Anshul Pawarby Baba

1.
INTRODUCTION
Environmental pollution is not new concern Global warming and depletion of ozone layers are
the effect of Industrial revolution and unbundled urban growth the use of science in the last decades led to
industrial revolution which has enabled environmental engineers to produce reasonably comfortable
conditions in almost any climate. The engineering systems associated with this architecture required high E
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grade energy to deal with the environmental problems resulting from the building design. What we need to
do now is to a building's reliance on fossil fuel derived high grade energy yet still provide comfort comfort
inside for the occupants. We must study to design our building to reduce impact on global climatic.
Environmental design is not new. The cold environmental of 35000 years ago led our ancestor to
build shelters under limestone cliffs. The cob cottages evolved to provide sufficient light under our cast
skies and to limit heat loss in the winter. The doha home evolved to provide same sunlight and protecting
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our interior from extreme heat. Both the built of earth are the response of vernacular architecture. -
Bad effects of pollution of environment and health can not be ignored. The need of air conditioning
is increasing day by day. The CFC which is used for a c is the most harmful and the main cause of
depletion of ozone layer in the stratosphere. If the ozonc layer is destroyed the future of life on the erth is
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uncertain. Even the one percent of decrease in the stratospheric ozone suggest an 8% increase in human
skin cancer. Each atom of molecule can help to destroy 100.000 ozone molecule. And CO2 is also
dangerous gas. Which leads in the global warming effect. The architect as land hungry monstor I square
in one hand and copy of planning consent in other hand Drawing by the American architect Malecon wells.
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School of Architecture, C.O.E.&T.,Akola. 1
To make the above statement contradictory. The architect should lead in designing
environmental responsible way. The environmental design is holistic and comprehensive approach and
consider the Building as a whole and how the site Form. Materials, structure and daylight becomes more
clear while designing. We should deeply study The given points should not affect in diversified way
1) Site selection and study E
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2) Architectural Form
3) Materials for construction
4) Natural light and ventillation
5) Orientation to solar path
6) Climatic considerations
Environmental planning in house is not new concept and we can not save much energy then
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which is the energy consuming building and no doubt hotel is the most energy consuming building. -
Thus a hotel will be an architectural response to the entire environmental scenario. The hotel
industry is focussed because incidently the industry has been the most environmentally hazardous service
based industry.
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WHAT IS AN ECOTEL ?
There is one HVS eco services. US based environmental consulting firm for hotels it gives
award to the hotel as an ecotel and also help to develop its environmental programme. The award is given
to hotel as an 'ECOTEL HOTEL hotel which demonstrate hightened level of environmental sensitivity in the
areas such as L
 Solid waste management
 I helps efficiency
 Water conservation
 Community envolvement
 Employee education E
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With hotel always the effort is to be made to design something more each time and "refram"
from being typecast. As the clients always move from one place to another and they are always exposed
to new things and they are very much aware about the facilities and services they are getting in terms of
money. The popular look for hotels has to be pleasant without overpowering while providing modern
ammities home away from home.
maintenance.
The look has to be complimentary less fussy and definately low O
When the idea come what could we do to make the hotel different from normal hotel so what -
is the next centuries greatest value point no doubt it is environment. But our prime arm is to provide max
comfort to the guest and side by side protect our environment too at the time giving equivalent services of
five star hotel.
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OBJECTIVE
1. To create very good micro climate which will give comforts happiness and good views to the guest.
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2. The building should have proper insulation to make good thermal comforts.
3. It should attain good natural light and ventilation. L
4. The building should be design in such a way that the food will be served or the service will be given to
the guest within few minutes at any part of the hotel and provides equivalent facilities to the five star hotel.
5. Proper orientation of activities in planning all the day activities are taken to the north east so that heat
load is less in that area and all the night and few time activities are taken in South west region of the site.
6. Good creation of landscape courtyards and three spaces will be the most comfortable and enjoyable E
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space to the guest as community involvement is one globe.
7. Necessary facilities like outdoor or Indoor games like swimming pool, billiards table tennis and card room
will be provided.
8. The building should have unique and will be the landmark of the city.
9. The most important is to create landscape terraces courtyards and which will help on
1) conserving energy
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2) reduce noise pollution -
3) Dust filtration
METHODOLOGY
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1) Selection of topics
2) Study of the data and literature in detail.
3) Survey of site
4) To study the climate alongwith the functional need as per activities to bring max.
5) Study of natural elements and their implementation in planning and designing of Ecotel. L
6) Detail case studies and special site consideration study of various climatic elements.
SCOPE OF WORK
In India there is only one ecotel hotel which is in Mumbai. It is the trend setter in an industry
which is the largest destroyer of all resources with all its excesses now 2 to 3 hotels have kept then E
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proposal to the HVS-eco Services to make then hotel environmentally friendly. Instead of making the
existing hotel environmentally friendly I want to design the new hotel which will give response to climate. It
is very difficult and interesting also and will be much more effective.
By constructing eco-friendly hotel. We will be able to save considerable amount of energy
and will reduced the load on fossil fuel. O
CONCLUSION :- -
The Ecotel will promote an environmental awareness in the service based field especially the
hotel industry. The Ecotel will force the industry to adopt eco-friendly practices as popular presence on the
industry grows due to increasing demand.
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The Ecotel will thus promote a high level environmental awareness.
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R3 = Reduce x Reuse x Recycle
(Theme)
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY HOTEL
Energy
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efficiency
Solid waste
Water
conservation
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management
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Employee Community
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education involvement
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ABOUT THE PROJECT
BACKGROUND
Shelter is the basic necessity of man. It is the shell created by man around him which
protects him from harsh elements of nature such as scroching, sunrays, hot and cold winds, rains etc.
