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-^^EMANCIPATION
Its
>
I^ZESOIvC
l-4en.
E.
C to
.^.
I3.
1375,
With a Review
of
AMENDMENT,
With a History
of
BY JOS,
T.
WILSON.
/j^Qy Y7 !8B2j
>
"--^
^^^VO.
HAMPTON,
Normal School
1882.
VA.:
<1.^0-1AAA
Er46"3
Copyrighted
BY JOSEPH
T.
WILSON,
1882.
PREFATORY.
With some making
leisure, it
has been
my wonted pleasure
to
aid in
Freedmen
and important
stibjects.
writtett, as their
author
is is
inferred from the fact that not unfrequently they have been
The substance
of the pages
Christmas and
October,
tion
New
of" Thomas"
contributions
though
who do
as
they were
not
The
edition
Now
friends,
and
to
supply the
demand for
to
ject of Emancipation,
its
and
progress and
effects,
I have
to
and
recodified
its
contents
may pro^ie
and
EmanW.
J. T.
DEDICATION
RECORD
VOLUME
IS
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED,
CONTENTS
Page.
....
3 5 7
...
Austria
...
Brazil
...
13
Britain
31
Buenos Ayres
II IS
Burmah
13
13
IS
Bolivia
'
..
Ceylon
Chili
^^^^''^'''y'"'[[['"[[[.'.
13 13
13 13
Hayti Java
IMexico
12
13
..
21
13
13 13
Peru
Prussia
32 32
13
Uraguay
Emancipation poem Emancipation, its Cause and Progress Since Emancipation Emancipation Monument Emancipation by the Indians Emancipation Proclamations
Ratification of the Thirteenth
^^
'.'....'.'
g8
g
IS7 194
204 210
213
Amendment
Number
of Slaves
Declaration of
Emancipated Independence
216
INTRODUCTORY.
intended to supply a need the author believes regarding the more iniporta^it acts and events of the abolition of slavery, and to avoid searching through numerous histories therefor as is now the case. It is not a history of
This work
is
exists generally,
In sevet al cases the bare date of the act is mentioned, while Where slavery died almost lengthy conwtent is made upon others. or existed nominally, opposition, serious by tended mtat of itself,
comment
is
deemed unnecessary.
acts are omitted is evident, since no special record has been kept of the Emancipation in many minor states and kingdoms in Asia, Africa, and the Isles of the Seas.
That some
A review of abolition in this country affords informatioti that the general reader can obtain only from the voluminous reports of Congress and histories of the late war, running through
a period of years. A contrast of the Emancipation in Russia with that in the United States, can be drawn almost minutely by the comments made. It is rather to aid ifi correcting an error of
many, especially the Ereedmen, who celebrate the ist day of Jajiuary as the birth of their freedotn, because, on that day the President, as Commander of the army and navy, issued his proclamation of Ematicipation, that a cursory review of the ijth Amendynent A full account of the Etyiancipation Monutnent is givis given. en to show the appreciation of the Ereedmen of their freedom : the author being a member of the unveiling committee and present at the ceremonies, is enabled to be accurate in giving an accotint
of the same.
The chapter
Maryland, editor
ence Standard."
is from the pen of and ardent Methodist preacher, of of "The Standard Bearer," and "The Confer-
Emancipation by the Indians: This information was not its proper place, but the author thought best to insert the article rather than omit it altogether.
EMANCIPATION,
Of the causes and revolutions which men, from the
earliest period of recorded
time engaged
in,
none seems
so
memorable
no event, save
is
so re-
and rightly
of the crimes
mentioned
in the decalogue,
human slavery
takes rank of
them
all.
History
fails to
ignorant
the sale
when
it
records',
Joseph.
Some
it
be the begin^
little,
was or not
it
matters but
now
Africa, and
its
civilization
is
now
mighty
and
enterprise.
However,
,
has been
when
sia
had her
Rome.
It
seems
it
was
the same cause and upon the same basis that they buy
10
EMANCIPATION
sell
and
as a
Slavery
punishment dealt to
conquered
tribes, races
and
nations.
days an
uncommon
and
nations,,
seldom
if ever.
Civilization
means victory
in
for the
other,
had to
now
freedom
though
in lives
perhaps
it
cost
more of
ever en-
gaged
in.
The
it
price of freedom
in our
man own
is
country,
expensive as
was
and money,
not to be
Though no knowledge
iclers
of
its
its
abolition,
God appeared to Moses in a burning bush, and commanded him to go to Egypt, and there he performed many miracles, and inflicted ten successive plagues on
Pharaoh, consequently the iron-hearted monarch
al-
lowed the
Israelites to
them
Red
passage
passed
ITS
11
and continued
in a milder ^QQ*
A. D.
known.
Church under Archand by authority
Through the
influence of the
first
bishop Theodore,who
St.
The
clergy in council
their slaves
their decease
should be
ited;
free.
was prohib-
notwithstanding
its
prohibition
was not
first
Norman
The
areat council of
of slavery.
and
memorable
English
1171
all
the
Ireland
this
trade.
all
the North
A-
'merican
Indians in her
European possessions
free.
Co-
immediately following
him
12
1553.
emancipation:
To John Hawkins
is
new
world.
1769
The
slave
was
as
ground.''
1776
1792.
The Prussian
Denmark
abolished both
slaves
the foreign
slave trade
Hayti
The liberation
Domin-
first
Consul of
army
at
Samana
for the
purpose of re-enslaving
to this
day they
remain
1794.
free.
The French manumission decree abolishing jSTegro slavery in St. Domingo, Hayti, Cayenne, Guadaloupe,
,
Martinique.
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
13
1811. 1815.
Java.
Ceylon.
1816
Buenos Ayres,
St.
Helena.
1820
-1090
Chilly Columbia.
Cape Colony.
Malacca.
1825
-.QQp.
any manner
in
vent slaves from bad treatment, his Imperial and Royal Majesty
in
human being
is
in virtue of
recognized by reason,
that, therefore, slavery
and
relative to
78, of
the
first
i.
Any
moment he treads on
vessel, shall
Do-
Burmah,
1828
1829.
Pe?'u,
Bolivia.
Guatemala, Montevideo.
Mexico.
For
14
EMANCIPATION
all slaves
brought
The
states of Coahuila
and Texas in
1829 enacted that no child should be born a slave within their geographical limits.
The President
t
"To The Inhabitants of the Republic. Be it known that in the year 1829, being desirous
justice
of signali-
and support
more and
may be
ted me,
1st,
in
the Republic.
this day,
2d,
who, up to
have
show
the
Jose Maria
Mexico, September i^th,i82g,A. D.
De Bocanegra.
The
co
was
its
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
15
after
class of for-
influence, influenced
by
pros-
successful, in part
at
States; before
sets
forth in this language, section 10: "All persons, (Africans, and descendants of Africans and Indians excepted)
who
day of the
declara,-
tion
Mexican
the
which gave
to citizens of the
bring their slaves into the Republic and hold them, and
excluded free Negroes from the territory, thus, notwithstanding the emancipation of Mexican slaves, citizens
of the United States by the aid of the United States
government, succeeded
in
therein.
its
and public
supply of her
1713.France.
own
The memorable
16
EMANCIPATION
Company,
and peace declared,that even a voice was raised against it in Britain, and it was sometime after this before
Clarkson and Wilberforce organized a society for :he
abolition of the African slave trade.
In Great Britain
Brit-
there were no
ish Courts
slaves, the
of justice,
"That every
upon British
slave
was
free as
soon as he had
all
ground," emancipated
those in the
in Britain
West Indian
women was
its abolition,
agitation,
in
1806, but the trade was not fully interdicted until the
treaty between Great Britain and the United States
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
IT
Parlia-
gg
first
j^
enacted, that
all
day
of
ony
after the
first
day
of August, 1834,
become and be
of
for
intents
and purposes,
of slavery,
FRf.E
shall
and discharged
and from
ever
manner
and
be absolutely and
manner be
free
from their
of 3
and
4,
William
IV.
The emancipation
000
:
cost the
government 20,000,This
what was
called
an apprentice system
took:
one day and a half in each week, which time was theirs
to
work
many
of them gave
ment of the
who
accepted
Parliament
18
EMANCIPATION
Act giving
free-
dom
forever.
The following
is
to
1839.
final
Negroes has been anticipated by the acts of Colonilegislature, and that the transition from the temporary sysof apprenticeship
tem
may be
full effect
The Acts included the following Isles Jamaica, Barbadoes, the Bermudas,Bahama, Anquilla, Mauriti:
us,
St.
Montserrat, Dominica,
Tobago,
St.
had up-
where
it
English writers.
Beyond
"
land,
the Seas^
The
Eng-
so well
known
that
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
19
to deprive
it
The piojoeal
slave holding of
human
beings.
which had
fills
A gift of
A
West
freedom of
A large proportion
there
was no
no rapine.
As was
to be expected,
how-
ever, the unfortunate blacks did not for years learn the
blessings
of voluntary industry.
As
long as they
;
had enough
to eat and drink they would not work and " Quashy up to the eyes in pumpkins" became a
It
is
cheering to
20
EMANCIPATION
that this state of things has almost passed away.
is
know
Jamaica
recovering
its
is
enterprise
Mty thousand
The
is
of Jamaica
is
very
fertile,
ed with
forest.
Beneath these
rich
green
hills,
of
,.
you may
with
its
white houses,
tall
chimneys,
fields of dark
blossoms.
There,
villages,
meadows
the eye.
of golden
guinea-grass,
and Negro
On
of
to
snow
in contrast
sea,
land
of
it,
it,
add
to the
scene.
Yet
this
charming landswith
dark
ITS COURSE
offices in ruins,
est
AND PROGRESS.
over which the primitive
21
for-
and
fields
its
sway.
These gloomy
year.
fea-
tures are,
Reviv-
ing enterprise
The Bashaw
the slaves
abolit-
He
said,'"I
cease to prosecute
until I
the
great
work
of emancipation,
have completely
my
dominions."
He
freed all
own
slaves,
and many of
"From
and
after the
of
1863.
Emancipation of the
the Russias.
how
called
i
all
the recent
then, again, to
them
rights of public
education.
Added
to all
them
;^
22
EMANCIPATION
all local officers,
corresponding to our
county.
It
is
officers
of the
Sumner^ U. S. Senate.
This speech fully explains the decree, in
icence.
its
munif-
A minute account
serfs'
emancipated
may
Under
the head
says:
to his crown,
and
serf
and healing
him.
"
The peasants
do you expect
be destroyed.
free
!
The country is disturbed our property will Look at these louts whom you talk of rendering
write
;
When
"
they are
in
change may do
the
in
The Governpacific
ment met
and
this
storm
acts
by
words
one
vigorous
the
Emperor saying
to
every
whom
not
in
doing nothing,
its
way.
Committhe pub-
When
to
new
lights, a
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS-
2a
named
in St.
over
whom
his
re-
of the
pardoned rebels of
1825.
The
grand committee studied the principles which ought to govern emancipation the reporting committee studied and arranged
;
the
facts.
mighty heap
of papers
was collected
;
eighteen
results
The
invited to
meet
in
These
provincial delegates raised objections, which they sent in writing to the committee and the new articles drawn up by them
;
in
an
amended
draft.
Up
was
in
land-owners
who drew
it
it
up
in their class-interests,
and ac-
If it
the
soil.
This
of
all
parties in
down
How
do otherwise.'
"Emancipation,
if
we must,"
The
pro-
principle;
the reporting
committee embodied
bodies,
it
it
in their draft.
and
of lands,
EMANCIPATION
mittee passed the amended
draft.
24
knew
in
those
good
as that of the
Emperor
his crown.
He saw
that freefatal
dom
gift.
the
movement
l
make them
principle
free.
;
"
Liberty
and land
"
a golden pre-
The
one.
acts of his
him one
course,
and only
of
He
Some members
had voted
now
the
Emperor
the
full
council,
of such impor-
selfish views.
The
full
council con-
and generals
old
have
little
They voted
against
serfs.
lost,
When
all
seemed
Not
could the
;
Emperor be persuaded
but on the
his country
morrow
his
quality
of
autocrat, declared that the principle of " Liberty and land "
was
On V
19,
O.
S.
),
the emanci-
The
twenty-two millions
ITS
of
25
common
serfs,
passed in
The first class were and a separate law has since been favor of these crown peasants and appanage peasants,
as free in fact as they formerly
who
are
now
were
in
name.
A certain
according to
soil
;"
and
to the peasants in
buying their
The
i,
serfs
Down
to January
1869,
more than
chised male serfs have taken advantage of this promise the debt
and
is,
that
to
the bondholders)
an enormous sum.
The Alexandrine principle of " liberty and land " being made the governing rule of the emancipation act, all reasonable
fear lest the rustic, in receiving his freedom,
might
at
once go
far the
le i
to
live
serfage.
some doubt
rules
whether he could
and
the
These
were nine
in
number:
( i.
and
share
communal
commune
plot to
if
refusing
was to yield
(4.) he
his
the general
any, to the
all
landlord
3.
liabilities,
Emperor's recruiting
rears of local
ar-
and imperial
;
rates,
(
advance such
all
5.)
pri-
all
personal contracts,
;
(6.
(7.)
26
nance of
all
emancipation:
such members of his family to be
left
in
the com-
mune,
as
his village
fS.) he
of rent
which
may
him
member, or a
certificate,
two allotments,
These
commune named.
found to
tie
which
are
is
a peasant
with enduring
The
patch of ground,
is still
unasked.
The answer
to that question
slow,
and habit
a growth.
laws.
As
too
much
dissatisfied at
first.
The
In
serf
had got
much
many
provinces
in
church.
ruled
They
in
the dark
for,
the Emperor, he
in
provinces occupied
Two
self as
of these risings
were important.
At the
village
of
God and an ambassador from the Tsar. He now free men, and that their
all
the land.
Four thousand
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
27
mob and calling upon them to give up their and disperse under pain of being instantly shot down, the poor fellows cried, "We shall not give him up we are all
overtaking the
leader,
;
fire
hundred men
You
"'
Petrof
in
the presence of
who
his
into
masses of
unarmed men.
personage pro-
Duke
once a captive.
" raised
Affecting radical
the "grand
duke
a red
flag,
and alarm-
by General Dreniakine, vrere received with clubs and stones, and forced to run away. Dreniakine marched against the rebels, and in a smart action he depersed them through the steppe, after killing eight and seriously maiming twenty-six. The
-grand duke
"
av/ay.
telegraphed to St. Petersburg his duty to the minister, and asked for power to punish the revolters by martial law. The canister sent
him orders
and he
began
to flog
was restored
denounced
a.s
command. The "grand duke" was one Egortsof, a Milk-Drinker; and Dreniakine
Emperor himself apconvoked a meetsolacin.o-
The
On
his
way
to Yalta he
whom
28
words
utes."
;
EMANCIPATION
"
I
all
It
first
of this
thousand years, through storm and fire, With varying fate, the work has grown,
Till
Where Rurik
The
chieftain's
rust,
But
bright in
Nor he alone but those who have. Through faith or deed, an equal
;
part,
The
Vladimir's
heart,
The
later
hands that
built so well
these began,
And up from
base to pinnacle
plan,
And
rule in splendor
where they
trod,
to view
Her holy
cradle.
Novgorod,
From Volga's banks, from Dwina's side. From pine-clad Ural, dark and long.
Or where the foaming Terek's tide Leaps down from Kasbek, bright with
song.
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
29
From
Mongolian deserts
and
free.
And
To every race she gives a home. And creeds and laws enjoy her
Till far
shade.
Rome
Her
Caesar's
mandate
is
obey'd.
And
The
The
combined
She bids the nomad's wandering cease. She binds the wild marauder fast
of peace
she dares to
know
in vain.
Her
future's
But strikes at once the generous blow That makes her millions men again
So, firmer based, her
power expands.
crowning hour.
Nor
Still
its
of Power.
tell
The
steps
whereby
trod,
The thousand years that chronicle The toil of man, the help of God
30
EMANCIPATION
And may
The
Still
come
see her flag and hear her drum Across the world, from sea to sea,
Still find,
Her ancient eagle's strength unshorn, One head to watch the western land And one to guard the land of morn
!
1870.
Guha^
The emancipation
loss of
many
years.
In nearly
if
it
all fell
short
To
a great de-
and
its
pression
of
is
to
the
planters,
demand
traffic,
with redoubled
activity.
However
dom
1854
ITS
31
what is known
it
if
necessary to forcibly
all
by the
revolutionists
it,
this uprising,
like
those which
preceded
failed. It
was not
until 1870, at
which time
it
who had
and all
in 1876
Prof.
1871.
N".
by
this act,
in 1925
"I
Brazil
Emancipation
in
took
our
own
by
manumitted
ers.
all
32
1873.
EMANCIPATION
all slaves
owner should
of $200 in
for his
slaves the
sum
American money.
to Rico.
To pay
The
freed men
make
ment
work
for
wages
1875.
Portugal.
dom
The Cortes granted unconditional freeAct provides that one year af-
and
all
persons apprenticed by
its
clared free.
