THESIS GUIDELINES

October 2005
It is the responsibility of the student and the supervisor to ensure that the thesis complies in all
respects to these guidelines.
A. Language
Except in the Departments of Germanic, Slavic and East Asian Studies; French, Italian and Spanish;
and in the French Education sub-specialization in the Graduate Division of Educational Research, all
theses must be submitted in the English language.
B. Thesis Editing
Ultimately, the thesis must be the student's own work. Editing should take place as part of a learning
process, a collaboration between the student and his/her supervisor and other academics in the
University. Working with a student to teach him/her how to edit the thesis is part of a learning
experience; having a thesis professionally edited is not acceptable.
C. Copyright Permission
National Library Guidelines state that:
“You must ensure that there is no substantial amount of copyrighted material in your thesis. Under the
Copyright Act, a reasonable extract of another person’s work can be included in your thesis. If you
quote more than this extract, you must obtain written permission from the copyright holder(s) and you
must include the permission in your thesis. Furthermore, if your thesis contains a chapter (or chapters)
that you published as a journal article or as part of a book, you must obtain permission from the
copyright holder(s) (i.e., the publishers). Similarly, if part of your thesis was written in conjunction
with another author (or authors), you must include a statement from the co-author(s) permitting the
microfilming of your thesis. This ensures that the work of all persons who have contributed to the
thesis is duly recognized.”
D. Ethics Approval
All research involving human subjects must receive ethics approval from the appropriate University of
Calgary Research Ethics Board. Ethics approval must be bound as an appendix to a printed thesis and
scanned into an electronic version.
E. General Format and Style
Items must be placed in the following order:
Frontispiece or Quote Page (optional) facing the Title Page (not numbered)
Title Page – see Example I
Approval Page – see Example II
Abstract
Preface (optional)
Acknowledgements (optional)
Dedication (optional)
 Table of Contents – see Example III
List of Tables (if any)
List of Figures and Illustrations (if any)
List of Plates (if any)
List of Symbols, Abbreviations, Nomenclature (if any)
Epigraph (optional)
Body of Text
Endnotes (if any)
Bibliography or References
Appendices (if any)
Index (optional)
Typeface
Only one single typeface (font), with its italic and bold variants, may be used through the entire
thesis, including the title page, approval page, acknowledgements, bibliography and appendices.
(Exceptions to this can be made for footnotes, subscripts and superscripts, and for tables, figures or
illustrations imported from other sources.)
Type Size
Only twelve-point size is acceptable. This means that there must be approximately twelve characters
per inch. However, in the case of certain fonts that have a large “x-height” (i.e., where a lowercase
letter such as “x” is half or less the height of an uppercase “X”), eleven-point may be acceptable.
Justification
A thesis may be fully justified (i.e., have even left- and right-hand margins), or left justified only (i.e.,
have ragged right-hand margins). However, the justification must be consistent throughout the body of
the thesis.
Margins
A minimum left margin of 1-1/2 inches (3.5 cm) on all pages is required. All other margins must be
one inch (2.5 cm) wide.
Page numbers in the body of the text must be one inch (2.5 cm) from the top, and one inch (2.5 cm)
from the right-hand side of the page. This means that the text begins below the page number and will
be slightly more than one inch from the top of the paper.
The prefatory pages (everything that comes before the actual body of the text) are numbered in small
