A rhymlng coupleL ls a seL of llnes back Lo back LhaL rhyme usually Lhey have Lhe same meLer so LhaL
Lhey appear as a coherenL whole
Lxample Ceoffrey Chaucers 1he CanLerbury 1ales ls wrlLLen ln rhymlng coupleLs (8eware Lhough lL ls ln Mlddle Lngllsh)
lrom Lhe prologue Slnglng he was or fluLlng all Lhe day Pe was as fresh as ls Lhe monLh of May
1hls coupleL ls ln lamblc penLameLer
A rhymlng quaLraln ls a seL of four llnes LhaL follow a rhyme scheme 1he rhyme schemes could be AA88(Lhe flrsL and second llnes rhyme wlLh each oLher and Lhe Lhlrd and fourLh llnes rhyme wlLh each oLher ln oLher words a palr of rhymlng coupleLs LogeLher) A8A8(Lhe flrsL and Lhlrd llnes rhyme wlLh each oLher and Lhe second and fourLh llnes rhyme wlLh each oLher) A88A(Lhe flrsL and fourLh llnes rhyme wlLh each oLher and Lhe second and Lhlrd rhyme wlLh each oLher) A8C8(Lhe second and fourLh rhyme wlLh each oLher)
Agaln quaLralns usually have a glven meLer so LhaL Lhey sound llke Lhey flow LogeLher
Some examples 1he PlppopoLamus by Cgden nash (my favorlLe poeL of all Llme)
8ehold Lhe hlppopoLamus! We laugh aL how he looks Lo us And yeL ln momenLs dank and grlm l wonder how we look Lo hlm
eace peace Lhou hlppopoLamus! We really look all rlghL Lo us As you no doubL dellghL Lhe eye Cf oLher hlppopoLaml
noLe Lhe AA88 rhyme scheme
Peres Look 8ack on 1lme wlLh klndly Lyes by Lmlly ulcklnson
Look back on Llme wlLh klndly eyes Pe doubLless dld hls besL Pow sofLly slnks hls Lrembllng sun ln human naLures wesL!
1hls ls an A8C8 rhyme scheme
1he coupleL and Lhe quaLraln can be used as bulldlng blocks for your poems as we wlll see nexL Shakespearean Verse and rose 1he language used by Shakespeare ln hls plays ls ln one of Lhree forms prose rhymed verse or blank verse each of whlch he uses Lo achleve speclflc effecLs (more on Lhe funcLlons of prose rhyme and blank verse below) 1o recognlze Lhese Lypes of language and undersLand how Shakespeare uses Lhem ln hls plays you need Lo be famlllar wlLh a number of Lechnlcal Lerms Meter a recognlzable rhyLhm ln a llne of verse conslsLlng of a paLLern of regularly recurrlng sLressed and unsLressed syllables Ioot]feet a meLrlc fooL refers Lo Lhe comblnaLlon of a sLrong sLress and Lhe assoclaLed weak sLress (or sLresses) LhaL make up Lhe recurrenL meLrlc unlL of a llne of verse Iamb a parLlcular Lype of meLrlc fooL conslsLlng of Lwo syllables an unsLressed syllable followed by a sLressed syllable (da uuM) Lhe opposlLe of a Lroche An unsLressed syllable ls convenLlonally represenLed by a curved llne resembllng a smlle (a u ls as close as l can geL here) A sLressed syllable ls convenLlonally represenLed by a / 1hus an lamb ls convenLlonally represenLed u ] Iamb|c pentameter A Lensyllable llne conslsLlng of flve lambs ls sald Lo be ln |amb|c pentameter (penLa flve) lLs sLress paLLern (flve palrs of unsLressed/sLressed syllables) ls convenLlonally represenLed u ]u ] u]u ] u ] Lxample 1he course of Lrue love never dld run Lrue (Mnu ll134) As you read Lhls llne aloud llsLen for Lhe sLress paLLern da uuM da uuM da uuM da uuM da uuM (le Lhe CCu8SL of 18uL love nLver ulu run 18uL) 1roche Lhe opposlLe of an lamb a parLlcular Lype of meLrlc fooL conslsLlng of Lwo syllables a sLressed syllable followed by an unsLressed syllable (uA dum) An unsLressed syllable ls