2011

SMT .BHAGWATI CHATURVEDI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS

Prepared By-

Prof. Pramod R. Bokde

Assistant Professor, Persuing Ph.D. (Biomedical Engg.), M.Tech(VLSI), AMIE, LMISTE

[# FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS]

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

QUE (1) : What is feedback? Define Negative feedback and Positive feedback. Draw Block Schematic of amplifier with negative feedback. What type of feedbacks are used in amplifier and oscillator?

Ans : Feedback :
When part of the output is sampled and fed back to the input of the amplifier, then it is called feedback amplifier. Therefore, at the input of amplifier we have two signals : input signal and part of the output signal which is fed back to the input. Both these signals may be in phase or out of phase. Positive Feedback : When input signal and part of output signal are in phase, the feedback signal is called Positive Feedback. Negative Feedback: When input signal and part of output signal are out of phase , the feedback is called Negative Feedback.

Fig : Block Schematic of Negative Feedback Amplifier Amplifiers Use Negative Feedback whereas Oscillators use Positive Feedback.

QUE(2) : Obtain the equation for overall voltage gain with negative feedback of negative feedback amplifier. Ans : In a negative feedback amplifier a small portion of the output voltage is feedback to the input. When the feedback voltage is applied in series with the source signal, then the process is called series voltage feedback.

2 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

The gain of the closed loop amplifier is given by,

..(1)

From fig, the input voltage Vin to the amplifier will be difference between Vs and Vf. Hence this type of feedback is known as negative feedback. i.e
(2)

The gain of the feedback network is ,

..(3)

Substituting equation (3) in equation (2), we get

(4)

Substituting equation (4) in equation (1) , We get, ..(5) Dividing equation (5) numerator and denominator by Vi, we get ,

3 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

Where, AV = Vo/ Vi (open loop gain) Thus negative feedback reduces the gain of the amplifier.

QUE(3) : Show Block schematically the different feedback connections in an amplifier. Explain the effect of each type of feedback on input and output impedance. Ans : There are four different topologies for feedback network amplifiers. (1) Voltage Series feedback (2)Voltage Shunt Feedback (3) Current Series feedback (4) Current Shunt feedback

VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBACK (VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER): It is also called as shunt derived series fed feedback. The amplifier and feedback circuit are connected series parallel. Here the fraction of the output voltage is applied in series with the input voltage via the feedback. The input to the feedback network is in parallel with the output of the amplifier. Therefore output resistance of the amplifier is

4 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

reduced by shunting effect of the input to the feedback network.

Similarly, Vi sees two circuit elements in series , hence the input resistance of the amplifier as a whole is increased due to feedback. Therefore,

Series impedance always increases the input impedance by a factor of (1+ A) VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK (TRANS-RESISTANCE AMPLIFIER): It is also known as shunt derived shunt fed feedback. It is parallel-parallel prototype. Here a small portion of output voltage is coupled back to the input voltage in parallel (Shunt).

Since the feedback network shunts both the input and output of the amplifier, it decreases both its output and input impedance by a factor 1 / (1+ A). A shunt feedback always decreases input impedance.

5 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK(TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER)

It is also known as series derived series fed feedback. It is a series-series prototype. Here a part of the output current is made to feedback a proportional current in series with the input since it is a series pick-up and series feedback, both the input and output impedances of the amplifier are increased due to feedback.

CURRENT SHUNT FEEDBACK(CURRENT AMPLIFIER

It is also called as series-derived shunt fed feedback. It is a parallel-series prototype. Here the feedback network picks up a part of the output current and develops a feedback voltage in parallel (shunt) with the input voltage . Feedback network shunts the input , but it is in series with the output , hence the output

6 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

resistance of the amplifier is increased , whereas its input resistance is decreased by a factor of loop gain.

QUE(4) : What are the advantages of negative feedback? Assess analytically the effect of negative feedback on Ri and Ro of voltage series and current shunt feedback. (R.T.M.N. U. Winter 2005) Ans : For advantages of negative feedback, please refer question no. 6. Effect of negative feedback on Ri and Ro of voltage series feedback. Input Resistance : The voltage series feedback topology is shown in fig. With amplifier is replaced by Thevenins model. Here, Av represents the open circuit voltage gain taking Rs into account .

The input resistance with feedback is given as(1) Applying KVL to the input side, we get,

7 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

.(2)
The output voltage Vo is given as,

(3) Where Substituting value of Vo from equation (3) in equation (2) we get,

Therefore, the input impedance with negative feedback increases. Output Resistance : In this topology, the output resistance can be measured by shorting the input source Vs = 0 and looking into the output terminals with RL disconnected, as shown in fig.