The
manner
in
which freedmen who have no trade or business, or who cannot read or write, may be subjected to tutelage by
the civil authorities, but that this right
right of tuteThe
la-
is
make
their
own
contracts, sub-
con-
The law
Act
gal
also
it
makes provision
concedes.
the liberty
Thus
in question puts
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
33
freedom of apprentices and the abolition in the Portuguese dominions of man's apprenticeship to man, but
declares that the labor of the apprentices
tutelage
their
is
free,
own
proper authority.
EMANCIPATION.
Whence comes this glory that our land has brightened? Whence comes this flood of radiance so bright? The golden cords of sisterhood are tightened,
While heart and voice While
in praises
deep
unite.
is
calling.
They
hear,
call
responding,
Loosen
at
The freedman
Has bared
his
feels
no sufTering was
of earth
is
and heaven.
riven.
is lifted.
Her
rills
While
back a
of
soft reply.
God
discerning.
From darkness
34
EMANCIPATION
No more shall mother's hearts be torn with anguish, No more shall father's souls for vengeance burn,
Sisters
no more
for brother's care shall languish, for a sister's love shall yearn.
Nor brothers
Their night
is
past, the
morn
to-fiay
is
is
breaking,
Each
waking.
The
star of
hope
in
Dispels the
rising.
breathes immortal.
They
The freeman
When
To
Lov^e.
Wipes from
see the
triumph bending.
praise
is
While nature's
mute
blending.
Our
hues of heaven.
Far, far
and wide
all
No
slave beneath
safe
its
folds
now
lowly couches.
But
beneath
its
by thy wisdom
let
Still for
will
concerning us
may
see.
thy love on
all
defending.
ITS COURSE
AND PKOGRESS.
35
UNITED STATES.
Emancipation in the United States
is
entitled to
mit
it
were
it
prudent
to treat
With
all
the c:lonie9
senti-
much
period,
when
it
its
lucrative-
The
character of
dom throughout
11Q
the
New
World.
When
and Portu-
guese possessions in America, and for half of that period the importation
ot
West
the crown
it
To
36
EMANCIPATION
and thus
destroy the
evil.
ne-
prompted the
to all slaves
who
is-
would join
his Majesty's
is
The
follow-
ing, perhaps,
the
first
emancipation proclamation
Ry
/u's
MORE,
and Govertior-Generalofthe
Col-
A PROCLAMATION.
"
As
my
now
body of arm-
ed men,
march
to defeat such
treasonable pur-
may be brought
this
to
justice,
Colony
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
37
civil
may
law
unable to effect,
;
have thought
fit
to issue this
my
Pro-
clamation
me
may
upon
the sooner be
of bearing
arms to
as traitors to
lia-
such
I
as
And
do here-
by further declare
pertaining to rebels,)
may
be. for
do further order
and require
rents, or
all
own
custody,
may
be again restored to
of
this at present
them,
Given under
my
'
William,'
oft'
Dunmore.
God sa7'c
the
King !
"
The
pictorial history of
English Parlia-
own
interests
and advancement
at the
expense
of their
poorer countrymen.
38
EMANCIPATION
sacrifice of
ciple
were so
anxious for
would
try
all
how
their
who
were, in fact,
little
better
was
like passing a
it
incurable, or
the year,
when the
forts
and when
Hav-
dom
arms
to
all
the slaves
who would
and bear
of the
The summons was readily obeyed by most negroes who had the means of escaping to him. He, at
armed
vessels,
which cut
off
the costing-trade,
made many
the intefatal
prizes,
ince.
in
to the planters.
the Provincial
of
more than a
they came to
month
of
December.
Having made a
a village called
traversed by a bridge
had
ITS COURSE
groes had been thrown up."
AND PROGRESS.
39
of Em^taiui,
Pictorial History
George III.
vol.
I.
PP.-224-225.
Army, it
reported by
laws freeing
who would
enlist
the
number
may
be
regiments and often battalions, while numbers of them served in the white regiments and companies. At the
close of the
war a
large
in the
became
who
andfor
the Einancipation
Whereas
it
eral
in this State
whose
lot
or duty
it
was to serve
such recruiting
by their direc-
and
it
appearing further
40
ment
of
EMANCIPATION
such
slaves,
And whereas
it
all
who have
agree-
ward
"
and labors
Be
it
therefore enacted,
slave,
who
hath enlisted in
on Conti-
any
free person
whose duty or
lot
it
was to serve
in
some
officer
from and
pletely emancipated,
full
and
shall
in as
forma pauperis,
in
who
shall, after
if,
it
pauper
is
entitled to his
consethe
quence of
empanelled to assess
damages
" III.
al
And whereas
it
man
slave,
hath labored a
number
enacted.
and for
entitled to freedom
shall be,
Be
it
therefore
is
and he
hereby.
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
free in as full
41
free."
Hcniiii^'s Statutrs at
Large of
Viroim'a, vol.
Revo-
as to the
it is
every writer
who
own
not
estimate of the
slaves
than one
fifth
became
free
by the war.
Jefier-
and had
it
ment had
carried on solely
feared
to
colonies,
now
South-
42
1777.
emancipation:
Vermont, iipon whose
soil
and prohibited
it
in her Constitution.
1780.
" All
men
and equal, and have certain natural, essential, and ina lienable rights, among which are the right of enjoying and defending their
lives
and
liberties,
and that of
ac-
legislature passed an Act deborn in that State after the 1st persons
Her
1783.
New Hampshire
tution.
1784.
March
all
persons
free.
1799.
al
passed a gradual emancipation Act. for graduNew York Her legislature enacted a
bill
1804.
New
Jersey
By her
legislature passed
an Act
for-
ITS
4S
made
in Virginia in
1830
by her
legislature, that I
make mention
i
of
it
here.
Southampton and
fe-
legislature; a
its subsi-
It
was not
Crown,
stating, says
Judge Tucker,
in his
"Notes to
present encouren-
danger
those
in-
which
But
ern
example
set
by the North-
Colonies.
New
44
Jersey,
i;mancipi.tion
ment
no sooner
in 1776
,
1808
By Act
^Qo^and
ooj..
When
it
was
finally decided
by the Southern
States,
lead-
Union of the
and defensive
fortifications, batter-
and and
in
its
ly to
the Confederacy
though not
shooting
rice
down the
and cotton
fields cultivating
their
masters
and
who
this
them, to
the land.
When
a loss to devise
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
45
quite reasona-
making
inauo-ural messao-e,
an
to the
be-
men
at the North,
who
pass,
when
Negroes would
to
but
come
and
was
re-
her of it.
Yet
all
was
at sea,
for the
aNorth studied
how
in
how
to coerce her
all
All
publicists agree
when
a country
is
in
to
open war
use
with
an
to
enemy
she has
the
right
every
large
means
who
did believe in
and advocated
press,
it
in
through the
Soon
assumed command at
May,
46
EMANCIPATION
stated
that
their
master.
send them
away
work on
rebel fortiiications.
But-
ler held they were "Contraband of war" and ed the quarter-master to put them to work.
instruct-
On
come
the
in-
"Since I wrote
property
is
my
last,
The inhabitants
the batteries, and are preparing to send their women and children South. The escapes from them are very numerous,
this
morning and
children.
my
Of
on
women and
services
which
of able-bodied
lines,
my
last
am
in the
species of property
up
to this time, I
within
my
lines,
entire
owner.
families
I have, therefore,
determined to employ
as I
sus-
Charg-
and
ITS
47-
worth of the
services
and the
cost
know of no
other manner in
subject,
As
it
will
be of very great
moment
amounting, as I
am
am
my expedition
as
it
passed by
out of range.
As
batteries
many weeks.
As
a military question,
it
How
A.3
a political question
I receive
the services
Of the humanitarian
litical one, I
all this to
have a
political aspect, I
and I trust I
am
to
48
EMANCIPATION
despatch relating to this subject, and forward
my
them
to the Secretary of
servant,
Benj. F. Butler."
Lt. Gen. Scott.
It
is
held by
many
all
politicians, that
as
Contraband of
of
status of tne
Negro was a
circles;
subject
even in cabinet
to the rebels,
was conceded by
but
how
to deprive
them of
was not
so
the
Confederate government, as
and
explicitly as to
Gen. Cameron, Secretary of War, clearly defined the position of the administration, in reply to Butler
:
Your
your
lines
who came
approved
within
rebels,
is
The De-
partment
is
round
officers
a state by the
ITS COUKSE
AND PROGRESS.
49
is
sanctioned.
P>deral obligations
upon
itself,
among
however,
overthrowing
fore,
its
While, there-
you
will
to
service under
which
refrain
You
will
in
the
which they
will
of the labor
The question
Simon Cameron,
Secretary of
War.
with emancipation
time of war,
be a just war,
the victorious party cannot return that oppressed people to the bondage
Though the
ment and
rebellion
the
50
abolition press
EMANCIPATION
saw the
star of their
hope advanced to
ness
Emancipation Equality.
hundreds
The
New York
ing the act, "Gen. Butler has struck this Southern insurrection in a place which
is
as vulnerable as the
head
of Achilles; and
we
ing the slaves of rebels as Contraband of war, this Southern Confederacy will be substantially suppressed with
Again
this
month
than
all
This
man
lawyer
we have between
a pair of epaulets."
May
jist,
and June
2Sth, 1861.
Illinois, as
chairman of the
ot that
and by direction
er purposes; the
bill read,
main
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
51
resisting
him
is
service or labor,
from,any law to the contrary notwithstanding." It passed the senate by 33 yeas to 6 noes,
it
the rebellion.
command
all
of the
issu-
persons
the following
is
now
and
to give
security
and protection
and property of
martial
*
* All
who
shall be
within these
lines, shall
52
EMANCIPATION
field, is
enemies in the
public use
;
and their
free
it
slaves, if
by declared
men."
The following
plains itself;
fusal to
withdraw or modify
"Washington,
Maj. Genera/ JoJtn
C.
Fremont,
Sir:
Yours
received.
of the 8th, in
answer to mine
3^ou.
of the
2nd
inst,
is
just
Assured that
better
could at this
I
per-
slaves,
appeared to
me
to be objectionable in
its
non-conformi-
upon
wish
and hence
my
Your answer
I
very
An
act to confis-
cate property
used
;
for
August
6th,
861
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
53
was
in fact with
some reluctance
commanded he
he so acted and
treat-
ed them.
To
cedure of the
West
The
fires
brighter throughout the East; mass meetings and prayer meetings for abolition
were held in
all
the large
Northern
to
cities, resolutions
officers return-
slavery,
its
compensate
and
" If
the end;
does
command such
approval,
deem
it
of
importance
54
EMANCIPATION
fact,
so that they
it.
ment would
ment will ultimately be forced to acknowledge the independence of some part of the disaffected region, and that all the slave
States north of such parts will then say
' ;
The Union
for
which
we have
tially
To
of
it
pletely deprives
them
is
it.
"The point
very soon,
offer
is
if
not that
at
all,
initiate
equally
made
to
all,
more northern
shall,
by such no event
initiation,
make it
certain to the
in
will the
latter in their
in
proposed confedera-
cy.
my
sudden emancipation
pecuniary view, any
better for
all.
mere
financial or
member
how
"
named
State.
ment
up no claim
of a right
by Federal authority to
referring as
it
inter-
does the
its
It is
proposed
.-is
a matter of
December
thought
all
fit
to say
preserved, and
I
hence
indispensable
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
55
indispensable
of
ately.
War
means
would
to this end.
A
If,
practical
re-acknowledgment
the
it
once cease.
must
Such
also continue,
and
it is
the incifollow
it.
dents which
as
may
may
obviously promise
great efficiency toward ending the struggle, must and will come.
The
proposition
hope
it
may
and
would not be
of
more value
While
to the States
in
affairs.
it is
itself
a practical measure,
it is
recommended
in
view of
I
my
would soon lead to important results. In full great responsibility to my God and to my country,
it
subject.
Abraham Lincoln."
subject was duly taken up; in December, 1861,
in Congress abolishing slavery in
it
The
a
bill
was introduced
finally
though
sumed
District, over
which
it
bill,
;
following message;
56
"
"
EMANCIPATION:
Fellow-CHizens of the Senate and House of Representatives r
The
act entitled
'
An
some
my mind any
view of
all
the circumstances.
If
and about
this act,
more
them.
satisfactory to
I
my
judgment,
am
two principles
compensation
in
it is
may
act,
be presented within ninety days from the passage of the but not thereafter, and there absent persons.
I
is
coverts, insane, or
presume
that
this
it
is
an omis-
sion by
recommend
act.
be supplied by
an amendatory or supplemental
Abraham Lincoln."
was appropriated to
hundred thousand
dollars
colonize those
who
a Colony on
fort
Cow
An
ef-
this
was not
On
the
lUh
of
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
57
tah into
territories
had
succeeded
in
the
district,
and
to
now they
wipe
its
de-
manded
the ISTational
Government
wherever
it
hands
sequently slavery in the Territories was forever prohibited and the slaves in
them
freed
this
was passed
in June.
;
it
had been
men
to prohibit slavery
from going
to
into
the
Territories, in truth it
eventually
Colonial
destroy slavery.
first
embryo
in
states, to
and
the Jeffersonian
ordi-
"That
era, there
involuntary servitude in
otherwise than
siiall
any
in
have
been duly convicted to have been personally guilty." This proposition was defeated by the absence of a
ber from
memre-
New
Jersey,
lives
and treasury
it
the
5 because
[D]
58
EMANCIPATION:
it
then existed
as the sequel
now shows
it
may
know
all
to
some ex-
made
against slavery in
speak
in
of
it.
The
last
was
sitting at the
Nathan Dane,
ernment of the
territories
"There
servi-
ment
cones-
victed:"
To
this
caping from
ed and returned
with this
it
con-
thus the
for the
emancipationist
confis-
all
slaves
of persons
who
slaves
captured
ITS COUR.SE
AND PROGRESS.
&c.
59
&c. &c.,
it
received the
President's approval
in
July, as did also the bill abolishins: the African slave trade at the same time. The tide now fairly set in,
and Congress had accepted the opinion of the North that slavery was the back bone of the Confederacy and
must be
al
so treated.
propsition to
amend the
its
nation,
provision
Already there was a considerable armed forced of Negroes in the Army, the camps of the Union forces were
this
word of
itself
was
Army
mean freedom
sition to
arm the Negroes, and declare them forever free, Senator Harlem of Iowa, said, -'If I read the si^ns of
correctly)
,
the times
cannot,
if
this has
become a
folly,
necessity.
We
we
persist in
our
By His He
He
tion of a nation of
bondmen
stitutional impediment;
He
nations of earth
combined against us
but
if
would be
to the
we
demand
work
will be
handed over
to other nations, or
be
60
EMANCIPATION
rebels themselves
,
adopted in July
man
musterStates
the
United
This manumission
act, together
hundreds of
thous-
the the
drawing
to in
existed
the
and Kentucky.
harvest
The
was
command
he issued a Proclamation; warning those in arms against the United States authorities, that unless they
laid
down
their
due the Government of the TTnited States before the 1st day of January, 1863, he would on that day declare
all
Nothwithstanding
his prospective
and meditative
1.^/,
1st,
he
ITS COURSE
AND PEOGRESS.
61
made
ment
to the Constitution:
''Resolved,
By
House
of
Representatives of
amendments
all
or
any of which
articles,
when
ratified
namely
Article
same therein
day
The President
shown
by the
said
bonds to be delivered
to such State by instalments, or in one parcel at the completion of the abolishment, according as the
same
shall
have been
begin to run upon any such bond only from the proper time of
its
Any
ceived bonds as aforesaid, and afterward introducing or tolerating slavery therein, shall refund to the United States the bonds so received, or the value thereof, and
"
all
Article
All slaves
of the
who
war
shall
at
;
owners
of such, for
who
at
have been
is
disloyal, shall be
compensated
them
but
in
62
accounted
"
for.
EMANCIPATION
Article
own
Thus continuing
tion, but
EmancipaStates
inasmuch as the
Grovernment
age aimed at
al
venture the fact that Mr, Lincoln did not deem his authority to emancipate the slaves sufficient to secure the
slave from a return to slavery, hence
he urges an
a-
mendment
after they
to the Constitution.
Action on these
re-
in
the
slaves
the
I^Q^.JJnited
States in rebellion
l.s^
against
of
January
issued
the
promised
of
general
Emancipation,
those portions of
forces,
by the Union
and
also
un-
mation did
Yorktown,
free
ITS
63
force given
it it
amendment
to the constitution, or
by any other
it is
how
surprising
i^egro,
American
is
when
Lincoln,
it
was just
Union army
declare the
But
it is
not
my
ment
by word or
humane and
race,
my
Abraham
Lincoln
nevertheless,
we
should
know
emanci-
pate them.
Had
the South
amounted
to?
Again, had
after
down
the
?
was
issued,
their slaves
Cong-ross recoo-nized
slav-
64
EMANCIPATION
Union army.