Primitive man used trees or caves as shelter. With time he moved towards more comfortable E
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shelter which became essential as it affected his health and life directly. Thus, creating an climatically
responsive architecture. The theory of solar energy application has been known for centuries and were
applied skilfully.
With the discovery of fossil energy there was a change in the syntax. The availability of low-
priced fossil fuel and the ease in use, were responsible for the elimination of solar energy applications in
buildings. Also, more comfort conditions could be attained with the use of mechanical energy produced
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from fossil fuels, which will not be available for future generation, are used to generate electricity. Thus, -
rapid run-up of energy costs in the decade has refocussed on solar energy.
In India building industry consumes 18-20% of total energy. In developed countries, this
percentage is much more. So, time has come that energy concern in terms of better utilisation, recycling
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and alternate sources are to be developed. As an architect, we can contribute by creating a sustainable
built environment by 'ENERGY CONSCIOUS PLANNING AND DESIGN. This can be achieved by using
building materials and technologies which are capable of reducing the cooling/heating and lighting load of
the building.
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Natural heat, light, air, water etc. were first sources of energy known to man, and we are
again aiming to make use of these sources but by using the advanced technologies.
SELECTION OF TOPIC : "ECO-TEL"

Functions of the building - E
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 A place open for public to enrich their knowledge and seek advice.
 Defining simple standards which help in judging whether existing building and proposed new ones
are efficient.
 Building itself will be a live demonstration of ideas explained through display. This would assure
people that these ideas which may seem as vague concepts have come to stay and to benefit.
Importance and Scope -
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 Energy conservation and renewable energy based technologies is a new concept. -
 Introduction of any new technology always face some resistance from different sectors of our
society.
 It is therefore necessary to convince the user about the importance of new technology in meeting
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the energy requirements and also in improving the living standards of common man.
SOLAR CONCEPTS :-
There are two basic concepts of energy - efficient building design
1) Active solar concept. L
2) Passive solar concept.
1) Active system :-
i) Active solar energy systems make use of hardware such as rood tap collectors and storage tanks.
ii) They are added on to the structure of building and require outside sources of energy to operate.
2) Passive solar concepts :- E
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i) Passive solar technique is in which the building itself acts as a technique of conserving energy.
ii) The components of passive solar systems are integral to the building structure rather than added on.
Thus the building itself is designed to accomplish the tasks of cooling and heating.
iii) The form orientation schemes for natural ventilation, openings, design of overhangs etc. are the
parameters for design of passive solar structure.
Reasons for focus on Passive Solar Architecture :-
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As the passive solar system deals with the structure itself, its form/shape, -
 orientation,
 design of space,
 relation of built-up and open spaces,
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 location and design of opening for ventilation and daylighting,
 use of building materials etc.
are within an Architects reach. Structure when designed according to climate not completely
but to a large extent, reduce the load on mechanical systems used for attaining comfort level.
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LIMITATION :-
I am limiting my study to only Passive Solar system which will not completely exclude the use
of mechanical system but will reduce the load on them.
It is viewed by the Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources that all those in the building
industry, particularly architecture, should be rethinking and restart designing buildings using Solar Passive E
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Architectural Concepts which offer an exceptional opportunity for energy conservation through harnessing
Solar Energy. These concepts, though known for several years, have been scientifically redefined for
application in building's designs. This will put India in the international scenario as world leader in Solar
Passive Architecture.
Solar Passive Architecture aims to provide thermal comfort by integrating the buildings into
the surrounding environment and by incorporating energy efficient techniques. In a normal economic
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situation Solar Passive Architecture has to be used in conjunction with conventional systems to achieve -
thermal comfort. It may be noted here that Solar Passive Architecture is applicable to air-conditioned or
non-air-conditioned buildings too.
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DESIGN CONCEPT
The main aim of to designing a structure that shall aesthetically as well as functionally satisfy
or can say compliment the eco-tel being energy efficient and eco-friendly.
macroclimate.
This a balancing between the exterior and interior spaces with regard to micro - climate and
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The three main aspects of environmental sensitivity which I am using in my design are,
 Passive energy conservation
 Active energy conservation
 Use of Eco-friendly materials
Design Concept
1. As the hotel is environmentally friendly my first aim in to give all rooms proper light ventilation to less
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depend on the engineering systems which all very costly for this purpose I will have to do compromise for -
some where in functionality and providing services.
2. The hotel is based on court yard type of building it is around main 2 court yard and this court yard serves
as best thermal insulator.
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3. Atrium is the first court yard which is the focal point of the building. This is the most exciting and
attractive space to make good impression of the guest. This is circular atrium to make it a very attractive.
The atrium function of natural a.c. since the central water body create an cool atmosphere
around it. The funnel shape of atrium continues the cycle by evaporating the hot used air through top
ventilators. L
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4. All the 50 room of guest room are oriented towards the atrium.
5. The exterior wall of the guest floor is specially designed with due consideration of sun path.
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The wind out size openings are given by considering the day light. -
6. Then is trapazoidal large atrium where all the public room activities are oriented around. The circulation
is through the atrium and although it is away from main entrance but it is good for safety and makes guest
aware about the environmental awareness of the hotel.
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7. Passive Building Concept.
Ratio between built mass and volumes verses open space to creat required micro climatic
condition around the building.
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To creation of wind moment in site by planning tunnels and exits appropriately since
movement of air disperse the heat from the skin of the building as well as can be used for ventilation
purposes.
Also the ratio between area of open space and volume of built mass is important with
reference to height. Distance between the building blocks and placement of blocks too. E
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Use of water body in interior as well as in the exterior helps in evaporative cool of the place
reducing its temp.
