SIMPLE PROTECTIVE RELAY MATRICES By Dr. E. Robinson MIET, MIEEE, MSAIEE, CMC, Ph.

D Executive Director Havilahtrend International Limited A paper presented at ICEPT 2007 International conference and exhibition on power and telecommunications - Theme Deployment of Innovative Energy and Telecommunications Infrastructures for Regional Integration

1. Introduction Electrical power distribution systems of any size began to appear towards the end of the last century. These early systems were direct current (D.C) and of radial construction, i.e. power flow outwards from a single source to the various supply points. By 1900, A.C systems were well established in Britain, but in the United States, D.C systems still dominated. When cable faults occurred, it was standard practice to burn the faults out, resulting in an open circuit which could subsequently be located by impedance measurement. It was a design requirement of the machines supplying these systems that they could sustain the fault current long enough to accomplish the burning out procedure. The interruption of supply during the fault location and repair was a secondary consideration to the protection of the apparatus supplying and being supplied from these cables. Such apparatus protection as did exist was in the form of fuses but as the systems became of larger capacity resulting in the need to parallel a number of generators at one busbar, the limitations of the fuse became obvious. Such evolvement has transformed the subject protective relays into numerical principle in todays terminology. The remaining part of the paper will analyze the basic process of achieving perfect protective application in power distribution.

2. Contemporary Protective devices A fundamental understanding of how basic protective relays function in the power system is essential to the application engineer or technician. This paper introduces the basis of classification of protective relays and gives one a solid working definition of a protective relay. The reader is also introduced to the induction disc time curves referred to as time multiplier setting (TMS) and the subsequent modern numerical relays referred to as K factor for

co-ordination and discriminations methodology. Finally, it will emphasize the basic commissioning process. The American standard for relays, associated with electric power apparatus defines a relay as A device which causes an abrupt change in one or more electrical control circuits when the measured quantity or qualities to which it responded, change in a prescribed manner. These relays are divided into five functional categories or classes: 1 2 3 4 5 Auxiliary Relay Regulating Relay Monitory verification Relay Programming Relay Protective Relay

The focus of this paper shall be on protective relay and its application example in medium voltage (1-50KV) distribution network.

3. Purpose of Protective Relays Protective relays are a mystery to many; these devices are arguably the least understood components of medium-voltage (MV) circuit protection. In fact, some believe MV circuit breakers operate by themselves, without direct initiation by protective relays. Others believe that the operation and coordination of protective relays is much too complicated to understand. Both of the beliefs are wrong. MV breakers do need initiation from protective relays, usually through appropriate sensors, and coordination doesn't need to be complicated knowing some basic relay and sensor information will help considerably. Furthermore protective relaying is one of the several features of system design concerned with reducing or minimizing the damage to equipment, personnel and interruptions to power systems when electrical faults or failures occur. The basic function of a protective relay is to quickly deenergize any faulty circuits when it operates in an abnormal manner, which could result in damage or interfere with the effective operation of the system.

Regrettably for example; the complete system failure that occurred in the USA in August 2003 and the ones in parts of UK and ITALY calls for serious caution. Conversely protective relay

equipment is normally used to control circuit breakers, which in turn disconnect the faulty element of the system as well as in some occasions indicates the location and type of faults. It is important to note here that in medium voltage protective elements, emphasis is placed on short circuit current protection rather than overload protection as in motor application. Hence much effort is placed on determination of expected fault current level before setting the relays. 4. Time Limit Fuses (T.L.F) application for medium voltage T.L.F. in MV panel in Nigeria is becoming common in applications. Lots of protective application methods are devised in medium voltage panel today. This eventually helped to reduce the cost per panel. These fuses are connected with the CT. (see the diagram in Fig1.) This principle of protection is referred to as time limit fuses (T.L.F) The advantage of TLF are: the price is relatively low and can, in most cases provide an earth faulty protection. The disadvantages are the fixed nature of the characteristics and its limited sensitivity to overload and low level short circuit. Table 1 and 2 simplifies the applications modus-operandi of choosing the required current transformer (CT) in line with the Transformer to be protected.