When
then,
to
say regarding
the proclamation.
rescinded, as
Union men
at Chicago,
to
26th, iS6j.
Dear
Sir
attend a mass
been received.
my
old
friends
at
my own home
visit
all
I
but
so long as a
of
The meeting
is
to be
;
those
who
I
and
am
sure that
my old
tendering,as
whom no partisan
nation's
life.
make false
dissatisfied
with me.
To
such
would say
it.
do not have
This
ceivable ways
I
am
If
you
are, so far
we are a-
ITS COURSE
greed.
ion.
If
I
AND PROGRESS.
a second
are,
t)5
If
for
it,
way
is
to give
am
against this.
If
you
only re-
Union
is
now
That
All that
learn leads
is
The strength
of the rebellion
military
its
army.
army dominates all the country and all the people within its range Any offer of any terms made by any man or men within that
range
in
opposition to that
army
is
men have no power whatever to enent, force their side of a compromise, if one were made with them. To illustrate Suppose refugees from the South and peace men of
because such
or
:
man
in
way can
of Pennsylvania
Lee's
it
that army.
the
would
be
all.
compromise, to be
with those
liberated
who
our army.
Now, allow me
to assure
inti-
men
control-
in relation to
mv
knowledge or
belief.
intimations to the
I
And
it
promise you
be
re-
shall not
freely
acknowledge myself
bond
of ser-
66
vice, the
EMANCIPATION
United States constitution
But. to be
:
and
that, as
such,
am
responsible to them,
plain:
You
is
are dissatisfied
a difference of
I
with
me about
all
the negro.
certain-
wish that
I
men
could be
free,
while you.
aiiv
suppose, do not.
is
Yet
measure which
not consistent with even your view, provided you are for
tlie
Union.
replied that
I
But
sucn
way
you from greater taxation, to save the Union exemancipation proclamation, and perhaps
"You
dislike the
it
I
would have
differently.
retracted.
You say
war
in
it is
unconstitutional.
its
think
commanderthat can.
Is there,
time of war.
The most
be
said,
if
so much,
is,
has there ever been, any question that by the law of war, property both of enemies and friends,
may
be taken
it
when needed
.''
And
is it
when
from
Civilized belligerents
do
all in
their
power
to help
Among
is
But
If it is
not val-
needs no retraction.
valid
it
cannot be retractlife.
ed,
Some
of
retraction
Union.
Why
issue
sup-
was
notice.
ITS COURSE
that
AND PROGRESS.
67
was coming unless averted l)y those in revoh returning The war has certainly progressed as favorto their allegiance.
it
of
know
of the
as fully as
some
commanders
our armies
the
field,
blows yet dealt to the rebellion, and that at least one of those
important successes could not have been achieved when it was but for the aid of black soldiers. Among the commanders holding
these views are
is
affinity
with what
who
urged that the emancipation and arming the blacks are unwise as military measures, and were not adopted as such in good
faith.
You
Some
procla-
of
them seem
issued the
in
Whenever
if
I
you
shall
have conquered
all
shall
urge you
to continue fighting,
will
will be
thought
that in your struggle for the Union, to whatever extent the ne-
it
weak-
Do
3fou
think difter-
thought whatever negroes can be got to do as soldiers, leaves just so much less for white soldiers to do in saving the Union. Does it appear otherwise to you ? But negroes, like
other people, act upon motives.
for us
if
Why
we
for us they
promise of
kept.
If they stake their lives will do nothing for tliem ? must be prompted by the strongest motive, even the freedom. And the promise being made must be
The
The Father
of
68
unvexed to the
sea.
EMANCIPATION:
Thanks
to
it.
Three hundred
met
New
right
and
left.
too, in
more
On
jotted
down
in
a great national
in
it'
who
It is
who have
is
may
at
well
be
not
all.
Antietam,
less
many
of
note,
webffeet be forgotten.
At
all
the wa-
the broad bay and the rapid river, but also up the narrow,
Thanks
it
to
all.
for the
it
principles
by which
lives
and keeps
all.
far distant as
hope
it
will
come
soon, and
come
to
stay
It will
among freemen
there can be
who
cost.
take such appeal are sure to lose their case and pay the
And then
there will be
ber that, with silent tongue, and clenched teeth, and steady eye
to
this
be some white
men
Still let
us not be
over
sanguine of a speedy
final
triumph.
Let
own good
Yours very
truly.
A, LI^COLN./
ITS
69
for the valid-
The
plea
up
Com-
mander
in chief of
the
Army
other words,
if
when
Now when
it
must be seen that Mr. Lincoln did not regard the Negro safe in emancipation. The Union National Convention
which assembled
at Baltimore
in
June, and at
fol-
utter
we up
own
evil.
70
EMANCIPATION
by the people
in conformity
with
its
provision, as shall
was
re-
last Congress,
by which
means
re-
made
valid.
Congress
assembled in December, and Mr. Lincoln in his message took occasion to urge the passage of the thirteenth
patriotism of
those
who
recommend
not
is
shows, almost
measure
Hence there
is
as to
when
the proposed
amendment
it is
And,
as
to so go, at
events,
It
is
may we
members
It
may
be effected by
first
it.
time
crisis like
U nanimity
of action
among
ITS
71
mon end
yet,
is
And
def-
no such unanimity
attainable, unless
some
;
in this
common end is the maintenance of the Union, and among the means to secure that end, such will,
through the election, be most clearly declared in favor
of such Constitutional amendment."
No more
member of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet, Sec'y of the Navy, Wells, who declares in refutation to Mr. Adam's statement, who, in
possibly be given than that given by a
his
life,
service
and character
istration,
an era in
is
him when
his cabinet
elected,
any of
was 23repared
or
would
He and
they had
regardless
of party discipline
re-
sisted the
favored
it
72
EMANCIPATION
the authority to do
so,
those
views
"Prof.
in
Black"
says,
no question, I think,
in the
down
order of
Divine Providence.
both in thought and
Had
the
slaves,
might have
come
later,
but
it
to
me
many
iTegroes
Many
property
interest
in
the IS^egroes.
Men with
human
not be marred by
that
it
ignorance or stupidity
so
came
to pass that
God
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
is
73-
How
not
difficult to tell,
may
Ne-
more
how
the
"
it.
The
mistake as to their
free
status.
They looked
would
war.
fail
gun
which
issue of the
As
were in
"
na
humor
for a
They
were impatient under the existing policy and looked change they saw that change
;
in the
proclamation,
else it
and cared
little in
what form
it
came, or what
un-
dertook to do.
them on
constitutional questions
no
property could be
in the
except
trial..
way
We could
own
ports; that
though an
that
It is little
woncriti-
On
un-
of
74
strict construction
EMANCIPATION
the only
way
to
Union was
to
run the
Constitution ashore.
test.
There can be
little
as ineffect-
making
valid
and
be-
As
to
whether or
is
to be in-
many
act
war
closed
and
at the
time the
in the Courts,
which
in-
No
289, in of the
a wide and
Validity
presumed no one
?
will
abolished,
when
did
it
cease
Did emancipation
? it
take place
when
Nothing was
take effect at
Did
some
date.
For reasons
previously stated
Did
it
shoul
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
amendment
75
abolish slaver>'?
ary
i,
1863
Or
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the
to their jurisdiction.
'
February
18, 1865,
1,
1865.
it
cember
that
by twenty-seven
United States
exist in the
ratifying the
amendment.'
Such a supposition
is
impossible.
ment than
upon the
fact of their
The
in
a-
the
The proclamation
for
efficacv
Appomattox.
its
The
thirteenth
amendment was
It
not
?u'ccs-
performed
trial,
an entry on
tiie
charge of the court, and verdict of the jury a very od of perpetuating the issue decicied.
meth-
The United
States
thrcns-n
light
upon
the question as to
when
In
a leading
and commerce.
published MXiXW ]vLn&
It
24,
1S65.
later.
It
was not
divided
date.
2-]
effect
as of its
The
it
76
publication
EMANCIPATION
the reasoning
of both
sides of the
Court being
were
The most
occurs
Cases.
in
"
the one nearest related to the Proclamation of Emancipation, the opinion rendered in the famous " Slaughtei'-House
therefore what
said
by the Court
It is
regard thereto
is
in
its
The
The Court
]
" In
that
struggle
relation, perished.
conflict.
When
soil of slavery,
less
than free the poor victims whose enforced servitude was the
foundation of the quarrel.
contest, these
And when,
hard pressed
in
the
that
men
for they
proved themselves
men
in
sands to aid
at
in
purpose.
The proclamation
of President Lincoln
expressed
when he
them
all.
in reestablish-
and
in
fundamenof
amendment
that instrument.
ITS COURSE
It is
AND PROGRESS.
connection to Icnow
77
very interesting
in this
how
the
in rebellion
the States
immediately
af-
careful exami-
Generally speaking,
in
connection with other questions, so that the cases are few where
the Court has passed upon the proclamation directly.
of the
Some
and then
decisions, bearing
upon
it,
According to the
it is
latest decisions,
ivlieu
is
unnecessary to decide
slavery
was abolished.
[
cise
In
Virginia the Courts have distinctly held that slavery was not a bolished by the Emancipation Proclamation, but that emanci-
The
its
Supreme Court
January
date,
1863.
"
The
by
Emancipation Cases,
ed
in
decided
in 1868.
divid-
opinion
the proclamation.
The
a re-
legal
acumen.
The
The
in
Texas.
78
EMANCIPATION
of
Supreme Court
of
all,
Alabama has
i863,by
the proclamation.
slaves in this State
is
The Court
a fact
held:
will
"The emancipation
date.
of
which
be judicialh' noticed by
It
it
must be referred
to
some particular
State.
was
effected
The only
of the
Presi-
The
struggle afterward
was
and the
emancipa-
arose in this
Court,
when the
validity
and
effect of the
proclamation as of
its
date.
His opinion
good
sense.
t's.
it
Independence took
3,
instead of September
1783,
recognized.
Viewed
as to
its
results,
Proclamation
It
united the
It
It
race.
em-
braced
once proceeded
slavery.
It
to adopt constitutional
amendments abolishing
to the rebellion.
perished.'*
irresistible: that
President
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
79
national law
that by
it
its
own force
,
it
date on which
was
issued, viz.
January
1863
that
it
was
in
mendment was
necessary to
make
in
no sense a smatterer.
learned in the law.
country.
at.
He was
He He He He
con-
His every
b}^
science.
He was eminently
virtues.
Whatever he did
"
as President
was
Edward
speech, said
" It
is
which
is
in Rebellion.
There is much
act of levying
tion of slavery
or to
it.
the law of nature, and resting solely on positive local law, and that not of the United States
as
soon as
it
an
efficient
instrument
in
the
hands of the
on the war,
a source of
80
EMANCIPATION
Government
continue in
at
the additional
it
its
abandonment,
will
future times to
it is
work
these mischiefs.
continue to recognize
To maintain
It
this
would be a
a
contradiction in terms.
would be
to recognize
to aid
and abet
crime
known
;
law.
Xo
admitted
and any
citizen of the
United
States,
from
who
James
C.
in conclusion he says:
Ana
viewed
here, again,
The question
at issue
war
lasts.
The employment
e-
when he
first
embarked on
his
emanci-
ITS COURSE
pation policy.
of January
i,
AND PROGRESS.
the
81
Proclamation
it
by Mr. Lin-
Had
States, in
the
exercise of his
war powers, a
in
the
own
vigor,
it?
'TJiirdly.
vigore,
much
law provided the Constitution and the legal rights and relations
of the States under
it
of
peace,
answered
ii;i
the affirmative, the Emancipation Proclamation was not authorized by the Constitution or by international law, and so far as
t
in
the negative
it
was brtitum
fithneti.
It
make
As everybody admits
in
peace and
t ives,
at
all,
in
a life-ahd-death struggle
It
is,
therefore,
war and
for
war purposes
82
in the
EMANCIPATION
bosom
of the Constitution, that
we
Of international law no
by Webster:
rule
is
"
If,
to be found
It
subject.
case where
of
it.
it is
every judicature
is full
It
"
belligerent rights,
was
in
the
civil
war between
as to give the
United States the same rights and powers which they might exercise in the case of a national or foreign
war, and
everybody
admits that
of July
13,
1
it
86 1.
pres-
ent with
rights,
its
belligerent
a matter of definite
in
knowledge so
the
The law
of postliminy, according to
taken by the enemy are restored to their former state when they
ry capture.
fiction of the
And,
if it
Roman
none the
ment
of the
which the
rule
is
based.
We
insisted
on restoration or
restitu-
ITS
85-
all
emancipated
!:>)
British
commandwhen she
dis-
War
of i8i2-'i5,
and the
justice of
arbitration of
way
of indemnity, to be
tributed
among
despoiled
and so
known as the
it
leading anti-slavery
that, as a question
in
power
would seem
of law, the
the negative.
to con-
enemy and
The more
must
ful-
knows the
ceded
more
fully
it
be contake no
cm
leaves ques-
battle.
civil
Nor does
it
foK,
entirely true,
it
is
same
time, or that
is
law-
import the methods and processes of the one into the doof the other.
main
against
if it
armed
rebels
killing
them
in battle
find
them
in battle array
But each
of
its
84
of the
er. It
EMANCIPATION:
one sphere can not be injected into the sphere of the othwould, for example, be a shocking violation of both con-
stitutional
killed
in
battle.
The
him
fall
and they can not both be condensed into the hands of a military
into the
hands
is
of a judge.
No
which
rules the
war
and com-
"To extend
the rights of
intention,
mere
would
paper conquest
infinitely
more objectionable
.^/tfr/'rtc/t^"
in
its
It
is
only so far
and so
fast as
ritory "
enemy terenemy property" that his belAnd hence, when Mr. Lincoln,
on the
"
1st of
name
of
occupatio
bellica, to
emancipate slaves
in
war and
of a foreign war. It
is
this principle
of
it
was
And
in
the lights of
lated above
must
answered
Mr.
in
the negative
for as
to
when he assumed
within
all
and de jure
""
the "
enemy
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
85
3.
slave Grace,
of
Proclamation of Freedom
is
and parts
of States affected
by
it,
it would have conferred a very equivocal boon on its beneficiaFor, unless the municipal law of slavery were wiped out ries.
it,
what prevented
homes
after the
war
And
this fact
to Mr. Lincoln
and
to the
whole country
as
was seen that the emancipation'of individual slaves even was worth noth-
ing without an
status in
it
abandonment
which
soil.
It
was
Freedom, considered
had created a
misjoinder of parties as well as a misjoinder of issues, for the authority which controlled the Confederate armies was not
in
the
insurgent
States,
though
it
was competent
and union
"
by sim-
misjoinder of issues
it
was
constood, had a right, in the matter of slavery, to order and judgtrol its own domestic institutions according to its own
jTient exclusively
;
of its
own
tain
its
previous rights."
to leave
86
EMANCIPATION
it
in certain
of States.
have
full
and
efii'ect
our
and parts
of States other,
Goverment on the
of the Executive.
Constituin
line,
line,
side
of
what Taciit
principaium ac Hbertatem,"
civil
would
latter
the ordinary
still
It
is
the negative.
And
hellica
even
if it
accompan3dng
occiipatio
work emancipation
quest
undtjii'
^.n\
and by actual
submission to
that
it
it
those States,
without a
change
in
slavery in the South, the Proclamation must have failed, with the
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
it;
87
for
what
still
to perceive or
more frank
to
ad-
mit the legal weakness and insufficiency of the Emancipation Proclamation than Mr. Lincoln. Determined though he was
own
who
its
in itself considered,
was a
frail
muniment
its
any slave
who should
therefore
it
vigor alone.
And
was
that,
made no
from
his
pretense of concealing
own
Congress proposed,
of
way of undoubted
constitutionality
and
undoubted
efficacy,
in the
Union by an amendment
Remark:
ing on that
amendment
at the
time ot
proposal, he said
"
it
our
lines,
and that
it
;
was inoperative
or that
it
into
not
give themselves up
would have no
;
effect
it
upon the
a king's
in fact,
could be urged
is
evil.
But
this
amendment
"
cure for
It
and of Mr. In the light of these facts, of these principles, Emancipation the Lincoln's own admission, it would seem that
the Proclamation was extra-constitutional so truly outside of
the Constituit required an amendment to mside promises and engagements President's tion to bring the that pretended be not will it surely And of the Constitution. has a necessity, military of the President, even on the plea wage to or Constitution, right to originate amendments to the
Constitution that
80
war on States
imposing.
EMANCIPATION
until they
agree to adopt
amendments
of
his
dogmatize
it
competent
for
the President in time of war to alter the fundamental law of the land
\yy
pronunciainietito
falls
into Mexico.
fell
The Proclamation
of war, are
still
Conceding that
slaves, in
time
known under
we
have to hold
that, as residents
enemy
territory," the
by the terms
of that code, as
much
enemies
" of
In the
in
them
free
manucaption
" in
in
owners, whereof, such owners had been duly convicted, the act
would
fall
at all
and so
it fell
as
much
law
municipal law.