Roman numerals, and have their page numbers one inch (2.5 cm) from the bottom of the page. This
includes the Approval Page. This means that the text ends two lines above the page numbering.
Spacing/Printing
If using a dot matrix printer, double-spacing is mandatory. (Dot matrix print is not acceptable if
individual dots can be discerned with the naked eye.)
Using a laser printer, the spacing should be set no smaller than one-and-one-half (1.5) spacing and no
greater than two (2.0).
Spacing Within Sections of the Thesis
Single spacing may be used in an extensive Table of Contents, List of Tables, or List of Figures, as
long as there is double or one-and-one-half spacing between chapters. The spacing must be consistent.
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Single spacing may be used in extensive quotations within the body of the text.
Double or one-and-one-half spacing is required in the Abstract, Acknowledgements, Dedication, etc.
Page Numbers
All pages must be taken into account in the numbering: this includes all pages of figures, tables,
legends, etc. Every single page in the thesis must be numbered, except the title page (and the
frontispiece, if applicable). Pagination begins with the Approval Page, which is always Page ii.
The lead (prefatory) pages, up to the beginning of the text, are to be numbered with lower case Roman
numerals (e.g., i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) centred at the bottom of the page, one inch from the bottom.
Beginning with the first page of the text, all page numbers must be in Arabic numerals at the top right-
hand corner, beginning with the number “1”, and continuing consecutively. The page numbers are to
be located at the top right-hand corner of each page, one inch (2.5 cm) from the top and one inch (2.5
cm) from the right-hand edge of the page. (Remember that the text begins two lines below the page
number.)
Appendices must also be numbered following the rest of the thesis. If the bibliography ends on page
247, Appendix A begins on page 248. Numbering Appendices page A1, B1, C1, etc., is not acceptable.
Inserting or deleting a page after the thesis has been completed requires the repagination of all
subsequent pages. Inserting “a” (e.g., 141a, 141b, 141c) is not acceptable.
Numbering of tables and figures must be consecutive, without repetition of numbers throughout the
text. Numbering can be 1, 2, 3, etc., or by chapter, i.e., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3. The numbers must be consistent.
Translation
When long passages of translation are necessary, use a side-by-side columnar format.
Page Headers
Page headers may be used as long as there is a line across the entire page to separate the header from
the text.
F. Thesis Sections
1. Frontispiece
A frontispiece is an optional item in a thesis. If used, it must be placed facing the title page. It will not
be numbered, and it will be microfilmed as the first page of the thesis.
2. Title Page
The title of the thesis as it appears on the Title Page MUST BE IDENTICAL to the title found on the
Approval Page and on the Report of Final Oral Examination including the capitalization and
punctuation.
All items on the Title Page must follow the model exactly (see Example I).
The name of the University must be in uppercase letters.
The title of the thesis must be in upper- and lowercase letters.
The word “by” must be in lowercase letters.
The name of the author must be in upper- and lowercase letters, and identical in both places on the title
page. Shortening or changing the name in the copyright area is unacceptable. The name used must be
the author’s legal name as it appears in the University of Calgary records.
The full name of the degree for which the thesis is presented must be written out, e.g., DEGREE OF
MASTER OF ARTS, DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE, DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY.