The area, orientation and placement of parking and plazas, pools, lawns, trees etc. and its
surface treatment can control the ambient heat surrounding the building.
The shading cast from the building blocks and trees also improve the thermal ambience
around the blocks.
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CONTROL OF HEAT GAIN BY MASS AND INSULATION
(The material or fabric of wall and roof actively participate in conductive heat gain in building.)
CONTROL OF HEAT GAIN - THROUG THERMAL ZOING.
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CONTROL OF HEAT GAIN THROUGH SELECTIVE GLAZING
CONTROL OF HEAT GAIN BY SELF SHADING.
CONTROL OF HEAT GAIN THROUGH DISPERSAL VENTILATION.
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In an attempt of designing the passive building for low consumption of energy, the aspect of
design that has considerable potential as a source of architectural inspiration as well as providing
environment benefit.
ACTIVE ENERGY CONSERVATION E

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With use of energy efficient electronic devices the aspects of active energy conservation can achieved in
design.
USE OF ECO. FRIENDLY MATERIAL

Cement : Ambuja silicate ( contain 15 to 20% flyash compair to PPC)
Qed (Quite easily done) (Made from fertilizer waste)
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AAC. (Auto claved aerated concrete) -
Siporex : ( Having excellent thermal insulation and sound absorption.
PLANNING OBJECTIVES
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The design of the junction space is cooperative effect among the architect interior designer,
consulting engineer and operation. The success of and banquet sales depends on the number of planning
considerations.
PLANNING REQUIREMENTS
I) Group all function areas together although in major connections holds some separation may be desirable L
2) Provide a separate function entrance from the street or parking area.
3) Locate the function space close to and easily accessible from the hotel lobby
4) Locate additional function areas such as exhibit ball or individual theatre close by but not adjacent to the
ball room.
5) Provide food access to the ballroom and all banquet areas and banquet pantry must be on. Thus should E
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be provision of toilet, telephones convention services office.
6) Include essential meeting and banquet storage adjacent to ballroom.
The co-ordenation among the design team is especially important in the evolutions of the
detailed for function space the architectural aspects the interior design consideration and the engg.
requirements are clearly related and heavily influences each office. O
CLIMATOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION -
1. As the site comes in composite climate with a different types of season such as I ) hot dry 2) warm
humid and cool dry it is very difficult to design for this season because the solution for one season
may not be suitable for other season but there are certain things which are suitable for all season.
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2. Courtyard building are most suitable type of bldg. for this season.
3. As there is very large extremities of temperature and human comfort is achieved only when there is
constant air temp. so insulation of building plays a very important part of the design.
4. All the major activities such as restaurant. Banquets, swimming pool cafeteria are taken in the north
region this area will be cool and most comfortable for the whole day. L
And all part time activities which held only for some part 2 to 3 hours are taken in south
region will administration so that t will not effect the guest luxury.
5. As for as possible all the rooms are taken and oriented towards north east region except few rooms.
6. The landscape open terraces are provided to all guest rooms to make maximum comfortable
condition, landscape increase oxygen content and bring freshness in the air. E
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7. Sundeck and are provided at the south side to enjoy the solar gain in winter and also landscaping is
done on this side to reduce solar gain
SERVICES
Service floor : -
Service floor is given on the First floor where the all AC duets, sewage pipes, and water pipes
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and cables terminates this is also the foundation for the above floating columns. The height is maintain of is -
2m so that a person can work without any pain.
Water Supply :-
The main water supply is through corporation water and tube well water corporation Filter
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water is used for drinking purpose only. The municipal water is entered and stored in basement tank then it
is taken to plan then it is pump to overhead tank on the terrace and distribute to the room.
Hot Water :-
2 months.
Hot water supply is through solar water heater. Boilars are used only in rainy seasons only for
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Water Filtration :-
A filtration plant is also very necessary for domestic use bathing, washing and good
preparation.
AC Plant :-
Although the hotel is naturally lit and ventilated but only for extreme summer and winter AC E
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will be operated only for some days when the discomfort level arises.
Accoustic :-
All the partitional walls are cavity walls so that good thermal insulation is and good solution
for problem.
Garbage :-
All the garbages collected by garbage chute and then it is separated and send to its recycling
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plant. -
CIVIL WORKS T
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Cement (Ambuja Silicate)
To start at the very beginning the cement that has gone in to make an eco-friendly Hotel is
absolutely environment friendly. This cement, PPC (Portland Pozzalana Cement) contains 15-20% fly ash,
as compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement).
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QED (Quite Easily Done)
The internal partitions are made from QED wall panels, which are made from fertilizer waste,
instead of red bricks, which are made from the topsoil of the earth. That's not all these wall panels are
reusable too and will save us the trouble of curing, plastering and recuring.
AAC(Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) E
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Another environment friendly alternative used in building is AAC. We use this material for the
external walling and the wet walling structure of our Hotel. AAC is eco friendly as it is manufactured using
approximately 60% fly ash. It is the brick substitute, building material of the future, having excellent thermal
insulation properties and a better sound absorption coefficient than ordinary bricks.
Siporex
The external walls and wet wall structures of structure are also made from Siporex. Siporex is
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a structural material of steamcured cellular (aerated) concrete. Using this eco-friendly material saves upto -
40% on cement and upto 50% on steel compared to reinforced cement concrete.
Keystone Kool Deck
This material is used around the swimming pool area of Hotel. Keystone Kool Deck is a
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concrete deck surfacing material for commercial and residential new concrete installations. Kool Deck
lowers surface temperatures and is completely non-skid. Durability wear and weather are virtually
eliminated because of the extra strength of Kool Deck. Kool Deck can be used in all climates and in a wide
variety of settings including walk areas for hotel.
