + m2 + m3
(m1 , m2 , m3 ) (1, 1, 1)
2. Circumcenter(O) : (a) produced by intersection of the perpendicular bisectors) (b) Equidistant from the vertices (c) Use
4. Incenter (I) : (a) produced by intersection of the angle bisectors (b) equidistant from the sides of a triangle (c) Use
(m1 , m2 , m3 ) = (a, b, c)
4 Figure
4 THREE POINTS
5. Excenter (I1 ) :
(a) produced by intersection of the two external angle bisectors and one internal angle bisector (b) excenter opposite to A Use
Similarly for
I2 , I3
Fact 5. Circumcenter(O), Centroid(G) and Orthocenter(H) are always collinear in a triangle. And the centroid divides the line joining Orthocenter and Circumcenter in the ratio 2 : 1 Problem 6.
vertices are Find the circumcentre and circumradius of the triangle whose
Problem 7.
C(x3 , x3 tan 3 ).
y = x
A(x1 , x1 tan 1 ), B(x2 , x2 tan 2 ), ABC coincides with origin and H(, y ) x sin i cos i
any point
Problem 8.
(x, y)
In a
show that
Problem 9.
0, x + y = 1
4.2
x = 0, y =
If three points are collinear then they hold some properties, we rather use the converse of these properties. If these properties are true then the corresponding three points are collinear. Points 1. 2.
A, B
&
are collinear if
A, B, C
1 1 1 + = h k 3
If the points
c3 c2 1 , c1 c1
Solution :
using the
This problem can be easily solved using (though lot of calculations) if the vertices are collinear. Though we need some
A(ABC) = 0
properties of solving determinants which we still are not aware of. So we use a dierent approach of involving theory of equations for this problem.
5 EQUATION OF A LINE
These points lie on a line equation
Ax + By + C = 0
i.e.
a, b
&
x3 x1
+B
x2 3 x1
+C
= =
0 0
a+b+c = ab + bc + ca = abc =
B A C A C + 3B A
abc
ab + 3
= =
C + 3B C B +3 A A A 0
Fact 12. Point lies on the line or that point coordinates satisfy the equation of the line means what? A line is geometrically represented as a collection of points that are collinear. And algebraically its represented by a linear equation ax + by + c = 0. Now in geometry, a point (x0 , y0 ) lying on this line means it saties the algebraic equation of that line i.e. ax0 + by0 + c = 0 Denition.
Slope of a line A slope of a line is that quantity that signies the direction of the line. It is the dened as change in lines is given as
for a change in
(x1 , y1 ) m=
&
y2 y1 x2 x1
5 Equation of a line
A line means a straight line. Equation of a straight line is of the form to zero.
ax + by + c = 0 a, b
5.1
For determining the equation of a line is any of the forms mentioned below we need to given information about the line.
5 EQUATION OF A LINE
(x1 , y1 ) m y y1
y y1 x x1 = m(x x1 ) =
(x1 , y1 )
and
(x2 , y2 )
Then the
y y1 y1 y2 = x x1 x1 x2
Denition.
x-axis.
x-intercept
x-intercept is the x-coordinate of the point where a line intercepts (cuts) the
Denition.
the y-axis
y-intercept
a, b
x y + =1 a b (a, 0)
and
this can be produced using the two point form as we have on required line.
(0, b)
lying
5 EQUATION OF A LINE
when we say slope intercept form we mean slope - y-intercept form. Slope -xintercept form doesn't come very simple hence we always prefer the rst. The slope-intercept form is given as
y = mx + c
where
is the y-intercept.
Denition.
The angle
x axis
is dened as angle of
[0, )
why??
Parametric form
Given line
is the angle made by the line with positive x axis (x1 , y1 ) then equation of the line is given as y y1 x x1 = =r cos sin
(x, y)
and
Normal form
Given perpendicular distance of a line from origin
and
perpendicular with positive x-axis. Then the equation of the line is given as
x cos + y sin = p
Note : Since negative
is always non-
10
5 EQUATION OF A LINE
General form
General form of a line is
ax + by + c =
where 1.
c a c b
2.
