Seed Forum Summer 2011 Final

SUMMER 2011/12
butternuts
planting dates
turf grass hybrid onions
surface pests on
andys roses in bloom at hygrotech stellenbosch
Fo
o ce f m a ind pe ... ur yo
BOLTING
Why and when?
4 6 22
Flight of the
INTRUDER
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EGGPLANT
Practices & Varieties lead the way to early production, lower costs and better returns
EDITORIAL
Theo Schoonraad Alida Ferreira Dr. Mari Furter EDITOR SUB EDITOR, DESIGN PHOTOGRAPHY SUB EDITOR
COVER
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It was Andy Comries idea to protect our trial farm with a hedge of roses. Andy was Hygrotechs Technical Manager for the Southern Region and was a well-known, respected and knowledgeable expert in horticulture. Hygrotech commemorated Andy by naming the entrance to Hygrotech Stellenbosch after him and erecting a sign very similar to the code Andy lived by - not overpowering, no frills, only the necessary embellishments.... His roses are still a living tribute to him 13 years after his death.
4 6 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 28
CONTENTS
BOLTING
Why and when does it happen?
FLIGHT OF THE INTRUDER
Finish what youve started!

Written by Theo Schoonraad I had a maths teacher at school who wasnt known for his excellence with figures ( by the way, we all passed our exams with the help of one or two brainy class mates), but this man entertained and amused us with his wise cracks and sayings. The one that sunk in was - always finish what youve started. Of course, this is not always achievable for a number of possible reasons, but it has stuck in my mind ever since. Thats why the following true life story reminded me of my maths teacher immediately.
Practices to reduce the use of insecticides
F1 HIBRIEDE GRAS
Hygrotech neem die leiding
HYBRID ONION
Reporting on our annual road trip
RADICCHIO = GIOVE
Growing radicchion does not need to be a frustration
Theo Schoonraad
BUTTERNUTS ENZA & BEJO
The influence of planting dates on yields
Sourcing cultivars in Europe
DEKGEWASSE
teen onkruid
BENTLEY
a star Carrot variety
EGGPLANT
Practices & varieties lead the way to early production, lower costs and better returns
A friend of a colleague of mine got married and the couple spent their first night on honey moon en route to the coast - in one of those typical small, old-fashioned hotels you used to get on the main street of every little country dorp. They always had fancy colonial names like Balmoral Hotel, Grand Hotel, Royal Hotel, or Victoria Hotel. The couples room had a wooden floor, steel framed double bed of which the head set was bolted into the wall, two chairs and a hand basin. Thats it. Shared bathroom down the passage With no television those days or any other amusement available in that small town after dark ( the exception being a smoke-filled hotel bar full of noisy locals ) the loving couple retired to the room straight after supper. They were, after all, newly weds, so private time was in order. The matress on the bed was old, soft and hollow hence the natural tendency to roll inward and closer together. Anyway, they were in a deep discussion about East European politics ( you dont actually believe me, do you ? ) when the bed suddenly gave way and broke at the head end. simultaneously tilting sideways. The couple crashed down with their heads on the floor, tangled together, halfway across the bed lying at a 45 degree angle. When they regained their senses, the young man whispered so what do we do now ? to which his new wife replied Honey, lets first just finish what weve started The fact that this man was prepared to share this hilarious story with good friends later, without being rude to his wife or in a derogatory manner, makes for good humour, albeit of a sensitive nature. I wonder if this delightful woman didnt also get maths from the same teacher
JAPANESE RADISH SURFACE PESTS

of Turf Grass
as part of a fodder programme
IGN
CONTACT US
SA
www.hygrotech.co.za
GAUTENG
Brits Pyramid (HO) 087 941 3867 012 545 8000 056 212 3232 053 832 4332 043 732 1147 041 922 9466 044 870 7808 021 881 3830 027 213 5609 023 316 209 022 482 2570
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BOSVELD
our was ern and
Potgietersrus Ellisras Groblersdal Louis Trichardt
NORTHERN CAPE
Kimberley
SOUTHERN CAPE
East London Uitenhage George
LAEVELD
Tzaneen Nelspruit 015 307 2482 013 753 3774 033 386 6009 031 465 4084 034 413 1164
KENYA BOTSWANA
Gaberone
00254 020 2053916/7/8 +267 397 5235 082 554 9975
ming fter ode ills,
KZN
Pietermaritzburg Durban Pongola
WESTERN CAPE
Stellenbosch Vredendal Ceres Malmesbury
NAMIBIA
Windhoek
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This information is based on our observations and or information from other sources. As crop performance depends on the interaction between the genetic potential of the seed and variety, its physiological characteristics, the environment including climate, disease pressure, water quality and quantity, management etc., we cannot give any warranty expressed or implied, for the accuracy, performance or applicability for the information, recommendations or products supplied, nor for the performance of crops or products relative to the information given, nor do we accept any liability for any loss, direct or consequential that may arise from whatsoever cause. * These cultivars are not on the official cultivar list, but applications have been, or will be submitted.
Forum Summer 2011/12
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
BOLTING
Why and when
In nature, it is all about survival. Many factors might trigger natures way to reproduce. In the plant kingdom, plants will form seed. Let us look at the life cycle of plants. The seed will germinate and develop into a seedling. For example, lettuce and cabbage seedlings will grow into young plants and if not directly seeded into the ground, will be transplanted after 6 to 8 weeks growth in the nursery. At this stage plants with 6 to 8 leaves, about 20 mm long and with stems about 7 mm thick, are at their most vulnerable stage. Any stress at this stage may trigger the Transition stage.
Written by Leon Grundlingh: Product Manager
Seed
Seed Folia
When triggered, bolting will occur. It can be described as a premature formation of the seed stalk. The plant reacts to the above mentioned stimuli and will ensure survival by the formation of seed. When growers complain about bolting, they will often mention their neighboring fields or other growers that do not have the same problems. This might be caused by the different stages of development at time of transplant or the difference in temperature due to elevation. A variation of 2 meters and the direction of the slope is enough to affect the temperature. The largest number of affected plants will be at the lowest areas in the field. Early maturing varieties are usually more susceptible to premature bolting than later maturing varieties. Open pollinated varieties, due to genetic variation, are at bigger risk of bolting. In lettuce, premature elongation of the lettuce stem prevents head formation. If it happens near or after head formation, the quality of the lettuce is reduced because of undesirable internal quality of the heads as well as the bitter taste. In the photo it is clear that the outer appearance is acceptable, but internally it will be rejected by the retail industry. The taste is
These stresses might be one or a combination of the following:

Temperature stress: A sudden drop or rise in temperature for a period of hours or days, Climatic conditions that vary from the nursery to the field, Over hardened seedlings, Excessive dry or wet soil conditions when transplanted, Large pH difference between seedling roots and field conditions, Pressure from insects, diseases or weeds, Sub standard soil nutrient levels or saline levels (over fertilized).
Vegetative stage Foliar Growth Transition stage Generative stage Bolting Flowering
What does it look like
LETTUCE
also affected by the increased formation of latex (bitter taste) which coincides with the reproductive stage. Red lettuce varieties tend to be more bitter than the green varieties. Lettuce and celery are some of the most sensitive crops to bolting. In the breeding programmes of plant varieties, plants are selected for tolerance against bolting for a specific season and climate. During the screening processes, these varieties are fine-tuned and will eventually be sold with specific recommendations with regards to growing season and climatic conditions. It sounds very complicated but it also explains the occurrence of plants not forming heads, producing side shoots or in some cases may only form loose rosettes. It is very important to commercially test each new variety of crops on your own farm and during different time slots of the year to find out what suits your farm and environment best. Also spread your risk by planting more than one variety of a crop during the season. Varieties planted out of its proper time slot is not the only cause of bolting. The risk of bolting can be reduced by planting properly hardened, young and vigorous plants into the field, when low temperatures are not such a big risk. Very important: Bolting might be triggered when the plants are small, BUT symptoms only present themselves when the plants are close to, or fully matured. Some of the crops that are sensitive to bolting are lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots and celery.
Seed Stalk
CABBAGE
Seed Stalk
INTRUDER
Written by Nevill Boersma: Research Manager
Flight of the
Conservation farming has become a key focus area in the past decades. Sustainability is an important corner stone in the utilisation of farming practises worldwide. Consumers are demanding safer food without the use of pesticides. For many producers this might be a headache which results in an operational restriction. Koos van der Merwe, a farmer in Mozambique understands the foundations of conservation farming, and is implementing some principles effectively. The following discussions might be helpful for a farmer to get more insight into cultivation practises in order to reduce the use of insecticides. It is a known fact that there are fewer specialist insects found on host plants growing in a diverse background or polyculture than found on similar plants growing in bare soil or in monocultures. There are several ideas why insects are fewer on host plants growing in polycultures, and by implementing these concepts one may drastically reduce the use of pesticides. Thorteinson (1960) believed that host plant selection can be divided into host-plant finding and 6
host-plant acceptance. Although it can be separated on paper or in theory, it plays part of an integrated process and continuum of host selection. Ryan et al., (1980) with many other researchers have shown that the numbers of pest found on crop plants are reduced considerably when: The crop is intercropped with other plant species When the background is allowed to become weedy When the crop is under sown with a living mulch It has been suggested that this disruption of insects selecting otherwise acceptable host plants is mediated through the following principles:
planting maize plants surrounding egg plants to shield the egg plants from pest infestations. The tall maize plants were considered to be effective because they obstructed the movement of pests within the cropping system and failed to locate the egg plants. Maize plants serve as a physical obstruction to other crops.
1. Physical obstruction
Host plants of a commercial crop are in effect concealed physically by using bigger or taller host plants which is cultivated together. Mr van der Merwe is practising this by
2. Visual camouflage
Two types of stimuli will encourage low flying insects to land on plants. Firstly it is a direct response to colour- in this case green, and secondly an optometry response in which landing is encouraged by plants looming up along the path of the flying insect.
Anything that compete with such stimuli, such as other green plants, or raising the loftiness or height of the overall surroundings with other plants so that the distance over which the host plant can be separated from the background is foreshortened, helps to disguise visually the host plants. This makes host plants much less obvious among the foliage of nonhost plants. Koos van der Merwe practise this by planting a few rows of sunhemp between his other crops which will also lead to less insect infestation on the crops. Insects will rather target the sunhemp. Different colours of green and uneven heights confuse insects crushed and tested in a laboratory in order to test is efficacy as an insect repellent. When the leaves of sage and thyme were crushed and essential oils were extracted and then sprayed on the host plants, a reduction of oviposition of insects was found. found on host plants that are concentrated. This can be seen in monoculture practises where there are large, dense and pure stands of a specific crop.
7. Enemies hypothesis
The enemy hypothesis argues that specialist predator and parasitoid populations are expected to be more abundant and effective in polycultures than monocultures because prey in polycultures enable the prey to persist which stabilises the predator-prey interactions, while in monocultures predators drive their prey to extinction and become extinct themselves. The enemies hypothesis suggest that the effect of natural enemies is further enhanced in mixed cropping systems because these systems provide a variety of micro habits and alternative prey that enhance predator densities.
Crushed Sage and Thyme
5. Altering the profiles of the host plant odours

This concept relies upon the host plants being incapable to metabolise certain of the chemicals they take up from the soil, so that such chemicals change the subsequent physiology of the plant. Rovira (1969) claimed that African marigolds, planted between the rows of crops reduce pest numbers. This may be because of the release of large amounts of root exudates which can be taken up by neighbouring plants.
3. Masking of host plants