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Drinking Water Treatment - Aquazone
Aquazone employs ozone which destroys alt micro organisms including bacteria, virus,
spores, mould, fungi etc. the resultant water is absolutely safe, pure, fresh and healthy. The water is free
from chlorine. When drinking water is treated with chlorine (chlorine is a highly carcinogenic chemical), the
residual chlorine in water is also consumed along with the water. On the other hand ozone, having half the E
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life of only about 20 mins, unreacted ozone reduces to oxygen, leaving no trace of toxicity in water. This
makes it the most environmentally friendly treatment known today. Aquazone water can be used for
drinking, cooking, and washing fruits, vegetables, meats, poultry, and seafood, to destroy surface bacteria
for healthier preservation. Ozonised water can also be used for disinfecting anything. Ozonised water is
colourless and odourless. Chlorine and its derivatives are carcinogenic and are potential health hazards,
adding to the pollution. Ozone is the ultimate in disinfection. It destroys almost all micro-organisms and
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while doing so it reduces to oxygen. This makes it the most ideal and environment friendly system ever -
conceived. Aquazone diffuses a controlled dosage of ozone into the drinking water as and when required.
Ozone reacts with impurities like micro-organisms and chemicals neutralising them. The result is clean
fresh and healthy water to drink.
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Ozone for Air Treatment - Airozone
Airozone destroys all micro organisms including bacteria, virus, spores, mould and fungi. It
also deodorises air and cleans industrially polluted air. Airozone reduces cigarette smoke and pollen level
in air. Airozone truly deodorises by destroying odour causing bacteria and neutralising odour-causing
chemicals. It oxidises toxic chemicals present in the air and makes air more breathable. Airozone diffuses L
into the atmosphere very small quantity of ozone. Ozone reacts with the impurities, neutralising them. The
result is clean, pure, fresh and healthy air to breathe. (ozone is passed through the AHU's which helps
destroy bacteria, neutralises odours and reduces smoke and pollen in the air).
Ozone for Waste Water & Effluent Treatment E

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Waste water treatment with ozone helps in reducing BOD & COD, deodorising, decolourising
and disinfection. As ozone is a very powerful oxidising agent, next to only fluorine, it oxidises very
effectively in waste water treatment. The half-life of ozone in water is about only 20 minutes hence there is
no residual toxicity in the treated water. Thus it is termed as one of the most environmentally friendly
treatments that can be given to any waste water, effluent and sewage. As ozone also has a micro flocculant
property, it aids in filtration and reduces the turbidity further. The water after treatment can be reused for
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varied purposes, or discharged into the sewage as it meets the pollution control norms. -
Ozone for Swimming Water Treatment
The common pollutants in the swimming pool water are bacteria introduced by the bathers
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and urea. Normally used chlorine reacts with the urea to form chloramines and halomethanes, which are
known as carcinogens, and hence to be avoided at all costs. Further chlorine causes irritation to the eyes,
nose and throat with a heavy smell of chlorine in water and on the body after a swim. A pool treated with
ozone will minimise the use of chlorine by 30% to 100% of the normal recommended dosage for club,
hotels and public pools and to 0% for privatels. Ozone due to its highly oxidative property is used for L
disinfection. Half-life of ozone being only 20 mins in water only the residual chlorine needs be added to
achieve a bacteria static condition. Ozone also has a micro floccolant property and hence the resulting
water is crystal clear and sparkling giving that clear blue colour.
Cooling Tower Water E

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Another benefit of ozone treatment is that cooling tower water can also be freed completely
from any chemical treatment and subsequent downstream pollution control. The only chemical required is
ozone. Organization prevents scalling while removing existing scale from the condenser, which increases
its efficiency. It also destroys all micro organisms preventing fouling of heat exchange due to algae, ends
blow downs by increasing the cycle of mineral concentration which drastically reduces water consumption
with very little waste discharge, reduces corrosion rate by almost 50%.
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Rubber Wood (Siti Wonder Wood)
Despite its natural timber look, the window frames, master control panel in the guestrooms
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and shutters are made from Rubber wood. The rubber tree is soft, hence, after producing rubber sap, the
tree is cut down as it cannot be used for any other constructive purpose. The rubber wood thus derived is
processed and upgraded. It is vacuum impregnated using an unleachable type of timber preservative
chemical and kiln seasoned to ensure dimensional stability.
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Nuwud MDF ( Medium Density Fibre Wood )
The interior of hotel are made from MDF, which is manufactured using cotton stalks. The
cotton tree, which grows to a height of 5-6 feet, is cut down after yield and is usually rendered useless.
With the help of advanced technology, the waste stalks of the cotton tree then go through a manufacturing
process which includes chipping, sieving, washing and cooking of the fibre chips. After this lengthy E
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procedure, Medium Density Fibre Wood is produced having all the features of natural wood.
Triple Glazed Windows

The triple glazed window comprises of a hermetically sealed double glazed unit and an added
reflective glass. This tripled glazed window blocks the heat of the sun from entering the room and helps in
conserving the air-conditioning energy. An added advantage of this unit is that it prevents fabrics and
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furniture colours from fading as the triple glazed glass prevents the infra red rays of the sun from entering -
the room.
SITE ANALYSIS
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Since the hotels are briefly classified on the basis of their location and the guest who shall be
served in the hotel. Therefore site selection for hotel is very difficult task. So the site is selected for Eco-tel
is selected in Pune. As it is one of fastest growing city in business as well as in tourist point of view.