convenLlonally represenLed by a curved llne resembllng a smlle (a u ls as close as l can geL here) A sLressed syllable ls convenLlonally represenLed by a / 1hus a Lroche ls convenLlonally represenLed ] u 1rocha|c rhythm made up of Lroches 1he opposlLe of lamblc a Lrochalc rhyLhm has a paLLern of sLressed/unsLressed accenL convenLlonally represenLed]u ]u ] u ] u Lxample uouble double Loll and Lrouble/ llre burn and caldron bubble (MAC lvl1011) As you read Lhese llnes aloud llsLen for Lhe sLress paLLern uA dum uA dum uA dum uA dum (le uCuble uCuble 1ClL and 18Cuble)
kecogn|z|ng rose khyme and 8|ank Verse 1 rose refers Lo ord|nary speech wlLh no regular paLLern of accenLual rhyLhm Llnes of LexL do noL all have Lhe same number of syllables nor ls Lhere any dlscernlble paLLern of sLresses lf you are unsure lf a passage ls ln prose or ln blank verse look for Lhe followlng v|sua| c|ue a long passage ln prose ls Lyplcally prlnLed ln your LexL llke an ordlnary paragraph wlLh rlghL and lefL [usLlflcaLlon 1he llnes of prlnL exLend from lefL Lo rlghL margln wlLh no hard reLurn ln Lhe mlddle of a senLence Standard ru|es of cap|ta||zat|on are followed only proper nouns (names and place names) Lhe pronoun l and Lhe flrsL leLLer of a new senLence are caplLallzed
2 khymed verse ln Shakespeares plays ls usually ln rhymed coup|ets le Lwo successlve llnes of verse of whlch Lhe flnal words rhyme wlLh anoLher 1he rhyme paLLern of verse ln rhymlng coupleLs ls convenLlonally represenLed aa bb cc eLc wlLh Lhe leLLers a b and c referrlng Lo Lhe rhymlng sound of Lhe flnal word ln a llne (A slngle rhymed coupleL may also appear aL Lhe end of a speech or scene ln blank verse ln whlch case lL ls called a capp|ng coup|et) When Lhe Lwo llnes of a rhymlng coupleL are ln lamblc penLameLer Lhey are called hero|c coup|ets Lxample Pelenas lamenL ln A Mldsummer nlghLs uream (ll2349)
Love looks noL wlLh Lhe eyes buL wlLh Lhe %a rhyme) And Lherefore ls wlnged Cupld palnLed %a rhyme) Nor haLh Loves mlnd of any [udgmenL toste %b rhyme) Wlngs and no eyes flgure unheedy oste %b rhyme) And Lherefore ls Love sald Lo be a n %c rhyme) 8ecause ln cholce he ls so ofL eque %c rhyme)
8ecause rhyme ls easy Lo hear Lyplcally no v|sua| c|ue ls needed for you Lo recognlze LhaL a passage ls ln rhyme however noLe ln Lhe rhymed passages above and below LhaL 1) the ||ne of pr|nt does t extend to f||| the who|e page (Lhere ls a hard reLurn afLer every rhyme word so LhaL Lhe LexL appears as a column LhaL does noL flll Lhe whole page) and ) the st w of eve ||ne |s noptoe wlLhouL regard LosLandard rules of caplLallzaLlon 1hese Lwo pr|nt|ng convent|ons are a v|sua| c|ue LhaL a speech ls ln verse raLher Lhan ln prose Lxcept|on Whlle mosL rhymlng verse ln Shakespeares plays ls ln coupleLs songs Lyplcally have a more complex rhyme paLLern as ln Lhe followlng passage from Arlels song (1be 1empest 12397402) wlLh Lhe rhyme paLLern ababcc
Iull faLhom flve Lhy faLher es %a rhyme) Cf hls bones are coral oe %b rhyme) 1hose are pearls LhaL were hls ees %a rhyme) NoLhlng of hlm LhaL doLh oe %b rhyme) 8uL doLh suffer a sea noqe %c rhyme) InLo someLhlng rlch and stoqe %c rhyme)
