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Arithmetic
TRIANGLES (FOR S.S.C. EXAMS)
Triangle: A triangle is a closed figure formed by three line segments. Types of triangle: (i) A triangle with no two equal sides is called a scalene triangle. (ii) A triangle with exactly two equal sides is called an isosceles triangle. (iii) A triangle with all equal sides is called an equilateral triangle. (iv) A triangle in which all the angles are acute (< 90) is called an acute-angled triangle. (v) A triangle with one angle right angle is called a right-angled triangle. (iv) A triangle in which one angle obtuse (> 90) is called an obtuse-angled triangle. Properties of triangle: 1) The sum of the three angles of a triangle is 180. 2) If the side BC of a triangle is produced the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles. A 1 2 B 3 4 C 4 = 1 + 2 3) If the sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC are produced to M and N respectively. The 1 bisectors of MBC and NCB intersect at O. Then BOC = 90 A. 2 A

B M

C N

O Some points regarding triangle: (1) An altitude is the perpendicular dropped from one vertex to the side opposite to the vertex. Any triangle will have three altitudes. The point of concurrence of the altitudes is called orthocenter. (2) The line joining a vertex and the midpoint of its opposite side is called median. The point

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of concurrence of medians of a triangle is called centroid. (3) The point at which the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of triangle meet is called circumcentre of the triangle. (4) The point of intersection of the angular bisectors of the triangle is called incentre of the triangle. AB BD (5) In a triangle ABC if AD is the angular bisector then = AC DC A

B D C (6) In a triangle ABC, AD is the angular bisector of BAC and AF is the perpendicular from 1 A to BC then FAD = (B C) 2 A

F D

(7) APPOLLONIUS Theorem: The sum of the squares of any two sides of a triangle is equal to twice the sum of squares of median and half the third side. A

B D C 2 AB + AC = 2 (AD2 + BD2)
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PROBLEMS
In a right-triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to twice the product of the other two sides. What is one of the acute angles of the triangle? a) 15 b) 30 c) 45 d) 60 ANSWER: c z x y In a right angled triangle the square of hypotenuse is equal to sum of the squares of the other two sides (perpendicular sides) z2 = x2 + y2 But as per data x 2 + y 2 = 2 x y x 2 + y 2 2 xy = 0 x= y ( x y) 2 = 0 The other two sides are equal. So the remaining two angles are same. 90 Each angle = = 45 2 2. In a triangle PQR, the medians QT and RU intersect at V. PVS is a line meeting QR in S. If PV = 2.4 cm, then what is the length of PS? a) 3 cm b) 3.6 cm c) 4 cm d) 4.8 cm ANSWER: b 1.

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P

2.4
U V T

The two medians QT and RU intersect at V. So V is the centroid of the triangle. The line PS through V. So PS will be the third median. The centroid divides any median in the ratio of 2 : 1 PV 2 PV 2.4 VS = = 1.2 = = VS 1 2 2 PS = PV + VS = 2.4 + 1.2 = 3.6 3. In a triangle ABC, AD is the bisector of BAC. If AB = 2.8 cm, AC = 4.9 cm and CD = 2.1 cm, then what is the length of BD? a) 0.8 cm b) 1.0 cm c) 1.2 cm d) 3.7 cm ANSWER: c A 2.8 4.9

B D 2.1 C In a triangle the angular bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio of two sides adjacent to the angle. BD AB = DC AC 2 .8 2 . 1 BD 2.8 BD = = 1.2 = 2 .1 4 .9 4 .9 4. In a triangle PQR, the sides PQ and PR are produced to S and T respectively. Bisectors of SQR and QRT meet at the point O. If P = 66, then what is the value of the QOR? a) 47 b) 50 c) 57 d) 67 ANSWER: c P 66 Q R S O If the angular bisectors of SQR and TRQ meet at O, then QOR = 90 QOR = 90 5. P
1 (66) = 90 33 = 57 2 1 P 2

Q S R In the figure given above, PS = QS = PR, TPR = 78, what is PRS equal to? a) 45 b) 50 c) 52 d) 55 ANSWER: c

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In PQS, PS = QS PQS = QPS = x (say) PSR = SRP = y (say) Similarly in PSR, PS = PR SPR = 180 2y T P
78

x 1802y x

Q S R Now in PQR, TPR = PQR + QRP = x + y x + y = 78 Also QPS = x + (180 2 y ) = 180 78 = 102 x 2 y + 180 = 102 2 y x = 78 ( x + y ) + ( 2 y x ) = 78 + 78 = 156 y = 52 6. E C

A D B In the figure given above, DE || BC, AD = x , DB = x 2, AE = x + 2 and EC = x 1. What is the value of x ? a) 3 b) 4 c) 5 d) 6 ANSWER: b DE || BC AD AE = AB AC x x+2 = x + x 2 ( x + 2) + ( x 1) x x+2 = 2x 2 2x + 1 2x 2 + x = 2x 2 2x + 4x 4 2x 2 + x = 2x 2 + 2x 4 x=4 In PQR, PQ = 4 cm, QR = 3 cm and RP = 3.5 cm. DEF is similar to PQR. If EF = 9 cm, then what is the perimeter of DEF? a) 10.5 cm b) 21 cm c) 31.5 cm d) Cannot be determined as data is sufficient ANSWER: c P D 7. 4 Q PQR PQ QR = DE EF 3 DEF 3.5 R E 9 F

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4 3 DE = 4 3 = 12 = DE 9 PR QR Also = DF EF 3 .5 3 DF = 10.5 = DF 9 Perimeter of DEF = 10.5 + 12 + 9 = 31.5

8.

a C

c b
x

D What is the value of x in the figure given above? a) b a c b) b a + c c) b + a c ANSWER: a Draw a line AE from A through C A a c B
C b E x D In ABC, ECB = CBA + CAB = c + CAB In ACD, DCE = DAC + ADC DCE = DAC + x But DCB = DCE + ECB b = x + DAC + CAB + c b= x+a+c x=bac

d) (a + b + c)

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