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As the pollution level of the city is increasing deliberately also hotel building contribute the
largest environmental damage, so the hotel with an eye to the
environment is in great in need.
LOCATION
Pune is logged on west of the India's map, near to Mumbai in E
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Maharastra State.
Latitude 18.5 deg.N.
Longitude 73.7 deg N.
Attitude 616 m
Above sea level
Snap showing the development
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plan of Pune, with details of -
site.
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SELECTION
POINTS FOR SITE
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Criteria for site selection
Hotels are mainly classified on the basis of their location and the guest who will served in the
hotel. The site should be easy accessible to all transportation medias, it is beneficial if the site is touching
the main road of the city or the highway.
The site selection for the Eco-Tel and for normal hotel is totally different thing therefore the E
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surrounding of the site play an important role.
Site selection
Site selected for the ECOTEL is at Pune. So the question rises why in Pune ? Since Pune is
a India's one of the important city in business. Trade and fair and also tourist point of view. Pune is also
know as the cultural capital of Maharashtra. Also Pune is known as a Oxford of West. The institution like
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C-DAC and other multinational companies offices are in Pune. Pune has a great history of the peshwa's -
the Fort and Wada's of the Peshwas are the main tourist. Attraction of the city.
ANALYSIS OF HOTELS IN PUNE
Pune is important business as well as tourist centre. Also Pune is known as Oxford of West.
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But still there is need of hotel accomodation. Since Pune is a cultural capital of Maharashtra there are very
few hotel in Pune. The analysis of which is given below.
5 Star Deluxe Hotel Four Star Hotel
Hotel
Hotel
Sun-N-Sand
Le-Meridian
Kohinoor executive
Regency L
Hotel Taj Blue Diamond Central Pak
Hotel Pride Hotel Aurora Towers
COMMUNICATION OF THE SITE
The site is in the centre of the
New City growth of Pune. The selected site E
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lies of vip road which links with air port area
and to the Pune- Ahemdnagar highway.
The media of transportation are in....km.
Pune International Airport - 7.5 km from site.
Pune Regional Railway Sta. - 4.1km from site
Pune Divisional Bus Station -8 km from site.
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All hotels in Pune are environment hazards there are no facilities Grr bage Recycleing or
water treatment plant.
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TECHNICAL DETAILS OF SITE
The site is of trapazoidal in shape and the land is an flat piece with long side of the site facing
the 20m wide VIP road.
 Total area of site is 21,500 sq.m.
 Access to the through 20 m wide road. L
 General Bye-laws are applicable with permissible FSI-is 1 and set back margins are 20m from main
road and 6 m from the side is to be kept.
 The topography of the site is flat with gentle slope towards the South side of site.
 The top soil is of soft clay with hard murrum is at 4' to 5' depth.
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FINANCIAL FACTORS
Land cost at this area is very high i.e. 800 Rs/Sq.ft.since it is located near to the highway and airport area.
LAND USE STATEMENT OF VARIOUS NODES
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Site is entirely covered with commercial zone (70%)
Rest land is covered with residential and institutional zone.
IMPORTANT METROLOGICAL DATA OF PUNE.

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 ZONE - Pune lies in the monsoon zone. Mean daily temperature 220C. Mean daily relative humidity
50%. The direction of monsoon is South-West.
 SEASON - WINTER :- November to February
SUMMER - March to Early/Mid June.
Succeeding post monsoon period upto Nov. April, May (Hottest) may daily mean 380C E
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Min. Daily mean 300C. Individual day temperature
May even touch 430C.
 HUMIDITY :- In monsoon humidity is 70-80%. Mornings are more humid than afternoon.
 CLOUDINESS :- Monsoon - overcast skies rest of the year sky remain clear/lightly cloudily.
 WINDS :- Light to moderate increase in monsoon variable direction during Oct. Nov.- Dec, calm from
E/Se.
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Rest of the year - W/SW. -
FACTORS AFFECTED BY SURROUNDING
Basically hotel in the metropolitan region functions differently
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than a highway motel or a seaside retreat that's why the surrounding of
the site mainly affect the designing part if the too tall building are adjoining
to the site then the good ventilation for site restricted. (As shown in the
sketch). If slum area is near to site then the less opening are given to that
side, to avoid dirty look. In above mentioned site for eco-tel is surrounded L
with the commercial and institutional building. The site is corner plot and the adjoining building is an
institutional building. The height of which is 15 m (approx.) since the neighbouring building is tall enough
that's why the more district is from site margins is to be kept.
FACTORS AFFECTED BY SITE ITSELF E

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Since there are no such factor present on site therefore Zoing of various services is easy.
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CASE STUDY
The ORCHID An Eco-Tel Hotel
INTRODUCTION
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The Hotel Orchid was convinced as an
efford to bridge this polarity between architecture and
nature. While hotel buildings contribute the largest share
of environmental damage caused by all types of buildings
put together; an in deep analysis. Through research and L
meticulous planning helped in the making of an environment friendly hotel that is the first of its kind in Asia
and acclaimed as among the finest in the world.
LOCATION
The hotel orchid located near the
domestic airport at Mumbai. The International E
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airport is at 7.5 km away from hotel. Nearest
railway station is Vileparle station. The hotel is
located at prime area of Mumbai. Hotel is
surrounded with hotels like Aathiti, centre plaza.
The hotel is touching the western express
highway.
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WHY ORCHID HOTEL ? -
Orchid is the only Eco-Friendly hotel in India.
Orchid is only hotel which is awarded by HVS- Eco services
as the Eco-Tel. The material used for construction is Eco-
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friendly. Also the architecture of the hotel is excellent.