3 8|ank Verse refers Lo unrhymed |amb|c pentameter 8lank verse resembles prose ln LhaL Lhe flnal words of Lhe llnes do noL rhyme ln any regular paLLern (alLhough an occaslonal rhymlng coupleL may be found) unllke prose Lhere ls a recognlzable meLer mosL llnes are ln lamblc penLameLer le Lhey conslsL of Len syllables alLernaLlng unsLressed and sLressed syllables (Lhere may be some lrregularlLles such an occaslonal Lrochemlxed ln wlLh Lhe lambs or an exLra unsLressed syllable aL Lhe end of a llne)
lf you are unsure lf a passage ls ln blank verse or ln prose kLAD I1 ALCUD lf you can dlscern Lhe regular rhyLhmlc paLLern of lamblc penLameLer (da uuM da uuM da uuM da uuM da uuM) lL ls ln blank verse
lf you are S1lLL uncerLaln wheLher Lhe passage ls ln blank verse or prose look for Lhe followlng v|sua| c|ue as ln rhymed verse ln blank verse 1) the ||ne of pr|nt does t extend to f||| the who|e page (Lhere ls a hard reLurn aL Lhe end of every llne so Lhe LexL appears as a column LhaL does noL flll Lhe whole page) and ) the st w of eve e |s noptoe wlLhouL regard Lo sLandard rules of caplLallzaLlon Lxample 1heseuss speech Lo PlppolyLa (Mnu ll1319)
PlppolyLa l wooed Lhee wlLh my sword %end of ||ne |s not end of sentence) And won Lhy love dolng Lhee ln[urles
%cap|ta| A fa||s |n m|dd|e of sentence) 8uL l wlll wed Lhee ln anoLher key
%end of ||ne |s not end of sentence) WlLh pomp wlLh Lrlumph and wlLh revellng
%cap|ta| W fa||s |n m|dd|e of sentence)
lf Lhls passage were ln prose Lhe sLandard rules of caplLallzaLlon would apply so Lhe words And and WlLh would noL be caplLallzed because Lhey fall ln Lhe mlddle of a senLence 8LMLM8L8 llke rhymed verse blank verse can be recognlzed by Lhese Lwo prlnLlng convenLlons whlch are a v|sua| c|ue LhaL a speech ls ln verse raLher Lhan ln prose
1he Iunct|ons of rose khyme and 8|ank Verse |n Shakespeares |ays kCSL ls used whenever verse would seem blzarre ln serlous leLLers (MacbeLh Lo Lady MacbeLh PamleL Lo PoraLlo) ln proclamaLlons and ln Lhe speeches of characLers acLually or preLendlng Lo be mad (Lady MacbeLh PamleL and Cphella Ldgar and klng Lear) verse ls apparenLly Loo regular and orderly for expresslng madness rose ls used for cynlcal commenLary (eg !acques and 1ouchsLone ln s oo llke lt Ldmund ln kloq leot) or reduclng flowery speech Lo common sense Lerms (all over s oo llke lt) lL ls used when Lhe raLlonal ls conLrasLed wlLh Lhe emoLlonal (8ruLus vs AnLony ln Iollos coesot) lL ls used for slmple exposlLlon LranslLlons or conLrasL (Lhe flrsL scenes of s oo llke lt 1be 1empest kloq leot or wlotets 1ole) lL ls used for scenes of everyday llfe (8oLLom and company ln MlJsommet Nlqbts uteom Corln ln s oo llke lt Wllllam 8aLes and CourL ln eoty v) for low comedy (8oLLom and company 1ouchsLone and Audrey ln s oo llke lt lluellen and lsLol ln eoty v Slr 1oby 8elch Marla and Malvollo ln 1welfLh nlghL) and for banLerlng relaxed or unbuLLoned conversaLlon (Cella 8osallnd and 1ouchsLone ln s oo llke lt Cower lluellen MacMorrls and !amle ln eoty v rlnce Pal and lalsLaff ln 2 eoty lv) LLASL NC1L lL ls NC1 ACCUkA1L Lo say LhaL Lhe lower classes speak prose and Lhe upper classes speak verse 1he hlghborn couslns 8osallnd and Cella speak prose Lo one anoLher ln s oo llke lt as do klng Penry and kaLherlne of lrance ln eoty v PamleL rlnce of uenmark Lends Lo use prose boLh when he ls belng very raLlonal and when he ls very lrraLlonal (buL Lhe passlonaLe PamleL speaks ln verse) Slmllarly when