ANATOMY

Paper style:-
1. Single choice –30 {30 M}
2. Fill in the blanks -15 {15 M}
3. Terms -5 {15 M}
4. Long questions -4 {40 M}

Long questions:-
1. State the names and number of pairs of spinal nerves. State the part of
the body supplied by the phrenic nerves, radial nerves, and sciatic nerves.
Ans..
Name:-
A. cervical nerve 8pairs {C1-C8}
B. thoracic nerve 12pairs {T1-T12}
C. lumbar nerve5 pairs {L1-L5}
D. sacral nerve5 pairs {S1-S5}
E. coccygeal nerve1pair {Co1}
Pairs:-it consist of 31pairs.
Nerve & supply:-
a. pherenic nerve:-it supply motor & sensory innveration to
pleurae,pericardium & peritoneum of diaphragm .
b. radial nerve:-it innervates to extensor muscle of arm & fore-arm and
brachioraclialis.skin of back of arm,fore-arm & radial side of dorsum of
hand & radial two & one half fingers.
c. Sciatic nerve:- supply the muscle of posterior compartment of
thigh,leg,foot and skin of leg,foot.

2. State a function of each of the following cranial nerves:

a. Glosso-pharyngeal:-elevate pharynx during swallowing & talking,taste-buds
viseer sensation.
b. Olfactory;- sene of smell
c. Trigeminal:-invovles in sensory function of head & face.
d. Facial:-supply the movement of fascial muscle,sensation of skin of the
ear.prioprioceptive impulse of facial muscle.
e.Vagus :- 1.it impulses slow the heart rate. 2.constricts the bronchioles.
3.increase peristalsis. 4.digestive secretion.

3. ***Describe the main differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic

nerve.
Ans…
DIFFERENCES Sympathetic nerves Para-sympathetic
BETWEEN→→ nerves

Lower center Intermedio-lateral nucleusFour pairs parasympathetic nuclei

(lateral gray horn) of spinaland sacral parasympathetic
cord segments T1~L3 nucleus

Ganglia Paravertebral, prevertebral Terminal

Preganglionic f. Shorter Longer

Postganglionic f. Longer Shorter

Pre: Postganglionic 1: many more 1: a few

Distributions Throughout the body Limited primarily to head and

viscera of thorax, abdomen, and
pelvis

Different action Prepares for emergencyConserve and restore body energy

situation (expends energy) (conserves energy)

Different action Prepares for emergencyConserve and restore body energy

situation (fight or flight) (rest and relaxation)

Pupil Dilates Constricts

Heart Increases force ofDecreases force of contraction

contraction

Rhythm of the heart To become more rapid To make slow

Blood pressure Heighten Depress

Bronchi Dilates bronchi Constricts bronchi

4. Describe the Pain, temperature and crude touch pathway of trunk and
limbs ?
Ans…

5. Name the part of the cerebrum concerned with each of the following:

a. Feels the cutaneous sensations:-primary somatic sensory cortex,parital

lobe,sensory association area.it is the sensory information from skin.
b. Contains the auditory areas:- located in transverse,temporal gyri .receives
auditory information frm both ears.
c. Contains the visual areas:- lies on either side of calcarine sulcus in medial
surface of occipital lobe.
d. Connects the cerebral hemispheres:-corpus cauosum.
e. Regulates accessory movements:-
f. Contains the olfactory areas:- loacated near the uncus.
g. Initiates voluntary movement:-initiates at the primary motor cortex & motor
association area.
h. Contains the speech areas (for most people):-language area in left
hemisphere in right handed person.

6.***A 60-year-old dock worker was brought to the emergency room

unconscious after he had collapsed while loading a truck. After regaining
consciousness, an examination was performed with the following result: paralysis
of right upper and lower extremities; hypertonicity in upper and lower
extremities; increased deep tendon reflexes on the right side; dysarthria;
deviation of the tongue to the left when protruded; loss of conscious
proprioception, pressure and fine touch on the right side of the body. What is
your preliminary diagnosis?
Ans…

7. Describe the origin, nature, and passage of the trigeminal nerves ?

Ans…
Trigeminal nerve is the mixed nerve and largest 1 of the crainial nerves .
Its origin:-
Components of fibers:-
• Sve fibers:-orginates frm motor nucleous of trigrminal nerve & supply
masticatory muscles.
• Gsa fibers:- sensory root contains gsa fibers.these fibers have their
cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion,which lies on the apex of pterous part
of temporal bone.these transmits fascial sensation to sensory nuclei of
trigeminal nerve.
Its nature:- complexity
• general somatic sensibility→skin and mucosa of head and face.
• special visceral mobility→central process.
Its passage:-

ophthalmic nerve
•All sensory central process trigeminal peripheral
nucleus of ganglion process maxillary nerve
trigeminal nerves mandibular nerve