The discharge of odour-masking essence into the air by non-host such as weeds and other plants will grant protection to the associated host plants. This was seen when host plant selection by the cabbage root fly was disrupted when its hosts were surrounded by a range of different plants including weeds, peas, rye-grass and clover. Several odour essence will mask the host plants
8. Appropriate / inappropriate landings theory

Two researchers, Finch and Collier have developed a theory - the appropriate or inappropriate landing theory. This theory can be divided into a three inextricably-bound links as follows: A: The release of volatile chemicals from plants The emanating of volatile chemicals from plants indicates to flying insects that they are passing over a suitable host plant. The primary function of this volatile will be to stimulate the insect to land. These volatiles may even provide directional information in suitable weather. The amounts of chemical volatiles released from the plants that impose upon the receptors of the insect are enough to capture the insect, but rarely sufficient to provide accurate directional information to these flying phytophagous insects. Phytophagous insects that fly over plants growing in bare soil will be enthused to land on the green objects available to them, as they mostly avoid landing on brown surfaces such as soil. When the host plants are growing in bare soil most of the insects landings will be classified as an appropriate landing, which will lead to the concentration of insects on the hosts.
6. Resource concentration hypothesis

This hypothesis suggests that the resource concentration effect are either that non-host plant neighbours disrupt the oviposition behaviour and indirectly reduce insect attack or that an alternative host plant functions as a trap crop and pulls herbivores away from the protected crop. This can also be seen in practise at Kooss farm where all the different crops are planted together in small blocks and sections. Many herbivores, especially with a narrow host range, are more likely to be Different resource constructions disrupt oviposition of insects
4. Repellent chemicals
The odours given of by non-host plants are sufficiently strong enough to repel searching insects. The theory is that the diamond back moth could be repelled from cabbage by intercropping cabbage with tomatoes. However this has not been proven scientifically. Normally, highly aromatic plants should be
Although the insect and the plant are both in the appropriate physiological state it counts for nothing when the insect make a wrong decision and land on any other green object other than the host plant. This is unfortunately tempered when the plant is highly stimulating to the insect which will then visit fewer leaves and has therefore less change to make an inappropriate landing. In addition, highly stimulating plants will encourage insects to lay more eggs. It is therefore concluded that the relative differences in the effect that diverse backgrounds have on host plant selection reflect the numbers of contacts/recontact the insect has to make to accumulate enough stimuli to lay eggs.
Figure 1
On the other hand, insects that fly over host plants that are surrounded by a green living mulch, such as clover, in proportion to the relative areas occupied by leaves of the host and non host plants, and a landing is made on a clover plant, it is called an inappropriate landing. The quantity of time the insects spend on the leaves of the non host (clover plants) before taking of again is a direct affect of whether the insects receive satisfactory or antagonistic stimuli through their tarsal receptors. Once the insects are airborne again they will be stimulated once again to land, and that might be on a non-host or a host plant. It may therefore be concluded that in all situations, the plant on which the insect land (host or non-host) may not stimulate the insect enough through the chemoreceptors to capture or arrest it, and this will lead to the repetition of the whole process.
000) & Collier (2 from Finch ts, acAdapted g of insec ng the flyin before illustrati h stimuli ng enoug cumulati a to land on attempting st suitable ho
the plant to lay eggs while only seven out of 100 females that landed on host plants surrounded by green living mulch managed to lay eggs. Failure to re-contact a leaf of a host plant after any spiral flight prevented the females from accumulating on the host plants, within the allotted time, enough stimuli from the host plant to be induced to lay eggs.
r (2000) inch & Collie apted from F al flights Ad different spir strating the illu g an atefore makin an insect b diverse of Note how pt to land. tem s lead to an background landing. inappropriate
Figure 2.
Clover can be used as a living green mulch B: Host plant finding: The spiral flight Receptive insects (in the case the female cabbage root fly) makes on average four spiral flights before landing on a plant, accepting it as a suitable site for oviposition. Thus, the insects stand a great change of losing the host plant in diverse backgrounds. Observations have showed that for every 100 females that land on a host plant enclosed by bare soil, 36 received enough stimuli from
C: Host plant acceptance The complete cycle involves finding and re-finding a suitable host. Some insects only have to visit a plant once or twice to accumulate enough stimuli to lay eggs while other insects only accumulate enough stimuli to keep on searching for an acceptable host, but not enough stimuli to induce oviposition any will eventually fly away. The physiological status of the insect as well as the condition of the plant also plays a role in order for the insect to get enough stimuli to stay.
It was found that the appropriate/inappropriate landing theory works equally well for generalist feeders as well as for nocturnal insects. From a plant protection view, the more non-host plants are removed from any crop, the greater are the changes for insects to find a host plant. As discussed, there is many theories and reasons given why there will be less insects in crops if they are cultivated in diverse surroundings. By applying these principles a producer, like Koos van der Merwe, can effectively minimise the use of pesticides and produce healthy food.
Finch, S & Colier, R.H. (2000). Host-plant selection by insects - atheory on appropriate/inappropriate landings by pest insects of cruciferous plants. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata. 96, pp 91-102. Risch, S.J. (1981). Insect herbivore abundance in tropical monocultures and polycultures: An experimental test of two hypotheses. Ecology . 62, pp 1325-1340
F1 HIBRIEDGRAS
HYGROTECH NEEM LEIDING MET
ROBERT YOUNG Besigheidseenheidleier, Suid-Kaap
streeksnuus
HYGROTECH SUID-KAAP
die vroe lente, en maak dus maksimum gebruik van die groeiseisoen om ho kwaliteit voer te lewer. Uitstekende roesbestandheid is getoon. Roes is een van die mees verwoestende siektes in baie areas en lei tot lae verteerbaarheid by beeste. Daarom is beste prestasie en gesonde voer verseker. Dit blyk dat hierdie hibriede nie net n hor weerstand teen droogte het in vergelyking met die meeste Italiaanse-raaigrasse nie, maar ook in vergelyking met meerjarige-raaigrasse. Die diepgewortelde stelsel verseker verhoogde wateropname in dro periodes, dus produksie in tye waar ander raaigrasse sal ophou groei.
Hibried-raaigras is n kruising tussen meerjarige-raaigras en Italiaanseraaigras. Dit verseker dat die beste eienskappe van beide teenwoordig is. Hibriede-raaigras kultivars kan eienskappe van meerjarige-raaigras, Italiaanse-raaigras of beweeglike vorms van die eienskappe toon. DLF-TRIFOLIUM kombineer die deursettingsvermo van meerjarige-raaigras met die voedingskwaliteit van Italiaanseraaigras. Hierdie kultivars is veral toepaslik waar weiding in die vroe lente plaasvind. Produksie is groter as di van meerjarige-raaigras en beter as Italiaanse raaigras later in die seisoen as gevolg van n kleiner hoeveelheid blomstamme. Dit lei dus tot minder vermorste gras. Hierdie hibried bied ook hor weerstand teen droogte as beide die meerjarige- en Italiaanse raaigras.
standvastige en verbeterde melkproduksie te verseker.
Storm kombineer die vroe lentegroei en opbrengspotensiaal van Italiaanse-raaigras met die kwaliteit, deursettingsvermo en siekteweerstand van meerjarigeraaigras. Die kultivar bied n bogemiddelde ho opbrengs in die vroe lente en spoedige hergroei na blaarwisseling. Hierdie kwaliteit voer kan benut word vir weiding of kuilvoer. Die groeikurwe is laat en bied groot aanpasbaarheid in kombinasie met ander grasse. Tirna lewer n ho DM opbrengs. Deursettingsvermo is uitstekend al word die kultivar geklassifiseer as n Italiaanse tipe. Die roesbestandheidsvlakke lei tot verhoogde verteerbaarheid en vinnige hergroeispoed. Fortimo se groei begin in
Met vroe lentegroei bied Solid n ho opbrengs vanaf die eerste sny in die lente. Verteerbaarheid is n sleutelwoord in die doeltreffende gebruik van gras. Die verbeterde mid-seisoen verteerbaarheid van Solid is dus net wat die boer benodig. Goeie weerstand teen die raaigras mosaiekvirus en ook roes is aangemeld. Dit is dus ideaal om
AGRICULTURAL REPORT
HYBRID ONIONS
Road Trip
Written by Ghian du Toit: Product Specialist
As is our custom, Dr. Michael Southwood and I undertook our annual onion road trip during August in the Northern regions to evaluate onion performance. We travelled more than 2000 kilometres to visit onion producers farming in the North West, Bushveld and Lowveld. In doing so, we gained valuable insight into the specific production conditions our farmers face, like soil and climatic differences, weed pressure, leaf lodging challenges etc. We also saw how our range of hybrid onion cultivars performed in these diverse conditions. With this knowledge in hand, we give feedback to our onion seed growers to aid them in breeding better cultivars for South African conditions and market requirements. 10
ood (Hyel Southw ve Dr. Micha presentati d field re h) inspectan c grotech) l (Hygrote farmer an O Neil Norm field with seen ARLIZE ing a CH Plessis. As can be du ed leaf Mr. Louis ynchroniz picture, s ich made harfrom the h ok place w easier. lodging to eld curing d fi vesting an
It has been a long, cold winter for a great part of the onion producing parts of South Africa. Abnormal weather conditions also seemed to be prevalent, with unpredictable hot and cold spells. This gave rise to challenges like uneven seed germination, problems with plant populations and in some cases, slightly lower yields. Despite the weather conditions our onion cultivars still stood their ground and performed well. Farmers need to take precautionary steps when conditions conducive of poor germination prevail. You need to put all possible measures in
place to have a high rate of uniform seed germination since germination greatly determines final plant population, bulb size and yield, among others. When you anticipate that suboptimal field conditions might hamper the germination process, its advisable to act preventative. This will save you a lot of headaches and will increase your chances for a decent yield. We have found that a combination of Mobonspray, Arise Liquid and Sporekill work wonders at ensuring a uniform germination rate. These products greatly aid in the germination process and supports seedling growth and health.
AGRICULTURAL REPORT
UNIFORM GERMINATION FORMULA for onions

Mobonspray / ha
1 kg
Arise Liquid / ha
600 ml
Sporekill / ha
500 ml
Apply after sowing, before emergence by means of a pivot or boom sprayer.
Sow the right cultivar in the right time slot. All of our cultivars have been tested and trialled on many trail farms and commercial farms, in all sorts of different time slots to find the ideal sowing slot. Consult your area representative to confirm the right slots. Take special care in the first two stages of an onions life; the germination and establishment phases. The adage of Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not turn from it holds true here. Put every effort into making sure that the seed germinates quickly and uniformly by tending to matters such as seed bed preparation, sowing depth and weeds. Put down the right amount of seeds. Too little or too much seed will lead to an inappropriate plant population with direct consequences on bulb size, ventilation and sunlight interception capacity. The right amount, for your specific conditions and the cultivar youre planting, is vital. But how do you determine how much seed to use? See formula below.
(Left to right ) B Luttig (Hygrote ranch Manager, Michael ch) and onion specialist Dr. Michael South wood with M r. Kobus van Staden, a farm er in the Stryd omblok near Malelane. He planted CHAR LIZE and ANGELINA and w as very satisfie d with the cultivars perform ance and vigo ur. outhDr. Michael S (Left to right) tative field represen wood and ) diser (Hygrotech Heigers Camph ters with farmer, mat cussing onion tt. Mr. Robert Sco
Sowing rate = Example = =
AMOUNT OF ONION SEED / ha:

Desired plant population/hectare x (100 + % Field losses) Seed count/kg x Germination % 800 000 x (100 + 15%) 250 000 x 85% 4,33 kg seed / ha
Please note that this formula serves as a general guideline only.
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AGRICULTURAL REPORT
Most farmers would agree that doing a proper availability forecast for supply of radicchio has proven to be a futile exercise due to the poor uniformity and irregular head formation of the average Radicchio cultivar. Giove, the new Enza cultivar has proven that growing radicchio does not necessarily need to be a frustration.
RADICCHIO=G
Peter Ross and iove. G evaluating
Peter Buchan of Cashaan was on the verge of stopping radicchio production as the cultivar he was growing was slow to mature and had less than 40% uniformity in size. For the last 12 month Giove was planted biweekly in order to identify its ideal growing slots. From the first trial evaluation in summer this cultivar had in excess of 75% percent uniformity with an average of 600g head mass. Giove forms cylindrical heads and grows very vigorously in the summer with a lot of green outer leaf which protect the head from sun burn. Giove matures at an average of 10 weeks in the summer and up to 14 weeks in winter. Our trials in the winter proved that although the heads were a lot smaller with less outer leaves, there were less green leaves, thus providing more usable product. Continuous pack house trials have been conducted with one of the largest processors of radicchio in the country and they have now recommended Giove to their grower. Giove, unlike a lot of other radicchio cultivars, is an uniform and vigorous germinator said Ross Buchan of Specialized Seedlings nursery. Peter Buchan said that Giove makes it viable to produce radicchio again. 12
AGRICULTURAL REPORT
HENRY VAN DER VOORT Business Unit Leader Western Cape
=GIOVE
Written by Dukie Ramokgopa: On Farm Trial Technician
streeksnuus
HYGROTECH WES-KAAP
Exceptional LETTUCE
Hygrotech is well known for its strategies like: The client comes first; and sourcing the best cultivar to match the needs of our clients. These strategies are paying off in a big way in the Cape Flats. After sourcing the most promising cultivars, Hygrotech Field Officers test these cultivars in extensive trialing programmes. The following cultivars out performed current Hygrotech cultivars as well as anything else out there! The latest additions to our growing list of lettuce cultivars, based on last seasons successful trials, are currently being planted commercially:
Papiro Aureola Oriola
(BL:1-16,21,23) (BL:1-27, NR:0) (BL:1*27, NR:0)
These spring harvesting lettuce are suitable for shredding as well as pre-packing. Hygrotech is partnered with a world leader in the development of crisphead lettuce (Enza Zaden).
Roger Da Rosha (Da Rosha Farms), Michel de Voogd (Enza) and Ian Grimbacher (Dew Crisp) inspecting lettuce varieties whilst visiting Enza in September 2011. BL: Bremia lactucae (Downy Mildew) NR: Nasonovia ribisnigri (Lettuce leaf Aphid)
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AGRICULTURAL GUIDE
BUTTERNUTS
Written by Hugo Burger, Product Specialist
The influence of planting dates on the yield of
Most producers wonder which planting date to choose to get the highest yield and the best price for their product. Price is directly related to supply and demand. It is thus important to plant at the right time to ensure that you, as producer, can supply when there is a shortage of fruit.
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Timing and correct planting are difficult, depending on the time of the year and geographic differences.
All cucurbit species are sensitive to changing climate conditions, for example too high or too low temperatures.
These adverse circumstances have a direct effect on yields and quality of the product. Optimum temperatures for cucurbits range between 20 and 30C. Butternut trial results, obtained from three different locations in the Western Cape over the past four seasons, illustrate this very clearly. See table below: Average yield, average days to harvest and planting date are shown. As shown in the table, the highest yields
were obtained with the October and November plantings. The fastest harvest was obtained in January, but the yield was significantly lower than those obtained in October and November. The average minimum and maximum temperatures during the October and November growing period also fell within the recommended 20 to 30C. During this time there were also much less fungal and insect problems. In certain areas in the Western Cape, like the West Coast, where temperatures can rise to over 40C, a 50% yield loss can take place as a result of bad pollination and a shortage of female flowers. This is the reason for the low yield of 15 ton per hectare obtained during the December planting season. The fallout fruit during this period were also at its highest. The early plantings of August and September resulted in average yields, but the days from planting to harvest ranged from 112 to 150 days.
During this planting season minimum temperatures were lower than 20C, thus the reason for the slow ripening of the fruit. Cultivar choices can also influence yield and days to harvest. Varieties like Canesi and Frisco should take just as long as Waltham to harvest, because they also have a large growth habit. Yield on these varieties should be higher than that of Waltham due to better fruit uniformity and larger fruit size. Semi-bush types like Early Butternut and Pilgrim have a shorter growth period, because flowers are set closer to the main stem and pollinate earlier. In other words, if a producer would like to target the early market, it would be better to choose a semi-bush type. The yields of the semi-bush types are also very high because generally more plants can be planted per hectare and more fruit can be harvested.
GENERAL BUTTERNUT PLANTING GUIDE FOR THE CAPE REGION

West Coast
Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
Planting month
Southern Cape
23.9 27.7 30.3 29.6 15.7 25.5 12.6 26.8 34.8 43.1 51.1 39.5 27.9 0 27.2 38.1 49.6 66.8 44.4 41.8 16.7
Yield (t/ha)
130 112 96 97 93 86 98 146 123 109 96 91 89 0 150 130 122 92 97 93 105
Days to harvest
Western Cape
Results are based on the OP variety Waltham.

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Leon Grundlingh with the a new cauliflower and Synergy
ENZ
1 2
Michel de Voogd (Enza), Roger da Rosha (Da Rosha Farms) and Ian Grimbacher (Dew Crisp). The team at Enza with above South African visitors.
Germany,
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Rog
Oak
The acti
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NZA 2011
3 4 5 6
Red Cos Roger with Saula Oaking - Green Oak The new harvester in action.
ny, Holland and Spain

7 8 9 10 11
Palostra, a promising new Green Cos Rubine Sweet Pepper A field in Spain, planted with Saula New cauliflower varieties on show Herbs from Enza
12 13 14 15 16
Greenhouse crops
Various new squash and pumpkin varieties on show Radish galore The new raddichio, Giove Baby spinach
11
10
DEKGEWASSE
Geskryf deur: Michiel Jacobs
Dekgewasse se hoofdoel is die bestryding van onkruid, groenbemesting, en in n mindere mate die voorkoming van erosie en die bewaring van grondvog.
Indien n mens n gewas plant vir die maak van kompos, is die klem op die biomassa van die gewas en is die invloed van die gewas se wortelstelsel minder belangrik. Komposgewasse met goeie hergroei bied die voordeel dat dit uiteindelik ook as groenbemesting ingewerk word. Groenbemesting behels die inwerk van enige kontant-, voer- of weidingsgewas in die grond in terwyl die gewas nog groen is. Dit sluit een- en meerjarige gewasse in.
Omdat sommige groenbemestinggewasse (soos Mostert) chemiese stowwe bevat wat in die grond vrygestel word wanneer jy plantmateriaal inwerk, help dit met plaagbestryding. In gevalle waar die groenbemestingsgewas nie as gasheer vir n plaag dien nie, bevorder dit ook bekamping deurdat dit die lewenssiklus van die plaag breek. Dit verbeter die grondstruktuur en bevorder gesonde mikrolewe. Terwyl dit groei, onderdruk dit die ontkieming en voorkoms van onkruid. Aalwurms en swamme kan ook s beperk en bestry word.
Sunhemp is n swak gasheer of glad nie n gasheer vir die meeste soort aalwurms nie. Daarby is die stowwe in die gewas se blare dodelik vir sommige soorte aalwurms.
Sunhemp as ingewerkte groenbemesting is n besonder goeie voedingsbron vir grondmikrobes en veral mikro-organismes wat op aalwurms parasiteer.
Dit bevoordeel ook die groei van die swam Micorrhiza, wat help met die opname van voedingstowwe soos fosfate. Tamatieprodusente vind dat hulle met n besparing van 50 kg tot 75 kg stikstof per hektaar steeds dieselfde hoeveelheid tamaties oes. Suikerboere vind n verhoging van 10% gekapte riet per hektaar en n verhoging van 15% in die sukrose-inhoud van daardie riet op lande wat met Sunhemp groenbemes is.
Dekgewasse vir groenbemesting kan grondgehalte so verbeter:

Die organiese materiaal-inhoud van die grond word verhoog om sodoende tot beter vogbewaring en die verminderde uitloging van voedingstowwe te lei. Dit plaas plantvoedingstowwe terug in die grond en verbeter die opbrengspotensiaal. Sekere peulplante kan onder meer tot 70 kg stikstof per hektaar bind en dit in die grond vir opvolggewasse beskikbaar stel.
Sunhemp
Mosterd
Dekgewasse
Sunhemp (ook bekend as Sonhennop)

Hierdie peulplant is n eenjarige somergewas wat met min insette suksesvol gevestig kan word. Sunhemp is nie slegs n ideale groenbemestinggewas nie, maar ook n puik dekgewas vir die onderdrukking van onkruid. Dit beheer ook kommandowurms en rooiblom gedurende die groeifase van die gewas.
Mosterd
Mosterd kan enige tyd van die jaar gevestig word, maar dit hang af van watter kultivar jy plant. Wit mosterd (Nemat ARUGULA) is meer aanpasbaar by koue. Die Geel Mosterd (Caliente
18
JP NEL Besigheidseenheidleier Noord-Kaap

119/199) presteer optimaal in warmer weer.
Die plant van mosterd word deur baie gewasprodusente as n biologiese beroking van die grond beskou.
Wanneer jy mosterd as groenbemesting in die grond inwerk, word n gas (Isothiocyanate ITC) vrygestel wat soortgelyke resultate as grondberoking met die chemiese middel EDB lewer. Die mosterd het n ho glukosinolaat inhoud. Ho glukosinolaat-inhoud veroorsaak die aantreking van Nematodes. Dus, wanneer die mosterd in die grond ingewerk word is die Nematodes binne bereik van die berokingsaksie. Die Nemat ARUGULA en Caliente Mosterd is baie doeltreffend vir die bestryding van grondswamme, aalwurms en onkruidsade. Mosterd dien as uitstekende groenbemesting wat n beter grondstruktuur as nagevolg het. Dit lewer beter resultate as enige ander gewas wat vir die doeleindes van groenbemesting gebruik word.
Swart Hawer (Black Saia)

Hierdie gewas groei in die winter en vestig maklik en vinnig. Dit bedek die grondoppervlak vinnig om sodoende onkruid, veral breblaar-tipes, te onderdruk. Die wortels van die Black-Saia skei n chemiese stof (antagonistiese verbindings) af wat onder meer grondswamme doodmaak. Dit bevorder die uitbroei van letsel-aalwurms se eiers, maar omdat die gewas nie as gasheer vir di parasiet geskik is nie, vrek die aalwurmlarwes. Wanneer Black-Saia groen in die grond ingewerk word, verhoog dit die biologiese aktiwiteit in grond. Gevolglik verbeter dit die beskikbaarheid van plantvoedingstowwe. Studies dui daarop dat die invloed van bogrondse kalktoediening om n lae pH te neutraliseer, ook versnel en verbeter word. Winston*
19
HERMAN BOSMAN Besigheidseenheidleier Gauteng
streeksnuus
HYGROTECH GAUTENG
20
BENTLEY 3
Anniversary
Excellent colour
Written by Pieter Lindeque, Field Officer
In July 2010 the first commercial plantings of Bentley was harvested in the Rondebult area on Gonsalves Farms.
Throughout the season and even presently, Bentley has been successfully planted and harvested in 4 different areas namely Kliprivier, (Green Oak Farms and Silver Glen Farms), Babsfontein (Terra Nita Farms & Clearwater Farms), Delmas area (Louman Farms) and in the Rondebult Area (Terra Nova Seedlings, Costa Farms, Plantation Farms and Gonsalves Farms).
Did exceptionally well in the cold winter of 2010 and 2011.
Good uniformity and high pack-out percentage
Bentley out-performed all other cultivars, especially regarding leaf attachment, leaf colour and leaf growth, in the Rondebult area during the summer season. Even though temperatures and rainfall were exceptionally high. In the same area in mid-winter of this year, the quality of Bentley was excellent and it turned out to be the only carrot that could be harvested mechanically whilst all other cultivars fell short.
These characteristics have been based on feedback from these farmers: Good leaf attachment
Excellent resistance against diseases and viruses, especially Alternaria
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the abovementioned farmers for their contribution to the success of the Bentley Carrot.
Geskryf deur: Lourens Ras, Veldbeampte
Witbolvrot saai verwoesting