Lhe lower classes flgure ln serlous or romanLlc slLuaLlons Lhey may speak verse (eg Sllvlus and hebe ln s oo llke lt Lhe gardeners ln klcbotJ ll) knML ls ofLen used for rlLuallsLlc or choral effecLs and for hlghly lyrlcal or senLenLlous passages LhaL glve advlce or polnL Lo a moral (Lhe uukes speeech aL Lhe end of AcL 3 ln Meosote fot Meosote) 8hyme ls used for songs (Amlens ln s oo llke lt lesLe ln 1welfLh nlghL Arlel ln 1be 1empest) ln examples of bad verse (Lhe lytomos ooJ 1blsbe play ln MlJsommet Nlqbts uteom and Crlandos bad poeLry ln s oo llke lt) ln rologues Lpllogues and Choruses (Lhe Chorus ln Penry v ucks epllogue) ln masques (Pymen ln s oo llke lt lrls Ceres and !uno ln 1be 1empest) and ln playswlLhlnplays (lytomos ooJ 1blsbe ln MlJsommet Nlqbts uteom Lhe MouseLrap play ln omlet) where lL dlsLlngulshes Lhese lmaglnary performances from Lhe real world of Lhe play lL ls also used for many manlfesLaLlons of Lhe supernaLural (eg Lhe wlLches ln Mocbetb Lhe falrles ln MlJsommet Nlqbts uteom Arlel ln 1be 1empest) buL noL for ghosLs (eg PamleLs faLher) who reLaln Lhe human use of blank verse 8LANk VLkSL ls employed ln a wlde range of slLuaLlons because lL comes close Lo Lhe naLural speaklng rhyLhms of Lngllsh buL ralses lL above Lhe ordlnary wlLhouL soundlng arLlflclal (unllke Lhe slngsong effecL produced by dlalogue ln rhyme) ArL elevaLes and dlsLllls Lhe everyday wrlLlng ln blank verse helps sharpen LhaL dlsLlncLlon 8lank verse as opposed Lo prose ls used malnly for passlonaLe lofLy or momenLous occaslons and for lnLrospecLlon lL may suggesL a reflnemenL of characLer Many of Shakespeares mosL famous speeches are wrlLLen ln blank verse MacbeLhs and Lady MacbeLhs ploLLlng Lhe greaL sollloqules of eoty v and PamleL Callbans complalnLs and rosperos farewell Lo maglc ln 1be 1empest As noLed above a speech or scene ln blank verse may end wlLh a slngle rhymlng coupleL known as a capp|ng coup|et lL ls used Lo lend a flnal punch a concludlng flourlsh or a noLe of cllmax Lo Lhe end of a speech or scene Shakespeare ofLen used herolc coupleLs (rhymed coupleLs wrlLLen ln lamblc penLameLer) when wrlLlng poems for use wlLhln hls plays Peres an example from Msue Nqts ueo Pelena and Permla speak uslng rhymed coupleLs ln AcL l scene l of Lhe play Peres a blL of Pelenas scenecloslng sollloquy love looks oot wltb tbe eyes bot wltb tbe mloJ oJ tbetefote ls wloqJ coplJ poloteJ blloJ Not botb loves mloJ of ooy joJqemeot toste wloqs ooJ oo eyes flqote oobeeJy boste oJ tbetefote ls love solJ to be o cbllJ 8ecoose lo cbolce be ls so oft beqolleJ 1he oem SonneL 116 ls generally consldered one of Lhe flnesL love poems ever wrlLLen ln Lhls sonneL Wllllam Shakespeare ralsed Lhe Lheme of romanLlc love Lo Lhe sLaLus of hlgh phllosophy AL a Llme when love beLween man and woman was noL ofLen recognlzed as essenLlally oLher Lhan a form of famlly obllgaLlon Shakespeare splrlLuallzed lL as Lhe moLlvaLor of Lhe hlghesL level of human acLlon Love of LhaL klnd has slnce become Lhe mosL soughLafLer human experlence
Shakespeares SonneL 116 uses Lhe followlng LradlLlonal rhyme scheme a b a b c d c d e f e f gg Cn Wllllam Shakespeare's LeL me noL Lo Lhe marrlage of Lrue mlnds by Mlchelle Sayles