On
the
ITS COURSB
contrary, the pretension
of international law,
AND PROGRESS.
89
is
and by the
our own
that
State Department.
And hence
no matter
of surprise
the
-ble
first
Honoralaw-
constitutional
yers of the country, like the late Benjamin R. Curtis, have re-
corded their opinion as jurists against the legality of the Emancipation Proclamation.
have their
strict rule to
needs be true to their profession, but "the convulsions of a great empire are not fit matter of discussion under a commission of
breath
in
was born
in
the
smoke
It
of battle,
in
and
its
swaddling-bands were
rolled in blood.
was
ratified
by an
amendment
to the Constitution.
in
As Mr. Welles
"
says,
" It
was
"al-
a despotic act
an
act,
he adds,
was
^?//;/('5/
and not
altogctJicr
revolegal
it fell
which
it
was, in
fact,
mar-
and
real-
it is
no law
at all,
we would
institute
ook
chart-
taliatory
the
may
the faces of
the
foe.
The phenomenon
is
war
90
and because he saw
it
EMANCIPATION.
was
likely to reappear, so long as
human
War," he wrote.
of
" is
a violent master,
in
most mea
in
to the condition
places them."
So Cromwell,
"
cal agony,
pitiful,
that
a government was to be
it
clamored
at
and blattered
stress.
because
in
And
tution.
there
It is
/s
of the Consti-
tion
was made
but,
if
rested on this ground, the fact does not require us to teach for
is
it
by construction.
That he
left
to others.
seems a waste of
It
moved
above law,
in
Not that
its
author, in
ts.
so proceeding,
of the insurgei
He
act-
wrought
ed
Not that he
in malice, for, as
malicious dealing."
of his step
And
from
its
beginning.
The
fateful times
in
which he
men who
and commandii g as is the figure of the benign war President, and the ev^ents then moving over the dial
of history were grander than
the statesmen
or soldiers
It
who
of elfeet,
was a day
is still
and
polit-
ical change which was first definitely foreshadowed to the world by the Emancipation Proclamation of Abraham Lincoln."
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
it
91
the Ethe
to
be regarded as
in the
Unit-
must
it
be considered as a-
mong
known to
nistory.
logic
The inexorable
of
Eman-
fell
under a
stringent
blow
at the labor
system of the
Southern States.
chief supporters
of
had
all
for years
made no concealment
sh ould be free.
men everywhere
at hand,
The
occasion
was
them
in his
own
words,,
and became
for all
interpretation
of national necessity.''
Now
They can
best
be answered by one
who took
rights
was a pioneer
in
the cause of
human
and emancipation.
Henry
The speaker
of the
House of Representatives on
business in order
first
92
EMANCIPATION
call of
was the
amend the
Constitution,
prohibiting slavery."
a similar proposition.
diciary committee.
1864.
Ii^ ^-^^
for
ferred
Mr. Trumbull, of
He
with
an amendment to the
when ratified
tion
namely
i.
Section
servatude,
ex-
the
United
jurisdiction.
ITS
93
Section
2.
Congress
by appropriate legislation.
On
restriction
extinction of slavery in
America,
is
this
proposed amend-
ment
for
evermore
If
this
a-
mendment
shall be incorporated
by the
it
will of the
nation into
chattelizing,
de-
its
dark,
malignant, barbarizing
it
was and
is;
or per-
taining to
it
has redden-
ed with the blood and strewn with the graves of patriotism. The
incorporation of this
tion will
into the organic law of the na-
make
impossible for
Then,
sir,
when
this
amend-
ment
will fall
of the hapless
lash
Him whose
Then
of
centuries.
the slave mart, pen, and auction-block, with their clanking fetters for
human
brutalized;
ened
intellect of a race
norance.
human
wife, parent
and
child,
will
: :
94
EMANCIPATION
spirit
of
makes
Then Then
imtoil
the scarred earth, blighted by the sweat and tears of bondage, will
toil.
the wronged victim of the slave system, the poor white man, the
sand-hillcr, the clay-eater, of the wasted fields of Carolina,
man
a crime, will
lift
his
skies,
and
Then the
nation, 'regenerated
down, but
lifts
On
the 31st of
Ashley
the
amendment and
"was passed
the
measure
1865.*
of
January
clos-
now
gainst
*
it,
because
my
best calcuist
;
The Secretary
is
amendment, February
this
date
evidently incorrect.
ITS
lated to assist in the
95
servation of the Union, and the perpetuation of the free institutions which
we
may
incur the
censure of some of
displease
some
of
my party friends on this floor, and perhaps, my respected constituents but to me the
;
country of
protection
my
I
birth,
have enjoyed
all
its
original
splendor,
it
and
has
trials
through which
expect
my children's children to enjoy the same blessmy mortal frame shall have mouldered into dust
Firm
I
is
me
feel
know
me
justice,
and
blush at
my
vote
is
recorded
"
in favor of
and
had by
Negro
soldiers, their
West Viral;
Proclamation
the reorganized state governments of Tennessee, Virginia and Louisiana had aimed a blow at slavery, yet
it
it
a part
Gradually,
pears from
all
human
governments called
98
EMANCIPATION
Uni-
Negro
slaves,
and the
this,
upon the
part of
many whose
Northern or
free
States, each
loss
of thousands
into
the
price.
number of
know what
than
the
first
ema
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
99
whose
eftbrts
were
two
wheels
of the Federal Government, and compel a surrender to the rebels, they dictating the terms, either a separation
States,
My
aim
is
to
show
in
these
by
progress
of
A
itself
will
show
all
History
dom
inter-
finally
100
rests
emancipation:
ot the people
which, eventually,
if
not
and the
These
little
states
At Marathon and
later,
invasion
man man
Ro-
empire.
Republic,' that
Rome and
After
fifty
aristocracy
was
which adminis-
The
and seventeeth
for eigh-
centuries,
ty years, were begun by the civil and religious aristocracy of Europe to crush the progress of religious and civil
liberty
among
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
101
til
religious
land,
erty
in
the American
republic.
The English
civil
till
brief interruptions,
Ital}"
till
in
off
the
practical results by
more peace-
methods.
The
wars was an inevitable condition of liberty and emancipation for the people.
In
all
who knew nothing about it the morally indifwho could not see why freemen and tyrants who were
willing to ruin the country to exalt
102
themselves.
EMANCIPATION
is
tri-
is
mankind
The
emancipation
war
in the
late civil
last
The
election of
Mr.
fi-
With
re-
United
States, the
freemen of the
under their
feet forever.
whole people
of
power and
march of
aristocracy
it
tion of
it
to be
oligarchy, of 300,000.
Had
to
the
Southern aristocracy
ITS COURSE
AND PROGRESS.
103
tire^
of liberty and
emincipation this
p:ajefal, constitatioa
-
war
the.
after
in
found
itself defeated
to a sec-
ondary position
its
always a
is
good cause
bridged
;
war to an
aristocracy that
its
power
itself,
a-
for
and
-
honestly regards
est
own supremacy
on earth.
waged a
0/I86O
which
startled all
men were
so well acquaint-
conflict in our
country
people.
be-
tween
first
and the
The
war of the
Pevolution,
Xew
States.
The
aristocracy
of the
104
emancipation:
movement
came
in, to
Great Britain,
resistance
some extent,
to lead the
movement and
free
ap-
But the
in
people
population
field
all
the Southern
Rhode
but Virginia
little
Rhode
Island.
New
and the
in the
war.
map
peace party
'
in the Revolutionary
and the
'
late
head
'
districts of iNew
York,
New
Jersey,
The
aristocracy, tried to
stop the
war
'
which was
men.
to lay
all
The Tories
in the
same infamous
enterprise,
Had
the Slave
Ameri-
ITS
105
Every State was nominally a Slave State but slaveholders were divided into two classes. The Madison, and first was led by Washington, Jefferson,
divided.
;
and, like
the Liberal lords of Great Britain, threw their influence on the side of the people. This party, very strong
weak in the Carolinas, dragged the South through the war by the hair of its head, and compelled it to come into the Union. It also resolved
in Virginia, very
to abolish the Slave
The opposition party had its headquarCharleston, was treasonable or lukewarm during
The
result of the
and
established
Government by which
able, in time,
they,
liberty
'
tion
mean just
this: that
as despotic as
it
South Carolina
as
free
would become
as Massachusetts.
106
before achieved
:
EMANCIPATION
a free field
to
G-od bless
and the
liberal
do
it.
They did
;
victory, as
But
it
history
tells
us
who
was done.
Consti-
The
now
established, with a
made
to uphold a
Republican
triumph.
to the
for
its
own
uses.
thought, was to
And
this
well begun.
into
two
The
may
first
dis-
Missouri Compromise.^
The
may
od of the consolidation
the final
election of
to resist this
and
the
in
1860,
by
ITS CAUSE
107
ac-
The
tivity
loss in
lirst
tlie
thirty years
by
slave aristocracy.
nominal
Middle
But
it
Ohio and
whereby
the
It
it
had gained
live
new Slave
States
making
number of Slave
eleven.
put forward
thus compellit-
It
political struggle
chiefly
slave aristocracy.
In 1820
its
in
and twenty-
come
in as
the
remainder of the
It
had a
less,
while
its
more than
108
EMANCIPATION
in
area ot
in reserve
With an
equali-
first
and ad-
The people
it
by a Providence higher
than themselves.
carcy
first
was no
divi-
moved forward
in
column
1820.
to acknowledge a
drawn
battle
by the admission of
Maine
line of
to balance Missouri,
territory
ITS
109
It
tinned on
its relentless
power.
deter-
mined
States
;
of the
United
it
make
it
a house ot nobles
control
through
Court
it
could
al-
ways manage the House ot the Nation. The key to all the
Slave
the
Power through
was
its
endeav-
by bringing in a superior number of Slave States. So well did it play this card that, till 1850, it maintained
controlled
own representatives in all the great courts of Europe made peace or war at will managed the Exkept
its
; :
appointments
and
in
en-
deavored to
of
its
till
men
favor
measure without
its
consent.
'
Under
the Senate the forty years' reign of the Slave Power, republic in the farce of the United States was a greater emthe crown and House of Lords in the British
than
pire.
its
part,
that
was supposed by
the lohole
world
to be the
American
UniGovernment; and the news that the people of the behests, was ted States refused, in 1860, to register its
indigreceived abroad with the same astonishment and
110
nation as
if
EMANCIPATION.
there had been a revolt of the subjects
rulers.
of
But
and admirable
defeatinterest-
ed by the people.
most
der of society been so magnificently vindicated as during that forty years ofour national career. During that
period the free portion of this
Union grew
to an
over-
whelming
selves
com-
to save them-
may
The
be regarded as that
first
thirty years of
industrial
union against
the
Slave Power.
human
by
policy in
its
its career,
society
But the
i>cople are
beyond their comprehension, often disowned or scorned by them, but which mould their destiny and lead
them to a victory spite of themselves. The people always grow without conscious plan or
method, and rarely know their own strength.
But
ITS
Ill
their
in
men who
represent
them
were
this
consolidation
of the
men
other
Northern men as
special objects of
infamy
men who
men was De Witt Clinton, of ISTew York. 'No i^orthern man so early discovered the deep game of the Slave Power as he. He was the ablest statesman of the North in the days when the arThe
first
of these
istocracy of the
tion.
eflfecting
its
consolida-
He was
him out
of the arena of
Cured of the
political
He saw
rest
that
all fu-
must
on the
tri-
umph
of free labor.
He
anticipated the
coming great-
112
EMANCIPATION
and
boldl}^
devoted his
life
to the
JSTorthern States a
empire.
lying
and
the
steamer,
the
railroad
This was the providential movement of a great people, organizing a method of labor which should
Of course the
;
of the
this
meant
thousands
in organizing
;
Northern
Clinton
his
but
De Witt
knew.
canal
'
New York
It
nicknamed
Clinton's Ditch.'
'
was the
'
first
ditch in that
series of continental
parallels
the
North
approached the
of
the
Slave
Power.
They dug
commanded every
but
it
it
shovel-
and material
appeared
growth
in 1860.
Union, as
At
increased to
ITS
113
fifty
thousand
an area equal
York.
to twenty-tour States
as
large as
New
Look
Calitornia,
at the position
of freedom.
to freedom,
In the East, freedom had already secured the best harbors for
commerce
;
of
the world
Lake
From the Northern Atlantic and the commanded the trade of Europe and Asia.
secured,
in
Freedom had
1860, a population of
whom
;
were
as
slaves.
From 1850
to 1860 the
much
and of that
114
BMANCIPATION
The
cent.
that formed the Uraon, and of this immigrant population there was an excess of nine hundred and fifty thou-
sand men
nation poured in
free
Even
in the
Gulf
slavery
was
brawn}^ arms
Hans and Patrick. Nortliwestern Texas was becoming a new Germany. Western Virginia, Maryof
land, Missouri,
slave labor
;
hun-
whom
less
were
slaves.
This line of
St.
cities,
from
Wilmington,
Delaware, to
stretching
looked the
land of despotism.
ITS
115-
In
herexcUi-
which could
free
also
North could
In
in hay, in fruits
in the
all
the slaves
the superiority
The value
trebled
the
advance of
and
sealed
vast expansion of
manu-
In
1850
to
1860,
this
branch
had increased
eighty-six ^jer
;
c-e^iif.,
reaching the
population of the
Union
rectly
The
was
116
EMANCIPATION
duced
in 1860.
increased sixty-
$225,000,000;
tures
spirits,
$24,000,000; cotton
manufac-
reaching
California,
New York
North
and
colossal proportions.
Whoever
for
know why
Now
add
to this
superiority of
nao-e of the
thv.
The
ton-
nation
'
The
slave aristoc-
web
of finan-
ITS
IIT
cial
dependence a web that war and wholesale repudiIn 1860 there were in the Union 30,600 miles of
of 1850.
Now,
of the eight
with
this
valle}^, six
Governor Letcher
'
ot Va., declared
'
the
abolitiouized
Northern
and Western Virginia, and the Southern rebellion was Whoever would underespecially savage on railroads.
stand
one secret
ot
map
and contrast
it
was a
fine tribute
to the value of the railroad that the first use the people
made
of their
new
political
by the iron
rail
from 1820 to
1850, was fitly closed in 1850 by the annexation of California to the roll of the Free States, securing to liberty
It is impossible It
comprehend
all
was the
and turned
to
violence^
breaking of
118
emancipation:
compromises, forcible seizure of the ballot box, repudiation of debts, finally cruel war, as
if
and honest
in-
dustry.
After the
loss of California
and the
Pacific
inary skirmish of the war for the conquest and desolation of the Union.
ty icith the
ty years,
and
was completely
in their powsr.
For
this
free-labor
Power
obey the
the great
and vainfall
immigrant population
po-
The
Irish-
man who
er,
chain with every blow of his pick. The Wall street bankthe great railroad king,the cotton manufacturer,
who
mad-men,were condemnThere
shall
a divine law
work
nature.
ITS
119
al-
by their
political support.
But the
slaveholders
knew how
fallacious
was
this aid.
South
that
when
it
did
finally
concentrate,
IsTorthern
interest
with
it,
and,
when
They
carefully
was squeezed dry of all its black blood, they turnand flew into
;
alike,
war against
the
providence
of
God
and
free-labor.
They fought
JSTorth,
well
at first, perhaps,
better
in-
than the
power.
But was
companied by a corresponding
advancement
Was man
to
object
how
120
EMANCIPATIOir
aristocrac}"
advantage of that
so-
many
made
Xorth
so
The
was an education
to the people,
much
'New England,
tion
its
home and
;
of an
American
land.
No
the
means of
religious
instruction,
and philanthropic
leagues.
^Notwithstanding
its
material
was
so
bus}^
in furnishing
;
and
was thrown
came out
in
upon
it
during
it
at the
to assure the
ITS
121
ecclesiastical power.
aristocracy
cause,
saw
omen
for their
and nicknamed
Abolitionism.' Abolitionism^ as
This moral respect for the nature and rights of all men has always encountered the peculiar scorn of aristocracies,
history as those
who
tion to despotism.
The Hebrew
in Jesus Christ,
it
and
'
crucified
Him.
The pagan
'
aristocracy called
early
Christians,
devilish superstition
in the
and
civil
slaughtered
them
like cattle.
The
priestly
it
and
'fanaticism'
Dutch and German reformers, and fought it fire and rack and sword. The church
it
'
First,
The
slave
aristo-
cracy stigmatized
it
Abolitionism,' and
its
let loose
upon
power.
alive,
man
in the N"orth-
to
see just
;
how
not be-
122
EMANCIPATION.
man and
dom.
this
is
saw gaining in
arts,
the North.