ARCHITECTURE OF HOTEL
The hotel is designed by Mumbai based architect Mr. Upasni
and his associate.
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TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of orchid's site plain with gentle slope on south side. Site is fully vegetated to
create natural environment.
CLIMATE
The climate of Mumbai is hot and humidity. In summer the individual day temperature may E
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rises to 430C. Special consideration are made while planning.
PLANNING OF ORCHID
The orchid was designed to be built in phases. The orientation of the built form has evolved
out of the irregular shape of the plot and the peculiar access of the site.
The three main aspects of environmental sensitivity applied to the design of the orchid are,
a) Passive energy conservation
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b) Active energy conservation; -
c) Use of Eco-friendly materials.
a) PASSIVE ENERGY CONSERVATION
The vegetation in the site greatly helps in creating a micro environment with a reduced
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temperature. Most of the built surfaces around the building are covered with creepers. This helps in
reducing the reflection of heat from these surfaces.
The swimming pool is located on the rooftop, which offers insulation to the atrium space
below and also acts as a fire-fighting tank on the roof. Again, attributing dual function to the same
architectural element. L
A 70 feet tall fountain runs through the atrium
binding the roof to the lower levels seems like
a water column, which not only adds
excitement to the space but also shimmers E
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and reflects light to augment the luminous
intensity in the space. The reflective
character of the fountain also woks as a
glowing light fixture in the night, illuminating
the entire space and illuminating
requirement of any down ligts in the roof.
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ATRIUM
Seventy-two guest rooms face the atrium
and since they are not exposed to external
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surface the heat load of these rooms is
reduced lowering the air conditioning
requirement.
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Snap showing the natural light in the banquate hall.
Since the atrium runs through all floor and allows
the air and light in hotel.
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ECO-FRIENDLY MATERIALS USED FOR CIVIL
WORKS AT ORCHID HOTEL
CEMENT (AMBUJA SILICATE)
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To start at the very beginning the cement that has gone in to making the orchid an Eco-
friendly hotel is absolutely environment friendly. This cement, PPC(Portland Pozzalana cement) contains
15-20% fly ash, as compaired to OPC (Ordinary Cement).
QED. ( QUITE EASILY DONE)
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The internal partitions are made from ged wall pannels, which are made from fertilizer waste,
instead of red bricks, which are made from the top soil of the earth. These wall panels are reusable too
and will save us the trouble of curing, plastering and recurring.
AAC (AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE)
Another environment friendly alternative used by orchid is AAC. This material for the external E
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walling and the wet walling structure of hotel. AAC is Eco-friendly as it is manufactured using approximate
60% fly ash. It is the brick substitute, building material of the future, having excellent thermal insulation
properties and better. Sound absorption co-efficient than ordinary bricks.
SIPOREX
The external walls and wet wall structures of the orchid are made from siporex. Siporex is a
structural material of steamcured cellular concrete. Using this Eco-friendly material saves upto 40% on
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cement and upto 50% on steel. -
CRITICAL APPREHENSES
Cement used for the construction of hotel makes this hotel less environment friendly. Since PP cement
which uses contain some percent of gypsum, sulphur.
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Hotel contains two floor of basement for services and for parking. Since basement consumes
more energy as it requires light and ventilation.
The machinery used for air conditioning are kept at back side of hotel and they create noise
which is troublesome for adjoin building.
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CONCLUSION
From the study of 'ORCHID' an ecotel hotel 9 got the idea about the Eco-friendly material
and also got how to conserve the energy in building planning. Though orchid is not complete Eco-Tel it
aware peoples about the how tremendously.
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DATA COLLECTION
ENERGY CONSERVATION SYSTEM OF CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONING OF HOTEL
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THE INDUCTION SYSTEM
While air conditioning a building centrally, did you ever wonder how one could install a system
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where the air conditioning units have the life equal to that of the building itself and not merely 15-20 years?
And did you ever wonder how, on existing building without space provisions for-ducting, AHUS etc. can L
now be centrally air-conditioned i.e. C or B grade building can now be retrofitted/refubished in A grade
building? And how one could
1) Reduce the building height by 1ft. each flcdets an additional 12th Floor can be accommodation selecting
envelope of 11 floors without increasing the height. This amounts to a capital cost saving of 9 to 10%.
2) Free up another 5% floor area, otherwise occupied by AHUS. E
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3) Eliminate any electrical work in the entire building superstructure and thus save 1 to 2 % of capital cost.
4) Save any future internal alterations costs.
5) Generate pure distilled water as a by-product.
6) Save electrical energy for air circulation 7; movement by as much as 70% - consuming only 30% of that
in conventional AHU system.
7) Slash maintenance cost.
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8) Meet international standards. -
9) Safeguard against bio-terrorism
10) Retrofit/refubish existing C or B grade buildings into A grade building as the existing building without
space availability for ducts, AHUs etc can now be centrally air conditioned which was not possible before.
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INTRODUCTION
The problems of a multistoried hospital building are altogether different from those of a single storey
building.
The solutions too, therefore, have to be different. A multistoried building cannot be treated as
multi-buildings of single storey. The conventional air conditioning plant for a single floor cannot be L
multiplied by repeating on each floor of a multistoried building. It will turn out to be prohibitively
uneconomical directly and indirectly in investment cost, running cost and maintenance cost. A high-rise
building, therefore, necessitates a high tech air conditioning plant and not multi-plants of conventional
nature. The induction system is explained below and its suitability over the AHU system is marked
simultaneously. This report is made on a hospital building in New Delhi-11 storeys high with 16,000 E
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sq.ft.(1500 sqm) super area on each floor.
