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CCNA 1 Chapter 3
Networking Media
It is important to understand the difference between these two types of current flow.
Direct current flows at a constant value when circuits are turned on. Alternating current
rises and falls in current values as power companies manufacture it.
When electricity reaches our homes, schools, and offices, it is carried to appliances and
machines via wires concealed in walls, floors, and ceilings. Consequently, inside these
buildings, AC power-line noise is all around us. If not properly addressed, power-line
noise can present problems for a network.
In fact, as you will discover the more you work with networks, AC line noise coming
from a nearby video monitor or hard disk drive can be enough to create errors in a
computer system. It does this by burying the desired signals and preventing a computer's
logic gates from detecting the leading and trailing edges of the square signal waves. This
problem can be further compounded when a computer has a poor ground connection.
The third type of electricity is static electricity. This most damaging uncontrollable form
of electricity must be dealt with to protect sensitive electronic equipment. Such static
discharges can destroy semiconductors and data in a seemingly random fashion as they
shoot through a computer like bullets. As it can with problems related to AC line noise,
good grounding helps solve problems that arise from electrostatic discharge.
Networking media are the various physical environments through which transmission
signals pass. For computers to communicate encoded information with each other,
networking media must physically connect them to each other. The networking media
used to connect computers varies. Several kinds of network media can be used to connect
computers:
Coaxial cable
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable
Shielded twisted-pair (STP) cable
Fiber-optic cable
Concept Questions
Demonstrate your knowledge of these concepts by answering the following questions in
the space provided.
1. Each wire in a cable can act like an antenna. When this happens, the wire
actually absorbs electrical signals from other wires in the cable and from
electrical sources outside the cable. If the resulting electrical noise reaches a
high enough level, it can become difficult for network interface cards to
discriminate the noise from the data signal. When electrical noise on the
cable originates from signals on other wires in the cable, this is known as
crosstalk. How can you minimize crosstalk?
AC line noise creates problems in our homes, schools, and offices. AC line noise
coming from a nearby video monitor or hard disk drive can be enough to create
errors in a computer system.
Electricity is carried to appliances and machines by wires concealed in walls,
floors, and ceilings. Consequently, inside these buildings, AC power-line noise is
all around us. If not properly prevented, power-line noise can cause problems for
a network.
You can limit EMI and RFI in a number of ways. One way is to increase the size
of the conductor wires. Another way is to improve the type of insulating material
used. However, such changes increase the size and cost of the cable faster than
they improve its quality. Therefore, it is more typical for network designers to
specify a cable of good quality, and to provide specifications for the maximum
recommended cable length between nodes. Two techniques that cable designers
have used successfully in dealing with EMI and RFI are shielding and
cancellation.
5. Coaxial cable is a type of network media. Describe how coaxial cable is made.
6. UTP cable is used in a variety of networks. How many wires make up this
type of cable?
Each pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil. The four pairs of wires are wrapped
in an overall metallic braid or foil. (It is normally 150-ohm cable.) STP reduces
electrical noise originating inside the cable (crosstalk) and outside the cable
(electromagnetic interference [EMI] and radio frequency interference [RFI]).
of networking media that employ copper wire. Instead, signals that represent bits
are converted into pulses of light.
9. Various criteria, such as rate of data transfer and expense, help determine
which type of media should be used. Which media is the fastest and which is
the least expensive?
Fiber optic cabling has the fastest possible transport speed; UTP Cat 5 represents
the least expensive type of media.
10. The data link layer of the OSI model provides access to the networking
media and physical transmission across the medium. If you were going to
build a network, what media would you use and why?
Vocabulary Exercise
Define the following terms as completely as you can. Use the online curriculum or
CCNA 1 Chapter 3 from the Cisco Networking Academy Program CCNA 1 and 2
Companion Guide, Revised Third Edition, for help.
AC (Alternating current) [md] Electrical current that reverses its direction regularly
and continuously. It is the form of electrical power found in residential and commercial
buildings.
AM (amplitude modulation) [md] Modulation technique whereby information is
conveyed through the amplitude of the carrier signal.
Ampere[md] A unit of electrical current or the rate of flow of electrons through a
conductor. One volt across one ohm of resistance causes a current flow of one ampere.
One ampere equals 6.25 x 1018 electrons per second passing a given point in a circuit
Analog transmission[md] Signal transmission over wires or through the air in which
information is conveyed through variation of some combination of signal amplitude,
frequency, and phase.
Angle of incidence[md]Angle of incidence is the angle at which the ray hits the glass
surface.
Electrical insulators are materials that allow electrons to flow through them with
great difficulty or not at all. Examples of electrical insulators include plastic,
glass, air, dry wood, paper, rubber, and helium gas. These materials have stable
chemical structures, with orbiting electrons tightly bound within the atoms.