Northern education,
literature, press,
and
was
best in
politics,
'
fanaticism,'
reverence
Puritanism,'
Abolitionism'
to
otherwise, by
for
man
It
freedom.
of the di-
man
to liberty
grew
at the head,
shrieked,
The North
is
abolitionized
'
'
abolition-
Power
of slavery, and
at
made an
Abolitionist
up, a
But up
to 1850 this
mighty
ITS
123^
growth
politics.
liad got
no
few attempts
few noble
men had
ny of the
sert of
rampant tyran-
slaveholders; chief
among
these
was John
in the de-
American partisan
of
politics the
coming of the
kingdom
up
Heaven
people had
come
and
human
in the
this
fierce strug-
periority culminated
m a great political
movement
a-
gainst slavery.
Power should
be ar-
own way
with
it.
said
The
The peo.
Now
the
so
might
in time
be
them
as their
124
emancipation:
They repudiated both forms of Northern politics, and tied the executive, under James Buchanan, and the
Supreme Court, under Judge Taney,
The
right of the aristocracy is supreme.
to their
dogma
lib-
Slavery, not
erty, is the
law of the
republic.
The
glas
debater,
pro-
He was
blind
power of
his
life,
make
they would.
era
But the
The whole
eareer of Mr.
politi-
Seward
so interwoven
Power,
Nowhere
so clearly
and eloquent
growth of that
political
movement
the
knowing
Union meant
the people
and
and
slavery.
And
only in
man and
btj
fitly
North
ITS
125
republic.
Seward
had
told
in
'higher law'
commanders of the
front
and
rear of the
army
of the people.
Both appeared on
Seward and
once.
his
higher law
ofJustice and
liberty
at
They
'
tolerated Douglas
and
eignty
even a
more dangerous
host
Of
elect-
Had Douglas
longer.
been
It ivas not
Lin-
resisted. re-
The Free
cracy.
crat,
or
President,
Demoall
The
political victory of
126
plete.
emancipation:
For the
first
tronage in the hands of the President, the people's representative by birth and choice.
jority of eight in the Senate
and
House
while
last
magnitude
what
it
implied.
it
They would
at
once,
and
But the
knew
that
If they waited
better,
till
the people
understood
themselves
for liberty,
would be too
late.
Thej
still
had
pos-
with
all
for
This
the
inflicting as
much damage on
believe
Government
would
as possible,
of revolted States.
fight,
and
unlimited power
knew
that no
The
aristocracy
ITS CAUSE
AND PROGRESS.
of the
127
Union which
would insure
doubted
if
their perpetual
supremacy.
They even
in
peaceful way.
first
be subdued by
despotism of Europe
pre paraharbor.
and
opoied
its
guns in Charleston
drifted
When
the
away, the
8t.
Louis to
New
republic.
aristocracy
by
it
its
industry,
driven
it
from every
in
American
society
to the
an
convicfield
on the
that
of
arms.
come
to
conviction.
They called
tion' a
it
a conspiracy,' a rebellion,' an
'
insurrecthe
American
the
arms
to
subdue
the ijeople of
United States^
it
earth
wishing
success.
refuse the
128
challenge,
emancipation:
lu April, 18dl, they rushed to the capital,
way,
what
to
suppress a riot or
wage
can choose
its
own time
had conhad
al-
ed in
its
It
all
An
;
aristocracy
is
always precedof
ed by military ambition
its
Powwere
er
was ready.
;
stolen
its
secret societies
its
its
president
its
military
surveys
marked
its
subordinate
officers,
in
which the
real efficiency of
an army
consists,
had been
had a
full
crop of cotpracti-
Its
government was
ITS
129
world.
At
first
;
gun
in a fortnight every
its
strategical
possession,
to its
fall.
The
unpre-
When
they
woke up
began
to
battle
would
subside, they
And
civil wars.
war
since that
day had
efibrts.
respect for
war
as
an employment
fit
for civilized
men.
arms to furnish
fifty
Most of
men
in
peaceful occupations.
Halleck
was
in the
;
law
railroad
er,
Fremont
and Grant
130
in a tanyard
;
EMANCIPATION:
i.ncl
so on
to
the end
of the chapter
who was
into the
smart
man
'
could
make
in
Congress
who
was
company
war
into action.
;
had the
art of
to learn
know
it
For more than three years the people of the United States waged this gigantic war thus precipitated upon them by their aristocracy to arrest the
irresistible
in the republic.
Every year
success,
best, at
first,
forces,
ITS
131
Army
of
forti-
Richmond
this
was
bitterly con-
Yet
forces
was strangely
and
politi-
material, moral,
logical sequel.
which
was the
arm
of the people in
all
repelled
the invasion of
Pome,
built
up their youthful
navies
sea.
now
exist
Europe came out of the hold of a British man-of-war. The United States, in 1812, extemporized a navy that
gained the nation the freedom of the
seas.
And
the
in the late
war
for
The
scatter-
The
and that
it
shot up into a
132
force of five
emancipation:
hundred
vessels
that America's
new
iron;
known
New
all its
dependencies, penetrated to
four,
and
destroj^ed every
war ship
cannon.
of the
enemy
But the army of the Union was not content to main permanently behind the navy It moved slow
cause
it
re-
be-
level the
mountains
for
and
fill
up the valleys
to construct
the
highway
to recognize
it
hand
distinct
understanding
that
was the
last
oligarchy of the
United
From
free
the
moment
began
liberty,
the
North
and grew
be the emancipation of
struo-o-le
when
later
in
the
Cono-ress
and
when the
capitalists of the
North
ITS
133
Congresslaborers
men
plies
While the
free
swamps
free
at the
South
demanded that the Negro should be freedom, and when every pulpit at the North
aid to the people for emancipation
as Chief
;
and
fight for
lent its
Commander
of the
proclamation of emancipation.
(
England
was issued
three
parties to the
American war.
slave, the
bondsmen of the South, whose flight was restrained by the Fugitive Bill, and whose wrongs have brought about the disruption
;
when Southern supremacy in the republic was menaced by the election of Abraham Lincoln, threw off their allegiance
ers,
;
its
support-
who
Union. These are the three parties and as the war has gone on from year to year, the cause of the negro has
brightened, and hundreds of thousands of the African
race have passed out of slavery into freedom. in multitudes within the Federal lines,
They
flock
chattels
become
citizens,
and
rejoice.
No
matter what
134
EMANCIPATION
and
army
liberates
new
whom
it
has marvellously
flit
o'er the
down on
fifty
strange lands
the harbingers of a
public of the West.
More than
thousand are
which is cast upon the Government and the people of the North, a sore and mighty burden and proportionate are the eiForts which
It is a vast responsibility
;
ma,
The
Government
army
the
men who
employment
and books
to
All
New
women and
ITS
135
they
is
an ea-
Books
soldier carries
them with
him wherever he
can.
studies
them wherever he
It is a great
Atlantic.
saw
not, is
work which is in progress across the Providence, in a manner which man foresolving a dark problem of the past, and we
awe and wonder.
There were
may
the
'
who
But
there were
Samson
was
to bring
down
tlie
atrocious system of
in its defence
is
!
human
Yet
so
slavery by
it
;
penaltj^
before us.
The
from
is
a ruin.'
Thus
the Historian
mark
the progress of
civil
or both we
present themselves
rules over the af-
which
Since Emancipation.
SINCE EMAI^CIPATION.
Undoubtedly, January
ted for
in the
all
1st, 1863,
will
be celebra-
time, by
United
States, as
day
of freedom.
power, and
make
was a moral
effect
struck a deadly blow at the one vulnerable point of the slave Achilles.
From
that
it
corner-stone
was
slavery,
human
beings.
The
atter-disposal of this
be utilized?
Did
it
al
remain forever
it?
Many who
and expediency of
e-
"
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
139
its
race.
arose in
many minds,
spectacle
is
The
of nations.
By
by their former
in their
relative
positions.
many should
ISTeo-ro;
to prevent
the freedmen
own
gloomy
tints of this
iSTegro,
in the future
their mistake.
140
record
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
made by
is
which
and
extorted by
lips of
trial,
from the
secession,
John
Calhoun: "If
my
grandfather
and his associates had known as much about the ]S"egro as I know, and could have had the same faith in his
capacity for progress, which I have attained from
my
own
Nineteen years
results
is
of emancipation
is
al-
period, there
When
the
are considered
their
poverty, and
and the
them
But
it
when
it
it
finally
prepared for
it
had grown
to
This
belief,
mask
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
141
him
hour so
Negro would
it.
knew
that he was
free.
grateful,
little ones,
we aid you
marched
in the
later still,
Hudson and
swampy
with
forests of
dying
Spartan
at
courage in
Petersburg.
With
paid, there
men
book
"
To
this longing
142
SINCE
EMANCIPATION.
mind
and
power, which had been held like the rich fruits of Tantalus, just
may
be attributed
much
the Ne^ro.
With
and
demanded
as a
him.
^_,<^
8oon,
all
strange
spectacle
of a race at tchool
there
ener-
cells,
where the
may
who,
when
fell
South
who
that their
little
them
sparing enough
from
minis-
and
teachers,
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
their churches and
143
among
wish
them
plantations of surely the once homeless serfs from the of their own their former masters to the kindly shelter and to the prouder position of owners as
roof-trees,
soil.:]:
In treating of the condition of the freed people to the since emancipation, I shall refer but slightly
successes
and
much With
the political problem of the South yet unsolved, there reconstruction is a partial bias given to the subject of
by contemporaneous
historians,
and
it
will be
a task
jusonly possible for a future chronicler of events to do colored tice to the political position occupied by the
first
C.
I.
in 1866,
purpose.
The
65th
Regiment U.
was added
to this
sum and
annum.
was
and training of Colored Teachers. built at Jefferson City, Mo., for the education
The
pation. $5,000,000,
since emanciestimated that the Negroes in Georgia have accumulated and South Carolina North Virginia '$2,000,000 ; in reai:estate
;
Carolina, $3,000,000.
144
cipation.
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
Enough
is
known
to,
of
Government,
sufferings
and consequent
men who
own
governments of the
should be placed
men who
all,
And more
than
when
Nor
is
Negro
career,
is
by year there
is
a gradual improvement,
The
virus implanted
by slavery with
its
shameless
li-
centiousness
to the brute
it is
too
SINCE
EMANCIPATION.
145
much
to expect of
morality that has swept over the race for nearly 250
years could at once be reversed, and a newer order of
Slavery oiFered a
permium
for licentiousness,
but
who should
of
them a
to debauch
in a sea of shame.
theirs.
The glory
and motherhood
No
God between
it
commended
the master.
The only check to the wholesale degradacame in those days from the few feeble,
reached them
from the
Yet
this
when
The
made but
;
and
They may be
but of the
who have
lifted
themselves by education
146
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
of
know
Yet
ahuost nothing.
is
there
year, as education
and industry
lifts
them
up,
who can
combine
ury
in their
home circles, and herein lies a great hope With a well-defined social circle and its
Financially.
Against the
and general
may
the start convinced the friends and enemies of their intention and ability to take care of themselves.
The
for the
advanc-
The
Negro
is
marked by
his
No church
an
will tolerate
woman
as before
elite
Emancipation.
society,
The mother
of
illegitimate child
is
now
the outcast of
In compliance with the spirit of the Negro population of Virginia, Hon. Littleton Owens,
member
of the General
Assembly
of Virginia,
in t^e Virginia
As.sembly
Be
it
who
shall
and confined
in the
county or corporation
SINCE
EMANCIPATION.
147
Northern
fed, clothed,
housed, edu-
own min-
and teachers, builded churches and school housto the taxable basis of prop-
and
this
happy
result is
due to the
race.:]:
As
reasons
is
have a
but one
One
Working hard
Any
person
who
shall
gxiilty of
open and gross lewdness and lasciviousness, with a white person, or any
white person
of
who
shall
be confined in
discretion of
dollars,
and confined
in the
county or
corporation
3.
jail
This act
from
it
its
passage."
to the legislation of the
in its favor.
Though
bl}-,
gave a coloring
assem-
fast
disappearing
ated in nearly
all
Western
all,
States, the
In
e.xcept
Southern States, rail-road, steamboat and hotel accommodations are open alike to
JThe
principal products of
lbs.,
Negro labor
for 1879,
were
tobacco, 391,278,350
148
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
as individuals, they
;
enough
sity of cooperation
for
it
is
many
success in
other.
It
first,
much
any
other.
The embryo
colored lawyer,
and
realize that
his
future success in
forcible
life
On
the con-
trary, the supply will not, for years to come, equal the
demand
fessions,
future.:^:
for colored
men
lies
an
pro-
and herein
a great hope
* $i7,oeo
was paid by
the
Freedmen
for the
Emancipation Slonument.
in the
From
Freedmen deposited
Hon.Fred Douglas
as
its
Prest.
of this people
it
;
is
no single
ing
in the land,
SINCE
EMANCIPATION.
149
made
itself
more apparent
belief.
in
church enterprizes,
than in worship or
religious instincts,
cal truth.
ors.
As
Scepticism
all
almost
unknown among a
New
is
peo-
In nearly
the Northern
States,
including
subsided, that
all
all
classes, nationality
begun
to
in
the question
future.
At the Press Convention held at Washington. D. C, June, 1882, at which, Newspapers published by Negroes, were present, we advocate them?" was discussed. Mr. "shall schools, mixed question of
S.
George
"
The
itself is,
to claim
the
benefits of
mixed schools
have no hesitancy
any school
is
in the district in
which he
x^%\i^^^,
provided the
right,
I
sufficient to
Such
con.it
tend, accrues to
large, as
him on the
community
amenable to
its
share in
benefits.
And
it is
the true ends of by one portion of a community against another are repugnant to they merely organization and consequently dangerous-dangerous not because
still
civil
have a \.&^ostracism the outgrowth of a condition of slavery but because they on our a blight like fall wiU which distinctions /<?/<// foolish the dency to
children and on our children's children.
On
ed man, the Constitution of the United States is perfectly clear. A portion of the " No State shall make or enforce any laws which shall i.<th Amendment reads
:
Hence,
it
an
class
Negro was
in violation of the
laws of nature
that
it
was
and
politically.
If this
be
so,
which had
Iv. socially
equally
wrong
in principle
moral-
rnd politically."
150
pie
SINCE
EMANCIPATION.
long night-
whose faith
in
trial
which
man of to-day,
to
prominent
place.
The
was
religious
laid
amid the
trials of slavery,
and
this is a har-
sown with
tears, in
is
Gradually, ignorance
much
among
the col-
also,
when
among them
bears
more
substai.tial
feeling.*
Growth
larly,
*
in population.
Since
African M. E.
Church, 391,044;
120,200;
1,538,244.
Colored M. E. Church,
Total
E. Church
owned
in 1836 ,$43,000, in
church property
at
its
owned
by
this
The
have
tried,
but
worth.
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
151
More
or
less,
our
own
ject
political stand-point,
and held
mode
of
liv-
work and
relationship to those
who
heretofore
dying out."
by the
re-
board of health
also,
and
it is
mong
lation.
those
who argued
ol
thus, were
men fully
acquaint-
Thecensus
there
was nothing disparaging in the claims though the increase of the white population
liberty
would
de-
who
held,
yet
admit-
was holding
his
own, and
preparatory and
more
152
SINCE
EMANCIPATION.
They held
tive,
was
defec-
In
of 439,000
by
this,
when compared,
to the war.
will
show a greater
in any
given
Arkansas, 210,666
;
California,
;
Colorado, 2,435
:
Connecticut, 11,547
;
Dela;
ware, 26,442
nois, 46,368
;
Florida, 126,690
Georgia, 725,133
Illi-
Indiana, 39,228
;
Iowa, 9,516
Kansas,
;
43,107
1,451;
Maine
210,230;
Massachusetts,
1,564,
18,697;
Michigan,
650,291
;
Minnesota,
;
Mississippi,
;
Missouri, 145,350
Nebraska, 2,385
Nevada,
;
488
New
Hampshire, 685
New
Jersey, 38,853
;
New
Ohio, 79,900;
Pennsylvania, 85,5 d5
;
Rhode
Island,
Tennessee,
403,151
Texas, 393,384
West
Virginia,
Wisconsin, 2,702.
Total,
States, 6,518,372.
Territories.
trict of
Arizona,
;
155
Dakota, 401
;
Dis;
Columbia, 59,596
Idaho, 53
Montana, 346
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
153
:
Kew
Mexico, 1,015
298.
Utah, 232
Washington, 325
62,421.
Wyoming,
United
Total,
Territories,
Total^
States, 6,580,793.
The
total
number of Negroes
in
these States
and
4,-
Territories, as reported
The
increase in the
is
shown by
1880.
Net increase
in ten years.
Alabama
Arkansas Delaware
Florida
475,510
122,169 22,794
..
.
. .
600,141
142,631
210,622
88,453
3,662
26,456
125,262
91,689
545,142.
33'573
Georgia
... ...
Kentucky
Louisiana
222,210.
7-4-654 271,462
179,512
49,252
119,688
34.505
364,210
,..
483,898
209,896
652.221
Maryland
Mississippi
175,391
444,201
.
ao8,o2o
26.975
Missouri
...