DESCRIPTION
Induction system
It consists of
1) chilled water supply plant CHWP in the basement,
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2) primary air unit PAU in the basement. This is essentially a central ventilation fresh air supply unit. -
3) induction units installed under the window sill/above the false ceiling in the air conditioned area,
connected to CHWP by means of pipes and to PAU by means of small duct.
AHU System
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It consists of
1) chilled water supply plant CHWP in the basement.
2) air handling units on each floor connected to CHWP by means of pipes,
3) duction - supply and return - connecting AHU with the air conditioned space.
The induction unit works on the principle of induction. L
Primary air from PAU is supplied at pressure through nozzles in the unit which as released creates an
under pressure in a small chamber underneath.
This causes induction of surrounding room air towards the chamber.
This secondary air i.e. the cooled induced room air then mixes with the primary air and this mixture is
supplied to the room the unit is placed in. E
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Floor Mounted Induction Unit
1. Primary air plenurn
2. Primary air nozzles
3. Room air to coil
4. Secondary air coil
5. Supply air to room
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6. Supply air grill -
INDUCTION SYSTEM
The induction unit contains no motors, compressors, fans or other apparatus and Is entirely
free of moving parts.
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No useful floor area is occupied by the induction units since they can be Installed easily in the
small space between the false ceiling and the ceiling.
They may also be installed, being sleek, under the windowsill.
AHU SYSTEM
The AHUs contain blowers and motors to drive them. L
The AHUs occupy considerable floor area out of carpet area.
COST OF OWNERSHIP
SMALL SPACE REQUIREMENT
The use of water to provide a major portion of the room cooling requirements reduces the air E
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quantity distributed to each space, when compared to the air quantity distributed in an all-air system.
How appreciable is to use water in place of air can be realized by considering the fact that the heat carrying
capacity of 3500 cubic meters of air per hr.is equal to that of only ONE cubic meter of water per hr. In other
words an air duct of 3 ft. diameter can be replaced by a water pipe of only ONE inch diameter for the same
heat carrying capacity. Evidently the required space is drastically reduced in air-water system i.e. the
Induction system.
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MORE FLOORS ADDED OR HEIGHT REDUCED
Unlike in the AHU system, in induction system only 2311/o of the supply air i.e. the primary air
needs to be carried through ducting. Therefore the free space required for ducts between the false ceiling
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and the beams is so much reduced even to the extent that about 12 in. to 14 in. (300 1 to 350 mm) height
on each floor shall be saved.
Thus, for 11 floors, there shall be a saving in building height of about 11 ft., which means a
saving of about 8 to 9% in building cost.
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In AHU system 100% supply air is carried through ducts and full return air is carried above, the false ceiling
back to the AHU. Thus big spaces are required between the false ceiling and the beams. No saving in
height possible.
EXTRA SPACE FREED UP E

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Since induction units are placed under the window sill or above the false ceiling, no useful
floor space is occupied by them unlike that occupied by AHUs in the conventional system.
The floor area occupied by AHUs on 11 floors shall be 8,800 sq.ft.which is thus saved in
induction system. In AHU system Air handling units placed on each floor occupy useful floor space. This
floor space shall be about 8,800 sq.ft. which is a waste. O
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ELECTRICAL WORK MINIMISED
The induction units do not contain any motors, compressors, electric heaters etc. No
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electrical work whatsoever is required for the operation of the unit.
Therefore no electric cabling, wiring etc is required in the entire superstructure. This means an appreciable
cost saving. In AHU system Each floor requires 30 H.P. motor load for running 2 AHUS. For 11 floors this
amounts to 330 H.P.i.e.250 kw. Power cabling/wiring is required for distribution over 11 floors the cost is
considerable. L
INTERNAL PARTITIONING
The internal partitioning lay out can be altered at will without adversely affecting the air-
conditioning. A new lay out would otherwise always mean ripping open the false ceiling, dismantling of
existing ducting, laying the new ducting and recasting the false ceiling. In induction system, however, this E
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all is available because the induction units are installed one for each module of 1.8 to 2.0 meter width and
a depth of about 6 meters. This is just one representative data and can vary depending on the architectural
lay out. Since a room or cabin cannot be made in a space smaller than 1.8 or 2.0 meters, at least one or
more units shall be installed in each room. Hence change of partitions do not disturb the air conditioning
lay out.
Because of already extensive ducting spread over the false ceiling, it is not practicable to
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feed each module of 1.8 or 2.0 meters width with its separate supply air feeder and to provide a -
corresponding separate return air grill. Several rooms are collectively air-conditioned and any partitioning
will supply excess air in one room while no air in the other.
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DISTILLED WATER
The fresh outdoor air required for central ventilation of the entire superstructure is
dehumidified centrally in the primary air unit in the basement. The condensate is pure distilled water like
rain water. The outdoor air as it comes in contact with the surface of chilled water coil in the primary air unit
PAU, gets cooled down to its dew point when the water vapors in the air condense and separate from the L
air as pure distillate. This is exactly how the clouds shower rains. The pure distilled water can be collected
at a single point in the basement from the primary air unit. Distilled water is a saleable commodity and
shall fetch money. There shall be a generation of about 12,600 litres of pure distilled water every day
round the clock which approximates to about 3.8 lac litres per month. At a meager selling price of Re. 1
per litre the income shall be Rs.3.8 lacs every month leaving winter months. E
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In the air handling unit, the fresh outdoor air is not separately and independently
dehumidified. It is mixed withe the room return air and then dehumidified. The room return air contains
exhaled breath containing infection, if any, skin moisture of the occupants, vapors emitted by chemically
disinfected flowerpots etc. The distilled water is highly impure. Corresponding to 22 AHUS, there shall be
22 tapping points, if at all it requires to be collected, spread over 11 floors. More practicable to drain it
away.