Onbemarkbare uie besmet met Witbolvrot.
HERMAN BOSMAN Besigheidseenheidleier Gauteng
streeksnuus
HYGROTECH GAUTENG
Sclerotium cepivorum of meer algemeen bekend as witbol-vrot het die afgelope seisoen groot skade veroorsaak in die Brits uieproduserende gebied. Die afgelope seisoen was ook ideale toestande vir die siekte.
Die blare van besmette plante verwelk, raak geel en sterf vanaf die punte terug. Die bolle word vrot aan die onderkant (insluitende die wortelbasis) en die wortels sterf terug. Wit swamgroei oortrek die onderkant van die bol en klein, swart oorlewings-strukture (11.5mm in deursnee) vorm tussen die swamgroei. Die wortels word vernietig en die bol vrot en begin wegkrimp. Witbolvrot is beperk tot die uie familie, en sluit preie, grasuie en knoffel in. Die siekte oorleef in plantresidue en as oorlewing sclerotia in die grond. Witbolvrot word versprei in landerye deur water en grond beweging, uitplant van besmette bolletjies, asook deur imple-
mente. Voordelige toestande sluit in koel, nat weer, tipies van die afgelope uie-seisoen.
BEHEER
in aanraking kom, begin die reaksie. Kalsiumsianamied (CaCN2) ontbind na kalsiumhidroksied (Ca(OH)2), wat die kalsium bron is, en na sianamied (H2CN2).
Bestuur besproeiing en verminder water stres. Moenie besmette plantjies of bolle plant nie. Vermy besmette gronde geheel en al.
Hygrotech gaan ook in die komende seisoen voorkomende maatrels toepas deur die insluiting van Perlka en Mosterd Caliente in die bestuursprogramme. Perlka is n Kalsiumsianamied gebasseerde kunsmis. Kalsiumsianamied is `n totale natuurlike formulasie met grondstowwe, kalsiumkarbonaat, atmosferiese stikstof (N), en koolstof (C).
Dit is di sianamied verbinding wat `n onderdrukkende effek het teen grondgedraagte siektes en ontkiemende onkruid. Die sianamied het ook n fitotoksiese effek teen jong, fyn onkruidwortels (kleiner as 5cm).
Die dodende aksie duur ongeveer 10 dae, afhangende van grondvogtigheid en dosis gebruik. n Bonus is die addisionele 19, 8% N en 38% Ca wat beskikbaar is vir plantgroei. Perlka word reeds suksesvol gebruik om Sclerotinia op slaai te beheer.
Kalsiumsianamied : CaCN2
Sodra die CaCN2 korreltjie met vog
Skakel met Lourens Ras (073 706 6330) om Perlka deel van u bestuursprogram te maak.
PERLKA se primre funksie is om te dien as n bron van Stikstof en Kalsium, met ander woorde, n kunsmis (Reg. Nr. K8015 Wet 36 van 1947). Hygrotech beveel nie die produk aan vir die beheer van enige plantpatogeen, plantsiekte of siektekompleks nie. Daar is wel literatuur van ander dele in die wreld wat toon dat kalsiumsianamied sekere plantpatogene effektief onder bepaalde omstandighede onderdruk. Hygrotech is tans besig met die navorsing daavan.
21
AGRICULTURAL GUIDE
EGGPLANT EIERVRUG
AUBERGINE BRINJAL
Practices & Varieties lead the way to Early Production, Lower Costs and Better Returns
Written by Paddy de Vries, Product Specialist
The very attractive Eggplant is cultivated for the marketing of its immature fruit, which is eaten roasted, fried or stuffed, and cooked in a variety of tasty dishes.
Eggplant can be seen as one of the orphan vegetables in South Africa. It is debatable as to why, but some of the reasons must be due to a lack of knowledge of the product on the consumers side as well as the poor quality often seen on supermarket shelves, making it an unpalatable purchase! 22
The plant is from the same family as the tomato and pepper, and is therefore a warm weather crop, better suited to summer (or areas with mild winter) conditions. Similar pests and diseases that attack tomatoes and peppers will also plague Eggplants, while Red Spider and White Fly seem to have a special affinity towards Eggplant and should be preventatively controlled.
Raised beds often increase produc-
tion potential dramatically, since this reduces the chance of waterlogging (rain in summer) and gives the roots a better opportunity for good development.
How can quality and production potential be increased?

The plants have a large and potentially deep root system if planted in well drained and aerated soil.
AGRICULTURAL GUIDE
Mulching will increase production costs, but improved quality and higher production can be expected from this practice. Competition from weeds is largely cut out, soil moisture and nutrition can be better managed and the chance of fruit-rot due to contact with the soil is much reduced. Pre-plant of good
New varieties for better return:

New generation F1 hybrids can have a tremendous effect on the bottom line!
The previous generation cultivars take from 65-90 days to 1st harvest. This equates to a long period within which fertigation, labour and dreaded pest control costs need to be covered before a single fruit is picked, sold and paid for!
incorporation compost and/or Terra Bueno com-
Kaberi
In the same trial, the new oval baby type, Kaberi, was also very early at 42-45 days. This cultivar produces small, oval, light purple fruit perfect for pre-packing. All the new varieties have light green calyxes with no spines. The spines may not seem important, but can be a problem for the harvesting staff as well as the consumer, who prefers not to bleed while preparing a tasty dish!
posted chicken manure pellets will increase soil fertility and create better root conditions. The fertilizer program should be custom-designed for the soil/ water/plant age combination.
(soil where possible, or bagged medium) will result in a higher quality, shorter transplant-to-harvest period and higher production potential than normal open field systems. The plants are trellised up strings similarly to tomatoes.
Eggplant produced in simple tunnels
to fruit results in pitting, surface bronzing and browning of the seed and pulp. Summer-produced fruit should not be stored at temperatures below 12C, while winter or mild weather-produced fruit can be stored at temperatures of 8C (at a high humidity >90% RH).
Fruit are very sensitive to cold damage in storage: Chilling injury
Benecia
Hygrotechs trials in midsummer (2009-2010 and replicated in 2010-11) have shown a transplant to first pick period of 43 and 45 days respectively for Benecia (compact plant, teardrop shape) and Amadeo (compact plant, oval shape), whereas the closest large-fruited norm was 65 days.
Amadeo
Guessing?
Our Vegetable Production Guide is a full colourorder your For information or to A0 chart that combines the most relevant agronomic information copy, please contact: necessary for vegetable production. Ghian du Toit Information Manager Our technical CD includes: ghiandt@hygrotech.co.za Vegetable profiles with all the technical specifications of 011 545 8000 our cultivars as well as production guidelines for all the major vegetable types. It also contains technical sheets of all our chemical products. Contact Ghian du Toit at 011 545 8000 to order your copy today!
buy our updated, cutting edge informational guides to eliminate the guess work from vegetable production
VEGETABLE
Irrigation / Part Days to Maturity Harvest Time (Days) Root Depth (cm) Total H 2O (mm) 400 500 320 320 320 340 440 440 440 410 200 440 400 440 600 420 420 420 600 450 450 440 350 340 420 600 600 600 600 600 650 335 320 320 340 600 600 420 420 420 340 150 350 375 350 350 450 375 400 - 600 620 620 of Season Second (mm/ week) 40 30 35 35 35 40 38 38 38 35 30 38 35 38 35 35 35 35 35 50 35 35 35 30 36 25 35 35 35 35 25 36 35 35 35 25 25 35 35 35 30 25 35 35 40 40 35 35 45 45 Withdrawal Norms Product N 40 8.5 8.5 8.5 2.9 8.5 8.5 3.4 3 4 8.5 9.3 5 3.55 6.11 6.11 6.11 6.2 2.7 11.92 3.4 3.55 2.7 6.11 6.2 2.85 3.55 2.85 3.55 6.22 1.95 2.9 10 10 6.22 6.22 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 2.9 11 - 17 5 7.09 7.09 10 5 2.68 3 3 3 45 20 35 35 30 3 2.9 6.11 6.11 2.7 P 10 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.5 1.7 1.9 0.6 0.35 0.75 1.7 2.4 0.6 0.63 1.12 1.12 1.12 0.5 0.34 3 0.6 0.63 0.34 1.12 0.5 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.54 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.5 0.54 0.54 1.2 1.2 1.2 4 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.43 0.43 3 0.6 0.62 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.5 1.12 1.12 0.34 kg/Ton N 3 5 5 4 4 4.8 4 3.4 5 3 3.5 3 3.4 3 3.25 4 4 3.5 4 3.2 3.4 3 3.4 2.5 3.5 3 3 3 3 3.75 3.5 3 4 4 3.75 3.75 2.2 2.2 2.2 3.4 4 5 3.25 3.25 3.5 5 5 5 5 5 4 3.25 3.25 3.4 Leaf Norms (%) P 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.35 0.35 1 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.35 0.3 0.75 0.5 0.3 0.45 0.44 0.44 0.55 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.35 0.55 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.45 0.5 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.5 0.35 0.4 0.65 0.65 0.25 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.5 K 2 4 4 2.5 4 4 3 4 4 5.5 2 6 6.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 5 4.5 2.2 4 2.6 2.5 5 4.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.5 5.2 5.5 2.5 2.5 5.5 5.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.5 4 4 2.5 2.5 2.2 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 2.5 Micro Element Sensitivity Soil pH (H 2O) Spacing (cm) Seed/Ha Botanical Name Seed/kg Direct (kg) 2.5 - 3 50 - 110 40 - 50 30 - 30 4-8 000 2 - 3.5 1-2 3-4 1 3-5 1 - 1.5 10 - 25 2 0.6 - 1.5 1-2 6-8 4 - 4.5 17 35 35 1.5 3-5 2.5 - 3 100 - 120 100 - 120 1.5 2 1.5 - 2 3 - 4.5 2 1 10 - 12 0.5 9 - 11 10 - 14 1.5 - 2 1.5 - 2 8 - 10 5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 2-3 1-2 1 Transplant (kg) 0.3 0.4 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 0.3 0.5 - 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.25 - 0.3 0.4 - 1 0.25 0.5 - 0.6 0.15 - 0.5 0.2 - 0.4 5.0 0.4 - 0.8 0.4 0.4 - 0.8 0.4 - 0.8 1.5 - 2 0.2 0.4 - 0.5 0.3 - 0.5 0.022 0.05 - 0.1 0.05 - 0.1 0.05 - 0.1 0.05 - 0.15 0.2 - 0.4 0.5 1.5 Germination Opt. Air Temp. (OC) 18 - 22 25 28 28 28 20 22 22 20 - 22 20 25 20 - 22 20 - 22 22 20 25 25 25 29 15 - 20 30 20 - 22 24 20 20 35 20 20 20 20 29 24 24 - 28 23 23 29 29 32 32 32 25 18 22 20 20 22 22 30 20 25 20 20 20 20 18 30 30 25 Days 17 15 - 20 7 7 7 7 5 9 6 - 10 8 6 6 - 10 4 9 7 4 4 4 10 8-12 7 6 - 10 10 4 8 6 7 7 7 7 10 13 10 - 15 8 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 8 9 - 11 8 8 - 14 8 - 14 8 8 - 10 5 5 8 Sowing Depth (cm) In Rows (cm) 100 45 - 90 5 - 10 5-7 15 - 20 5 - 10 25 - 50 40 - 50 40 - 70 50 - 100 3-8 40 - 70 15 - 30 45 - 60 2.25 - 5 45 - 60 25 - 35 25 46 - 60 15 - 25 17 - 22 30 15 - 20 20 - 30 25 - 40 45 5-8 2-4 1-2 1-2 Double row 30 x 30 10 - 15 7 - 15 2-7 2-7 40 - 45 40 - 45 60 - 90 50 - 120 50 - 90 15 - 25 2-5 90 7 7 - 15 50 - 70 50 - 70 10 - 20 7 - 15 20 - 30 30 - 40 27 - 33 33 - 65 25 - 30 5 - 10 90 - 150 60 - 90 12 - 15 Between Rows (cm) 200 60 - 200 40 - 60 30 - 60 40 - 60 30 - 40 45 - 60 65 - 75 60 - 90 150 - 200 20 - 30 60 - 90 45 - 90 70 25 120 - 150 150 100 60 - 75 45 - 60 50 - 100 50 40 30 - 60 150 - 250 75 20 - 30 45 - 60 6 - 10 6 - 10 120 - 150 30 - 45 30 - 50 60 - 90 60 - 90 45 - 75 45 - 75 120 - 150 200 150 - 200 45 - 60 20 - 30 120 25 30 - 45 120 - 150 150 - 200 45 -120 30 - 45 90 - 150 150 150 150 100 - 150 30 - 40 180 - 200 150 - 250 15 - 18 Opt. Growth o Temp. ( C) Plants/Ha Yield (Ton/Ha) First (mm/ week) 30 25 25 25 25 20 30 30 30 25 40 30 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 30 20 - 30
2 day average 5L / m per
IDE DUCT DUCTION GU PRODUCTION