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The full, official name of the department (or faculty or program) must be written out, e.g.,
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY, FACULTY OF SOCIAL WORK, GRADUATE PROGRAM
IN COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES.
There is a comma between CALGARY and ALBERTA.
There is a comma between the name of the month and the year. This date must be the month and year
the final copy of the thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies.
The universal copyright symbol () must appear to the left of your name, as indicated in the sample.
There is no comma between the name and the year. The year must be the year that the final copy of
the thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies.
All items on the Title Page must be at least double-spaced. This includes the title and the name of the
department.
All items on the Title Page must be centred within the margins.
The full title of the thesis cannot be longer than 240 characters (including letters, figures, symbols and
spaces).
The spine title cannot be longer than 41 characters (including letters, figures, symbols and spaces).
In the case of a cross-disciplinary degree, the Title Page remains the same except for the degree and
department sections. The home department should be listed first and the cross-disciplinary department
second. In this situation, the wording shall read:

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE

STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE CROSS-DISCIPLINARY DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE
(DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY, MASTER OF ARTS)

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

and
DEPARTMENT OF MEDICAL SCIENCE

3. Approval Page
All items on the Approval Page must follow the model exactly (see Example II).
The title of the thesis on the Approval Page must be exactly the same as the title of the thesis on the
Title Page, and the Report of Final Oral Examination.
The Approval Page must be double-spaced.
The date at the bottom is the date on which the supervisor signs the Approval Page indicating that all
corrections have been made and that the thesis has final approval.
If there are more examiners than will fit on one column on one page, a second column should be used.
Under no circumstances should the Approval Page extend beyond one page.
Examiners’ signatures should include all those listed on the Notice of Oral Examination except for
Observers and the Neutral Chair. External readers must be indicated, but do not sign the Approval
Page. The name of the Neutral Chair should not be listed on the approval page.
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All signatures must be obtained prior to submitting the unbound thesis to the Faculty of Graduate
Studies. All signatures must be originals; no faxed copies, stamps, photocopies or other reproductions
will be accepted.
Students should have a minimum of three copies of the Approval Page signed by the examining
committee. One unbound copy of the thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies must contain
an Approval Page with original signatures. Some graduate units also require an Approval Page with
original signatures in their copies. Check program requirements. Additional copies of the Approval
Page with original signatures may be inserted in other copies.
The margins on the Approval Page must be consistent with those in the body of the text. Ensure that
there is a 1-1/2 inch (3.5 cm) margin on the left-hand side of the page to allow for binding. The page
number (small Roman numeral ii) must be one inch (2.5 cm) from the bottom of the page, and the top
and right hand margins must be one inch (2.5 cm).
The Approval Page should be prepared with the same font as the rest of the thesis.
4. Abstract
Abstracts in theses presented by candidates for Master’s degrees must be no longer than 150 words.
Abstracts in theses presented by candidates for doctoral degrees must be no longer than 350 words.
Hyphenated words or words separated by a slash are considered two words.
5. Table of Contents
The Table of Contents must include a listing of all items in the thesis. See General Format and Style
for the order in which items must be listed. Everything, except the title page and frontispiece, including
the Table of Contents itself, must be listed in the Table of Contents. (See Example III.)
Headings and sub-headings must be consistent between the Table of Contents and the body of the text.
Although in the Table of Contents headings may be shortened to fit space requirements, the wording
must be consistent enough that the reader will know that the correct heading, figure or table has been
reached. All capitalization, punctuation, abbreviations, etc., must be consistent amongst the titles in the
Table of Contents and Lists of Tables and Figures, and the actual titles as they appear in the body of
the text.
6. Epigraph
An epigraph is an apt quotation that precedes the text of a chapter or of a book. Epigraphs should be
indented twenty spaces from the left margin. Quotation marks are not used. The author and title of the
source must be cited below the quotation. Further bibliographical information is optional for widely
known authors and works and can be supplied in a note.
Example:
The last years of the eighteenth century are broken by a discontinuity similar to that which
destroyed Renaissance thought at the beginning of the seventeenth.
Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences
7. Footnotes
Footnotes may be placed at the foot of the page (footnotes proper), in a group at the end of a chapter
(called “Notes”), or grouped at the end of the thesis before the bibliography (called “Endnotes”). If
notes or endnotes are collected at one place in the thesis, their location must be shown in the table of
contents by title and page.
The student should check for any departmental requirements concerning the placing of footnotes.
Footnotes may be in a font smaller than the text of the thesis.

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8. Bibliography
Any approved bibliographic/reference format may be used, but must be used consistently throughout.
If an alphabetical format is used, strict order must be maintained. Generally, an author who has
published a work on his/her own precedes any listing with multiple authors (e.g., a work by Smith, J.
would precede a work by Smith, J. and F. Jones). Multiple works by one author (or one set of authors)
should be listed chronologically or in reverse chronology in order of publication. The general rule is to
list items in alphabetical order first, then in chronological order within the alphabetization.
There must be a single, unified bibliography in the thesis. It is not permissible to put individual listings
at the end of each chapter in lieu of a full bibliography. If there are items other than printed works,
such as works of art, in the listing, this section should be called “References”, rather than
“Bibliography”.
9. Inclusion of work previously published by candidate
It is common practice in many disciplines that students publish the results of their research as
published manuscripts during the course of their thesis studies. The Faculty of Graduate Studies
believes this is important both to the student’s career development, and as an appropriate and timely
way to disseminate information.
The data published in this way can be used as part of the Master’s or doctoral thesis. However, it is not
acceptable to gather together a series of published papers in reprint format and submit this collection as
a thesis. Rather, the material should be reworked into a single, consistent document. The separate
manuscripts should be reformatted to a common design (subsection headings, mode of literature
citation, etc.) Significant overlaps between chapters should be eliminated and replaced by suitable
cross-referencing. The thesis should begin with a General Introduction that provides an overview of
the separate chapters and integrates them, and should conclude with a General Discussion. The Figures
and Tables should conform to an overall plan, numbered according to their chapter (III.1, III.2 etc.). If
possible, the Materials and Methods sections from the various chapters should be consolidated into
one. All references to the literature should be gathered together as a single list at the end of the thesis.
Where material previously published (or in press) by the candidate is included as part of the thesis, it is
mandatory to provide, in a preface or appendix to the thesis, full citation(s) and an account of the
division of labour with any co-authors.