•Motor nucleus
of trigeminal
nerve

PASSAGE OF TRIGEMINAL NERVE

8. Describe the neurological deficit resulting from hemorrhage into the internal
capsule (‘stroke’).
Ans…

9. A patient comes in complaining that her right eye isn’t working correctly and
she’s seeing double. Also, when she tries to walk, her left leg shakes badly and
she falls down. When she tries to reach for something, her left arm and hand
also shake. You observe that when she is at rest, there is no tremor. When
asked to move her eyes to the right, both eyes move right. You notice a lateral
strabismus of the right eye. When you ask her to move her eyes left, the left
eye moves normally but the right eye does not move. Further examination
revealed that when the patient has lost fine touch sensation in her left upper
extremity but not her left lower extremity. Right side body movement and
sensory modalities are normal. What is your preliminary diagnosis ?
Ans…

10. Name the three layers of the meninges, beginning with the outermost ?
Ans…
• the spinal cord and brain surrounded by 3 layers frm outside 2 inside:-
dura-mater, arachnoid matter & pia-mater.
• The meninges of spinal cord are:-spinal duramater,spinal arachnoid
matter,spinal piamater.
• The meninges of brain are:- cerebral duramater,cerebral arachnoid
matter,cerebral piamater.

11. State all the locations of cerebrospinal fluid. What is CSF made from?
Into what is CSF reabsorbed? State the functions of CSF ?
Ans…
It is a colorless fluid.It plays a role like lymph in CNS.
Location:- it is located in CNS.arachoid is seprated frm piameter by sub-
arachoid space contains CSF.Central canal is filled with CSF.
production:- CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of lateral,3rd and 4th
ventricles.
CSF volume=150ml
75ml in cisterns
50ml of sub-arachoid space
25ml in ventricles
CSF formation per day is 450-600ml/day.

CSF reabsorption:-
• Arachnoid granulation:-project into sinuses of duramater,serve as sites
where CSF diffuses into blood stream.
• CSF drains frm lateral ventricle to 3rd ventricle through inter-ventricular
foramina and frm 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle through mesen-cepahalic
 aqueduet and frm 4th ventricle to sub-archoid space via median and 2
lateral aperturs and frm sub-archoid space to superior sagittal sinus
through arachoid granulation and finally reach to vein where it is
reabsorbed.

Functions:-it has nutritive functions and serves to remove the waste products
of neuronal metabolism.CSF fills the sub-arachnoid space and protects and
cushions the CNS against trauma.CSF can disperse the pressure on the brain
caused by a blow and regulate the intra-cranial pressure.

12. Explain how the sympathetic division of the ANS helps the body adapt to a
stress situation; give three specific examples.
Ans…

13. Explain how the parasympathetic division of the ANS promotes normal body
functioning; give three specific examples.
Ans…

14. With respect to the spinal cord:

a. Describe its location ?
ans…

It lies in vertebral canal.It is Continuous above with medulla oblongata at level

of foramen magnum.It Ends below at the lower border of L1 in the adult; at
birth the cord ends, at level of L3.

b. State what gray matter and white matter are made of:-
ans… BELOW ANS. IS NOT ENOUGH ,SO REF SPINAL ORD PPT. FRM SLIDE
NO.10TH TO 28TH,ONLY LAYERS NO NEED LAMINA.
• gray matter:-collection of nerve cell bodies and dentrities
• white matter:-collection of nerve fibres.
c. State the function of the dorsal root, ventral root, and dorsal root ganglion
ans…
• dorsal root:-contain sensory fibres whose cell bodies r in spinal ganglion.
• Ventral root:-contians motor fibers for skeletal muscle.
• Dorsal root ganglion:-contain cell bodies of sensory fibers of spinal nerve
and cranial nerve.

15. Name the parts which the aorta divided into.

Ans…
Aorta arises frm lt. ventricle.
Inversion:- it extends upto inferior part of abdomen.
It is divided into:- 1.ascending aorta, 2.aottic arch, 3.descending aorta which
has thoracic & abdominal portion.

16.Name the arterial trunk of the local regions.

Ans.
The arterial trunk of the local regions are:-
a) Head & NECK --- the common carotid a.
b) Upper limbs --- rt. Sub-clavian a.
c) Throax --- thoracic aorta
d) Abdomen --- obdominal aorta
e) Pelvis --- internal iliac a.
f) Lower limbs --- external iliac a.