Products Alternaria cichorii Alternaria conjuncta cucummerina Alternaria cucummerina Alternaria dauci Albugo occidentalis Alternaria porri Ascochyta rhei Alternaria solani Albugo tragopogonis virus Bean common mosaic Beet curly top virus Bremia lactucae Bipolaris maydis vein virus Beet necrotic yellow virus Beet pseudo yellowing Botrytis squamosa virus Bean yellow mosaic Centrospora acerina Cercospora beticola Cercospora brasiciccola Cercospora carotae Corynespora cassiicola Corynespora Ce Cercospora citrullina adosporium Clad Cladosporium cucumerinum ry m Celery mosaic virus otrichum Colletotr Colletotrichum lindemuthianum ter Clavibacter michiganensis ganensis subsp.michiga subsp.michiganensis osaic virus mosaic virus Cucumber mos orb lare orbiculare Colletotrichum orbicu abile variabile Cladosporium variabi wing virus Cucumber vein yellowing Cucumber dis g disorder virus ucurbit Cucu yellow stunting Cucurbit ella Didymella bryoniae cru Erysiphe cruciferarum raclei heraclei Erysiphe heracle Erysiphe pisi Erysiphe Basal rot Fusarium yellows root rot Fusarium crown and Crown and root rot Powdery mildew Iris Yellow Spot Virus Lettuce mosaic Powdery mildew Root-knot nematode Maize dwarf mosaic Root-knot nematode Root-knot nematode Lettuce big vein Ascochyta blight f.sp. cepae Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis Fusarium oxysporum cucurbitae Fusarium solani f.sp. Golovinomyces cichoracearum (ex Erysiphe cichoracearum) (Tospovirus) Iris Yellow Spot Virus Lettuce mosaic virus Leveillula taurica sicula) (anamorph: Oidiopsis Meloidogyne arenaria virus Maize dwarf mosaic Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogyne javanica virus Mirafiori lettuce big-vein Mycosphaerella pinodes Microdochium panattonianum Nasonovia ribisnigri (Allexivirus) Onion Mosaic Virus pv. phaseolicola pv. syringae Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Angular leaf spot Pseudomonas syringae (Erwinia stewartii) Bacterial speck Pantoea stewartii Stewarts wilt Pyrenochaeta terrestris Pink root Pythium ultimum Pythium rootrot Phomopsis vexans Phomopsis rot Peronospora viciae Downy mildew Potato Y virus Potato Y Plutella xylostella Diamond back moth Podosphaera xanthii fuliginea) Powdery mildew (ex Sphaerotheca Ralstonia solanacearum f.sp. lycopersici Bacterial wilt Stemphylium botryosum Rs Gray leaf spot Sclerotium cepivorum Sbl White rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Sc White mold Stemphylium lycopersici Scl Gray leaf spot Septoria petroselini Sl Septoria leaf spot Sphacelotheca reiliana Sp Head smut Stemphylium solani Sr scabies Gray leaf spot Streptomyces Oidium neolycopersici Ss Common scab Stemphylium vesicarium (ex Oidium lycopersicum) Sts blight Stemphylium leaf Tobacco etch virus Pythium aphandermatum Sv virus brassicae Tobacco etch Tobacco mosaic Plasmodiophora TEV Tobacco mosaic Tomato mosaic virus Phytophthora capsici TMV virus capsellae Tomato mosaic Tomato spotted wilt Pseudocercosporella ToMV cubensis Tomato spotted wilt Thrips tabaci Pseudoperonospora TSWV curl virus Thrips Tomato yellow leaf Peronospora destructor Tt curl Tomato yellow leaf Uromyces appendiculatus Peronospora parasitica TYLCV f.sp. betae Rust Verticillium albo-atrum Peronospora farinosa Ua f.sp. spinaciae Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae Peronospora farinosa Va virus Verticillium wilt Watermelon mosaic Phytophthora infestans Vd pv. armoraciae Watermelon mosaic Xanthomonas campestris Pyrenochaeta lycopersici WMV pv. campestris Leaf spot Xanthomonas campestris Xca pv. vesicatoria virus Black rot Xanthomonas campestris Pepper mild mottle Xcc pv. vitians Bacterial spot Xanthomonas campestris Phytophthora parasitica Xcv virus Bacterial spot Zucchini yellow mosaic Phytophthora porri Xcvi sources. virus Zucchini yellows (ISF) and other Papaya ringspot ZYMV Seed Federation list of the International sorghi Puccinia so g Based on the Pss Pst Pste Pt Pu Pv Pvi PVY Px Pxy Aci Aco A Acu A Ad Ao Ao A Ap Ar As At At C BCMV BCMV C BCTV BCTV Bl Bm YVV BNYVV BNYV V BPYV Bs BYMV Ca Cb Cbr Cc pot spot Alternaria leaf sp Alternaria blight Alternaria leaf blight ght blight Alternaria leaf blii White rust Purple blotch ot spot Rhubarb leaf spo Early blight White rust osaic mosaic Bean Bean common mos Be Beet curly top Downy mildew Do bli blight outhern Sou Southern corn leaf Foc Foco For Fsc Gc IYSV LMV Lt Ma MDMV Mi Mj MLBVV Mp Mpa MPV Nr OMV On Pa Pb Pc Pcc Pcu Pd Pe Pfb Pfs Pi Pl PLRV PMMoV Pp Ppo PRSV Ps
FertAgChem
K 60 5.8 5.8 5.8 6.9 9.22 9.22 3.6 4.67 4.8 9.22 2.1 3
B B, Fe, Mo Mo, Mn, Zn, Fe Mo, Mn, Zn, Fe Mg Cu, Mo, Mg, B Fe, Mo B, Mo B, Mo Fe, B, Mo B, Fe, Mo B B, Mo Mg, Cu, Zn B Zn B, Mo
6.5 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 63.8 5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8
Nitrospray Plus, Asco-Gro
Crop
15 - 25 20 - 30 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 25 15 - 25 15 - 20 22 - 24 15 - 20 15 - 25 15 - 20 15 - 25 12 - 24 20 - 34 20 - 34 20 - 34 22 - 30 15 - 25 15 - 24 15 - 20 12 - 24
5 000 Green 18 000 - 37 000 150 000 - 500 000 300 000 - 500 000 60 000 - 120 000 170 000 - 350 000 20 000 - 40 000 27 000 - 40 000 30 000 - 40 000 5 000 - 13 000 1 500 000 25 00 000 16 000 - 40 000 37 000 - 148 000 16 000 - 40 000 600 000 - 800 000 12 000 - 16 000 10 000 - 13 000 40 000
5-8 3-6 12 - 20 15 - 20 12 - 20 25 - 40 8 - 15 14 - 17 60 - 80 5 25 - 50 30 - 70 30 80 60 (4 yr) 25 - 35 40 - 60 10 - 12 25 - 30 15 - 20 20 - 25 30 - 35 15 - 25 25 - 30
11 m 2 yr 60 - 80 60 - 70 65 - 85 55 - 60 65 - 120 120 - 150 70 - 160 7m 70 - 120 70 - 145 80 - 90 70 - 160 11m 55 - 70 60 50 - 60 70 - 90 70 90 - 120 60 -100
30 - 60 15 yr 10 - 20 15 - 30 10 - 20 30 14 14 - 20 35 21 - 60 90 - 120 21 10 35 4 Seasons 30 - 60 60 - 70 35 30 10 - 14 14 30 14 21
+ 120 + 120 60 - 100 45 - 60 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 30 - 40 45 - 60 90 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 45 45
1-1.5 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1.5 - 2.5 1 - 1.5 1 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5 0.6 - 1.3 1 - 1.5 0.5 - 1.5 1 1.5 3 3 3 1 1-2 2 1 2
Artichoke (Globe) Asparagus Beans: Garden Beans: Garden (Fine) Beans: Runner Beetroot Broccoli Brussel Sprouts Cabbage Cape Gooseberry Carrot
Cynara scolymus
19 000 - 20 000 35 000 - 55 000
Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus coccineus Beta vulgaris var. condivita
4 500 6 000 - 10 000 4 500 50 000 - 60 000 220 000 - 350 000 200 000 - 300 000 280 000 - 350 000 1 000 000 1 000 000 - 1 200
Fosfaspray
izomania Rhizomania Rhizo vir virus et Beet pseudo yellows ytis Botryt leaf blight Botrytis ny Bean yellow mosaic spot spora Centrospora leaf Centros pot Leaf spot pora Cercospor leaf spot Cercospora ra Cercospora leaf blight target spot Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora eaf s mosis gummosis Scab Sc and gummos lery Cele mosaic Celery hracnose Anthr Anthracnose erial Bacteri canker Bacterial
Anthracnose Mosaic Potato Virus Lettuce leaf aphid Onion Mosaic Virus Powdery mildew Pythium rootrot Clubroot Fruit and root rot
Fosfaspray Cci Ccu CeMV Cl Cmm C CMV o Co Cv V CVYV CYSDV Db Ec Eh Ep
Brassica oleraceae var. cymosa Brassica oleraceae var. gemmifera Brassica oleraceae var. capitata Physalis peruviana Daucus carota Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis Apium graveolens
Asco-Gro
er Cucumber mosaic se Anthracnose Leaf spot yellowing Cucumber vein ye Cucurbit yellow Gummy stem blight Powdery mildew Powdery mildew Powdery owdery Pow Powdery mildew
250 000 - 350 000 1 900 000 - 2 500 000
3.88 6.89 6.89 6.89 6.2 4.86 3.5 3.6 3.88 4.86 6.89 6.2 3.88 3.88 3.88 3.88
White spot Downy mildew Downy mildew Downy mildew Downy mildew Downy mildew Late blight Corky root rot Potato leaf roll virus Pepper mild mottle root rot Buckeye fruit and White tip of leek Papaya ringspot Common rust
Celery Chinese Cabbage Chives Cucumber (Fresh) Cucumber (Hothouse) Cucumber (Pickle) Eggplant Endive Green Mealie Kohlrabi Leek Lettuce Melon (Canteloupe) Okra Onion Onion (bunching) Onion (pickle) Onion (sets) Paprika Parsley Parsnip Peas (garden) Peas (snow mange tout) Pepper (hot) Pepper (sweet) Pumpkin (bush) Pumpkin (ceylons) Pumpkin (hubbard) Radicchio (chiogia) Radish (garden) Rhubarb Scorzonera (salsify) Spinach (baby) Squash Pan) (Zucchini & Patty Squash (butternut)
Brassica pekinensis Allium schoenoprasum Cucumis sativus Cucumis sativus Cucumis sativus Solanum melongena Chichorium endivia Zea mays Brassica oleraceae var. cauiarape Allium porrum Lactuca sativa Cucumis melo Hibuscus esculentus Allium cepa Allium cepa
350 000 - 400 000 280 000 - 300 000 35 000 35 000 40 000 210 000 - 250 000 700 000 - 1 000 000 4 000 - 5 000 280 000 - 350 000 350 000 - 400 000 800 000 - 900 000 35 000 - 40 000 18 000 - 20 000 280 000 - 300 000 280 000 - 300 000 280 000 - 300 000
75 - 120 45 - 60 90 - 120 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 90 - 120 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 60 - 100 45 - 60 90 - 120 60 - 100 60 - 100 80 - 100 70 90 90 90
TABLES TABLES S O TABLES RSION TABL CONVERSION

