454

T H E JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL A N D ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY.

Nov., 1910

standardized permanganate being added from time to time. Apparently the temperature was too high, for it has been shown quite recently by Sarkar and Dutta that at or above 8 IO, permanganate is decomposed by manganous sulphate, with formation of manganese peroxide, even in the presence of considerable sulphuric acid.
BUREAU F STANDARDS, O September 29, 1910.

of the lake water shows a minimum of total solids in the spring, following the winter and spring precipitation, and a maximum in the autumn.
TABLE11. Sample collected.. Specific gravity..

....

Oct..
1903 1.2206

Nov.,
1904 1.2120

Oct.,
1907 1.1810

Oct..
1909 1,1561

Feb.,
1910 1.1331

.....

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF WATER FROM GREAT SALT LAKE.

By W. C.

EBAUGH WALLACE AND MACFARLANE.

Received September 5. 1910.

From about 1900 until 1904 fears were expressed that the Great Salt Lake was doomed to extinction, and that it would be a matter of only a few years until its site would become a salt desert. The recession of the shore line and sinking of the lake level continued until the autumn of 1903. Since that time there has been a rise in the level of the lake, and during the year just ending new fears have arisen-fears that large engineering works like the Lucin cut-off of the Southern Pacific and the roadbed of the Western Pacific railroad would have to be abandoned. A succession of years with abnormally high rainfall is responsible for the condition now existing.
Date of collec- Specific tion. gravity. SumrncY. Aug., Dec.. Feb.. June,
1850 1869 1873 1885 1888 1889 1889 1892 1892 1893 1894 1895 1900 1900 1900 1900 1901 1903 1904 1904 1907 1.170 1.111 1.102 1.1225 1.1261 1.148 1.1569 1.156 1.1679 1.1538 1.1583 1.1576 1.1711 1.1805 1.1860 1.1979 1.2206 1 ,1905 1.2120 1.1810

Per cent. P r cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. e Total solids.. 27.72 26.71 22.92 20.88 17.68 Constituents. Chlorine (Cl). ......... 1 5 . 2 7 14.54 12.67 10.91 9.48 1.82 1.53 Sulphate (SO4)........ 1 . 8 6 1.39 1.05 0.43 0.45 Magnesium (Mg). . . . . . 0 . 1 5 5 0.447 0.391 0.055 0.04 Calcium (Ca). 0.045 0.080 0.055 Sodium (Iia) . . . . . . . . . 9 . 5 8 8.77 7.58 7.25 5.79 Potassium (K). 0.73 0.89 0.72 0.76 0.88 UNIV. O F cT.4H, S A L T LAKE CITY.

.........

........ .......

[CONTRIBUTION FROM

THE

TEXASAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. J

CONSTITUENTS OF CANDELILLA WAX.

By G. S . FRAPS AND J. B. RATHER. Received September 16. 1910.

TABLEI. Total solids. Per cent. Grams by weight. per liter.

22.282 14.9934 13.42 16 7162 260.69 166.57 147.88 187.65

Aug..
Au&. Sept.,
Dec.. May. Julie, July. Aug . Oct.. Sept ,
I

19.5576 20.51 21.47 20.05 21.16 21.39 20.90 22.89 23.36 24.03 25.221 27.72 25.196 26.71 22.92

226.263 238.12 250.75 244.144 247.760 241.98 268.09 275.765 285.020 302.122 338.36 299.96 323.71 270.685

Oct.,

June, NOV., Oct

20.887 242.25 1909 1.1561 Oct.. 17.681 200.32 1910 1.1331 Feb., VOTE.-The above values rue taken in part from The Great Salt Lake. b y J. E. Talmage. a n a all the analyses during recent years have been made in the laboratories of the University of Utah.

Authority. L. D. Gale 0. D. Allen H. Bassett J. E. Talmage J. E. Talmage J. E. Talmage J. E. Talmage E . Waller J . E. Talmage J. T. Kingsbury J . E. Talmaee J. E. Talmage H. N. lMcCoy and Thos. Hadley H. W. Sheley H. W. Sheley H . W. Sheley L. J. Seckles Wm. Blum J. E. Talmage Wm. Blum W. C . Ebaugh and Kenneth Williams Wallace MacFarlane Wallace MacFarlane

The wax is from the Candelilla, or Mexican wax plant, which grows in a number of Mexican states. The sample was secured for us by Dr. H. H . Harrington, Director of the Texas Experiment Station. It is a hard wax, opaque, and almost colorless. A description and constants of this wax have been given by Hare and Bjerregaard. According to a n editorial in the Journal of the Royal Society of Arts,2 the following uses have been suggested for i t ; candles, shoe polish, phonographic records, insulation of electric wires, and as a bees wax substitute. Constants.-The following constants were determined by A. C. Deiler in the spring of 1909. For the sake of comparison, the same constants as ordinarily secured for bees wax are given, and also those obtained by Haie and Bjerregaard.3
Candelilla wax. Deiler. Specific gravity a t 100 C.. Specific gravity a t 15/15 C. Iodine numbcr.. . . . . . . . . . . Acid number.. Ester number. Saponification number.. . . . Melting point.. Unsaponifiable matter, per cent.
0.870

...