118,071
145,046
391,650
35I016
604,325
139,666
188,511
415.814
322,331
402,994
393.384
80.660
253,475
512,841
631,756
25,729
39,909 118,915
7.749
West Virginia
17,980
The
during
total
number of
years
was
This shows
increase
the
enormous
of
The
to-
(J)
. . . ..
...
154
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
The
by
increase
States, 1880.
South Carolina
Mississippi
10,909
9.936
5.735
Arizona Colorado
121 121
.
Louisiana
West
Iowa
Virginia.
115
Georgia 3,678 North Carolina 3.527 Arkansas 1,863 District of Columbia. 1,053 Tennessee 944 Connecticut 688 Indiana 528
100
New York
Massachusetts
. .
92 1^ 62
51
Rhode
Island.
New
Jersey
Vermont
Minnesota
32
28 6
7
New Mexico
Illinois
409 380
144 126
Utah
Wisconsin New Hampshire.
Decrease.
Pennsylvania
Ohio
Texas
Florida
11 ,985
Delaware
Missouri
.
294
197
.
6,993
.
Alabama
Montana
187 147
Wyoming
Kentucky Dakota Kansas Washington
Idaho
Virginia
California
Nebraska.
118
Oregon
100
87
412
Michigan.
403
365
48
309
Maryland
As
a whole,
States at each
757,363
X
,001 ,463
1,377,81.0
1,771,562
830
2,328,642
SINCE EMANCIPATION.
1840 1850
2,873,758
3,638,762
155
i860
1870 1880
4.435.709
4,886,387
6,580,793
In conclusion, the advocates of emancipation and friends of the freed people need not be discouraged because nineteen years of trial have not entirely wiped
away
all traces
debasement.
to measure
a half of slavery's
short period the
all
things
up
most enlightened
to expect an impossibility. Yet, comparing them with other races, the verdict of the future will be that no nation ever came from so low a level and rose to so great a height in so short a time. The nineteen years' history of the ex-slaves of the Uni-
people on earth,
is
their
citi-
here a large
and increasing quantity of material that needs no such violent change ot ideas and customs, nor purging out of socialistic or monarchial notions hs do the emigrauts sent to our shores from the Old World. JSTeither aliens in religion nor social customs, there is no danger to be feared from them to our peculiar form of government, but in the 6,000,000 of our colored population there is a Samson's strength that may be relied upon for the defense of, but will never be exerted in the pulling down of the educational and religious pillars that support our republican form of government.
EMJl^CIPjlTION,
MO^UMEN'
CEREMONIES
AticndiJig the himiguration of the Frcedmeti-s Memorial meftt to Abraham Lincoln, at Lmcoln Park,
Monu-
Washington
City,
April
14th, i8j6.
the
stat-
Lincoln Park.
It
had
matter
in
which
is
delife,
upon
the an-
ty
less
was evident
at an early
158
The day having been declared a public holiday by Congress, every one was free to participate in the exercises or to witness the spectacle of a ^rafefw^
cherished name.
to
Long
upon the
streets,
The
flags
upon the
at
half-mast.
Nearly
all
and
K streets,
line.
which was
selected as
the rendezvous,
After
all
to their
plac-
command
command
moved
in
the following
Aaron
Russell,
John W. Freeman,
Edward
Chase,
W.
Ward, Perry H.
Carson,
Lav-
159
James H.
Hill,
James A. Green,
William H. Simpson,
lace,
St. Clair Burlej, John D. WalEdward Morris and Llojd Brooks, staff officers.
commanded by Major
Company B, Captain
Graham.
C, Captain
at-
commander;
J. S.
of the
same
city, S.
W.
3,
eralissimo; H.
Wadde,
K.
Emanuel ComI.
mandery, No.
T., also of
Baltimore,
M. Wad-
dey, commander.
The Knights of
are
(original),
ters,
St,
There
two organizations.
No.
1, S.
Augustine
Wa-
Knights of
St.
Augustine, No.
2.,
W. W.
Smith,
They had
painting of the
160
Mr.
W.
E.
Matthews and
others. of
flag;
drum
corps.
street
to
Seventeenth, to
Pennsylvania avenue through the grounds of the Executive Mansion; along Pennsylvania avenue to First
Btreet west, to
street north, to
First
street
east,
to
Prof.
Widdows,
played on
M.
E.
Church
cliimes,
Changes," in
minor;
Scotch melody,
the Fort,"
"A
Man's a
Man
for a'
That," "Hold
"Mary
Long
ple
began to gather
having come by a
more
di-
rect route
in flags,
with guests.
Immediately be-
161
Supreme Court, Senators Morton, BoutSherman, Bruce and others of the Senate;
S.
Hon.
W.
tinguished gentlemen
cises,
who were
and many
other
distinguished
personages.
right
stationed at the
of the
Professor
ional
Hon.
J.
much enthusiasm
as if it
had
and
^
hymn was
played.
The Eev.
Wm.
G.' Eliot
whom
the
monument
of those
who had
and
to
162
so,
and
it
present,
his
place,
which
am
Asking your
do
shall proceed to
Sanitary Commission, to
whom
memorial at the
jSTat-
ional Capital.
It is perhaps proper that I
should
tell
you how
it
work.
Wm.
B
Greeley, Dr. J.
by Secretary Stan-
ton.
sick,
up and furnish
hospitals,
provide competent
nurses, &c.
But
as the
greatly enlarged.
soldiers.
The
and orphans
of
Union
For these purposes large sums of money, clothwere contributed and sent to them, and
I
can
Their total
millions,
amounted
to over four
and a quarter
THE EMANCIPATION MONUMENT.
viduals in
to Maine,
all
163
Francisco
and without the aid of a single organized auxthe war was closed; after the
iliary association.
And
finally, after
la-
slave
wo-
that
"The
I
had been,
for she
was then
free
and said to
her:
Mr.
five dol-
my
memory."
mustard
seed, contributed
by Charlotte Scott
in
grati-
Mr.
Wm. P.
al T. C.
H. Smith, then
command
it
of the military
who was
Union
refugee,
Ohio,
tak-
him Charlote
It
belonging to him.
this
was
which we now
see
before
us.
it,
which was
as
fol-
lows
St.
Jmnes E. Yeaiman,
Esq.:
My Dear
Sir.-
A poor
164
made
free
by President Lincoln's
monument
to their dead
friend be erected
States.
United
five
Such a
not be
known
Yours truly,
In compliance with General
published his
letter,
T. C. H.Smith.
Smith's suggestion I
same and
intended.
see that
it
as
W.
Davidson, headquarall
to
$12,150.
iS6j.
Yeatman,
St.
Louis:
satisfac-
"My Dkak
tion,
Sir:
press, that
in
giving tone
of a
fund for
165
in
Monument,
of their race.
honor
"The General
also informs
me
cit3^
have re-
quested through him that the five dollars deposited with the
Rev. C. H. Battkllk, of this
by
it
to
you
this day.
and up
America,
feel
an enthu-
Mon-
ument.
hope
may
should be built
essentially
by freed-
come from the former slaves every State should furnisli a stone, and the monument should be erected at the capital of the nation. Nothing could be better calculated to stimulate this down;
an^l nat-
(xeneral
Smith
Her
will
Virginia.
She
repal-
old.
but
is
and colored.
other slaves, to
my
wife, by
her father.
Thomas
was deeply
:
H.
Sco'J'T.
When we
re-
distressed.
In a conversalost
"
their
on earth; Mr.
and I will
memory."
my wages towards erecting a monument to his She asked me who would be the best person to raise
166
money
five dollars.
"I
am,
my
dear
sir,
WM.
P.
RUCKER."
2g,
1S63.
Yeatman,
:
"Dear Sir
was providentially
called
upon by Charlotte
living in of
of
P.
Rucker, now
Hon.
Abraham Lincoln.
and gave notice through the press
I I
that
sig-
fully inaug-
urated.
of General T. C. H.
I
Smith
herewith forward
its
re-
may show
money
I
has gone
in
hope
to be able to stir
"I rejoice, dear
folks
on
this
subject.
this
that
honorable movement
its
in its incipiency,
watch
the
top-stone bhall be
amid the
"Very
respectfully yours,
"C. D.
BATTELLE."
the
first
The
posed
Yeatman, and
letters
and contributions
167
Charlotte Scott
at
Natchez,
for safe
Monument
to
Mr*
Lincoln.
Headquarters, 6th U.
"James
E.
Yeatman,
"Preszdent IVesfern Sanitary Commission,
St.
Louis,
the
President Lincoln,
the
gift
sum of
me to
say that
feel
proud of
my
liberal contribu-
"Very
respectfully,
"Your obedient
servant,
"JOHN
"
P.
COLEMAN
S.
Colored
Heavy
"Amounts,
$515
;
companies Co A,
:
Co. B, $594, Co. C, 514; Co. D; $464; Co. E, $199; Co. Co. L $423 Co. K, $231 F, $409; Co. G, $284; Co. H, $202
; ;
Co. L. S142
Co. M, $354.
Total, $4,242."
W. Davidson,
District of Natchez, Miss.,
"Commanding
"General
cents
for
amount
collected,
, '
1H8
monument
this
to the
memory
of
Presi-
dent Lincoln.
Every dollar of
my
aggregate of six hundred and eighty three I683] men. Much more might have been raised, but I cautioned the officers to
my
Allow
is
me
to
add that
tlie
monuThey
and
ment
feel
money
exclusively.
is
large,
will
be done
promptly.
there
is
monument among
built
memory, then
to catch the
its
summit
will
be
the clouds
of
the
first
first
gleam
coming
coln
himself
first
proclaimed the
freedom.
light, of universal
"I
"W.
C.
EARLES,
S. C. I)ifa>itry
"Colonel yol/i U.
"District of Natchez,
"
May
I
21. iS6j.'
Hon. James
E.
Yeatman
in
the Democrat,
wrote to
my
nobly to the
lery],
Farrar's regiment
[6th U. S.
Heavy
of
Artil-
sent
some
$4,700.
has been
S.
W.
Lupton, Paymaster U.
A.,
for
The idea is, that the monument shall be raised to Mr. Li nmemory at the national capital, exclusively by the race he
free.
has set
Very
truly yours,
J.
W. DAVIDSON,
''Brez'et
Major
General."
169
St.
Louis.
Brevet Major
they are under to our late President, Mr. Lincoln, and desiring
to the erection of
monument
it
70th U.
S. C. Infantry,
W.
C.
Earle
$2,949.50
Infantry,
^A, C,
and
E,
Mitchell
263.00
31 2.38
Freedmen
Total
"
of
Natchez
$3,529-85
C.
Added to this, Major John P. Coleman, of the 6th U. S. Heavy Artillery, stationed here, has Sent you nearly five
for the
thousand dollars
S. C.
In-
fantry desire me, at the next pay day, to collect one dollar per
man. which
lars.
will swell
the
amount
to nearly ten
thousand dol-
This
is
hun-
some
them.
but
"
it
limit
this,
their friends,
may know
that their
send
me
am,
sir,
"
W.
C.
LUPTON,
S.
Paymaster U.
A.
movement
is
regarded by
170
who have
that some
some great charity, would be better; but the colored people of the Ui '.ted States, and especially the liberated
bondmen, wish something tangible and
visible
to
the
Towards any
and
but
it
is
ment should ascend, at the capital of th6 nation, showing forth, to the whole world of mankind, the appre_
elation of an emancipated race for their greatest earthly benefactor.
From
made
in the
first
in.
have a
free-will oiFering
rest
without solicitation we
determined to
uted.
America's
great
it
most renowned
sculptors.
171
this
in
or any
mention
this
now
as the design
and
non-execution
in
may
be
was published
the
London
freed peo-
ple will
this
grand design.
Comthe
autumn
as Ball
so
of 1869,
when
Thomin
its
much
Louis.
He had
learned
from Mr. Ball that the work was conceived and executed under the
assassination.
first
influence of the
Xo
when
he
there would be a
demand
for
it,
and
it.
any
rate,
felt
aim was
lived
and died
and
all
cluded.
just
work
of love
172
For
destination.
ble use to
artist
which
might be put
as
the commission were prepared to take action, and that the price to be paid would be altogether a secondary consideration.
When
the description
was given
to
the
They
at
once decided
for
its
immediate execution
suggestions
with the
made by Mr.
and
The
original group
respects
was
in Italian marble,
differs in
some
from the
bronze group
now
to be inaugurated.
is
In the original
hand
of tlie
But the
artist justly
changel this, to
fact, bj^
making
the emancipated
slave an
agent
in
his
own
own
delivorenee.
He
is
his
digni-
is
thus
imparted.
The
original
changed by introduc-
173
an ideal
slave,
man the
captors
(
who was
rescued
from his
who had
transcended
Louis.
land.
photographic picture
was sent
to Mr. Ball,
who
The
ideal
group
is
thus
los-
its artistic
conception or
effect.
The
monument,
in bronze,
in
now
Royal foundry,
iginal
Munich.
An
group as
first
ecuted by
him
in pure
building of
as Ball, to
St.
Of the eminent
sculptor,
Thom-
due,
it
is
unnecessary to
merits.
But it is a
source
American Union
Presi-
monument,
in
memory
of the people's
is
who
who
is
American
citizen.
174
group was
all
paid
for.
The
for
the foundation
j^-ou
Monument,
to
do with
In the
best
have
exercised
their
judgment
done
it
the best
do
it
with.
It remains
who
will
follow to say
how
wisely or
how
well
Whatever
slave
woman.
Her
offering of gratitude
and
love, like
"In
and through
prompt and wise performance of the trust and duty committed to your
care.
The
finished
and appropriate
work
of art
175-
ages in
of
him who
is
to be forever
known
it
world's his-
We
unveil
to
the gaze,
the admiration
of
man-
kind.
'Fellow-citizens, according to
the arrangement of
it
had
fallen
to
my
but
we have with us the President of the United States and it strikes me that it is altogether fit and proper to now ask him to take part in the exercises so far as
to unveil this
monument."
in the deepest silence,
A moment passed
the
away, and
and exclamations
and the
to
of admiration.
To
the booming
of cannon
the
Chief."
made by the
standing be-
is
side a monolith,
in bas
tion,
relief.
a bust of Washington
In his right
left is
while his
who
just rising,
The
figure of the
176
slave
is
man worn by toil, with muscles hardHe is represented as just rising from
is
of the
manhood of freedom. Upon the base monument is cut the word "Emancipation."
and the
eft'ect
is
The
grand.
On
freedom's memorial.
" In
grateful
memory
erected
of
Abraham
Lincoln, this
monument was
ly
by emancipated
citizens of the
States, declar-
A. D. 1863.
"The
first
made by
woman
monument
memory."
be'an act
On
"
the reverse:
this act, sincerely believed to
And upon
ot
man-
by Miss
Ray
177
LINCOLN.
To-day
martyred
chief!
We
A
to thee
who won
The applause
living tribute
we would
offer here.
To change
to
of slavery's darts;
And open "gates of mercy on mankind," And so they come, the freed, with grateful gift. From whose sad path the shadows thou didst lift.
Eleven years have rolled their seasons round
Since
its
We
As
Not
see thee
still,
Were thy
chaste diadem
of truer
worth
of earth.
Thy modest
gems
Truth was thy guide her mandates were thy laws. Rare heroism
;
spirit Durity
The
Amid Were
the doubts of
thine.
men
in
of
weaker mold
Called
When
To
anxious awe.
fulfill
thou didst
Thy mighty
will.
178
Thou wert, O Lincoln! in the march of time. God bade thee pause and bid the oppressed go
Most glorious boon
giv'n to humanity,
land,
free-
What
Of
Her page
The
Thou utterest the word, and Freedom fair Rang her sweet bells on the clear winter air
She waved her magic wand, and
lo
!
from
far
with
many
a scar
strife,
many had
aged,
life.
The
young
To
offer
A
It
When
The
unstained
And
as the
echoes pealed
As now we dedicate
True champion
!
in all
humility
179
And solemn
Save by our
earnestness,
invisible,
we would
erect
A monument
undecked,
allied
purpose to be true
To Freedom's loftiest precepts, so that throuj^di The fiercest contest we may walk secure, Fixed on foundations that may still endure
When granite shall have crumbled to decay. And generations passed from earth away.
Exalted patriot! illustrious chief!
Thy
life's
belief.
To-day
in
a ransomed race
country's scroll
we fondly
trace
;
The world
shall
echo with
"
Our
warmly congratulate
you upon the highly interesting object which has caused you to assemble in such numbers and spirit as you have to-day.. This
occasion
ful
is
in
some
respects remarkable.
men
of
our race,
who
shall
come
after
United
States,
who
survey
we have made
traveled,
in
who we
a note of thisocca-
180
sion
it,
of
complacency.
circumstances
ing and
in
inspir-
uncommon.
They lend
grace,
we have
met.