00 1 000 mg 1 gram (g) ............... 00 1000 g 1 kilogram (kg)......... 6 2.2046 (lb) 1 kilogram (kg)......... 0.4536 kg 1 pound (lb) ............ 1 000 kg 1 tonne (t) ...............
22 000 - 35 000 70 000 - 90 000 60 000 - 80 000 60 000 - 100 000 150 000 55 000 - 100 000 10 000 26 000 30 000 500 000 - 800 000 1 000 000 5 000 000 5 000 000 30 000 - 55 000 150 000 - 300 000
Length
Mo, Mg, Cu, Zn B, Cu, Mo Mg, Cu, Zn Mg, Cu, Zn Mg, Cu, Zn Mg, Cu, Zn Mg Mg B, Ca B, Ca B, Mo B, Mo B, Mo B Mg -
in 10 mm......0.397 1 cm ............ cm ............. in............... 2.54 1 in......... cm .... 12 in .... 30.48 1 ft ............... mm 00 cm 100 cm.... 1000 1 m ............ 3.28 ft 1 m ............ 6214mi 0.62 1 000m... 0.6214mi 1 km ............ 1760 yard e .... 1 mile ......... ..... 1.6093 km 1 mile .........
Area
10 000cm 1 m2 ........................ 100 ha 2 1 km ........................ 259 ha i 1 mi2 ........................ 100m x100m 2\ 1 ha ........................ 10 000m h 1 ha ........................ 1.168 morg ...................... ................. 1 ha ........................ 856 0.856 ha 1 morg ..................... 0.4047 ha 1 ac ........................
Capacity
fl oz ......0.5683L 1 pt ......... 20 ...4.546 L pt ............4.5463 1 gal ......... 8 ...1 000 ml . dm 1 L ............ 1 L 1 hL ......... 100 3 000 dm 1 m3 ......... 1
130 - 150 65 - 90 80 - 120 85 - 95 6-8m 8m 3m 6m 80 70 - 90 7m 60 - 120 60 - 80 65 - 95 65 - 95 110 - 170 110 - 170 110 - 170 65 - 90 25 - 35 90 120 150 -160 4-5m 50 85 - 90 60 - 80
15 - 20 20 - 24 22 - 30 12 - 24 12 - 24 12 - 24 12 - 24 22 - 30 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20 22 - 30 22 - 30 20 - 24
0.6 - 1.3 2.5 - 5 2 - 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.6 - 1.3 1 10 3-5 3-5 0.6 - 1.3 0.6 - 1.3 3-5 3-5 3-5
25 - 35 10 - 11 30 - 70 10 - 25 8 - 10 30 - 40 Dry 2 - 3.5 20 - 25 12 - 20 3-5 5 - 10 Dry 4-7 25 - 35 20 - 30 20 - 30 20 - 30 25 -30 10 10 - 12 20 - 30 15 - 20
28 -56 5-6m 8-9m 2-5m 10 10 - 20 10 - 20 90 45 30 - 40 30 - 40 30 - 40 21 21 - 30 10 m 4-5m 2m 21 14
IDE G GUI E ING GUIDE GENERAL SOWIN

Highveld Jan OctDec AprMay AugJan AugDec AugOct JanMar AugOct DecFeb JanFeb FebMar NovFeb JulAug AugOct AugOct JanMar NovDec DecFeb Mar SeptDec SeptDec JanMar JanMar JanMar AugSept sweetcorn) SeptNov SeptNov SeptNov FebMar AugSept SeptOct FebApr AugOct JanMar JulSept squash SeptNov AugNov FebApr AugSept AugApr SeptNov SeptNov AugOct JanMar AugNov AugSept JanApr Middleveld Jan OctDec AprMay AugFeb AugJan AugApr AugNov JanFeb JanFeb FebMar FebApr AugSept AugOct A g Oct AugOct JanMar NovDec Feb FebMar AugSept FebMar AugJan FebApr FebMar JanSept AugDec AugDec AugSept FebMar AugSept AugOct MarApr JulOct FebApr AprJun AugDec JulOct FebMar AugSept AugApr AugJan AugJan JulOct JanApr JulDec JulSept JanApr Lowveld JanFeb AugSept AprMay FebSept FebAug FebJul JanSept Northern Cape and Great Karoo Jan OctDec April AugJan AugDec AugOct FebMar AugOct DecFeb JanFeb FebMar NovFeb AugOct AugOct JanMar NovDec NovFeb SeptOct SeptDec JanMar JanFeb JanMar AugSept AugNov SeptOct SeptOct MarJul AugSept FebMar SeptOct JanMar JulAug SeptDec AugOct FebMar AugSept AugApr AugNov AugNov JanMar JulOct AugNov AugSept JanApr KwaZ KwaZulu-Natal Midlands Jan Oct OctDec Apr AprMay AugJan AugDec AugApr AugOct DecFeb JanFeb FebMar AugFeb SeptOct AugApr DecFeb DecMar FebMar AugSept SeptDec FebMay FebMar JanMar AugSept SeptNov SeptOct FebMar AugSept AugSept DecJan JulSept JanApr JunJul SeptDec AugOct JanApr AugSept AugApr SeptNov SeptNov AugOct JanMar AugNov JanApr AugSept Eastern Cape and Little Karoo Jan OctDec AprMay OctJan OctDec JulFeb AugOct DecJan DecJa JanFeb FebMar AugApr AugOct JulApr DecJan DecMar MarApr FebMar AugSept JulFeb JanMar FebApr JanApr JulOct SeptDec SeptOct SeptOct MarMay AugSept AugDec AugOct FebApr MayJul SeptNov AugMay AugOct AugSept SeptDec SeptDec AugOct JanMar AugOct JulAug FebMar Jan OctDec AprJun OctFeb SeptJan JulNov FebApr AugOct DecJan JanFeb FebMar NovApr AugOct
ding SANSOR) (according SA (cm) (accordin (according to SANSOR)

Spacing Sowing depth (cm) KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal and Coast a JanFeb AugSept AprMay FebSept FebAug FebJul JanSept 2 cm 2 1 5 4 4 2 1 45 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 5 1 1 1 1 37 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 In rows 100 3045 2030 5 10 7 50 60 50 4560 3550 4060 5 45 45 45 30 5070 30 10 10 90 2030 4560 7 2 1012 15 57 50100 5 90 20 5070 2040 2030 4050 8 n row Between rows 100 180 90 45 90120 2040 75100 90 90 70100 90100 3050 70100 70100 100 6090 120150 45 50 4060 2030 150200 150200 1030 7 30 50 3060 200300 3050 120 5060 120150 100130 6090 120180 50
ONTACT CONT CONTACT ON NFORMATION INFORMATION