T.L.F very good for our rural area protective system Fig 1

Transformer rating in KVA KV 200 12.5A Ct ratio 50/5A 3.3 125A 5A earth fault 6.6 160A 3A setting = 25A 11 160A 315 15A 160A 10A 250A 5A 250A 10A 335A 12.5A 400A 15A 500A instantaneous instantaneous instantaneous 500 800 1000 Operation

Table 1

50/5 CT application

Transformer rating in KVA KV Ct ratio 100/5A earth fault setting = 25A 11 Table 2 6.6 3.3 200 5A 125A 315 7.5A 160A 500 12.5A 250A 7.5A 400A 800 15A 315A 12.5A 500A 7.5A 630A 15A 630A 10A 630A 10A 630A 12.5A 630A instantaneous instantaneous instantaneous 1000 1250 1600 Operation

100/5 CT application

Other application examples for transformer using G&P fuses methods is indicated in Table 3

Rated Voltage KV

Transformer Rating (KVA) 100 200 315 400 500 630 800 1000

Recommended Fuse Link in Amps 3KV 40 25 16 10 63 40 25 16 80 63 40 16 100 63 40 16 100 63 40 25 160 80 63 25 200 100 63 25 200 100 80 40

Table 3

6KV 11KV 33KV

5. Requirements to be met by protective devices In practice, every electrically installed circuit should be protected at the source as well as at various distribution levels. When selecting the means of protection, consideration must be given to a number of factors. These are: Nature of circuit and type of equipment to be protected The system fault level, the nature of environment etc.

Likewise the protective relay should be able to meet the manufacturer specification and among other things fulfil the under listed requirements: 1. Selectivity: The ability to isolate only the defective circuit from the rest of the system. 2. Reliability: The ability of a protection relay to fulfils its purpose throughout its operational life 3. Dependability: The assurance that the protection relay will perform its designated function and selectively trip the protected items or primary circuit in the event of a fault. 4. Security: The assurance that the protection device will not trip unless there is a fault on the protected items of the primary plant 5. Operating Speed: The time between the incidence of a fault and the trip command being issued to the circuit breaker by the protection. Usually this is determined by the system configuration. 6. Sensitivity: This is the ability of a protection relay to react even to relatively small deviation of the monitored electrical variable from its load value due to a disturbance on the primary system. 7. Accuracy: The fact that the measured quantity is an exact replica of actual measurement of the primary system.

6. Basic structure of protective circuit The basic structure of the protective circuit is represented in Fig 2. The operation is as follows; the CTs measure the current that is communicated to the relay. The relay decides not to or opens the CB via the control circuit. The command flow is indicated by the arrow head, the battery unit powers the auxiliary supply to the protective relay as well as the control circuit namely circuit breaker tip coil.

Protected Unit
Measured Quantity Trip signal

CT

Relay

Control Circuit

Tripping or Battery Unit

Fig 2 (Structure of protective relay)

7. Types of protection relay and grading There are various types of protective relays among these are: 1. 2. 3. Electro-mechanical relays. Static or electronic relays. Numerical relays.

Electromechanical relays are not new concepts; they've been in use for many years. Built like fine watches, these relays offer great precision and sometimes come with jewelled bearings. They have earned a well-deserved reputation for accuracy, dependability, and reliability. There are two basic types of operating mechanisms: the electromagnetic-attraction relay and electromagnetic-induction relay.

Their principles of operation are definite time, instantaneous and IDMTL. A few protective relays that would be found on an electrical installation are Current, Voltage, Power, Nondirectional, Earth-Fault, Differential relays etc. Hence, relays for this current protection should discriminate against each other so that unnecessary tripping is prevented. On the other hand, there should be relay co-ordination such that each relay operates to isolate only the faulty section leaving the rest of the network or factory uninterrupted. In this regards, relay grading is employed. There are three basic methods that are used to achieve correct relay discrimination with proper co-ordination, these are: 1 2 3 Time grading. Current grading. Comparison or Unit protection.

The process of Time grading relay is referred to as definite time (DT). This method is that of decreasing the relay time setting as one move away from the supply source of power. The setting of the current element is immaterial to the fault current value and only the time relay operational logic is useful in this discrimination. The disadvantage of the use of time grading is that under fault condition the timer logic will trigger waiting for the set period to elapse before tripping. Clearance time may be too long. In Current grading knowledge of fault current at different points or positions in the network is required because fault current varies with the position of the fault. Relays controlling various circuit breakers in the system are set to operate at different current values such that only the relay near the fault would trip its own circuit breaker. Unit protection are limited to it zone of protection example transformer or generator 87 protection.