Nowhere
else
in
this
its
cities,
uncounted
favorable
to the
success
We
to
go
into history,
the
national
and reciprocated.
men
all
Few
vast and wonderful change which has taken place in our condition as a people, than the fact of our assembling here for the
worthy
as this
demonstration
is,
The
spirit of slavery
in
still
lingers to blight
and destroy
would
have made our assembling here to-day the signal and excuse
for
opening upon us
in
all
peace to-day
American
civilization,
and a prophecy
in
greater national
refer to the
the future.
past
is
more
distinctly
front
and ourselves,
and
the
to congratulate
all
new dispensation
races,
of freedom with
thousand blessings to
its
both
ten
181
In
both races
view then,
and the
and dark
progress
history of our
bondage behind
us,
and with
liberty,
upon
The
here
told.
We
Colum-
bia
of
here
in
American
city recently
in its spirit
;
beautiful in its
body and
we
place
where the ablest and best men the policy, enact the laws and shape the destiny
lic
;
Repubof
we
dome
are
down upon
us;
we
here
with the broad earth freshly adorned with the foliage and flowers of spring for our church, and all races, colors and conditions
of
men
in
a word,
we
as best
ful
by Abraham
Lincoln.
that brings us hereto-day
is
The sentiment
human
heart.
It
made
all
men.
and patriotliberty.
It
soldiers
who
fell in
the defense of
often,
in
the presence of
182
a sentiment
first
For the
time
and
in
we
join in
in
and
this
one of our
first
things.
It is
the
first
time that,
in
commend
,
the
let
Let
it
be told
in
men
us,
of all parties
let
who
respect us,
know
of the
members
of the
House
sentiment of
the country
and the
in
we
all
patriotically
bow;
in
rejoic-
first
cen-
the
life
of this Republic,
set apart,
bronze, in every
this generation
and figure
of
may
read
and those
after
coming genera-
tions
may read something of the exalted character and great work of Abraham Lincoln, the first martyr President of the
Fellow-citizens
In
United States.
:
what we have
said
in
hereafter,
we
everything
183
and assumption.
We
history and
memory
of the
day.
We
comprehend the
relation of
Abraham
Lincoln,
both to ourselves and the white people of the United States. Truth is proper and beautiful at all times and in all places, and
it is
in
likely to
be
commended
for
after his
departure
It
must
me monument we have
in
the pres-
Abra-
ham
our
man
or our model.
in
He was
at
He was
humanity
first
postpone and
ple, to
In
all
feelings
Americans.
He came
upon one
principle alone,
His arguments
in furtherance of this policy had their motive and mainspring in his patriotic devotion to the interests of his
own
race.
To
it
in
He was
ready to
execute
He
184
liberty,
were already
in
arms against
the Government.
The
race to which
to you,
my
this
wor-
ship at once
and supreme.
First,
midst and
last
you and
yours were the object of his deepest affection and his most earnest solicitude.
You
Abraham
Lincoln:
We
by force
of circumstances
and necessity.
To you
his
it
especially
hang
pictures on your
and commend
monuments
let
them be
id rocks,
of the
let
their forms be
sol-
let their
bases be upon
them endure
in
forever
But while
in
and
patriotic devotion
you do
all this,
we entreat you
to despise
for
we
for
this
while
in rebellion to
op-
Fellow-citizens
Ours
is
new-born
of
zeal
and devotion, a
The name
ed
in
wae.icro.va-
Our
faith in
it
tlie
uttermost, but
;
never
When
mountain
when he strangely
told us that
185
told
when he
still
more strangely
;
we were born
Union
when he
;
refused
in
defense of the
as colored prisoners
if
when he
told
us
re-
of
when he
refused to
move
commander
of the
Army
of the
in his efforts to
protect slavery
stunned, grieved
but our
this,
Nor was
even
and unreasoning
;
superstition.
Despite the
r,
we were
compreal-
hensive view of
Abraham
Lincoln, and to
make reasonable
We
saw him,
his patience;
at
by a broad survey,
and
in
them
the
as
we
It
will,
we came
little
;
hour and
man
of our redemption
had met
to us
in
the person of
Abraham
Lincoln.
mattered
upon
special occasions it mattered little to us, when we fully knew him, whether he was swift or slow in his movements it was enough for us that Abraham Lincoln was at the head of a
;
great
in living
the United
When,
therefore,
it
shall
186
with the
memory
of
Abraham
Lincoln, or
is
ready, full
Though he loved
more
and
to
beneficent rule
we saw
under
and beneficent
rule,
we saw
wav
under his
rule,
and
could tolerate
brothers laying
in
oR the
over
the blue
of
Abraham
under
the special object of slave holding aversion and horror fully recognized,
in the city of
Washington
under
his rule
we saw the
for the
internal
in
slave trade
District of
the
Columbia under
;
his rule
we saw
first
time
first
the law enforced against the foreign slave trade and the
and
his inspiration
States, bas-
under
and
in
we saw Abraham
of grace in
Lincoln,
months
which to
in its
its
princi-
187
and
effect,
making
States.
this
and more.
friendly
to the
When
if
I
Abrashall
I
ham
memorable
night,
when
in
a distant city
Nor
shall
happy hour
we
forgot
all
delay,
and forgot
all
tardiness,
down
arms by a
promise to withhold the bolt which would smite the slave sys-
willing to al-
all
and progress.
Fellow
speak
citizens, there
is little
at length
and
the world.
elsewhere.
fact
Abraham
Lincoln,
man can
say anything
new
man
of his age.
He was
Though
though
in
man who
high
in position,
home
in his presence.
Though
;
strong, he
his
188
who
his
differed
from
public
utter-
The image
of the
man went
I
common
race.
Looking back to
his times
feeling
on
may
in
safely be set
down
as
wonderful success
through that
things
;
conflict.
first,
dismemberment and
ruin,
and second, to
To do one
men.
Without
this
his efforts
Had he
abolition ground,
Mr. Lincoln
seemed
and deter-
mined.
hardly necessary to
He
was willing while the Soutn was loyal that it should have its pound of flesh, because he thought it was so nominated in the
bond, but further than this no earthly power could
Fellow-citizens, whatever
else in this
world
189
and certain
impartial, just
it
is
and earnestly
may safely leave his course to the silent Few great public men have ever been the victims of fiercer denunciation than Abraham Lincoln was during his administration. He was often wounded in the house of his friends. Reproaches came thick and fast upon him from within and from without, and from opposite quarters. He was
ed with reproaches,
of time.
judgment
assailed by abolitionists
he
was
assailed by
assailed
of the
war he was
abolition
wap; and he was most bitterly assailed for making the war an abolition was.
of the
tre-
present hour
is,
that taking
of the
him
for all in
all,
measuring the
mendous magnitude
cessary
infinite
means to
Abraham
training,
and
were strongly
in his favor.
lowly,
flintiest
manded by
of his early
life,
which would have depressed and broken down weaker men, only
gave greater
life,
Abraham
of
Lincoln.
He was
work.
What
other young
men dreaded
in
the shape of
toil,
190
pick-axe or a
bill
woods, and
made by
at
a pine knot.
He
was
at
home on
wedges
;
the land with his axe, with his maul, with gluts
and
oars,
his
home on
Avith
boathooks.
or at the
And whether
toil
on the Mississippi
he was a
river,
man
of work.
son of
in
him tremendous power with the American riall)' contributed not only to selecting him
but
in sustaining his
and mate-
to the Presidency,
Upon
an
office
United States,
tions,
it is
and
Abraham
called upin
He was
A formidable
at-
him
the centre.
had provided
and
for its
own
defense.
for him to decide was whether his country should survive the
crisis
flourish or be
dismembered and
His prede-
dismemberment, by denying
it
and self-preservation.
191
Happily for the country, happily for you and for me, the
judgment
of
pntrician,
ment
of
Abraham
He
common
did not
He
at
what-
pa-
in the
patriot-
Timid men
said before
Mr. Lincoln's
last
voice
quarters said
Tome
in the
said that a
Union
rr^aintained
But
this
in
all
He
make
this honest
boatman, back-
splitter of rails
evade or violate
He had
He had
not
been taught that treason and perjury were the proofs of honor
and honesty.
thing
when he meant
was
The
trust
coln had of himself and in the people was surprising and grand,
but
it
also enlightened
He knew
the
his
Had Abraham
which
flesh
is
ills
to
heir
and
his
work had
;
192
Still
name
vio-
lovingly.
But dying
as he did die,
lence
killed, assassinated,
taken
off
could hate him, but because of his fidelity to Union and liberty,
he
is
doubly dear to
us,
I
and
will
I
Fellow-citizens,
end as
for
We
honor to
memory
of our friend
who come
after us.
We
and immortal.
We
blighting slander.
When now
man
and
is
factors
when the
hurled at
us,
it is
brotherhood,
this
we may calmly
point to the
Doubtless
it is
emanto
amendment
the
freedom to
all
more
effective
by the
that
all
universal
emancipation
true,,
remained
in slavery
While
as distinct as that of
Germany and
195
they were
surrounded by Europeans
who
Forth
driven
them
with
much
of civilization as allowed
the
]!!^egro
were found
six
in
pos-
hundred and
l^egro
for
war of 1861-5.
Demands
and
as the
government of the
which
as Nations^
196
United
slaves.
emancipated their
in a treat}^
concluded March
slavery shall not exist, nor involuntary servitude, except for and
in
of crime,
shall
first
And inasmuch as there are aall the members of said nation. mong the Seminoles many persons of African descent and blood, who have no interest or property in the soil, and no recognized
civil rights,
it is
and their
all
the rights of native citizens, and the laws of said nation shall
all
who may
entered into
was
stipulated.
servi-
of crime
cable to
members
said nations.
^^
"
consideration of the
sum
known
sum
shall
197
the
an interest not
less
than
fiv^e
per cent.,
in trust for
shall
and
may be
necessary to give
persons of African
in
slavery
among
in
said
nations,
all
immunities,
including the right of suffrage, of citizens of said nations except the annuities, moneys, and public domain claimed by, or beto, said
longing
persons
nations respectively
who were
as the
to be selected
on the survey
Indians have
made
and im-
the said
sum
Choctaw and
Chickasaw nations
the proportion
latter
of
three-fourths to the
rate
pay
respectively.
And
not be
made by
of
sum
held
in trust
nations,
and
manner
as the
United States
shall
deem proper
all
the United States agreeing, within ninety days from the expiration of the said twovears, to
remove from
said nations
such
198
those
sum
of three
hundred thou-
sand dollars, or any part thereof, but shall be upon the same
footing as other citizens of the United States in the said nations.
Article
"
4.
The
all
and criminal
courts,
suits
and proceedings
in
Chickasaw
remunera-
which
them
to enforce.
And
all
shalll
men,
n(
in
[the
in
much
land
as they
lies, in
may
and fami-
by
improvements without
in
the
On
"
The Creeks hereby covenant and agree that henceforth neithinvoluntaiy servitude, otherwise than
in
er slavery nor
the
punishment
of crimes,
shall
199
all
members
nation
and inasmuch as
there are
among
who have no
their laws
said
said
country, and
of this treaty,
may
the
ratification
of the
same
race as
tle
may
Nation as
all
the
soiJ^
be
e-
such perbe
who may
adopted
as citizens or
members
of said tribe.
The
treaty
made with
Article
" All
4.
and
all
such slaves,
ist, 1861,
who resided in the Cherokee who may within two years elect
Arkansas
river
settle in
east of the
shall
district
and also
all
Grand
river,
east
by Grand
river
the
line
of west long-
itude
line
that
200
who may
so elect to reside
in
the
part of said district north of the Arkansas river shall not be set
apart until
it
shall
is
not
Article
9.
The Cherokee
by an act
of their national
in
all all
members
They
further agree
that
of their
colored persons
of the rebellion,
who
and
were
are
in
commencement
now
residents therein, or
shall
who may
have
all
the
Cherokee nation
Article
nation shall have the right to
10.
in
the Cherokee
any products
cluding his or her live stock, or any merchandise or manufactured products, and to ship and drive the same to market with-
is
now
or
may be
Indian territory,"
201
By
was wip-
tribes
[M]
m^\?J[m\
^I[0CLAMAT10NS,
"
I,
Abraham
Lincoln,
people thereof
be,
in
those States
;
in
is,
or
may
suspended or disturbed
that
my
free acceptance
or rejection of
may may
to
upon
Government
that
on the
first
day of January,
in
rebellion
against the
free,
LInited
States,
Government
of such
person,
or
any
of them,
:
any
efiforts
they
will,
may make
on the
first
freedom
that the
Executive
EMANCIPATION PKOCLAMATION.
day
of January, aforesaid, of States,
if
205
and parts
any, in
and
the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day
be
in
good
faith represented
in
United
States by
members chosen
ma-
have participated,
That attention
is
"
An
1
act to
make an
"
approved March
13,
862. and
"
which act
in
Be
it
be promulgated as an additional
of the
of
war
"
for the
government
army
of the
shall be
'
for the
purpose
es-
of returning fugitives
and any
officer
be found guilty by a
the service.
'
'
Sec.
2.
And
be
it
passage,
"
entitled,
An
approved July
17, 1862,
in
figures following:
206
'
'
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
Sec
9.
And
of the
be
it
further enacted.
That
all
slaves of
persons
who
shall hereafter be
engaged
in rebellion
against the
Government
United
States, or
who
all
shall in
and taking
army and
;
Government
(
and
all
slaves of such
persons found on
forces,
United
States, shall be
deemed
"'Sec.
10.
And
be
it
further enacted.
That no slave
es-
some
off-
ence against the laws, unless the person claiming said fugitive
shall first
make oath
in
whom
is
alleged to be due,
and
the present
thereto
nor
comfort
And
all
persons en-
gaged
in the military
observe, obey and eriforce within their respective spheres of service the act
"
'
recited.
And
recommend
that
all
citizens of the
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
spective states and people,
if
207
by acts of the
loss of slaves.
witness whereof,
have hereunto
set
my hand and
Done
at the city of
in
Washington,
this
twenty-second day
of September,
the
By
the President;
Abraham Lincoln.
State,
"
" Wi\i.
H. Seward, Secretary of
PROCLAMATION OF JANUARY
"
;
FIRST,
1863.
Whereas on the twenty-second day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclamation was issued by the President of the United States
containing,
"
among
That on the
day of January,
in
persons held as
be then,
free,
cutive Government of thelUnited States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the
may make
for their
will,
on the
first
any, in
shall then be in
and the
fact that
any State or
208
ed
in
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
the Congress of the United States by
members chosen
in the
absence of
Now,
therefore,
I,
Abraham
me
vested as
Commanderof
actual
armed
and Government
for sup-
day of January,
in
the year
sixty-three.-
and
in
accordance with
full
my purpose
above-
Arkan-
James, Ascension,
St,
Mary,
Martin, and
New
Orleans, Mississipi,
Alaba-
ma, Forida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, except the forty-eight counties designated as
ginia,
West
Vir-
ton,
York,
Princess
Ann,
and
Norfolk
left
precisely as
if
this procla-
And by
virtue of the
power and
all
for the
purpose aforesaid,
of the
Unit-
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION.
ed States, including the Military and authorities thereof,
recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.
"
209
will
And
to abstain from
1
and
recommend
"
to them, that in
when
And
make known
armed
service
cjf
and oth-
of
all
And upon
this, sincerely
ni}-
hand and
Done
at the city of
Washington, this
first
day of Januar}',
in
of
America the
"
United States,
GOME, GREETING
:
TO ALL TO
Know
U nited
a resolution
which is in the words following, namely "A Resolution sub7nitting to the Legislatures of the several States
a proposition
to
amend
United
States.
and House of
Reprcsenatives of the
That the following article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States as an amendment
both houses concttrring,)
which when
ratified
shall be valid,
to all
in:
namely
Article XIII.
"Section
I.
duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
"Section
article
by appropriate
And
file
whereas,
appears from
official
documents on
in this
Rhode
New
York,
West
211
Nevada, Indiana,
Arkansas, Connecticut,
na,
New
ty-seven States:
And
ted States
thirty-six;
spec-
Now,
virtue
therefore, be
it
known
that
I,
William H.
States,
by
and
in
"An act
to provide
do hereby
amendand purStates.
ment
aforesaid has
become
valid, to all
intents
United
set
In testimony whereof,
have hereunto
my hand
af-
seal of
Done
at the city of
Washington,
this eighteenth
day
of December,
(L. S.)
in the
America the
ninetieth,
William H. Seward,
Secretary of State.
212
AMENDMENT BY THE
December
2nd,
20,
STATES.
865
865.
Alabama
Arkansas
^California
April
December 20,
865
Connecticut ^Florida
May
5,
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
*Iovva
Kansas
Louisiana
Maine Maryland
Massachusetts
.February
8,
Michigan Minnesota
Missouri
...
February 2, 865 February 23, 865 February 10, 895 February 16, 865
July
i,
865
866
865 865 865
December
February
4,
10,
1
December
1,
Rhode
Island
February February
8,
2,
1
November
March
February February
3, 7,
April
Vermont
Virginia
9, 9, 3,
i,
West Virginia
Wisconsin Texas
March
February
State,
1
8.
870
Secretary
of
Seward,
issued
bis
procla-
Oregon
ratified
213
reach
Washingclear-
The other
states are
ly that they
were too
late to be counted,
though enough
had already
EMANCIPATED.
the
number of slaves
Alabama
Arkansas Delaware
Florida..