BOSVELD
Potgietersrus Ellisras Groblersdal Louis Trichardt 015 491 2651 445 087 943 7445 013 262 5583 015 516 1504/5 015 307 2482 013 753 3774 087 941 3867 012 545 8000 056 212 3232 033 386 6009 031 465 4084 034 413 1164 053 832 4332 043 732 1147 041 922 9466 044 870 7808 021 881 3830 027 213 5609 023 316 2094 022 482 2570 002634 31 0005 002601 25 0454 002582 14 62 560 00254 020 2053916/7/8 00264 61 253322
n Western Cape and South Coast
LAEVELD
Tzaneen Nelspruit
6.22 4.35 6.9 7.1 7.1 6.22 6.22 6.8 6.8 6.8 11 6.9 6.2 5
Artichoke (globe) Asparagus Bean (broad) Bean (dwarf) Bean (runner) Beetroot Brinjal or egg-fruit Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage (Chinese) Cabbage
GAUTENG
Brits Pyramid (Head Ofce)
Allium cepa Capsicum annuum var. annuum Petroselinum crispum Pastinaca sativa Pisum sativum Pisum sativum Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum Cucurbita maxima Cucurbita moschata Cucurbita maxima Cichorium intybus Raphanus sativus Rheum rhaponticum Tragopogon porrifolius Spinacia oleraceae Cucuribita pepo Cucuribita pepo (moschata) Zea mays var. saccharata Beta vulgaris
280 000 - 300 000 150 - 160 000 500 000 - 600 000 200 000 3 000 - 4 000 3 000 - 4 000 150 000 - 160 000 150 000 - 160 000 4 000 - 5 000 4 000 - 5 000 4 000 - 5 000 600 000 - 700 000 80 000 - 100 000 250 000 - 300 000 75 000 - 90 000 100 000 8 000 9 000 7 000 - 10 000
FREESTATE
Kroonstad
6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5 - 6.5 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 4.5 5.5 - 6.5 5.5 - 6.5 5.5 - 6.5 5.5 - 6.5 5.5 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6 - 6.8 6.68 WMV, Pc, Pcu, PRSV, Pxy, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Ac, CMV, Db, F, Fsc, Liquid, ZYMV Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, WMV, Pc, Pcu, PRSV, Pxy, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Ac, CMV, Db, F, Fsc, Liquid, ZYMV Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, Zyme Nitrospray Plus, Vita Pa, Pc Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Hyperfeed, Nitrospray Plus Pp, Xcc Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Hyperfeed, Vitazyme Ar Liquid, Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, Nitrospray Plus, Asco-Gro At Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Hyperfeed, Nitrospray Plus, Asco-Gro Ao, CMV, Cv, F, Pfs Liquid, Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, WMV, Pc, Pcu, PRSV, Pxy, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Ac, CMV, Db, F, Fsc, Liquid, ZYMV Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, WMV, Pc, Pcu, PRSV, Pxy, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Ac, CMV, Db, F, Fsc, Liquid, ZYMV Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Pste Bm, Et, MDMV, Ps, Sporekill, Maize Plus, Arise Liquid, Mobonspray, Vitazyme Cp, Pfb Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Hyperfeed, Nitrospray Plus, Asco-Gro Rs, Sts, TSWV As, MPV, Pi, PLRV, Sporekill, Plus, Asco-grow, Arise liquid, Nitrospray Millerplex, Sporekill, Perlka, Copper Count-N, Calmabon Plus Sporekill, Perlka, Copper Count-N, Plus Nitrospray Plus, Calmabon Sporekill, Perlka, Copper Count-N, Plus Nitrospray Plus, Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, Boost-Flo Nitrospray Plus, Hygro Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Hyperfeed, Nitrospray Plus, Asco-Gro Liquid, Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Liquid, Sporekill, Calmabon Copper Count-N, Nitrospray Plus, Vitazyme Calmabon Liquid, Sporekill, Hyperfeed, Nitrospray Plus, Asco-Gro Mj, On, Psc, F, For, Lt, Ma, Mi, Aal, As, Cmm, Ff, ToMV, TSWV, Sbl, Sl, Ss, TMV, Pi, Pl, Pp, Pst, Rs, TYLCV, Va, Vd, Xcv
130 000 - 500 000 100 000 - 160 000 100 000 - 160 000 30 000 - 55 000 20 000 - 55 000 7 000 - 10 000 3 000 - 10 000 4 000 - 10 000 60 000 - 88 000 500 000 1 500 000 9 000 - 10 000 500 000 - 600 000 150 000 - 340 000 10 000 - 17 000 5 000 - 10 000 55 000 - 70 000
FebJun JanApr JulOct FebAug FebMar FebMar FebSept MarMay MarApr MarMay JulNov JunAug JulAug FebMar AugSept MarMay AugSept MarApr MarJun FebAug FebSept MarApr
FebJun JanApr JulOct FebAug FebMar FebMar FebSept MarMay MarApr MarMay JulNov JunAug JulAug FebMar AugSept MarMay AugSept MarApr MarJun
KZN
Pietermaritzburg D rban Durban Pongola
Capsicum (sweet pepper and chilies) Carrot Cauliflower (early) Cauliflower (main crop) Cauliflower (late) Celery Cucumber (open culture) Kohlrabi Leeks Lettuce Mealies (green and Melons (sweet) Melon (water) Onion Onion (pickling) Parsley Parsnip Pea Pumpkin and hubbard Radish Rhubarb
AugNov JanApr NovDec DecJan FebApr FebOct SeptNov JanMar MarMay AugMay AugDec SeptDec SeptOct AprMay AugSept MarNov MarApr AugOct AprAug SeptNov MarOct AugSept MarMay AugJan AugJan MarApr AugSept JulSept MarNov
NORTHERN CAPE
Kimberley
SOUTHERN CAPE
East London Uitenhage George
20 - 24 20 - 24 15 - 16 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 25 15 - 24 20 - 24 20 - 24 20 - 24 15 - 24 20 - 30 20 - 30 20 - 30 22 - 24 15 - 20
WESTERN CAPE
Stellenbosch Vredendal Ceres Malmesbury
45 - 60 45 - 60 45 - 60 40 - 60 45 - 60 90 90 45 - 60 45 - 60 60 120 30 - 60 depend on medium 45 - 60 60 - 100 90 - 120 90 - 120 30 - 60
0.6 - 1.3 1.3 - 2.5 0.2 0.6 - 1.3 3 2-3 2-3 2 - 2.5 3 0.3 - 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 - 1.3 1.5 2.5 - 5 2.5 - 5
Mg, Cu, Mo B, Mo B, Mo B, Zn Mg, Cu, Mo Mn, Mo, B, Zn, Cu Fe, B, Mo Fe, B, Mo Fe, B, Mo Fe, B, Mo B Mo, B Mo, B B, Cu, Mo
ZIMBABWE
Harare
5.53 5.53 4.5 5 3.93 4.67 4.67 4.67 4.67 6.9 6.89 6.89 4.86
ZAMBIA
Lusaka
MOZAMBIQUE
Maputo
20 - 25 20 - 30 10 - 20 15 - 20 30 - 60 15 - 20 60 - 100 80 - 150 60 - 100 30 - 35 30 - 60 30 - 60 12 - 15
FebAug FebSept MarApr FebJun FebAug FebAug FebAug JanJul FebJun
KENYA
Nairobi
150 000 - 340 000 32 000 - 45 000 16 000 - 22 000 10 000 - 20 000 20 000 - 25 000 22 000 - 40 000 200 000 - 400 000 6 000 - 35 000 8 000 - 9 000 400 000
20 - 30 90 - 120 65 - 90 75 - 100 75 - 85 90 - 120 60 - 100 80 - 90 70 - 95 4m
4-5m 60 60 - 120 >90 14 - 30 30 20 - 30 20 - 30 7m
FebJun FebAug FebAug FebAug JanJul FebJun
NAMIBIA
Spinach Squash (bush types) Squash (trailing types) Swiss chard
Windhoek (Agri-Gro)
Sweetcorn Sh2 (super sweet) Swisschard True Potato Seed (TPS) Tomato (cherry) Tomato Tomato (fresh market: tunnel) Tomato (processing) Turnip (garden) Watermelon Watermelon (Triploid) Witloof (chicory)
www.hygrotech
.co.za
60 000 - 90 000 1 500 000 300 000 - 400 000 300 000 - 400 000 300 000 - 400 000 300 000 - 400 000 400 000 - 500 000 14 000 - 20 000 14 000 - 20 000 600 000 - 700 000
Cbr, Pcc Ac, Acu, CMV, Co, Vd, WMV, Db, F, PRSV, Pxy, ZYMV Vd, WMV, Db, F, PRSV, Pxy, Ac, Acu, CMV, Co, ZYMV -
Tomato (open culture) Turnip
Solanum Tuberosum Lycopersicum lycopersicum Lycopersicum lycopersicum Lycopersicum lycopersicum Lycopersicum lycopersicum Brassica rapa Citrullus lanatus Citrullus lanatus Cichorium intybus
620 340 420 420 320
30 20 25 25 25
GUID E PROD UCT

PRODUCT Kic-Start Maize Plus REG.NO. K5442 K6324 K6899 DESCRIPTION and improving seedling vigour. chelated micro-nutrients. Millerplex Mobonspray Nitrospray Plus Nu-Film P Perlka

22 - 30 22 - 30 15 - 20
PRODUCT
Arise Liquid
REG.NO. K7158 K6714 K5272 K7315 L2602 K2248
DESCRIPTION Seed treatment for stimulating A sea weed containing Contains correct ratio early root development
a root drench when which can be used as cation micro-elements solution with chelated shrubs. A water soluble nutrient trees and ornamental or when establishing existing soil transplanting seedlings on maize to supplement applied as a foliar feed solution which can be Water soluble plant feeding EDTA chelated. micro-elements are fully Kelp (Ascophyllum nutrients. All cationic sea plant extracts from macro-nutrients and formulation containing A proprietary liquid fertilizer nodosum ).
0.6 - 1.3
Please note that
all the information
on this chart is
given in good faith
and is based on
our observations
and other sources.
Hygrotech will
not be liable for
any loss or damage
resulting from
the use of the information.
protein hydrolysates
from energy building
amino acids and EDTA
Asco-Gro Calmabon Liquid Calmabon Plus Copper Count-N Fosfaspray Grotonic Hygro Boost-Flo Hygro Bor Hyperfeed
K6942 K6252 B3972 K3774
with added boron. of calcium and magnesium used as a water nutrient mix which is nitrogen, boron and molybdenum calcium, magnesium, A highly concentrated soluble foliar application. as indicated on the label. for the control of diseases contact fungicide solution A copper containing for photosynthesis, plant Phosphate is important as the main component. mixture with phosphate A water soluble nutrient development. cell structure and root vigorous growth. stimulates plants formula which promotes active growth and also A proprietary liquid fertilizer needed by plants during of chelated micro-elements Contains total spectrum after stress conditions. treatment. boron for use as a soil by itself or with other A solution containing drip irrigation systems on growing plants in Solu-Cal. mixture that can be applied Water soluble nutrient magnesium nitrate and such as potassium nitrate, soluble fertilizer mixtures
Sporekill
Terra Nova Vitazyme
Yield-uP
boron and molybdenum. Foliar feed containing fertilizer through B2022 can be applied as a micro-elements which solution with fully chelated Water soluble plant feeding feed. into the soil or as a foliar and Foliar K4415 Fungicides, Herbicides irrigation, by incorporation effective lifespan of Insecticides, designed to control the A Sticker-Spreader agent L2980 fertilizers. agriculture. source for sustainable nitrogen and calcium Granulated slow release K8015 fungicidal applications. with various registered Act 29 GR 529/275 A registered agricultural disinfectant 55/070/210 fertilizer. the manure based natural of action, stimulating Composted chicken B4145 and multiple modes multiple active agents of soil nutrients. activator that works through An all-natural biosoil thus improving the availability to work more efficiently, N/A indigenous soil microbiota the plant to stressful situations, enabling to assist plants in tolerating solution, formulated An organic plant nutrient natural potential. N/A produce closer to its
Fertilizer and Agricultural
Chemical Division
of Hygrotech
23
AGRICULTURAL GUIDE
And the
rth en and Ea een Heav e betw The spac s? e a bellow Is it not lik et never exhausted dy re Empty, an duces mo .) s, and pro r ,500 b.C It move ese maste hin Lao Tzu (C
JAPANESE spoke CHINESE