G. Printing the Thesis

1. Paper
White bond paper of uniform size (8-1/2” x 11” or 21.5 cm x 28 cm) and weight (16 or 20 lb or 75
gsm) must be used throughout the thesis, except for such charts and diagrams as necessary. Erasable
bond is not acceptable. Recycled paper can be used if it is as white as white bond paper, without any
flecks, and of the required size and weight.
2. Corrections
Corrections or changes made to the thesis after the oral examination must be made in a manner that
conforms to the original style of the thesis as submitted to the examiners. Clumsy erasures and
informal corrections are not acceptable.
3. Submission of the final version of the thesis
The student is responsible for the costs of reproducing the required number of copies of the thesis, and
for having copies bound, as required. Four copies of the final version of the thesis must be submitted,
as follows:

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 (a) Submission of Supervisor’s copy of thesis to Supervisor
The format in which the final version of the thesis is submitted to the supervisor after the
oral examination has been successfully completed is a matter for the supervisor’s
discretion. The supervisor may, for example, accept an electronic copy of the thesis or insist
on a bound paper version. The binding requested may be hardcover, softcover, or spiral
binding with soft covers. A list of binderies that understand the University of Calgary
binding requirements can be found on the web at
http://www.grad.ucalgary.ca/policy/htm/binderies.htm. If the supervisor or the program
requires a hardcover version, copies are bound in buckram, in the colour appropriate to your
department, with a spine title not exceeding 41 characters (including all letters and spaces),
your name and the convocation year, printed in gold.
(b) Submission of program’s copy of thesis to Graduate Program/Department
Each department/program must have a policy that states whether or not it will collect the
final versions of theses after successful completion of the oral examination, and, if theses
are collected, the format or choice of formats in which the thesis must be submitted to the
program. The program may accept theses in a variety of formats or insist upon a single
format such as bound hardcopy or electronic. Check the thesis submission policy of your
department. The program need not sign the Departmental Recommendation for
Convocation for Thesis Students form until the thesis has been received in the format
required by the program.
(c) Submission of copy of thesis to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for forwarding to the
University of Calgary Archives
The University of Calgary Archives requires a clean unbound paper copy of the thesis with
an approval page with original signatures and the following completed forms:
a. Thesis Distribution
b. Departmental Clearance for Convocation for Thesis Students
c. University of Calgary Partial Copyright Licence
d. Thesis Withhold, if appropriate
A CD may accompany the paper copy, but all the material on the CD (oversized maps,
photographs, etc.) that is possible to print must be printed to accompany the thesis. Any
non-textual elements that formed an integral part of the thesis project (music, art, dance,
etc.) should accompany the textual document in an appropriate format. The artwork, for
instance, could be included as photographs of the works created, whereas the music and
dance could be on CD. The copy is submitted to University of Calgary Archives through
the Faculty of Graduate Studies.
(d) Submission of copy of thesis to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for forwarding to the
National Library of Canada
The copy of the thesis for the National Library of Canada is submitted through the Faculty
of Graduate Studies. The National Library of Canada (NLC) accepts theses in either paper
or digital format. UMI Dissertations Publishing will capture on microfiche all page-based
information, such as text, graphics or photos.
Digital submission of theses must be made in the following manner:
• On a CD ROM in pdf format – the approval page must NOT be included
• In an 9x12 inch envelope, with the student’s name, degree, graduate program and
thesis title clearly written on the front of the envelope
• Accompanied by paper versions of:

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 a. the title page
b. National Library of Canada: Non-Exclusive Licence to Reproduce
Theses
c. UMI Dissertations Publishing
Paper copies of theses must be unbound, include the documents listed above and be printed
single-sided on the recto side (the right-hand side of an open manuscript) only. Copies may
be made by any printing service, as long as the finished copies conform to the guidelines in
this document. Printed copies must be clean, without smudges, unnecessary lines, or spots
that mark the pages, and without punched holes.
The decision to submit a copy of the thesis to the National Library must be made at the time
of the submission of the copy of the thesis to the University of Calgary Library. After a
student’s thesis has been submitted to the University of Calgary Library, the Faculty of
Graduate Studies will not be responsible for submission of the thesis to the National
Library.
4. Double-sided Printing
Although most students choose to print all copies of their thesis single-sided, copies for the
Department, the Supervisor and the student may be printed on both sides of the paper. If this is done,
the following rules must be followed:
The first page of the thesis must be on a recto page (right-hand side of an open manuscript).
The recto pages must have a 1-1/2 inch margin on the left side of the page to allow for binding. The
page numbers must be on the top right-hand side of the page, within the prescribed one-inch margin.
The verso pages (left-hand side of an open manuscript) must have a 1-1/2 inch margin on the right-
hand side of the page to allow for binding. The page numbers must be on the top left-hand side of the
page, within the prescribed one-inch margin.
Paper used for double-sided copies must be heavy enough that no printing shows through from one
side to another.
5. Illustrations
Because many microfiche readers do not permit the rotation of images, illustrations should be
positioned as the main text (the type reading across the 8-1/2 inch dimension). If figures or tables
cannot be printed in the same direction as the text, they can be rotated to landscape orientation in such
a way that the top of the figure is oriented to the inside (1-1/2 inch margin side) and the caption placed
at the bottom (along the right-hand side of the page). The page number must appear in the usual place
(i.e., at the top right-hand corner of the page, one inch in from the right and one inch down from the
top).
Illustrated material will reproduce well if drawn in dark, opaque ink. On a microfilm, colours appear as
varying shades of gray. Therefore, labels and symbols should be used rather than colours to identify
the lines of a graph, e.g., cross-hatching, provides sharper contrast to shaded areas to indicate countries
on a map.
6. Coloured photographs
If a thesis includes coloured photographs, the photographs in the copy that is to be submitted to the
National Library should be replaced with black and white photographs of the same subject, or, if
necessary, black and white photographs reprinted by a photographer from the coloured photographs.
Black and white photographs with a full range of contrasts reproduce well. Those with limited contrast
reproduce satisfactorily on positive microfilm. Photographs with a glossy finish or with a dark
background do not reproduce well.

