BIOLOGY FIRST TERM UNIT TEST 1 I.

Characteristics of Life (UCHARGER) 1) Universal Code Contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) DNA= genetic material that controls all information about the identity of an organism 2) Cells Made up of one or more cells Cells is the basic unit of life Unicellular and multicellular organisms 3) Homeostasis Relatively constant conditions within organisms by which such conditions are maintained in the face of external variation Balance of our body 4) Adapt Common in a population= it provides some improved function Adaptations are well fitter to their function Produced by natural selection 5) Reproduction Ability to reproduce and transmit characteristics to offspring 6) Growth Increase/Change in size, shape and weight Accretion= growth from the outside that can also be done by non-living things Intussusception= growth of living things from within; cells divide resulting to an increase in mass or height Anabolism= constructive type of metabolism= getting energy (small unit to big unit) Catabolism= destructive type of metabolism= releasing energy (big unit to small unit) 7) Energy Obtain energy from their surroundings for growth development and reproduction Plants get their energy from photosynthesis Animals get their energy from food 8) Response Responsive to their environment Have various way to sense changes in the environment and reacts to those changes II. Scientists Anton van Leeuwenhoek Father of the microscope he polished the microscope (changed the lens) First microbiologist Leeuwenhoek means lions corner or lions den First to observe small moving organisms= animalcules Found red blood cells Robert Hooke Discovered the cell through a cork part of the tree dead cells Coined the word cell (La Cellula) Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus in plant cells Matthias Schledien German botanist Declared the cell is the basic building block of all plant matter Theodor Schwann

 German zoologist/biologist Animal tissue is composed of cells Rudolf Virchow All cells develop only form existing cells Felix Dujardin Discovered group single-cell animals and named them as Rhizopoda which is now called as protozoans Discovered jelly-like material in animals cells and termed as sarcode cytoplasm Jan Evangelista Purkenje Introduced the term protoplasm III. Parts of the Cell and their Functions Three Fundamental Parts Important parts that register the cell as a real cell Every cell needs it to survive or it wont function without it 1) Cell Membrane Also called plasmalemma Consists of Phosolipids and Protein Molecules - Phosolipids= makes the cell fluid - Protein Molecules= makes the cell stretchy Two layers of lipids: Hydrophilic heads (likes water) and Hydrophobic tails (hates water) - Universal solvent (dissolve all solvents); controls intakes of water Acts as a boundary- to distinguish that cell from other cells Communicates outside of the cell Protects the cell from bacteria Regulation-semi-permeable; cell membrane allows things to enter and exit but only the things that are needed by the cell 2) Cytoplasm Consists of Cytosol and Cytomembrane - Cytosol= semi-liquid, jelly-like; no organelles - Cytoskeleton= helps in giving the cell its shape; provides the cell structural support Reservoir- storage for things needed by the cell Provides the shape of the cell A container/suspended 3) Nucleus Consists of the Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm, Nuclear Membrane - Nucleolus= contains RNA to produce proteins (raw) transferred to the ribosomes - Nucleoplasm= contains DNA Regulates and coordinates all their functions of the cell Contains the DNA in the form of chromosomes Found in the center for protection from bacteria Organelles 1) Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Composed of the cristae and a matrix Site of cellular respiration Turns food into energy Changes sugar into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) 2) Ribosomes Builds and synthesizes protein (transforms the raw protein into a specific protein pr acid that an organelle needs) Found in cytoplasm or attached to ER

3) Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Network of tiny canals Connects the nuclear membrane, cell membrane and the plasma membrane Serve as passageway for food substances Smooth ER- no ribosomes; make enzymes, hormones, lipids

Rough ER- ribosomes are attached; giving it its rough appearance and transports materials into the cells in sacks called cistern 4) Golgi Apparatus/Bodies Responsible for sorting, packing and correctly shipping the proteins produced by the ER Packages it into the vesicles and the vesicle will deliver to the organelle - Vesicles= helps store and transport products produced by the cell 5) Vacuoles Water storage areas Fluids-filled cavities surrounded by membranes Plants cells have bigger vacuoles to store water and nutrients Animal cells have many smaller vacuoles to store nutrients and wastes of the cell 6) Lysosomes Found only in Animals Cells Digestive/suicide sacs Storage for wastes Digests the organelles that arent working anymore Rich in hydrolytic enzymes 7) Centrosome Found only in Animal Cells Made of 2 centrioles Centrioles- made up of 9 microtubules; functions during cell division; produce spindle fibers; responsible for cell division (Mitosis) Microtubules- soda straw-shape like and gives the nucleus and cell its shape; divided into 3 8) Cell Wall Found only in Plant Cells Extra protection against the weather, UV rays Contains specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect the plant from disease 9) Plastids Found only in Plant Cells Contains the chloroplasts Chloroplasts- light energy of the sun converted into energy; contains chlorophyll, chromoplast and leucoplast Chlorophyll- green pigment Chromoplast- red, orange pigment Leucoplast- neutral; storage for fats/ proteins