LeL me noL Lo Lhe marrlage of Lrue mlnds sLruck me llke someone sLandlng on a soapbox screamlng ouL hls bellefs Shakespeare ls maklng a declaraLlon of hls LhoughLs on love and l happen Lo agree wlLh hlm Love cannoL be shaken by adverslLy nor changed by Llme 1rue love ls consLanL lL ls an everflxed mark"
1hough Lhls poem ls shorL ln lengLh lL ls full of emoLlon Shakespeare makes lL known ln Lhe flrsL llne LhaL he wlll noL come beLween Lwo people who are ln love Pe belleves LhaL love ls sLrong enough Lo endure LempLaLlon and noL waver lf love ls alLered by anoLher a remover" of love lL was noL love
1lme ls love's mosL powerful adversary and Lhls ls demonsLraLed by Lhe caplLallzaLlon of Lhe word maklng lL a llvlng breaLhlng enemy of love Powever powerful 1lme ls Shakespeare ls cerLaln LhaL love ls sLlll sLronger Love's noL 1lme's fool Lhough rosy llps and cheeks/ WlLhln hls bendlng slckle's compass come" 1he reference Lo Lhe slckle shows [usL how much of a LhreaL Shakespeare vlews 1lme Llke ueaLh 1lme Loo carrles hls slckle walLlng Lo sLeal love LhaL ls based on Lhe lovellness of youLh 8uL of course Lrue love cannoL be fooled by 1lme Love cannoL be measured ln brlef hours and weeks" love ls eLernal lL bears lL ouL even Lo Lhe edge of doom"
1he sLrucLure of Lhe poem lends Lo Lhe fluldlLy 1here ls a prlmary rhyme LhaL ls domlnanL wlLh sLronger rhymlng and a secondary LhaL has weaker rhymes buL ls sLlll powerful ln meanlng CuL of allgnmenL wlLh Lhe oLher llnes buL sLlll lncluded ln Lhe slngle sLanza ls Shakespeare's flnal declaraLlon lf whaL he has sLaLed ls proven Lo be wrong he never wrlL nor no man ever loved" Slnce we know of course LhaL Shakespeare has wrlLLen and LhaL men have loved Shakespeares hypoLhesls abouL love musL be LruelL ls consLanL
Shakespeare's sonneLs are all wrlLLen ln a dlfferenL rhyme scheme Lhan Lhelr ConLlnenLal predecessors 1he socalled Lngllsh sonneL ls dlvlded lnLo Lhree quaLralns (sLanzas of four llnes each) whlch ln Lurn each have Lwo rhymes 1he whole poem follows Lhe rhyme scheme A8A8/ CuCu/ L lLl ln our example mlnds and flnds are Lhe a rhyme ln sLanza 1 and love and remove are Lhe b rhyme ln sLanza 2 mark and bark are c whlle shaken and Laken are d eL ceLera llnally Lhe lasL Lwo llnes (13 and 14) are grouped LogeLher as a coupleL and rhyme wlLh each oLher lf Lhey were added on Lo Lhe scheme we wroLe ouL above Lhey would be CC (proved and loved ln SonneL 116) Shakespeare wroLe so many sonneLs of Lhls form LhaL we now commonly call lL Lhe Shakespearean sonneL
M|nd rhyme ls a klnd of subsLlLuLlon rhyme slmllar Lo rhymlng slang buL lL ls less codlfled ln mlnd rhyme an lnLended word remalns unsald and ls heard" only ln Lhe llsLener's mlnd lor lnsLance ln Lhls LradlLlonal example koses ote teJ ooJ teoJy fot plockloq / 5bes slxteeo ooJ teoJy fot blqb scbool 1he LexL lnlLlaLes a posslble rhyme whlch ls compleLed by Lhe reader or llsLener unllke rhymlng slang where Lhe dlsclpllne of lexlcography ls posslble (eg dogs" or dog's meaL" has LradlLlonally slgnlfled feeL" ln a mulLlLude of conLexLs 1 ) mlnd rhyme ls a oneoff ln no oLher llngulsLlc slLuaLlon Lhan ln Lhls lmmedlaLe example wlll hlgh school" mean fucklng" AnoLher example ln Lhe conLexL of cheerleadlng koo koo k! klck em lo tbe koee! / koo koo k55! klck em lo tbe otbet koee! CfLen mlnd rhyme ls used Lo clrcumvenL a Laboo and lf anyLhlng ob[ecLlonable ls communlcaLed