Written by JJ de Klerk, Technical Assistant: Fodders and Pastures
Raphanus sativus also known as Japanese Radish has become known for its high production with little input from nature and producer.
Yielding up to 10 tons DM/ha dry land and up to 12 tons DM/ha under irrigation. This radish has found a sturdy footing in fodder flow programmes as an autumn and winter fodder crop. It can be fed to both small and large stock, be it as grazing or pulled up and fed whole or chopped. The Nooitgedacht cultivar can be planted from December in cooler eastern areas, up until February in western areas. It prefers a light to sandy loam soil but can be cultivated on clay soils where waterlogging is not common. Although the radish requires good soil moisture it will produce well on as little as 350mm water after planting spread over the production period. The common practise is to plant Nooitgedacht in rows, 900mm apart at 450mm intervals, 24
at a 2kg/ha sowing density, dry land, and 3,5 kg/ha under irrigation. The seed should not be planted deeper than 25 mm, with fertilizers placed as deep as possible.
Nooitgedacht
Our Transition fertilizer range can be utilized successfully for these rates. Enquire with your local specialist for assistance.
Cut worm, aphids and Bagrada bugs have been encountered on Japanese Radish, yet all can be controlled effectively with the correct insecticides and with the aid of our Nu-film sticker range. Japanese radish delivers an average crude protein of 23.8 % with a crude fibre of 12.5% making it an exceptional supplement to roughage ration. It has been used with great success for dry ewes on veld at as low as 1.5kg radish/ sheep/day. Other studies has suggested that 60 tons/ha (6tons DM/ha) can sustain 50 ewes and lambs for 4 months. Proving that Japanese radish can, as the Chinese say, produce more where it once was empty.
It is fairly tolerant to acid soils as long as it remains above a 4 pH (KCL). Phosphorus and potassium are the main contributors to increased production, even more so than nitrogen. Phosphorus should be at 20mg P/kg and Potassium at 140 mg K/kg at establishment. Nitrogen can be top dressed once, under dry land at 6-7 weeks at a rate of 50-70kg N/ ha or twice at 75 kg/ha under irrigation again at 12-13 weeks.
Die legendariese
Clair is gebore in 1194 in Assis, Itali. Sy was die dogter van die hertog , Sasso Rosso en het later gedurende die middeleeue n groot rol gespeel in die bevryding van die onderdruktes en armes. Verskeie riviere, dorpe en universiteite is na haar vernoem. Vandag, honderde jare later word Hygrotech se welbekende soetrissie ook na haar vernoem.
CLAIR
Die mooi donkergroen vrugte pas perfek in die marksegment waar die rissies bemark word in sogenoemde robot pakkies nl, groen, geel en rooi. Omdat die vrugte ook fyner is as di van die welbekende Plato, is dit veral geskik vir supermarkte. Nog n uitstaande kenmerk is die plant se vermo om die vrugte baie goed te bedek onder sy blare. Dit verminder brandskade wat deur die son veroorsaak word. Een van Hygrotech se tevrede kliente, Kallie Erasmus van CPJ Boerdery in die groter Tzaneen omgewing, het hierdie seisoen n rekord-oes gehaal en is van mening dat dit een van die beste kultivars is wat hy nog geplant het. n Mening wat deur baie
FIELIES NIEUWOUDT Besigheidseenheidleier Laeveld
streeksnuus
Geskryf deur: Nevill Boersma, Produk Spesialis
boere en produsente gedeel word. Dit is n feit dat die rissie Clair, soos Clair van Ouds, n legandariese item gaan word. Dit sal nog vir baie jare n bekende naam wees wat algemeen in Suid-Afrika gebruik gaan word. Nie net
Die soetrissie wat van groen na rooi verkleur is in 2010 bekend gestel. Met uitstekende opbrengste, groeikragtige plante en n siektepakket wat Kromnek (TSWV P:0), Potato Virus Y (PVY), Bakteriese vlek (Xv 1-3) en Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) insluit, is dit geen wonder dat daar al byna 300 ha landswyd van die kultivar aangeplant word nie.
Mnr. Erasmus toon van sy oes met trots.
HYGROTECH LOWVELD
tussen die boere nie, maar ook in supermarkte en deur die verbruiker.
Hierdie d onkergroe n vrugte stadig na ve n dieproo i. Dit is da rkleur geskik vir arom so die popul re Robot (groen, ge Pakkies el en rooi) wat in sup te te kry is ermark.
25
WHOLESALE SHOPPING
at our new store
Written by Marie Botha, Store Manager
The 1st of September was not only Spring-day at Hygrotech, it was also the Opening Day of our new wholesale store at Pyramid Head Office.
With lots of input, assistance, advice and suggestions from my colleagues, we were able to pull this project through and open our doors on time. On the 16th of August with only 12 day to go, we started to assemble the shelves and six days before opening we received our first stock. The eager team worked like crazy to get the perfect spot for everything. Opening the doors on the first day of business was a proud moment in our lives. Although we are still wearing baby shoes, we are able to offer you, the consumer, a wide range of Hygrotechs products at wholesale prices. We also stock a variety of other products to assist you on your farm, smallholding or in the garden. In our seed department you have a choice of small or large quantities of local and imported vegetable, herb, grass and pasture seeds. You will find a range of production guides, books on pastures and vegetable diseases, our Info CD with all the information about our product range on seeds, chemicals and a not to be missed Production Sowing guide poster. You will find a complete range of fo26
liar fertilizers, fungicides, special nutrient mixtures and growth stimulants, agricultural adjuvants and disinfectants, biological control products, soil conditioners, bio-fumigants and green manure. The variety of seed trays and seedling punnets makes your choice easy and our growing media, vermiculite and perlite will get you started with ease. Our very popular Terra Nova and Terra Bueno is stocked outside, at the back of the store.
Our friendly staff will assist you with all the needed information regarding your vegetable production while our technical service team will answer all your complicated questions.
For the gardener we offer a range of fungicides, pesticides, plant pots, spades, garden forks, rakes, slashers, hoes, axes, brooms, loppers and pruners. We also stock the basic tools needed for fast and easy repair work like hammers, pliers and screwdrivers. Buy your raincoat, gumboots and Hygrotech shirt all at the very best prices. We will add more products to the existing store-range on an ongoing basis.
The team that will assist you instore.
So please come and park your car inside the premises, under the supervision of our security guards, buy a cold drink at the vending machine, pick up a shopping basket and enjoy a shopping experience like never before while your children are enjoying a free lollipop and a ride on the trolley.
Tom Burke
BOEREDAG
Die bywoning was goed en baie belangstelling is gewek deur die bekendstelling van nie net die nuwe groente varieteite van Hygrotech nie, maar ook die uitgebreide chemiese reeks van bemestings, blaarvoedings, bymiddels, asook ons wisselbou, groenbemestings en weidingsgewasse. Hygrotech streef om op hoogte van tegnologie en ontwikkeling te bly om voortdurend nuwe oplossings na die boer te bring en sodoende volhoubare landbou te bevorder.
HERMAN DE BEER Besigheidseenheidleier Bosveld
streeksnuus
Geskryf deur: Pieter Vorster - Chemiese Adviseur
Hygrotech het vars nuwe energie na die Bosveld gebring met die aanstelling van Norman ONeill as veldbeamte in die Limpopo Vallei Area.
Dit was vir Hygrotech n groot voorreg om die boere van Speculatie, Tom Burke, Swartwater ,Tolwe en Baltimor bymekaar te kon kry om nuwe ontwikkelings en produkte bekend te stel.
HYGROTECH BUSHVELD
HYGROTECH IS THE BUZZ WORD IN BOTSWANA

Written by Pieter Vorster - Chemical Advisor
We started in Gaborone about two years ago. The areas are wide spread and the availability of products and new varieties were a problem.
Hygrotech brought some relief by supporting the farmers and introducing them to new varieties and technical support which was scarce in the past. Now, with the commitment from the farmers to improve on what they were doing and with the availability of information and support, they are well on the way to success. Most farmers are expanding and with the success stories of yields that were obtained, the Hygrotech name is buzzing through all the production areas in Botswana. Hygrotech is currently operating from an office in Gaborone next to the Fresh Produce Market, but also visits farms all around the country.
We regularly hold field days for the farmers where technical information, varieties and problem areas in vegetable production are discussed and shared. The farmers are obtaining better yields and are having greater success as they progress by having the correct advice and varieties with high yield potentials and disease resistance supplied by Hygrotech. We as Hygrotech are proud to be part of the development expansion and to reach the self-sufficiency levels supported by the Botswana Government, by 2014.
Mr. Hassim from Botswana with his farm manager

27
TURF GRASS
Written by Dr. At Schoeman: Turf Grass Consultant
Surface pests of
Two of the main insect problems on the surface of turf grass and lawns are caterpillars and termites.
28
CATERPILLARS
Caterpillars are the immature stages of moths and butterflies. All the pests species are however moths, which fly and feed at night. They are abundant from spring to autumn. Caterpillars are usually grouped as turf grass insect pests that attack the plants
by chewing on the leaves, roots and stems of the different turf grass types. Although there are six groups of caterpillars namely: Army worms, Lawn caterpillars, Cutworms, Burrowing caterpillars, Sod Webworms and grass bag worms, the first three are the most common and troublesome.
Army worms
Most people erroneously refer to all lawn caterpillars as army worms whereas army worms are very sporadic. They seem to prefer Cynodon (kweek / Bermuda) grasses but will devour all grass types if left uncontrolled. They are dark green to black in colour and always occur in very high numbers (more than 400 per square meter!). They attract many birds, therefore insecticides should be used with special care.
Cutworms
Although they are well known as pest of seedlings, they may also damage fine textured grasses like on putting greens and bowling greens, by feeding around a hole.
Cutworm
TERMITES
Army Worms
Termites have the reputation of being destructive to both wooden structures and turf grass. Although most termites consume their food where it lies, others will harvest grass (including our lawns) and carry it back to the nest. Other groups feed under the protective layer of thin mud built over the food sources like trees and wooden structures. Termites or white ants are commonly associated with distinctive ant heaps although the terms white ants and ant heaps are misleading because termites are not related to ants but rather closely related to cockroaches. They are social insects which occur in large colonies. They are mostly pale and light shy. They have a complex social structure with a queen ruling the strict division of work among the sterile workers and soldiers. Some of the termites construct their own fungus gardens from digested vegetable material where they grow mushrooms as food.
Termites
Lawn caterpillars
These are the most common of the caterpillars occurring on turf and lawn grasses. They are usually very troublesome on kikuyu grass. They hide by day and come out at night to feed on the growing points of the grass. The symptoms are typically areas that turn brown. The easiest way to determine their presence is to pour soapy water on the grass and observe them surfacing (earthworms will however come to the surface first).
Lawn Caterpillar damage
29
We extend a warm welcome to our new personnel.
Cassie Leonard
Cassie joined Hygrochem as a Technical Marketing Advisor in Lichtenburg. Please contact him at 082 427 4056.
Mari Botha
Mari was appointed as Branch Manager of the new Pyramid Wholesale Store.
Henry Hopkins
Henry is the new Junior Field Officer responsible for Nelspruit, Kiepersol, Hazyview, Barberton, Badplaas and Schoemanskloof areas. Contact him on 079 492 5065.
Pieter le Grange
Pieter is appointed as Junior Field Officer in the Warmbaths, Springbokvlakte and Vaalwater region. Pieter may be contacted at 082 825 9048.
Fanie Verwey
Fanie is the new Field Officer responsible for the West- and South Freestate regions. Fanie can be contacted on 082 903 0066. 30
JJ de Klerk
JJ is situated at our Head Office as Technical Advisor: Fodder and Pasture. Contact JJ on 072 346 9706.
Cornelia Roux
Cornelia joined us as cashier at the end of August.
n Nuwe era breek aan vir n volhoubare saailingkwekery in die Laeveld.

Dis in tye soos hierdie waarin ons tans onsself bevind en waar elke sent saak maak dat dit nodig geword het om intensief ondersoek in te stel: miskien n oomblik terug te staan en te besin oor wat die afgelope jare minder aandag geniet het. Dit is gewoonlik ook dan wanneer nuwe ideale en geleenthede raakgesien word en ook waar nuwe idees gebore word. Daar en dan word n droom n werklikheid. Met harde werk word daar begin met n nuwe lewensvatbare en produktiewe familiebesigheid wat lateraan uit sy nate begin bars... P & A Saailinge wil met trots aan al ons getroue klinte oor die afgelope 17 jaar die waarborg gee dat volhoubaarheid en kwaliteit die fondament was en steeds bly. Dit is die voorbeeld waarop ons voortbou.
Daarom deel ons graag ons opgewondenheid met al ons lojale klinte en verskaffers en gee ons u graag n blik van P&A Saailinge se heel nuutste saailing-kweekhuise. Ons het amptelik saailinge suksesvol begin groei gedurende die wintermaande van 2011 en verseker kwaliteit saailinge met uitstekende wortelontwikkeling, gereed in 5-6 weke in n goed gekontroleerde omgewing.
Ook aan Hygrotech en die individue by Tzaneen tak: Julle speel n noemenswaardige rol, soms groter as wat jul besef. Dankie vir jul onbaatsugtige diens en lojaliteit aan ons.
Tel: 015 395 4020/4121/4400/4109 Sel: 083 276 3177 email: orders@paseedlings.co.za P.O. Box 1166 Duiwelskloof, 0835
SEEDLINGS
Reg no 1996/010690/07
(Pty) Ltd
seasonsings Greet
Merry Christmas and a prosperous 2012.
Wishing all our valued customers a

Seed Forum Summer 2011 Final

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SUMMER 2011/12

turf grass hybrid onions

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Witbolvrot saai verwoesting