3.
x= y= y = mx
where
y=0 x=0
Given two opposite vertices
Problem 14.
Solution :
(1, 2)
and
(2, 1)
on the diagonal of
Rather than taking the approach using coordinate geometry, we can go using complex number.
11
6 TRANSFORMATIONS
We have from the following diagram.
a + ib (2 i) (a 2) + i(b + 1)
= = =
a + ib = (2 i) + (2 i) = 4 2i
or
6 Transformations
There are two transformations that can be applied to origin. Shift of origin & rotation of axes about origin.
6.1
Shift of origin
Shift of origin is like moving the coordinate system and that ways the origin to a new point system be
(h, k) keeping the axes parallel. Let any point in the old coordinate (x, y) and that point's coordinate be (X, Y ). The origin is shifted from (0, 0) in old coordinate system to (h, k) in the old coordinate system. Now since (h, k) will become the origin in the new system we need to subtract (h, k) from (h, k) to make it become (0, 0). Hence we see that (h, k) (0, 0) So we subtract (h, k) from each point. Therefore (X, Y ) (x, y)
6.2
= =
(x, y) (h, k) (X + h, Y + k)
On rotation of the axes about the origin by some angle theta the coordinates change. does not change. There are two methods to nd the coordinates of any point
(x, y)
cos sin
sin cos
x y (x, y)
and in
P in the (X, Y ),
Example 15.
by
. 2
(1, 1)
12
X Y
= =
0 1 1 1
1 0
1 1
(x, y)
as
x + iy
X + iY
(x + iy)ei
(x1 , y1 ) outside the line ax+by +c = 0 then what are the dierent
7.1
A line divides the plane into three parts, one- set of points that lie on the line, others which lie on either side of the line. Now each of these will represent some algebraic condition signifying its dierence from the others. 1.
ax + by + c = 0 ax + by + c < 0 ax + by + c > 0
2.
3.
x+y = 1
is written
x y + 1 = 0 and origin side is negative if the x + y 1 = 0. So the origin is positive side or negative
as on the way we write the equation.
So lets follow the convention of keeping the line equation such that constant term is chosen to be positve i.e. the given line equation as x y + 1 = 0
Now we know that if we keep the constant term positve then the origin side is always going to be positive. So using this sense we can talk about a point whether it lies on the origin side or non-origin side of a given line. This understanding is further required for our understanding of the subject.
Problem 16.
x+y =5
Find whether
(5, 4)
13
P (x1 , y1 )
ax + by + c = 0
is
PM =
|ax1 + by1 + c| a2 + b2
Derivation :
There are many ways of achieving this, lets see few of them
P (x1 , y1 )
as origin i.e.
b(Y + y1 ) + c = 0
of origin)
b ax1 + by1 + c a X+ Y+ =0 2 2 + b2 +b a a2 + b2 x cos + y sin = p we get the perpendicular distance a2 |ax1 + by1 + c| a2 + b2
from a point
P (x1 , y1 )
is given by
x x1 y y1 = = a b
7.4 Image of a point in a line
ax1 + by1 + c a2 + b2
Image of a point
P (x1 , y1 )
in the line
ax + by + c = 0
is given by
y y1 x x1 = = 2 a b
ax1 + by1 + c a2 + b2
ax + by + c = 0 a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 in it.
these lines.
1. STEP 1 : Solve both the equations to nd the intersection point of both
a1 x+b1 y+c1 =
ax + by + c = 0
formula). Now we have two points that are lying on the reection line. Use two point form and nd the equation of the required reection line.
of the straight line drawn through a given point (h, k) outside a line ax+by +c = 0 ah + bk + c onto a point on the line is a given direction is A cos + B sin Given line is ax + by + c = 0 and (h, k) point lies outside the line. Let (x,
14
5 Length
8 LOCUS
Problem 17.
the line A ray of light is sent along the line
x 2y + 5 = 0.
