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SYSTEM
shown in fig. A. The fiber optic system can be described in one sentence as a
transmission system employing a light emitting source, turned on off very rapidly by
electrical impulses, whose emission are sent through an optical fiber to light sensitive
receiver to convert the changing light intensities back into electrical impulses.
The main function of the transmitter section is to convert an electrical signal into
optical signal. The transmitter consist of a light source and its drive circuitry. The
light source may be either semiconductor LASER or light emitting diode (LED)
The transmission medium is optical fiber cable. The cable offers mechanical strength
and environmental protection to the optical fiber contained inside. The cable may
also contain copper wires for powering repeaters which are needed for periodically
amplifying and reshaping the signal when the link spans long distances.
The receivers consists of photo detector, pulse amplifier and the signal
restoring circuitry. The main function of the receiver is to convert optical signal into
electrical signal. Photo diodes (p-n, p-i-n or avalanche photo diode) and in some
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instances photo transistor and photo conductors are utilised for the detection of the
or beam splitters etc. The connectors and splices are required for joining fiber pieces
together to achieve ling distance communication. The optical couplers are required to
coupled light source to fiber at transmitter side and from fiber to photo-detector at
receiver side. Optical amplifier the optical signal without changing it into electrical
form.
The optical fiber generally contain several cylindrical hair thin glass
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LIGHT SOURCES
Essentially, there are two devices commonly used to generate light for
emitted as result of the recombination of electrons and holes. When LED is forward
biased, minority charge carriers are injected across the P-N junction, these minority
charge carriers are injected across the P-N junction, these minority carriers
recombine with the majority carriers and give up energy in the form of light. This
process is same in the conventional diode expect that the process is radiative, a
energy gap of the material used to construct the LED determined whether the light
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gallium arsenide. This is shown in fig. B. A typical wavelength of light emitted from
this construction is 940 nm, and a typical output power approximately 3m W at 100
mA of forward current.
put power from this structure is 500 micro watts at wavelength of 900nm. The
primary disadvantage of homo junction LED is the non directionality of their light
emission, which makes them a poor choice as a light source for fiber optic system.
grown LED except that the geometry is designed such that the forward current is
The planer hetero junction LED has several advantages over the homo
(Higher directivity).
2. The smaller emitting area makes it easier to couple its emitted light into a fiber.
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3. The small effective area has smaller capacitance which allows the planer hetero
The radiant light power emitted from the LED is a linear as function
Edge emitting double hetero junction LED gives highly directive light
beam. It consists of two different alloy layers having different band gap and
refractive index on each side of the active region which is the source of incoherent
light source. The construction of edge emitting bouble hetero junction LED is shown
in fig.E.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF LED
i) Radiance (Brightness) :
angle per unit area of the emitting surface. It is measured in watts/cm2. High
radiance is necessary to couple sufficiently high optical power levels into a fiber.
The emission response time is the time delay between the application
of current pulse and the onset of optical emission. This time delay is the factor,
limiting the bandwidth with which the source can be modulated directly by varying
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including gases, liquids and solids. Although, the type of LASER used most often
for fiber optic communication is the semiconductor LASER.LED emits the light
below a certain threshold current an ILD acts as LED. Above the thershold current,
that of LED except that the ends are highly polished. The mirror like end surfaces
traps the photons in the active region, as they reflect back & forth, stimulate free
electrons to recombine with the holes. The two larger sides are deliberately
both ends of the LASER chip emit light. When one polished end is gold plated, the
other end will emit light. The construction of ILD is shown in fig.F.
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1. Photon absorption.
2. Spoteneous emission.
3. Stimulated emission.
These three processes are represented by the simple two energy level
diagrams in fig. G. Where E1 is the ground state energy and E2 is excited state energy.
The open circle represents the initial state of electron & the heavy dot represents the
final state. According to Plank’s law, a transition between these two stats involves
hv12 impinges on the system an electron in state E1 can absorb the photon energy and
be excited to state E2 as shown in fig. H. Since this is an unstable state, the electron
will shortly return to the ground state, there by emitting a photon of energy.
the excited level to the ground level by external stimulation, as shown in fig. J. if a
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photon of energy hv12. This emitted photon is in phase with the incident photon, and
small. Most of photons incident on the system will therefore be absorbed, so that
absorption only if the population of the excited state is greater than that of the ground
injecting electrons into the material at the device contacts to fill the lower energy
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very narrow region in one direction), it is easilier to couple their light into an
optical fiber. This reduces the coupling losses and allows smaller fibers to be
used.
2. The optical power output from ILD is greater that for an LED.The output optical
power from ILD is 1 to 100 mW where as the output optical power from LED is
1 to 10 mW.
3. ILD can be used at higher bit rates (>200mb/s) and for longer distance
dispersion.
Disadvantages of ILD :
2. Because ILD operates at higher powers, they have much shorter life time than
LEDs.
essential for ILD where LED does not require such thermal stabilization. Due to
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LIGHT DETECTORS
There are two devices that are commonly used to detect light energy
PIN photo diode is the most common device used as the light detector
semiconductor material is sand witched between the junction of the two heavily
deped n and p- type contact areas as shown in fig. K. Light enters the device through
a very small windows and falls on the carriers void intrinsic material. The intrinsic
material is made thick enough so that most of the photons that enter the device are
absorbed by this layer. The PIN photo diode operates just the opposite of an LED.
Most of the photons are absorbed by electrons in the valence band of the intrinsic
material. When the photon are absorbed, they add sufficient energy to generate
carriers in the depletion region and allow the current to flow through the device.
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response upto 1 GHz. The required bias voltage lies between 5 to 10 volts. The
disadvantages of this diode is its poor sensitivity and poor signal to noise ratio.
and is absorbed by the thin, heavily deped p-layer. This causes a high electric field
intensity to be developed across the i-p-n junction. The high reversed biased field
intensity causes impact ionization to occur near breakdown voltage of the junction.
During impact ionization, the carrier can gain sufficient energy to ionize other bound
electrons. These ionized carriers, in turn causes more ionization to occur. The
process continues like an avalanche and is, effectively, equivalent to an internal gain
or carrier multiplication. APDs are more sensitive than PIN diodes and require the
less additional amplification. The responsivity and rise time of APDs are of the
APDs are relatively long transit times, additional internally generated noise due to
the avalanche multiplication factor and its temperature sensitiveness which requires
compensating networks.
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pairs generated to the number of incident photons on the surface of photo detetor.
specifies the photo current generated per unit optical power. It is given by,
R – IP/Po µA/µW
optical power.
Dark current is the current flowing through the photo diode without
light input.
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SYSTEM
mines etc.
6. Railway communication.
10. Optical fiber have their use in medical application for obtaining cold light
etc.
11. A light source of one end of a bundle of optical fiber illuminates whatever is at
the other end. This can make a decorative lamp, a flexible illuminator for hard to
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CONCLUSION
system or advance techniques we have to develop our basic knowledge and keep it
fresh.
Optical Sources and detectors it is that the paienst who are suffering from heart
failure clerared somewhat basic about the Fiber Optical Sources and Detectors.
communication system so this is the most efficient and accurate system in point to
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