Advanced method of current grading encompasses the inverse definite multiplier time lag (IDMTL) mode inclusive in most protective relays. IDMTL application obey the formula in Fig 3 utilizable with Table 4

t (s) =

kx

I 1

+ L

Fig 3

I>

t = operates time in seconds k = time multiplier (TMS) usually from 0.025 1.5 I = measured fault current value, I> = set start current value = Constant see table, = Constant see the table L = ANSI/IEEE constant see table (zero value is used for IEC curves) S/N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Type of Curve Normal Inverse t = 3/logM Very Inverse Extremely Inverse Long time Inverse Short time Inverse Moderately inverse Long time Inverse Very Inverse Extremely Inverse Rectifier protection Standard IEC IEC IEC IEC C02 ANSI/IEEE C08 ANSI/IEEE ANSI/IEEE RECT factor 0.14 13.5 80 120 0.02394 0.0515 5.95 19.61 28.2 45900

factor
0.02 1 2 1 0.02 0.02 2 2 2 5.6

L factor 0 0 0 0 0.01694 0.114 0.18 0.491 0.1217 0 Table 4

8. Simple Protective Circuit discrimination calculations Usually faults are in multiples of amperes under three phase symmetrical short circuit conditions at various points in the system. This is expressed in MVA. Cable impedance is not usually considered in the calculation due to proximity of the transformer to the panel. Reference to one of the project already commissioned. (See Fig 4 for the single line diagram.)

630A

630A 200/5/5

630A

200/5/5

100/5/5

VT 50VA INCOMER 11KV

3(1x 50mm)10mts
2

11/0.415KV 1.6 MVA 5.9%

Fig 4

Assumed source fault level 300MVA (PHCN incomer) taking a base of 10MVA and working in per unit. (a) Source Impedance (Zs) = MVA Base MVA Source

Zs

10 300

0.033p.u.

(b) Feeder Impedance (Zf)

5.9 X 100

10

1.6 0.37p.u.

Zf

Fault level at: (a) Source = MVA base/MVA source = 10 0.033 (b) Feeder = 10 0.033 + 0.37 = 24.89MVA = = 300MVA 10 0.402

Max short Circuit current (Isc) at: Isc Source = 300 3 * 11 Isc Feeder = 24.89 3 * 11 = 1.31KA = 15.75KA

Relay setting
We have three level of CTs namely 100/5 for feeder proper, 200/5 bus section and 200/5 for PHCN incomer, these CTs are all having same characteristic 5P10 15VA. At fault condition on the system all the relays will see same fault. Using extremely inverse curve for I> and Io> for feeder panel and Normal inverse curve for other relays.

Plug multiplier setting (PMS) and time multiplier setting (TMS) relaying terminology.

Relay setting for Feeder CT ratio 100/5 Normal Max Load current IL = 1.1*KVA * 1000 3 * VL = 1.1*1600*1000 3 *11000 = 92A

(The 10% factor complies with IEC 60909 2001 regulations) I> feeder = 92*5 100 = I> (51) set = 4.6/5 = 0.92 IN PMS 1310/92 = 14.24 Using extremely inverse curve See Fig 3 and Table 4 4.6A (CT Secondary)

Standard trip time t = 80 / I2 - 1 = 80/14.242 1 = 0.4s TMS =

k factor using 10% or 0.1 of the standard trip time.

Trip time = 0.4 x 0.1 = 0.04s or 40ms Io> (51) set = 12% I> = 0.12 x 0.92 = 0.11 IN I>> (50) = 1310/92 = 14.2IN Io>> (50N) = 1.5IN t set = 0.05ms TMS = 0.1 t set = 0.05ms

set at 80% 11.4 IN meaning 1048A

BUS SECTION CT ratio 200/5 Normal Max Load I> Bus section = 92A = 92
X

5 = 2.3A (CT Secondary)

200 I> set = 2.3/5 = 0.46 IN PMS 1310 / 0.5 x 200 = 13.1

Using Normal Inverse

Standard trip time t = 3/log 13.1 = 2.7s 0.4s between feeder panel/bus TMS = 0.44/2.7 = k factor = 0.16 Io> set = 15%

See Fig 3 =

Allowing a discrimination margin of 0.44s

= 0.04 + 0.4

I> = 0.15 x 0.46 = 0.07IN set at 85% 11IN

TMS = 0.16 t set = 0.1s

I>> = 1310/200 x 0.5 = 13.1 IN Io>> = 1.IN t set = 0.1s

NEPA INCOMER CT ratio 200/5 Normal Max Load 92A

I> set = 0.5IN as in bus section PMS = 13.1 Allowing a discrimination margin of 0.4s between bus section panel 0.44 + 0.4 = 0.84s TMS = k factor = 0.84/2.7 = 0.31 Io> set = 17% I> = 0.08IN I>> = 13.1IN set at 85% Io>> = 1.3IN t set = 0.15s as in bus section t set = 0.15s TMS = 0.31