.
435,080
111,115
i
,798
61,745
462, 1 98
2
,
Georgia
Kansas.
Kentucky
Louisiana
225,483
331,726
87,189
Maryland
Mississippi
436,631
114,931
15
Missouri
Nebraska
'New Jersey North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee
18
33i.o59
402,406
275,719
1
Texas
Virginia
District of
82,566
490,865
Territory of
Columbia Utah
'.
3.185
29
12,606
By the Indians
Total
St,
3,966,366
Domingo
800,000
85,000
Gaudaloupe Columbia
*Nevv Jersey XIII am.;ndnent.
900,000
These
for
life,
freed
by
214
Cape colony
Jamaica Antigua
Russia
Israelites,
SLAVES FREED.
30,000
33''Ooo
30,000
23,000,000
including
women and
childr'n
2,500,000
Indians in Spain
700
35.000
1,500,000
Porto Rica
India
Declaratioi? of IndependeRce
ANT)
THE
(Sonstitutioi] of the
United States,
1776.
tlic
thirteen U. S. of America.
When,
in
the course of
human
events,
it
becomes neces-
sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have
among
the
Pow-
Laws
of
mankind
We
men
are
endowed by
that
among these
and
That to secure
governed
it
is
the
and to
institute
new Government,
organizing
its
its
powers
and Happiness.
Prudence, indeed,
changed
for light
all
ex-
while evils are sufYerable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
train of abuses
their right,
it is
their duty, to
such Govern-
21
merit, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies and
;
such
is
now
them
to
alter
their
The
history of the
present
of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove
this
let
King
facts
be
He
and necessary
has refused his Assent to Laws the most wholesome for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained and when so suspended, he
;
He
would relinquish
in
to tyrants only.
He
He
has dissolved
Representative
Houses repeatedly,
for
He
cause others to be elected, whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large
for their exercise
;
ed to
all
within.
He
States
;
[N]
218
Qi Foreigners
tion hither,
of Lands.
He
He
salaries.
has
tenure of their
He
swarms
stance.
New
Offices,
He He
He
has kept
among
us, jn
of
from Punishment
of these States
For cutting
off
all
us, in
many
by
tried
for
pretended
free
in a
neigh-
and enlarging
its
Boundaries, so as to render
it
at
once an ex-
ample and
fit
2l9
ble Laws,
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most vahiaand altering fundamentally the Forms of our Govern:
ment
For suspending our own Legislature, and declaring themselves invested with
Power
to legislate for us in
all
cases what-
soever.
He He He
his Protection,
and waging
War
against us.
at this
of
most barbarous
and
totally
un-
worth}^ the
Head
of a civilized nation.
He
Arms
become
them-
fall
He
us,
and has
the
whose known
all
rule
of warfare
is
an
undistinguished destruction of
ages,
sexes and
conditions.
We
A
Redress
in the
Our repeated
Prince,
whose char-
a free People.
in
attention to our
Brittish
We
We
220
We
have appealed
to
their
the
ties of
our
common
which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and
of consanguinity.
sity,
We
which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace, Friends.
We,
of
preme Judge
in the
of the
good People
of these Col-
and
ought to
Free and
all
Independent. States
That
they are
Absolved from
all political
is,
and ought to
totally
dissolved
;
States, they
have
full
Power
may
of right do.
And
this
Declara-
dence,
we mutually pledge
our For-
John Hancock,
President.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Josiah Bartlett,
RHODE ISLAND.
Step. Hopkins,
Wm.
Whipple,
William Ellery.
Matthew Thornton.
Wm.
|
221
NEW YORK.
Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris.
MARYLAND.
Samuel Chase,
Wm.
Wm.
ton.
Paca,
Thos. Stone,
Charles Carroll of CaroU-
NEW
VIRCINL^,
Abra. Clark.
Thos. Nelson,
Jr.,
PENNSYLVANIA.
Robt. Morris,
Benjamin Rush,
Benja. Franklin.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
Wm.
Geo
Ross..
Thomas Lynch,
DELAWARE.
Caesar Rodney, George Read, Tho. McKean.
Junr.,
Arthur Middleto'n.
GEORGIA. Button Gwinnett,
Lyman
Hall,
George Walton.
CONSTITUTION
OF THE
We the
ity,
People
of the
United States,
in
common
this
Constitu-
tion
for the
ARTICLE
Section
of a Senate
i.
I.
All legislative
Section.
The House
of Representatives shall be
com-
in
Branch
No Person
attained to the
who
shall
not have
Age
of twenty-five Years,
who
s^all not,shall
when
elected,
in
which he
Taxes
be chosen.
be apportioned
and
direct
shall
among
may
Term
of Years,
and exclu-
223
The ac-
fifths of all
other Persons.
Enumeration
shall be
made
and within
as
every subsequent
shall
Term
Manner
they
by Law
direct.
The Number
exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have
at Least
until
New Hampshire
Rhode
five,
shall be entitled to
choose
Masssachusetts eight,
Island and
six,
Providence
New-York
New
six,
Jersey
Virginia
North Carolina
five.
South Carolina
in
five,
Georgia three.
When
lection to
vacancies happen
the
such vacancies.
of Representatives
;
The House
ment.
shall
shall
Section.
3.
The Senate
Years
of
the
United States
State,
shall
be
composed
of
have one
Vote.
shall be
assembled
in
Consequence
may be
The
second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of thethird Class at the Expiration of the sixth third
may be chosen
any
and
Vacancies hap-
which
shall
then
fill
such Vacancies.
224
No
to the
who
shall not
have attained
Age
who
when
elected, be
an In-
of the
United States
shall be President
The Senate
shall
Officers,
and
also a
The Senate
ments.
shall
all
Impeachon Oath
States
shall
is
When
or Affirmation.
tried, the
When
And no Person
be
Mem-
Judgment
and enjoy any
States
;
in
ing to Law.
Section
in
4.
may
at
alter
The Congress
and such Meeting
shall
in
every Year,
shall be
on the
first
Monday
Day.
in
December,
Law
appoint a
difl^^erent
Section
tions,
5.
Each House
shall be
its
225
;
Quorum
to
do Business but
and may be
in
to day,
such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.
of
its
Proceedings,
Members
Each House
may,
shall
keep a Journal of
its
proceedings, and
Nays
of the
Members
shall, at
fifth
of those
on the
shall,
with-
out the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days,
in
shall
Section
6.
shall
re-
They
except Treason,
in
going to and
re-
and
for
in either
No
Senator or Represeetative
shall,
which he was
elected, be appointed to
any
Ofhce under
Emoluments whereof
shall
during such time; and no person holding any Ofhce under the
United
States, shall be a
in Office.
Member
of either
House during
his
Continuance
226
Section
in
7.
Revenue
shall
originate
may propose
or concur with
Amendments
which
shall
shall,
as on other Bills.
Every
tatives
Bill
becomes a Law, be
;
pre-
If
he approve he
but
in
if
it,
that
House
which
shall
enter
If
after
such
House
shall
likewise
be reconsidered, and
it
if
shall
Houses
of the
be entered
Bill
on the Journal
any
shall
not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after
shall be a
it
shall
Law,
in like
Manner
Law.
as
if
he had signed
its
it,
unless the
in
Return,
which
Case
it
shall not be a
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives
may
be ne-
States
House
of
Section
collect
8.
The Congress
shall
Debts
and provide
common
227
shall
duties,
be
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among
;
To
To
To
curities
Coin, and
To establish Post Offices and post Roads To promote the progress of Science and
clusive Right to their respective Writings
useful
Arts,
by-
and Discoveries
To To
committed on
;
Law
of Nations
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that LTse shall be for a longer Term than two Years To provide and maintain a Navy To make Rules for the Government and Regulation ot the
;
To
and
repel Invasions
To provide for
litia,
and
for
in the service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the
Appointment
of the Officers,
Congress
228
To
in all
Cases whatsoever,
and
Authority over
all
Consent
shall
And
shall be necessary
To make
all
Laws which
and proper
all
for
other
of the
Powers vested by
United States, or
Government
Section
sons as any of
9.
The Migration or Importation of such Perthe States now existing shall think proper to
eight, but a
Tax or duty
may
lars for
each Person
Privilege of the Writ of
The
Habeas Corpus
shall not
be
may
require
No No
Bill of
Law
shall be passed.
Tax
shall be laid,
unless in
No Tax
any
State.
or
Duty
shall
No
another
Combe
merce or Revenue
;
or from,
one
State,
No Money
shall be
in
Con-
229
all
of the
Receipts and
Expenditures of
Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the Un ited
shall,
And no Person
them,
present.
States holding any Office of Profit or Trust under without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any
Office,
Emolument,
whatever,
Section
io.
No
State shall
;
Alli-
ance, or Confederation
coin
Money; emit
silver
Bills of
and
Coin a Tender
Payment
Debts
any Title
of Nobility.
No
Congress, lay
its
inspection
Laws
and
Duties and
Imposts, laid
by any State
on Imports or Exports,
the United States
;
Use
shall
of the Treasury of
and
such
Laws
be subject to the
No
War
in
time of
will
ARTICLE
Section
i.
II.
shall
be vested
in
He
Term
of four Years,
Each State
ture
shall appoint, in
may
direct, a
Number
whole
Nummay be
230
The
vote
whom
one
be an
And
and
they shall
make
a List of
all
;
for,
which
and
The President
House
of the
Senate
shall, in
of
Rep-
resentatives,
open
be counted.
Number
if
of Votes
and
there be
more
who have such Majority, and have an equal Number then the He use of Representatives shall irpmediately
;
and
if
no Person
five
House
shall in like
ing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote
this
Purpose
shall consist of a
Member
or
all
necessary to a Choice.
Number
But
if
of
Votes of
there should
remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice President.
tors,
The Congress may determine the Time of choosing the Elecand the Day on which they shall give their Votes which
;
Day
shall
No
231
President;
who
shall not
Age
of thirty-five Years,
Removal
from
Office, or of
and Duties
devolve on the
provide for the
Case
of
Inability,
both of the
as
President,
and such
Officer shall
act accordingly,
the
Disability
be
elected.
The President
ces, a
shall, at stated
Compensation, which
for
shall neither
which he
shall
and he
States, or
any of them.
" I
do solemnly swear
(or
will faithfully
my
Ability,
preserve,
Section
of the
2.
The President
of the
shall be
United
States,
;
Power
to grant
Re-
prieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, ex-
He
shall
232
of the Senate, to
make
;
Treaties,
provided
shall
two-thirds of the
and he
Am-
all
United States,
for,
and
vest
but the
the Appointment of
such
inferior
as they think
Heads
of
Departments.
shall
The President
have power to
till
up
all
Vacancies that
End
Section
3.
He
shall
recommend
Case of Disagree-
ment between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper
;
he
shall
Commission
4.
all
Section
The
President and
all
civil
Officers of the
.
United States,
for,
removed from
Office
on Impeachment
and Conviction
of Treason, Bribery,
or
ARTICLE
Section
be vested
in
i.
III.
The
Judicial
Power
of the
in sucli inferior
the Congress
to time ordain
and
establish.
The
Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their
233
Times,
re-
shall, at stated
not be
in Office.
Section
in
2.
The
judicial
Power
shall
extend to
all
Cases
Law and
Laws
be
shall
to
; ;
all
and Consuls
to
all
Cases of Admiral-
ty
United
or
more
;
between a
State and
Citizen of
another
Citizens
State
of the
States,
of different
and
for-
which a State
supreme Court
shall
In
all
the oth-
supreme Court
shall
have apsuch
with
maki'
1 he Trial of
shall be
all
;
by Jury
said
where the
Crimes
but
when
directed.
shall con-
Section
sist
3.
only
in
levying
War
against
them or
the
adhering to their
shall
No Person
Confession
be
the same
overt Act,
or on
open
Court.
234
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder oi Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the
Person attainted.
ARTICLE
Section
i.
IV.
shall be given in each
Full Faith
and Credit
And
in
the Congress
may by
general
Laws
Manner
Section
all
2.
The
and
Privileges
Immunities
of
Citizens
in
the
several
States.
Person charged
in
other Crime,
who
shall flee
anothof the
er State, shall
on Demand
fled,
No
Laws
in
one
State,
under the
of
Consequence
any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service of Labor, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the party
to
whom
may be
due.
Section
into the
New
States
may
Union
of
two or
more
States,
Parts
of
The Congress
shall
all
needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the
this Constitution
shall
United States
and nothing
in
235
Section
State in this
shall protect
4.
The United
ARTICLE
V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or,
on the Application
of the Legislatures of
two thirds
of
all
Intents
and
when
ratified
by the Leg-
States, or
by Conven-
Mode of may be proposed by the Congress Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect
first
;
the
in
first
Ar-
ticle
and that no
ARTICLE
All Debts contracted and
fore the
VI.
into,
Engagements entered
be-
Adoption
against
made
in
all
Treaties made,
or
which
shall be
shall be the
in
every
State shall be
the Constitution or
Laws
of
236
Members
and
all
executive
and
judicial Officers,
the Constitution
ARTICLE VIL
The
Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be
sufficient for the
Done
in
Day
of
September
in
the Year of
and
of the
Independence
of the
the Twelfth.
In Witness whereof
We
Go:
Presidt.
WASHINGTON,
Virginia.
and deputyfro7n
New Hampshire.
John Langdon Nicholas Gilman.
Pennsylvania.
B. Franklin,
Thomas
Mifflin,
Connecticut.
Wm.
Robt. Morris, Geo. Clymer, Thos. Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouv. Morris.
Sam'l Johnson,
Roger Sherman.
New York.
Alexander Hamilton.
New
:
Jersey.
Wm.
Jona
:
Paterson,
Dayton.
237
Maryland.
James McHenry,
of St Thos. Jenifer, Dan'l. Carroll.
South Carolina.
J.
Dan
Rutlege,
C. Cotesworth Pinckney,
ViRGIMA.
John Blair, James Madison
Jr.
Georgia.
William Few,
Abr. Baldwin.
Attest,
North Carolina.
Wm.
Hu
William Jackson,
Secretary.
Williamson.
ARTICLES.
in addition
to and amendment of
ARTICLE
I.
or abridging
redress of grievances.
ARTICLE
II.
bear
Arms
ARTICLE
No
in
III. in
Soldier shall,
in
any
house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but
manner
to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE
The
right of the
IV.
in
people to be secure
their persons,
238
AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
and no Warrants
shall issue, but
or things to be seized.
ARTICLE
No
a
V.
Grand
or in the Militia,
lic
when
in actual service in
time of
War
or pub-
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same ofifence
life
or limb
be deprived of
life,
liberty or property,
law
just compensation.
ARTICLE VL
In
all
commit-
which
district shall
law,
and to be informed
and cause
of the
accusato
have
compulsory
[irccess for
obtaining Witnesses
in his favor,
and to
ARTICLE
In suits at
shall exceed
VII.
in
common
law,
controversy
twenty
by jury shall be
tried
by a jury
amined
in
any Court
of the law.
the rules of
common
ARTICLE
VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
239
ARTICLE
The cnumeralion
shall not be
in
IX.
of
this
Constitution,
)r
certain
rights,
construed to deny
the people.
ARTICLE
The powers not delegated
stitution,
X.
Con-
nor prohibited by
it
ARTICLE
The
Judicial
XI.
power
law or equity,
commenced
or
prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
ARTICLE
The
XII.
whom
at
selves
they shall
name
all
President, and of
the
number
which
lists
certify,
United
of the
Senate
The
House
shall
of Representatives,
;
open
then be counted
numand
such num;
Electors appointed
the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted
for as President, the
House
But
in
240
AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
a quorum for this purpose members from two-thirds of the
;
member
of
or
and a majority
all
choice.
And
if
a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the
Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person
number
of Electors appointed,
and
if
quorum
shall be
for
number
of
whole number
necessary to a choice.
to that of President
ineligible
be
eligible
to that of Vice-President of
the United
States.
ARTICLE
Section
i.
XIII.
jurisdiction.
ar-
Section
cle
2.
by appropriate
ARTICLE XIV.
Section
States,
i.
and subject
No
State
make
liberty,
or property, without
its
jurisdic-
AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
Section
the whole
2.
241
among
the
number
of
persons
in
not taxed.
any election
for
the
a State, or the
members
or in any
way
number
of such
male citizens
shall
age
in
such State.
4.
Section
hold any
No
and Vice-President, or
States, or un-
mem-
member
of
any State
legislature, or as
an executive or judicial
States, shall
have engaged
in
But
Congress
may by
4.
House remove
such
disability.
Section
The
ment
of pensions
and bounties
shall
any slave
but
all
('Y^J
242
held
illegal
AMENDMENTS TO CONSTITUTION.
and void,
5.
Section
The Congress
shall
by-
ARTICLE XV.
Section
i.
The
race, color, or
previous condition of
Section
this article
2.
The Congress
shall
by appropriate
legislation.
^^Or>r^