17.Name the branches of external carotid a., sub-clavian a.,axillary a.

Ans..
• Branches of external carotid artery:-
1. superior thyroid a.
2. lingual a.
3. facial a.
4. occipital a.
5. maxillary a.
6. superficial temporal a.
• branches of sub-clavian artery:-
rt. & lt. sub clavian a. has 3 branches.thet are 1. vertebral arteries,
2.thyro-cervical trunk, 3. Costo-cervical trunk
• branches od axillary artery;-
1. Thora-coacromial a.
2. Lateral thoracic a.
3. Sub-scapular a.
4. Anterior & posterior circumflex humeral arteries.

18.How the blood flows to the right or left hand from heart?
19.***DESCRIBE THE EXTERNAL FEATURES OF HEART ?
20. Describe the elementary structures in the right or left ventricle?
21. List the strutures keeping blood flowing in a fixed direction and explain its
function.
22. Describe the flow of electrical impulses through the cardiac conduction
system.
23.Describe the distribution of the left and right coronary artery.
24.list the structure of the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear and explain the
function of each as related to hearing.
25.**use a flow chart to describe the sound waves are transmitted to the
spiral organ in normal condition.
26. list the receptors of auditory and blance and explain their functions.
27.List the accessory structures of the eye that either cause the eye to move
or protect it within the orbit.
28.describe the structures of the wall of the eyeball and explain their
acorresponding functions.
29.describe the function of the externalocular muscles of the eye.
30.**use the flow chart to describethe production and circulation of aqueous
humor.
Ans…

Production and circulation of aqueous humor

Ciliary body secretes Aqueous humor Pupil

Posterior chamber

Iridocorneal angle Sinus venosus sclera

Anterior chamber

Anterior ciliary vein Ophthalmic vein

31.**what is the refractive media of eye and its function.

Ans..
***Refracte entering light and focus them on the:-
• retina
• Cornea
• Aqueous humor
• Lens
• Vitreous body
The lens is particularly important for refining and altering refraction.
Of the refractive media, only the lens can be altered in shape to
achieve precise refraction.
*** Function of the Eyeball:-
The focusing of light and stimulation of photoreceptors of the retina
require five basic processes:
1. transmission of light through transparent media of the eyeball;
2. refraction of light through media of different densities;
3. accommodation of the lens to focus the light;
4. constriction of the pupil by the iris to regulate the amount of light
entering the posterior cavity; and
5. convergence of the eyeballs, so that visual acuity is maintained.

32.***** Vertebral levels os spinal cord segments:-

ANATOMIC RELATIONSHIP OF SPINAL CORD WITH VERTEBRAL BODY IN
ADULTS
Spinal cord segments Vertebral bodies
C1-4 C1-4
C5-T4 C4-T3
T5-8 T3-6
T9-12 T6-9
L1-5 T10-12
S1-S4,Co1 L1

33.***Concept of reflex & compents of reflex arc?

Ans..
The response produced by reflex arc is called reflex.
Reflex arc is an basic functional unit of nervous system.it’s components are 5 in
number.they r :-
1. Receptor:-responds to stimuli and produces nerve impulse.
2. Sensory neuron;-transmits impulse to CNS.
3. Inter neuron;-synapse with motor neurons in CNS.
4. Motor neuron:- carries out impulse in CNS to effector organs through
PNS.
5. Effector organ:-such as musles/glands,responds to impulse.
34.arterial pathway frm the external iliac artery to the foot.
Ans…
***NOTE:-
• WE THINK 1ST 14 QUESTIONS R ENOUGH.
• NO NEED OF READING LONG QUES. FRM SENSE ORGANS,ONLY
BITS WILL COME.

____________________________________________________________

TERMS:-
1. INTER-ATRIAL SEPTUM:-
it locates between the rt. & lt.artery.it is formed by endocardium,the
connective tissue and a few myocardial fibers.it is thin,at the oval fossa
which is mainly formed by 2 layers of endocardium.it prevents the mixing
of de-oygenated blood in the rt.atrium with oxygenated blood in lt.
atrium.an atrial septum defect occurs when primary arterial septum fails
to fuse with muscular edge.
2. INTER VENTRICULAR SEPTUM:-
 it locates between rt. & lt. ventricles.it is formed by the division of
septum in2 membranous & muscular part.it prevents the mixing of de-
oxygenated blod in rt.ventricle with oxygenated blood in lt.venticle.it
defect often occurs at the inter-ventricular part.
3. CORNARY SINUS:-
it is located in posterior part of coronary sinus.it’s main function is
carring most of venus blood frm myo-cardium to rt. Atrium.it’s
tributaries are :-1.great cardiac vein,2.middle cardiac vein,3.small
cardiac vein,4.anterior cardiac vein,5.smallest cardiac vein.