Applying KVL to the output side, we get,

8 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

..(1) The input voltage is given as , Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we get, (2)

Thereore, the output impedance with negative feedback decreases. Effect of negative feedback on Ri and Ro of Current Shunt feedback. Input Resistance :

The current shunt feedback topology is shown in fig, with amplifier input and output circuit replaced by Nortons equivalent circuit. Applying KCL to the input node we get,

(1)
The output current Io is given as,

9 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

..(2) Where , Substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we get,

The input resistance with feedback is given as,

Therefore , input resistance of current shunt feedback with negative feedback decreases. Output Resistance :

In this topology, the output resistance can be measured by open circuiting the input source Is = 0 and looking into output terminals with RL disconnected, as shown in fig. Applying the KCL to the output node we get,

10 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

.(1) The input current is given as,

.(2) Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we get,

Therefore the output resistance of current shunt feedback amplifier increases with negative feedback/

QUE(5) : Compare all types of negative feedback. Ans : The following table gives the comparison of all types of negative feedback.

Parameter Gain with feedback Stability Frequency Response

Voltage Series

Current Series

Current Shunt

Voltage Shunt

Decreases Improves Improves

Decreases Improves Improves

Decreases Improves Improves

Decreases Improves Improves

11 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

Frequency distortion Noise and non-linear Distortion Input resistance

Reduces Reduces

Reduces Reduces

Reduces Reduces

Reduces Reduces

Increases
Output Resistance

Increases Decreases Decreases

Increases Decreases
Bandwidth

Increases Decreases Increases Increases

Increases

Increases

QUE (6): Discuss the advantages and Disadvantage of negative feedback amplifier ANS : It is possible to improve important characteristics of four basic amplifier types by the proper use of negative feedback. The following are the advantages of negative feedback : (1) Increased Input impedance : Normally high input resistance of voltage amplifier can be made higher by a factor (1 + A). (2)Reduced Output Impedance : Normally low output resistance of a voltage amplifier can be lowered by a factor (1 + A). (3) Gain Stability : The transfer gain Af of the amplifier with feedback can be stabilized. (4) Increased Bandwidth : The proper use of negative feedback improves frequency response of the amplifier by a factor (1 + A).

12 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

(5)Reduced Non-linear distortion : There is a significant improvement in the linearity of operation of the feedback amplifier compared with that of the amplifier without feedback. (6)Reduced Noise : Noise voltage is reduced by factor (1 + A). (7) Reduced Amplitude distortion (8)Reduced Frequency distortion (8) Reduced phase distortion. Disadvantage : (1) The transfer gain Af of the amplifier with feedback is reduced in comparison with the transfer gain A of an amplifier without feedback by a factor (1 + A). (2)The negative feedback amplifier designed for a particular frequency range may break out into oscillation at some high or low frequency.

QUE(7) : Explain the statement : Negative feedback increases the stability. ANS : We know that , for negative feedback the gain of the feedback amplifier is given by,

Where, Af is the gain of feedback amplifier and A is the gain of amplifier without feedback i.e. open loop gain. Now , if we select, A >> 1, then,

This means that Af (gain of amplifier with feedback) depends only on the feedback network i.e. depends only on feedback factor , so it is stable. However A voltage gain without feedback normally depends on hfe, transistor to transistor replacement, aging etc, whereas feedback network is usually made of stable elements such as resistors, capacitors, inductors etc, hence is stable.

13 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

QUE(8) : Explain the effect of Negative feedback on Bandwidth. ANS : Bandwidth is the range of frequency over which the amplifier gives faithful amplification. Let B be the bandwidth of an amplifier without feedback and let fL and fH be lower and upper cut-off frequencies of an amplifier without negative feedback. Therefore the 3 dB bandwidth without feedback is given by..(1)

Let (BW)f be the bandwidth of an amplifier with negative feedback. Also let fLf and fHf be the lower and higher cut-off frequencies with negative feedback. Therefore the 3 dB bandwidth with negative feedback is..(2)

It can be proved that with negative feedback, the lower cut-off and upper cut-off frequencies of an amplifier are :

.(3) This shows that the lower cut-off frequency with feedback is smaller by a factor 1 / (1 + A) And

) ..(4) 14 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

This shows that the upper cut-off frequency is greater than fH by a factor 1 / (1 + A).