DESCRIPTION Cubicle CT Ratio

CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING

INCOMER 1 200/5/5 630A 1600KVA

RISER 2

SECTION 3 200/5/5 630A 1600KVA 83.84A 2.3A

FEEDER 1 4 100/5/5 630A 1600KVA 83.84A 4.192

POWER RATING KVA

83.84A
PRIMARY CURRENT SECONDARY CURRENT

2.3A

IDMT PROTECTIVE RELAY TYPE OVERCURRENT I > TIME I > TRIP TIME
SHORT CIRCUIT TIME

IDMT 0.5
K = 0.16 (NI)

IDMT 0.92
K = 0.1 (EI)

0.5
K = .31(NI)

840MS I >> 11 0.15 0.08

K = 0.31(NI)

440MS 10.5 0.1 0.07

K = 0.16 (NI)

40MS 14.2 0.05 0.11

K = 0.1 (EI)

I >>

LOW EARTH FAULT IO > TIME IO > HIGH EARTH FAULT IO>> TIME IO >>

1.3 0.15

1.1 0.1

1.5 0.05

Setting table using Modern Relays Table 5

DESCRIPTION Cubicle CT Ratio

CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING

INCOMER 1 200/5/5 630A 1600KVA

RISER 2

SECTION 3 200/5/5 630A 1600KVA 83.84A 2.3A CDG 36 2.5

K = 0.16 (NI)

FEEDER 1 4 100/5/5 630A 1600KVA 83.84A 4.192 CDG 36 4

K = 0.1 (NI)

POWER RATING KVA

83.84A
PRIMARY CURRENT SECONDARY CURRENT

2.3A CDG 36

GEC
OVERCURRENT

I> I >>

2.5
K = 0.31(NI)

TIME I >
SHORT CIRCUIT EARTH FAULT IO > TIME IO >

11 0.6
K = 0.31(NI)

10 0.6
K = 0.16 (NI)

14 0.5
K = 0.1 (NI)

Setting table using Electromechanical Relays Table 6

9. Conclusion In this 21st century protective relays provide a modern days comprehensive protection features like Overcurrent phase and earth fault protection for utilities distribution networks as well as

industrial plants. Furthermore for other applications where Overcurrent protection may be required, it should be made clear that feeder protection is nothing other than four basic common protection features from all manufacturers points of view. These are low/high Overcurrent stage of protection and low/high earth fault protection. The low over/earth fault current usually could be programmed for inverse application. Much more, this protective system could be directional or non directional protective application. In rural infrastructures the application of TLF

protective system is recommended due to low cost of implementation. I deem this is another method of deploying innovative energy and communication technologies for regional integration.

References 1. ABB Network Partner. SPAJ 140C Combined Over current and Earth-Fault Relay. Users Manual and Technical Description, p 1-25. 2. ABB. (1993). Switchgear Manual 9th Edition. Asea Brown Boveri Pocket Book. p 68, 161, 243, 360-361. 3. Alan. Symonds. (1980) Electrical Power Equipment and Measurements. McGraw-Hill Book Company UK. Ltd. 4. B.L Thereja and A. K. Thereja. (1997). A Textbook of Electrical Technology in S.I Units S.Chand &Company Ltd New Delhi. 5. 6. British Standard 142, 159, 162, 171, 6480, and 7340. Federal Government. (1958). The Laws of the Federation of Nigeria and Lagos Chapter 66 Factories. Federal Government printer Lagos. 7. 8. Federal republic of Nigeria official gazette No 17 Lagos 2nd April 1996 Vol. 83 page B GEC: Application Guide 1987. Alstom Protective Relays GEC Alstom Measurements Limited. p 27- 34, 159 165. 9. IEC Regulation 76, 255, 265, 298, 694, 60298, 60129, 60056, 60694.

10. T. Davies. (1996). Protection of Industrial Power Systems. Newnes second edition. 11. The Institution of Electrical Engineers. (2000). One Selection & Erection Guidance Note 1 including Amendment No 2: 1997 12. The Institution of Electrical Engineers. (2001). Inspection and Testing of Electrical Equipment. Code of Practice for In-Service