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The National Library will microfilm coloured photographs and plates provided that these are well
mounted and have good resolution. They will not, however, microfilm coloured photographs or plates
in which colour is significant (i.e., green indicates a low temperature, red indicates a hot temperature;
blue indicates 500 psi, red indicates 400 psi, yellow indicates 300 psi, etc.).
7. Charts, Graphs, Maps, Etc.
The use of charts, graphs, maps and tables that are larger than the standard page should be avoided.
Photographically reduced pages are acceptable if they are clearly legible. If oversized pages are used,
they will be microfilmed in sections so that they read from left to right and top to bottom.
8. Oversized pages
Oversized pages can be included in the thesis as foldouts, but they must be folded to no more than
eight inches (21.5 cm) wide to avoid being cropped in the bindery. Consult with the bindery about the
proper method of folding these pages. The inclusion of this material can add significantly to the cost of
binding.
Oversized pages may be placed in a pocket at the end of the thesis. They must then be referred to in the
body of the thesis as being in a pocket, and listed as such in the Table of Contents.
9. Overlays
Overlays must be carefully aligned with underlying maps or charts. In order to produce the most
legible image, the underlying sheet is filmed alone. The overlay is then placed on the underlying sheet
and both are filmed together.
10. Slides
Slides will not reproduce on microfilm, and should be avoided if possible. If slides are essential to a
thesis, a set of slides must accompany the unbound thesis copy sent to the University of Calgary
Library.
11. Two-Volume Theses
For very long theses, for which more than one bound volume is required:
Each volume must have its own prefatory pages.
The Title Page, Approval Page and Abstract must be in the first volume.
Each additional volume must contain a Table of Contents, a List of Tables, and a List of Figures, etc.,
to cover the portion of work found in that particular volume.
Page numbering of the body of the thesis must flow consecutively from one volume to the next.
When the appendices are bound in a separate volume, this volume must have a title page duplicating
that of the main volume, but with the addition of the word “Appendix” or “Appendices” just below the
title of the thesis. The word “Appendix” or “Appendices” as well as the short title must then appear on
the spine. Numbering of the appendices must flow in sequence from the first volume.
12. Delays in Public Release of Theses
The University of Calgary is a publicly funded institution and much of our research is sponsored by
government funding. The University has, therefore, an obligation to ensure that this research is
available for the benefit of the public at large through the University Archives and the National Library
of Canada. However, because in some circumstances it would be detrimental to the author or the
sponsor of the thesis research to have the thesis publicly available immediately, the author of a thesis
may request that it be withheld from public distribution for a period of up to two years. Valid reasons
to withhold a thesis from public distribution include that publication would invalidate a patent
application, or that a contract between the research sponsor and the University specifies a period of
confidentiality. There will be no extension to the two-year withhold period. A Thesis Withhold Form
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may be obtained from the Faculty of Graduate Studies or from your department. Once the appropriate
signatures have been obtained, the student and the department and the University of Calgary Library
will receive copies of the form. When the withhold period has expired, the thesis will be sent to the
National Library for microfilming, and will also be available to the public through the University of
Calgary Library.
Please note that help with thesis formatting and the production of a pdf version of your thesis can be
found at the Information Commons on the second floor of the McKimmie Library Block.

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 Example I

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY

Title of Thesis (double-spaced)

by

Name of Student

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE

DEGREE OF ------------(FULL NAME OF DEGREE)

DEPARTMENT OF -------------

CALGARY, ALBERTA

MONTH, YEAR

 Name of Student Year

 Example II

UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

The undersigned certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate
Studies for acceptance, a thesis entitled “Title of Thesis” submitted by (Name of Student)
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of (Name of degree in full).

________________________________________________
Supervisor, (Type Name and Department)

________________________________________________
(Type Name and Department)

________________________________________________
(Type Name and Department)

________________________________________________
(Type Name and Department)

_________________________________________________
External Examiner (for doctoral students only) (Type Name and Institution)
(The signature of an External Reader is not needed. Simply type in Name and
Institution.)

______________________
Date
ii

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 Example III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Page…………………………………………………………………. ii
Abstract………………………………………………………………………... iii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………. iv
Dedication……………………………………………………………………... v
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………… vi
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………... vii
List of Figures………………………………………………………………….. viii
Epigraph………………………………………………………………………... ix

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………. 1

Sub-heading……………………………………………………………. 1
Sub Sub-heading……………………………………………….. 3
Sub Sub-heading……………………………………………….. 5
Sub-heading……………………………………………………………. 7
Sub-heading……………………………………………………………. 13
Sub Sub-heading……………………………………………….. 17

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………. 20

Sub-heading……………………………………………………………. 23
Sub Sub-heading……………………………………………….. 27

CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS……………………………………………….. 69

Sub-heading……………………………………………………………. 70
Sub Sub-heading…………………………………………….…. 83

CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION…………………………………………….. 136

ENDNOTES…………………………………………………………………… 150

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………… 163

APPENDIX A: Title of Appendix……………………………………………... 170

APPENDIX B: Title of Appendix……………………………………………... 173

vi

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