2. What are some examples of electrical conductors?
Electrical conductors are materials that allow electrons to flow through them with
great ease. They flow easily because the outermost electrons are bound very
loosely to the nucleus and are freed easily. The best conductors are metals, such
as copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au). All these metals are located in one
column of the periodic table and have electrons that are freed easily, making them
excellent materials for carrying a current.
or
Coulomb's Electric Force Law states that opposite charges react to each other
with a force that causes them to be attracted to each other.
Electrical current, or current, is the flow of charges that is created when electrons
move. In electrical circuits, current is caused by a flow of free electrons. When
voltage (electrical pressure) is applied, and there is a path for the current,
electrons move from the negative terminal (which repels them), along the path, to
the positive terminal (which attracts them).
8. What is the difference between AC and DC?
Alternating current (AC) is one of the two ways in which current flows. AC
voltages vary with time by changing their polarity, or direction. AC flows in one
direction, and then reverses its direction and repeats the process. AC voltage is
positive at one terminal and negative at the other; then, it reverses its polarity and
the positive terminal becomes negative and the negative terminal becomes
positive. This process repeats itself continuously.
Direct current (DC) is the other way in which current flows. DC always flows in
the same direction, and DC voltages always have the same polarity. One terminal
is always positive, and the other is always negative. They do not change or
reverse.
9. How do you measure impedance? What is its abbreviation?
Currents only flow in closed loops called circuits. These circuits must be
composed of conducting materials, and must have sources of voltage. Voltage
causes current to flow; whereas, resistance and impedance oppose it. Knowing
these facts allows people to control a flow of current.
11. What equipment do you use to graph electrical waves, pulses, and patterns?
An oscilloscope graphs the electrical waves, pulses, and patterns. It has an x-axis
that represents time, and a y-axis that represents voltage. There are usually two y-
axis voltage inputs so that two waves can be observed and measured at the same
time.
12. What are some of the characteristics of an analog signal?
14. What are the five sources of noise that can affect a bit on a wire?
The speed at which a network propagates depends on the actual material used in
the medium, the geometry (structure) of the medium, and the frequency of the
pulses. The time it takes the bit to travel from one end of the medium and back is
referred to as the round-trip time (RTT). Assuming no other delays, the time it
takes the bit to travel down the medium to the far end is RTT/2 The fact that the
bit takes a small amount of time to travel along the medium does not normally
cause network problems. However, with the ever-increasing data transmission
rates of today’s networks, sometimes you must account for the amount of time it
takes the signal to travel.
16. Compare and contrast four different Ethernet LAN devices in increasing
order of complexity (and typically cost).
protection from all types of external interference, but it is more expensive and
difficult to install than UTP.
18. What are some of the characteristics of unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)?
UTP cable relies solely on the cancellation effect, produced by the twisted wire
pairs, to limit signal degradation caused by EMI and RFI. To further reduce
crosstalk between the pairs in UTP cable, the number of twists in the wire pairs
varies. UTP uses 100 ohm of resistance; whereas, STP generally has 150 ohms of
resistance. STP, unlike UTP cabling, has a metallic braid or foil that adds
additional protection against EMI and RFI.
21. What are the benefits of using coaxial cable?
It can be run longer distances than shielded twisted pair, STP, unshielded twisted
pair, UTP, and screened twisted pair, ScTP, cable without the need for repeaters.
Repeaters regenerate the signals in a network so that they can cover greater
distances. Coaxial cable is less expensive than fiber-optic cable and the
technology is well known.
Fiber-optic cabling allows for increased distance while also having the capability
of transferring data at a much faster rate than other types of media. Single-mode
fiber will support 10 Gbps transmission speeds. Fiber-optic cabling is more secure
because data cannot be extracted from the cable inductively. Fiber-optic cabling is
also unaffected by RFI and EMI.
The cost of fiber cabling and fiber equipment is significantly greater than that of
twisted-pair cabling. Fiber is also very fragile and breaks easily during
installation or thereafter. Termination and installation cost is more than double
that of twisted-pair cabling.
24 What is the medium for wireless communication?
Wireless signals are electromagnetic waves that can travel through the vacuum of
outer space and through media, such as the air in our atmosphere. Therefore, no
cable medium is necessary for wireless signals.
25. What are TIA/EIA standards?
The TIA/EIA standards specify the minimum requirements for multiproduct and
multivendor environments. They allow for the planning and the installation of
LAN systems without dictating the use of specific equipment giving LAN
designers the freedom to create options for improvement and expansion.
26. How does cancellation reduce signal loss?
STP cable combines the techniques of cancellation, shielded, and twisted wires.
Each pair of wires is wrapped in metallic foil. The two pairs of wires are wrapped
in an overall metallic braid or foil. STP reduces electrical noise within the cable
such as pair to pair coupling and crosstalk. STP also reduces electronic noise from
outside the cable such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI).