Upon reaching
3x 2y + 7 = 0,
8 Locus
What is locus? locus is any point
(x, y)
map a curve or region. Its like a ink ball that start rolling freely under some constraint resulting of it mapping the location of all possible points making the curve, satisying its algebraic equation. Lets study some cases for a inkdip point
(x, y)
The locus point is free to move anywhere what is the locus of this point
The locus point is free to move anywhere under the constraint that its distance from the center is always less or equal to some
r r r
The locus point is free to move anywhere under the constraint that its distance from the center is always equal to
be
1 1 t + ,t t t
where
P AP +P B = 10
A (3, 0)
B (3, 0) p
from the origin and
Problem 20.
OAB c
is
meets the coordinate axes in A and B. Show that the locus of the centroid of
x2 + y 2 = 9p2
Two ends of A and B of a straight line segment of constant length
Problem 21.
from
OX, OY
is completed then show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn
to AB is
Problem 22.
FIdn the equation of the striaght line whose intercepts on X axis and Y axis are respectively twice and thrice of those by the line 3x+4y = 12
Problem 23.
0
and
A line through
xy =5
at the points
15 AB
FInd the equation of the line.
10 AC
6 AD
15
9 TWO LINES
Solution : Let the required line passing through the points
A, B, C
&
be given by
x+5 y+4 = = r (x, y) (r cos 5, r sin 4) cos sin For the line x + 3y = 2 we have AB cos 5 + 3(AB sin 4) + 2 AB cos + 3AB sin cos + 3 sin
Also this point lies on the line
= = =
0 15 15 AB
2x + y + 4 = 0
we have
0 10 = AC
xy =5
we have
= =
5 6 AD
(cos + 3 sin )2 + (2 cos + sin )2 4 cos2 + 9 sin2 + 12 sin cos (2 cos + 3 sin )2 tan
Using slope point form we get line.
= = = =
(cos sin )2 0 0 2 3
y+4 =
Problem 24. A straight line L through the origin meets line x + y = 1 x + y = 3 at P and Q respectively. Through P and Q two straight lines L1 L2 are drawn, parallel to 2x y = 5 and 3x + y = 5 respectively. Lines L1 L2 intersect at R. Show that the locus of R as L varies is a straight line Problem 25.
Y axis
at A line intersects If
X axis
at
Q.
AQ
and
BP
intersects at
A(7, 0) and Y axis at B(0, 5). AB intersects X axis at P and R then nd the locus of R.
cuts the X and Y axes at A
Problem 26.
the origin.
A variable line
x cos + y sin = 2
and B respectively. Find the locus of the vertex P of the rectangle OAPB, O is
9 Two lines
Given two lines
ax + by + c = 0, a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0 , a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0,
we
16
9 TWO LINES
9.1 Lines are parallel
a1 b1 c1 = = a2 b2 c2
And the default case is when they are parallel since they are the same line
a1 b1 c1 = = a2 b2 c2
|c c2 | 1 a2 + b2
9.2 Lines are intersecting
the are
tan()
=
Special case
m1 m2 1 + m1 m2 a1 a2 b1 b2 a1 a2 1+ b1 b2 a1 b2 a2 b1 a1 a2 + b1 b2
a1 a2 + b1 b2 = 0 a1 a2 a1 b2 a2 b1 = 0 = b1 b2
ax + by + c = 0
bx ay + d = 0
where
Problem 27.
6 Using
What is the equation of the family of lines that are parallel, and
2x + 3y = 6
tan tan 1 + tan tan
9 TWO LINES
2x y + 3 = 0
and
1 m2 = 3 1 2 3 =1 tan = 1 + 2/3 m1 = 2
and i.e.
= /4
Angle bisector equation
9.3
There are three types of questions that we want to answer with our development of angle bisector of lines intersecting. 1. Find the equation of the angle bisector containing the origin 2. Origin is contained in acute or obtuse angle ? 3. Write the equation of the acute(obtuse) angled bisector Equation of the angle bisector is
|a1 x + b1 y + c1 | + a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 + b2 1 1
bisector
a2 1
b2 1
|a2 x + b2 y + c2 | a2 + b2 2 2 a2 x + b2 y + c2 a2 + b2 2 2
(1)
One of these would be acute angle bisector and the other is obtuse angled
will be positive.
c1 , c2 > 0
Let us understand the following conclusions in steps 1. The lines intersecting divides the region in 4 parts, (a) Region 1 is the origin containing region hence for any the angle bisector the equation is
a1 h + b1 k + c1 > 0
and
(h, k) lying on a 2 h + b2 k +
c2 > 0
(b) Region 2 is the just vertically opposite region to region 1 and here if
(h, k) lies on the angle bisector contained in this region (that is same as the one in region 1) we have a1 h+b1 k +c1 < 0 and a2 h+b2 k +c2 < 0.