4. PERICARIDIUM:-
It is a covering of heart and its roots of its great vessels.it encloses
heart and roots of its great vessels.it consist of outer fibrous
pericardium and inner serous pericardium.serous pericardium is divided
into visceral layer & paritel layer.it is important as pericardial cavity,the
potential space between the visceral and parietal layer.it contains serous
fluid which provides lubrication ,when heart beats.

5. ***TRANSVERSE SINUS OF PERICARDIUM:-

the recesses of pericardial cavity include the transverse sinus.it extends
posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, between the superior
vena cava and left atrium.it is useful for heart operation in some cases.

6. ***OBLIQUE SINUS OF PERICARDIUM:-

The recess of pericardial cavity include the oblique sinus.it lies between
posterior wall of lt.atrium and posterior part of pericardium .It extends
posterior to heart, bounded by pulmonary veins on either side and
inferior vena cava on the side。

7. ANTERIO-INFERIOR SINUS OF PERICARDIUM

It is formed by the reflexion of anterior wall into inferior wall of
parietal layer of serous pericardium.The recess of pericardial cavity
includes the anterio-inferior sinus.It liesAnterioinferior to the cardiac
apex.

8. CAROTID SINUS
A dilation at the bifurcation of the common carotid a. it contains
numerous nerve ends in its wall,which monitors the blood pressure.

9. CARTIOD BODIES
Some small oval bodies on the posterior surface of the carotid
bifurcation,it is a chemical receptor monitoring the level of Co2 in the
blood.
10. SUPERFICIAL PALMAR ARCHES
They r formed bt the anastomosis of the terminal part of the ulnar a. &
the superficial palmar branch of the radial a.,which lies just under the
palmar aponeurosis.3 common palmar digital arteries arise frm the
superficial palmar arch and finally branch into 2 proper palmar digital
arteries to supply the fingers.

11.DEEP PALMAR ARCHES

They r formed by the anastomosis of the terminal part of the radial a.
& the deep palmar branch of the ulnar a. the main branches of arch r:-
Principal thumb a. that supplies the thumb.the 3 palmar meta-carpal
arteries that join to the 3 common palmar digital arteries.2 arches
anastomosis each other to regulate the blood of the hand.

12. Tricuspid valve complex

• The tricuspid annulus,tricuspid valve,chordate tendineae & papillary
muscles make up of tricuspid valve complex.
• these structures comprise a functional unit.
• the complex guards the rt. Atrio-ventricular orifice.it permits the bllod
flowinf frm the rt. Atrium into rt.venticle,but prevents the blood flowing
in opposite direction.
• when the atrium contracts,the blood flows into the ventricle,the atrio-
ventricular orifice is open.
• when the ventricle contracts,the blood is ejected into the artery,the
artio-ventricular orifice is close.
• So,the blood only can flow in a fixed direction frm atrium to
ventricle,then to the artery.
•
13. Mitral valve complex
Mitral valve annulus,the mitral valve,chordate tendineae,papillary muscles
form the mitral valve complex which ensure the blood flow only frm the
ventricle to the aorta.

14. Aortic valve

• It guards the aortic orifice.
• 3 semi-lunar valves---rt.,lt. and posterior
• 3 aoritc sinuses---the bulges in aortic wall at level of valve that
correspond to cups.
i. Rt.---contains opening of rt.cornary artery.
ii. Lt.---contains opening of lt.cornary artery.
iii. Posterior---no opening.

15. Pulmonary valve

16. Systemic circulation:-
• blood → left atrium → left ventricle →aorta and its
branches→capillaries of all the body →superior and inferior vena
cava→right atrium.
• Its function is bring oxygen and nutrients to tissues and taking back CO2
and metabolic productions.
• After systemic circulation, the blood becomes the oxygen-poor blood
( venous blood ).

17.Pulmonary circulation
• the blood in right atrium → right ventricle →pulmonary trunk and its
branches →capillaries of lungs→pulmonary v. →left atrium
• Its function is making oxygen-poor blood into oxygen-rich blood, which
meet the need of the body.
• The blood of the pulmonary circulation only flow to the lung and then
back to the heart.