....

Hare.

Bees wax.

...
...
6-13 19-2 1 73-76

........... ............

........... 66C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

14.0 19.0 40.7 59.7

0.9825 36.8 12.4

....

64.9 67-8C. 91.17

...

...

...

An inspection of the results of analyses of the lake water will be of interest. I n Table I are shown the specific gravity and total solids obtained by investigators at various times during the last forty or more years, and in Table I1 more complete results of the latest analyses are recorded. I n this connection it should be remembered that the annual variation
12. anorg. Cham.. 6 1 , 225 (1910).

Our sample of wax was completely soluble in chloroform and carbon bisulphide. Ether dissolved 0.12 gram in IOO cc. and alcohol 0.048 gram, wax and solvent being brought together for fifteen minutes a t room temperature. Isolation of a Hydrocarbon.-The wax was powdered and saponified with alcoholic potash and the alcohol evaporated off. It was then transferred to a Kutscher and Steudel extraction apparatus with hot water and extracted with ether. After extracting
1
2

THISJOURNAL, 204 (1910). 2, 67, 644. Lor. c i t .

B A I.Y O N A N E X T R A CT IO N A PPA R A T US.

455

for 40 hours ( j days) the extract was washed twice lized from ether four times. This product was heated with water and evaporated to dryness. About 40 with alcohol and filtered hot. The filtrate was evapper cent. of the wax was extracted. The extract was orated to dryness and the product recrystallized dissolved in hot ether, cooled, and allowed to crys- twice from alcohol and three times from ether. The resulting solid was a shining, white crystalline tallize. The crystals were washed on a filter paper with cold ether; the mother liquid and washings substance, very similar to the hydrocarbon first menwere evaporated to dryness. The crystals were re- tioned, but more easily soluble in alcohol. It is crystallized from ether three times. Both crystals slightly soluble in cold ether, more soluble in hot and residue from mother liquor then had a melting ether. I t melts a t 85' and is probably a hydrocarpoint of 68' C. The crystals were recrystallized bon. From the mother liyupr we secured further quanfrom chloroform and melted a t 68' C. The mother liquid, on evaporation to dryness, left a residue which tities of the hydrocarbon melting a t 68" C. Other melted a t the same temperature. This was taken to substances are also present in this wax, and it is our intention to investigate i t further, but we are a t indicate the purity of the product. The substance appears as fine white crystals. It present unable to do so. is readily soluble in hot ether, fairly soluble in cold SUMMARY. ether, insoluble in cold 95 per cent. alcohol and slightly Candelilla contains a hydrocarbon hentriacontane soluble when heated. It is soluble in cold carbon melting a t 6 8 O , and probably one melting a t 8' 5. I t tetrachloride. I t is more easily soluble in chloroform also contains other substances. than in ether. A small portion of the substance was distilled and AN EXTRACTION APPARATUS. the solidified material had the same melting point as By SAWUEL BAIN hl the original substance. Received August 25 1910. Tested by Hell's method,] by heating with soda lime, I n connection with cotton breeding experiments for the sample did not appear to be a n alcohol. This the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the writer has for substance appears to be the hydrocarbon hentriaconseveral years been studying the oil content of the tane, which is found also in bees' wax. cotton seed as an hereditary factor, and has developed Analyses gave the following results: a n outfit for extraction with ether which has after Calculated for long use proved very efficient. CsnHm Per cent. Pound. Fig. I shows a general view of the apparatus restCarbon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 . 3 0 85.48-85.16 ing on the small table support. The heating device Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 . 7 0 14.10-14.28 is essentially that described by Hopkins.' It conOther Substances. -The mother liquors from the sists of a wooden base provided with connections for above hydrocarbon were combined, recrystallized five 32 c. p. incandescent globes, with a double-walled from ether and then heated with 95 per cent. alcohol, filtered, allowed to cool, and filtered again. The alcohol was evaporated off and the resulting solid dissolved in ether. On evaporation no crystals separated out. The product is a transparent, yellowish, resinous, solid-brittle when dry and melting a t 5 5 O C. I t is readily soluble in cold ether and alcohol. I t was evidently not completely pure. This substance is not a hydrocarbon, but contains oxygen. Tested by Hell's method, i t gave practically no gas (0.12 per cent.), and we believe this gas to be hydrocarbon produced by the cracking of the substance, and not hydrogen. This substance, there.fore, does not appear to be of alcoholic nature. Analysis gives the following results: Fig. 1.
,

Carbon..

............................

Hydrogen

...........................

Per cent. 83.85

12.33

After extracting the original material with ether for 40 hours i t was salted out and extracted with boiling ether. About 30 per cent. of the original substance was secured. The product was recrystal1

galvanized iron box, fitted with lid carrying 2 0 holes serving as rests for 20 extraction flasks. In addition to the asbestos packing between the double vertical walls of this box, as recommended by Hopkins, it was found desirable also to cover the sides with heavy asbestos sheeting, and to apply a thinner asbestos
1

Ann. Chem. (Liebig), 213, 269.

J. Am. C h m . Soc., 21,

645-(1899).