The gain bandwidth product is constant for an amplifier with or without feedback.
Let A and Af be the voltage gain of an amplifier without and with feedback, then we can write, .(5) But , ..(6) This shows that the negative feedback in amplifier increases the bandwidth. This improves the frequency response of an amplifier.

QUE(9) : Explain in brief the comparison between negative feedback voltage and current amplifiers as far as the impedance level and gain is concerned. Draw the block schematic for above mentioned amplifiers. ANS : For figures , refer question no.(2) S.N. 1 Negative feedback voltage amplifier Input impedance increases by a factor (1+ A) if feedback is voltage series type. Input impedance decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A) if feedback is voltage shunt type. Output impedance decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A) if feed back is voltage series type. Output impedance decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A) if feed back is voltage Negative feedback current amplifier Input impedance increases by a factor (1+ A) if feedback is current series type. Input impedance decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A) if feedback is current shunt type. Output impedance increases by a factor (1+ A) if feed back is current series type. Output impedance increases by a factor (1+ A) if feed back is current

15 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

shunt type. 5 Voltage gain decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A), if the feedback is series voltage type. Voltage gain is not changed if the feedback is shunt type. Shunt type. Voltage gain decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A), if the feedback is series type. Voltage gain is not changed if the feedback is shunt type.

6 7 8

Current gain is not changed if feedback Current gain is not changed if feedback is series type. is series type. Current gain decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A) Current gain decreases by a factor 1 /(1+ A)

QUE(10) : Explain the effect of negative feedback on frequency distortion and Noise & Non-linear distortion .

ANS : (1)
Effect on Frequency Distortion : We know that if the feedback network does not contain reactive elements, the overall gain is not a function of frequency. Under such conditions frequency and phase distortion is substantially reduced. If is made up of reactive components, the reactances of these components will change with frequency, changing the . As a result, gain will also change with frequency.

(2) Effect on Noise & Non-Linear Distortion : Signal feedback reduces the
amount of noise signal and non-linear distortion. The factor (1+A) reduces both input noise and resulting non-linear distortion for considerable improvement. Thus noise and non-linear distortion also reduced by same factor of gain.

16 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

QUE(11) : Give the classification of feedback amplifiers .

ANS : CLASSIFICATION OF AMPLIFIERS :

The amplifiers can be classified into four broad categories : (1) Voltage Amplifier (2)Current Amplifier (3) Trans-conductance Amplifier (4) Trans-resistance Amplifier

VOTLAGE AMPLIFIERS :
Fig shows a Thevinins equivalent circuit of an amplifier.

If the amplifier input resistance Ri is large compared with the source resistance Rs then Vi = Vs. If the external load resistance RL is large compared with the output resistance Ro of the amplifier then Vo = Av Vi = Av Vs. Such amplifier circuit provides a voltage output proportional to the voltage input and the proportionality factor does not depend on the magnitudes of the source and load resistances. Hence, this amplifier is called voltage amplifier. An ideal voltage amplifier must have infinite input resistance Ri and zero output resistance Ro. For practical voltage amplifier we must have Ri >> Ro.

17 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

CURRENT AMPLIFIER :
Current shows Nortons equivalent circuit of a current amplifier.

If amplifier input resistance Ri = 0, then Ii = Is. If amplifier output resistance Ro = , then IL = Ai Ii. Such amplifier provides a current output proportional to the signal current, and the proportionality factor is independent of source and load resistances. This amplifier is called current amplifier. An ideal current amplifier must have zero input resistance Ri and infinite output resistance Ro. For practical current amplifier we must have Ri << Rs and Ro >> RL.

TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIER :
Fig .shows a transconductance amplifier with a Thevinins equivalent in its input circuit and Nortons equivalent in its output circuit.

In this amplifier an output current is proportional to the input signal voltage and the proportionality factor is independent of the magnitudes of the source and load

18 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS UNIT - 5

resistances. Ideally , this amplifier must have an infinite input resistance Ri and infinite output resistance Ro. For practical transconductance amplifier we must have Ri >> Rs and Ro >> RL.

TRANSRESISTANCE AMPLIFIER :
Fig shows a trans-resistance amplifier with a Nortons equivalent in its input circuit and a Thevinins equivalent in its output circuit.

In this amplifier an output voltage is proportional to the input signal current and the proportionality factor is independent on the source and load resistances. Ideally, this amplifier must have zero input resistance Ri and zero output resistance Ro. For practical trans-resistance amplifier we must have Ri << Rs and Ro << RL.

19 Prepared By Prof. P.R. Bokde, Assistant Professor,

Smt. Bhagwati Chaturvedi College of Engineering, Nagpur