18. Septomarginal trabecula*****

19.oval fossa

20. CAUDA-EQUINA****
The lumnar & sacral roots descend for a considerable distance in the
sub-archachiod space before reaching their resp.inter-vertebral
foramina.The large no.of lumbo-sacral roots surrounding the filum
terminale is known as the cauda-equina.

21.LUMBAR PUCTURE {CLINCAL NOTES}****

It may be necessary to insert a needle into sub-arachoid space to obtain
a sample of CSF for analysis or for other reasons.a spinal lumbar
pucture is the preferred method:-the needle is inserted between the
spines of the 3rd & 4th lumbar vertebrae without risk of damaging the
spinal cord.

22.NUCLEUS GRACILE & NUCLEUS CUNEATE

The gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus are located in the lower medulla
oblongate,deep to the gracile tubercle and cuneate tubercle resp.axons frm
the nuclei emerge as internal arcuate fibers,at 1st curving ventro-laterally
around the central gray matter and then ventro-medially between tri-geminal
spinal tract and central grey matter and decussate,constituting an ascending
contralateral tract,the mediallemnisus.
23. WILLIS CIRCLE or CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE***
It is formed by the anterior & posterior cerebral arteries,the arterior &
posterior communicating arteries and a short segement of internal
carotid arteries.it encircles the optic chiasma,the tuber cinereum and
the mammillary bodies.the branches derived frm the anterior,middle and
posterior cerebral arteries frm the cerebral arterial circle are divided
into cortical and the central branches.

24.BRAIN STEM;-
It is composed of the medulla oblongata,pons and mid-brain which
connects the cerebrum,cerebellum with spinal cord.it occupies the posterior
crainial fossa of the skull.

25.GANGLION
In PNS,the cell bodies are grouped together to form the ganglion.sensory
ganglion cells in dorsal roots of spinal nerves & some cranial nerves give
off both central and peripheral process and do not have synpases on their
cell bodies,whilst ganglionic neurons of the visceral nervous system receive
synptic contacts frm various sources.

26.NUCLEUS
A nucleus is a aggregation of neuronal cell bodies and dentities,of more or
less similar shape and function,located inside the CNS.nuclei is various in sizes
and shapes,commonly spherical and oval and sometimes in small flattened
sheets.

27.TONSILLAR RING OF PHARYNX***

Pharyngeal tonsile,tubal tonsile,palatine tonsile,lingual tonsile.it’s
function is to defend & protection.

28.SUPRA-NUCLEAR PARALYSIS
Paralysis is caused by the injury of upper motor neuron.
29.INFRA-NUCLEAR PARALYSIS
Paralysis is caused by the injury of lower motor neuron.
30.LOWER MOTOR NEURONS
Includes crainial motor nuclei and motor neurons in anterior horn of spinal
cord.their axons leave CNS & extend through peripheral nerves to supply
skeletal muscles.

31.UPPER MOTOR NEURONS

It lie in the motor area of cerebral cortex.it connect directly or through inter-
neurons to lower motor neurons.

32.VPM
Special relay nuclei of dorsal thalamus.The medial region receiving sensory data
frm head & is termed as ventral postero-medial nucleous.it receives trigeminal
lemniscus and taste fibers.

33.VPL
Special relay nuclei of dorsal thalamus.Projects to 1st somatic sensory area via
central thalamic radition.it receives medial lemniscus and spinal lemniscus.in the
optic opticum,the fiber derived frm retina of 2 eyes,nasal side intersect while
the temple side ones doesn’t intersect.

34.ANTERIOR ROOT & POSTERIOR ROOT OF SPINAL NERVES

Spinal nerves are attached to spinal cord by anterior root & posterior
root.anterior root is a motor part and posterior root is a sensory part.

35.CERVICAL PLEXUS
It is formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerve.it lies infront of origin of
levator scapuleae and scalenus medius and deep to superior part of sterno-cleido-
mastoid.

36.****BRACHIAL PLEXUS
It is formed by anterior rami of C8-L8 & T1 spinal nerves.it passes through
scalene fissure to postero-superior of sub-clavian artery ,yhen enters the axilla to
form 3 cords.its branches are :-
• Median nerve
• Musculocutaneous nerve
• Ulnar nerve
• Axillary nerve
• Radial nerve
37.TRACTS/FASCICULE
Fibers bundles having same orgin,course and termination are known tracts.
_____________________________________________________________
DIGRAMS 4 LAB;-
• HEART
• BRAIN STEM
• TELENCEPHALON { LANGUAGE AREA }
• INTERNAL CAPSULE.
REF ALL PPT’S ALSO.
ALL THE BEST 4 UR EXAM