lL occurs wlLh Lhe compllclLy of Lhe llsLener lL adds a phonemlc dlmenslon Lo uses of double enLendre 1hls Laboo avoldance game wlLh Lhe llsLener has been descrlbed as Leaslng rhyme Such Leaslng rhymes have been popular slnce Lhe 17Lh cenLury Alan 8old descrlbed Lhe 20Lh cenLury anonymous bawdy poem abouL Lhe young man of 8rlghLon ler as perhaps Lhe flnesL of Lhe Leaslngrhyme varleLy of bawdy poem 2 An exLracL wlll lllusLraLe Lhe Lechnlque oe vety bot Joy lo tbe sommet lost yeot yoooq moo wos seeo swlmmloq toooJ 8tlqbtoo llet e JlveJ ooJetoeotb lt ooJ swom to o tock oJ omoseJ oll tbe loJles by sbokloq bls llst ot o coppet wbo stooJ oo tbe sbote 1be vety some coppet wbo coppeJ blm befote lot tbe pollcemoo to otJet blm oot wos o fotce lot tbe cbeeky yoooq moo slmply sboweJ blm bls tocefol moooeovtes ooJ wooJetfol poce 3
1hough falrly rare ln canonlcal llLeraLure examples of mlnd rhyme can be found ln Lhe work of Wllllam Shakespeare Lmlly ulcklnson Marlanne Moore and oLhers 4 ln Lewls Carrolls 1ls tbe volce of tbe lobstet lL ls generally assumed LhaL Lhe lasL words of Lhe lnLerrupLed poem could be supplled by Lhe reader as eaLlng Lhe Cwl
1he mosL common characLerlsLlc of formal verse ls rhyme Whlle characLerlsLlcs llke meLer syllable counLlng and regular sLrucLure are also used ln formal verse rhyme ls by far Lhe mosL pervaslve appearlng ln nearly every ma[or varleLy of formal verse
A rhyme scheme ls a regular paLLern of rhyme one LhaL ls conslsLenL LhroughouL Lhe exLenL of Lhe poem oems LhaL rhyme wlLhouL any regular paLLern can be called rhymlng poems buL only Lhose poems wlLh an unvarylng paLLern Lo Lhelr rhymes can be sald Lo have a rhyme scheme
8hyme schemes are labeled accordlng Lo Lhelr rhyme sounds Lvery rhyme sound ls glven lLs own leLLer of Lhe alphabeL Lo dlsLlngulsh lL from Lhe oLher rhyme sounds LhaL may appear ln Lhe poem lor example Lhe flrsL rhyme sound of a poem ls deslgnaLed as a Lvery Llme LhaL rhyme sound appears ln Lhe poem no maLLer where lL ls found lL ls called a 1he second rhyme sound Lo appear ln Lhe poem ls deslgnaLed b Lvery oLher Llme LhaL rhyme sound appears ln Lhe poem no maLLer where lL ls found lL ls called b 1he Lhlrd rhyme sound Lo appear would be c Lhe fourLh J and so on for as many rhyme sounds as appear ln Lhe poem
1he followlng shorL poem lllusLraLes Lhe labellng of a rhyme scheme
1here once was a blg brown caL o 1haL llked Lo eaL a loL of mlce b Pe goL all round and faL o 8ecause Lhey LasLed so nlce b
1hls blL of eleganL verse shows a very slmple rhyme scheme 1he flrsL rhyme sound we encounLer aL Lhe end of Lhe flrsL llne ls cot 8ecause lL ls Lhe flrsL rhyme sound lL ls labeled as o Lvery Llme LhaL rhyme sound ls repeaLed any Llme someLhlng rhymes wlLhcot lL ls also called o Llne Lhree ends wlLh fot whlch rhymes wlLh cot so lL ls also an o 1he second rhyme sound comes aL Lhe end of Lhe second llne mlce As Lhe second rhyme sound lL ls called b and so are any oLher followlng llnes LhaL rhyme wlLh lL such as olce ln llne four
1he followlng Lhree poems are excellenL examples of poems wlLh rhyme schemes noLe LhaL Lhe Lhlrd selecLlon 1he 8aven by Ldgar Allen oe feaLures lnLernal rhyme ln some of lLs llnes and sLandard endword rhyme ln Lhe oLher llnes ln effecL lL acLually has Lwo rhyme schemes operaLlng slmulLaneously