If, for example, only one cable interconnects all the devices on a network, the
possibility of conflicts with more than one user sending data at the same time is
high. The same is true if only non-filtering devices, such as repeaters, connect
segments of a network. Ethernet allows only one data packet to access the cable at
any one time. If more than one node attempts to transmit at the same time, a
collision occurs, and the data from each device suffers damage
When a collision occurs, the data packets that are involved are destroyed, bit by
bit. In a collision, the signals interfere, or collide, with each other and create a
third and invalid state.
31. How do you recognize a collision domain?
If you connect several computers to a single medium that has no other networking
devices attached, you have a shared-access situation and you have a single
collision domain. Depending on the particular technology used, this situation
limits the number of computers that can use that portion of the medium, also
called a segment.
32. How do repeaters extend collision domains?
Repeaters regenerate and retime bits, but they cannot filter the flow of traffic that
passes through them. Signals that arrive at one port of a repeater are sent out on
all other ports. The network on both sides of the repeater is one large collision
domain.
33. How do hubs extend collision domains?
Both repeaters and hubs are Layer 1 devices; therefore, they perform no filtering
of network traffic.
35. What is the four-repeater rule?
The four-repeater rule in Ethernet states that no more than four repeaters or
repeating hubs can be installed between any two computers on the network. If
followed, the rules guarantee that if a collision occurs, every node in the collision
domain knows it has occurred. This is crucial to the successful operation of the
network protocol
36. How can two wireless workstations be networked together without an AP?
802.11a covers WLAN devices operating in the 5 GHZ transmission band. Using
the 5 GHZ range disallows interoperability of 802.11b devices as they operate
within 2.4 GHZ.
1. Which of the following correctly describes the type of signal that the network
media carries?
A. Coaxial cable carries pulses of light.
B. UTP cable carries impedance signals.
C. STP cable carries electrical impulses.
D. Fiber-optic cable carries electrical impulses.
14. Which of the following best describes how data is transmitted on a network?
A. As hexadecimal code
B. As ASCII text
C. As 1s and 0s
D. As voltage pulses
15. Which of the following best describes the states of digital signals?
A. Alphanumeric
B. Octets
C. On or off
D. Yes or no
C. A device that the name server uses to send messages over the network
D. A ground that prevents users from receiving shocks when power fails
21. What is the point that a device uses to measure and compare incoming digital
signals called?
A. Input point
B. Zero point
C. Null reference setting
D. Signal reference ground
25. What is the most likely cause of problems with the power ground?
A. Length of the neutral and ground wires in electrical outlets
B. Excessive stripping or untwisting of cable
C. Equipment not located in a climate-controlled area
D. Poor-quality cabling material used in the network
26. What do long neutral and ground wires in electrical outlets act as?
A. Lightning rods
B. Amplifiers for digital signals
C. Antenna for electrical noise
D. Line signal dampeners
29. How can having a single power transformer dedicated to your LAN reduce
electrical noise?
A. You can detect and filter out fluctuations in line voltage before they reach
your LAN.
B. You can specify the size and capacity of the transformer.
C. You can place the transformer in a central location.
D. You can control how and where devices such as motors or high
current devices are attached.
31. What type of fiber-optic cable is required by the TIA/EIA-568B standard for
horizontal cabling?
A. Two pairs of 100-ohm cable
B. Two pairs of 150-ohm cable
C. Two fibers of 62.5/125 um multimode cable
D. Four fibers of 62.5/125 um multimode cable
32. How can you determine which category of UTP cable a cabling belongs to?
A. By looking at the end connectors
B. By reading the UL marking
C. By measuring the cable diameter
D. By the color of the cable sheathing
38. What is most important when considering the type of networking media to use in
an installation?
A. Management's wishes
B. Availability of networking media from local sources
C. Applicable fire, building, and safety codes
D. Your experience and expertise
39. Which grade of UTP cabling described in the TIA/EIA-568B standard is used for
running CDDI and can transmit data at speeds up to 100 Mbps?
A. Category 2
B. Category 3
C. Category 4
D. Category 5
40. Which grade of UTP cabling described in the TIA/EIA-568B standard is the one
most frequently recommended and implemented in installations today?
A. Category 2
B. Category 3
C. Category 4
D. Category 5
42. What type of STP cable does the TIA/EIA-568B standard require for horizontal
cabling?
A. Two pairs of 100-ohm cable
B. Two pairs of 150-ohm cable
C. Four pairs of 100-ohm cable
D. Four pairs of 150-ohm cable
43. What type of UTP cable does the TIA/EIA-568B standard require for horizontal
cabling?
A. Two pairs of 100-ohm cable
B. Two pairs of 150-ohm cable
C. Four pairs of 100-ohm cable
D. Four pairs of 150-ohm cable