(c) Region 3 if has a angle bisector then (other side of origin)
(h, k) lying on it will obey a1 h + b1 k + c1 > 0 (as (h, k) is on origin side ) and a2 h + b2 k + c2 < 0
18
9 TWO LINES
(d) Region 4 has a angle bisector then (same side of origin)
(h, k) lying on it will obey a1 h + b1 k+c1 < 0 (as (h, k) is on other side of origin ) and a2 h+b2 k+c2 > 0
Figure 2:
Demonstrates the region containing the origin and angle bisector equation lying in that region. The green region contains the origin and red region doesn't contain the origin
|a1 x + b1 y + c1 | a 2 + b2 1 1 a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 + b2 1 1
= =
|a2 x + b2 y + c2 | a2 + b2 2 2 a2 x + b2 y + c2 a2 + b2 2 2 a1 x + b1 y + c1
&
As in the region 1 and region 2, we have either are both positive or both negative
a2 x + b2 y + c2
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 1 + b2 1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 a 2 + b2 2 2 a1 x+b1 y +c1
or
a2 x+b2 y +c2
x cos + y sin = p
where and
x axis
Given line equations (assuming c1 , c2 to the normal form as compariing this with the
b1 a2 + b2 1 1
> 0) a1 x+b1 y+c1 = 0 can be converted b1 c1 x+ y = So we see that 2 + b2 2 + b2 2 + b2 a1 a1 a1 1 1 1 a1 normal form we have cos 1 = and sin 1 = a2 + b2 1 1 a1
where
1 is the angle made by the normal to the line with +ive x-axis.
19
9 TWO LINES
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
we have
cos 2 =
a2 a 2 + b2 2 2
&
sin 2 =
b2 a2 + b2 2 2
And we see that the angle between the normal |1 2 | is equal to the angle .
Figure 3:
7 and viceversa.
1 2
i.e. If
cos(1 2 ) < 0 then |1 2 | is obtuse angle and if cos(1 2 ) > 0 |1 2 | is acute. So we make use of this fact. cos(1 2 ) = = cos 1 cos 2 + sin 1 sin 2 a1 a2 + b1 b2 a2 + b2 1 1 a2 + b2 2 2
So
a1 a2 + b1 b2 =
positive negative
then origin lies in Obtuse Angle then origin lies in Acute Angle
a1 a2 + b1 b2 < 0
we see that origin lies in the acute angle and hence the equation of the acute
a1 x + b1 y + c1 a2 1
7 cos
b2 1
a2 x + b2 y + c2 a 2 + b2 2 2
cos > 0
is positive in the rst quadrant and negative in the second quadrant. Hence if then lies in the rst quadrant (or fouth quadrant) and if cos < 0 then lies in the second ( or third ) quadrant.
20
11 EXTRA PROBLEMS
and taking a negative sign for the obtuse angle bisector.
FInd the equation of the line which bisects the obtuse angle
x 2y + 4 = 0 and 4x 3y + 2 = 0 ,
P : a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
and
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0,
we are
interested in nding out what is the linear combination of these two lines. A linear combination can be represented as
P + Q (a1 x + b1 y + c1 ) + (a2 x + b2 y + c2 )
1. If the lines
= =
0 0
P =0
and
Q=0
P + Q = 0 represents P = 0 and Q = 0
represents
P = 0
and
Q = 0
P + Q = 0
Problem 31.
x+y =
11 Extra Problems
1. Given a triangle with vertices
on the locus of the orthocenter. (c) When the vertex i. ii. iii. iv.
(d) What is the locus of the centroid (e) what is the locus of the circumcentre
21