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ENERGY COST
EQUIPMENT POWER LOAD
Instead of 100% supply air in the conventional AHU system to be moved by electric blowers,
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only 23% is required to be moved in the induction system, guaranteeing a substantial saving in the energy
consumption.
The power requirement shall be 70 KW compared to 250 kw/hr in the AHUs system. Thus a
saving of 180 kw./hr.round the clock shall mean a saving of approx. Rs.6.48 lacs a month.
In the air handling unit L
100% supply air and corresponding amount return air are required to be moved mechanically
by electric blowers in the AHUS. The power consumption is heavy compared to the induction system. The
electric power consumed by 22 AHUs shall be 250 kw.
PARTIAL LOAD SAVING
The cooling capacity of the induction unit is controllable, automatically, by means of a room E
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thermostat. If any of the rooms is not occupied for any reason, whatsoever, its air-conditioning can be
partially switched off by shutting off the secondary coil load. The energy shall, therefore, be saved
considerably. It must be mentioned here that the room shall continue to be positively ventilated and
partially cooled since the primary air from the central primary air unit is supplied continuously and
uninterrupted.
In the air handling unit Since an AHU covers a plurality of rooms, individual rooms cannot be shut off. This
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means that even when a number of rooms are unoccupied i.e. when the load is partial, the AHU shall -
consume full power as on full load. Hence no saving in power consumption.
COST OF MAINTENANCE AND FUNCTIONAL - RELIABILITY
Since induction unit contains no motors, fans, compressors or other apparatus and being
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entirely free of moving parts, thus giving assurance of long life, silent operation and freedom from
Operation difficulties and mechanical breakdowns.
Compared to AHUs only ONE blower of only 23% capacity and that too in the basement shall
do the job. Maintenance cost is considerably reduced and functional reliability enhanced.
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AHUs have blowers and motors to run them. Since they are all moving equipments, cost of
maintenance is high and functional reliability low.
Numerous blowers and numerous motors to drive them are provided in the AHUs. Spread
over 11 floors, there shall be 66 blowers and 22 motors. This means high operation cost and low functional
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NO CONDENSATION MENACE
Water condensation is the maintenance in the building. The induction units run dry without
causing any water condensation and any subsequent dripping. The entire dehumidification is central and
affected in the primary air unit in the basement. There is no condensation in the entire superstructure,
hence no dripping menace and NO RUSTING.
In the air handling unit. The air handling units run wet. Water condenses on the chilled water
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coil and drips. The units require to be heavily insulated. -
Spread over 11 floors, 22 drain outlets shall be required. The problem of drain choking is to be looked into.
RUSTING of equipment poses maintenance problems.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
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Infection is thoroughly dispersed in the total air volume. This, now fully infected room airs
mixture is supplied again to all the rooms. In a way, the AHU serves the purpose of a vehicle to carry and
spread infection from one remote corner to the entire space. Thus there is positive transroom
contamination.
HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT INDUCTION SYSTEM L
There is a continuous, uninterrupted, positive supply of fresh air. Air is re-circulated and
properly conditioned outdoor air, as primary air, in all the rooms to flush the space.
This flushing helps
a) keep the odor level low
b) eliminate sick building syndrome E
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c) reduce green house gas emission values net
d) flush out the interior material pollution.
NOISE
The primary air units is located remotely in the basement, the conveyance of noise is,
therefore, minimized. The induction unit placed in the air conditioned room contains no moving parts,
hence no noise. Also the design of the nozzles in the induction unit is such that the sound is adequately
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attenuated. -
Hence there is no noise and the operation is quiet.
In the air handling unit the AHUs are located, in order to minimize the run of ducting, as close to the air
conditioned areas as possible. The noise from the equipment easily transmitts to the air-conditioned
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space. On each of 11 floors, 2 electric motors and their corresponding 6 blowers consuming as much as
30 H.P.power shall produce considerable noise.
SAFEGUARD AGAINST BIO-TERRORISM
The fresh air intake openings in the external walls of a building give exposure to dangers of
injecting biological germs, poisonous gases, fumes etc. L
In the induction system there is only ONE air intake opening in the basement for the primary
air unit. The danger of mishop is bare minimum.
In the air handling unit Every AHU requires one fresh air intake opening in the external wall.
For 22 AHUs there shall be 22 openings in the external walls in the superstructure. The susceptibility to
bio-mishop is very high. E
CONVERSION OF C GRADE BUILDING IN A GRADE
An existing building originally designed for not providing central air conditioning has no space
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available below the beams for accommodating air ducts and no floor space for placing air handling units.
Moreover no electric cabling and gadgets are available on each floor for running AHUs and FCUS. These
buildings can be easily air conditioned now because the above mentioned requirements are of no
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consequence in this induction system. Hence a C or B grade building by providing a state of the art central -
air conditioning induction system can be converted in ‘A’ grade building.
INTRODUCTION
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The climate of any place impacts the performance of buildings negatively or positively. The sun, its
daily and seasonal movement and the thermal environment generated by sun is important climatic
parameter. And hence this is the important guiding factor for design of buildings to achieve required
thermal environment within the buildings. Because the ultimate aim of design is lo obtain the comfort
condition in the building to live and to work. Since history the buildings are designed to achieve L
PSYCHOLOGICALLY and PHYSICALLY
Comfort conditions and the pursuit of comfort is the basic drive in human behavior and evolves in
the purpose for survival. In the pursuit of comfort we must not forget the Vitruvian principles of commodity,
fitness and delight. The comfort is not merely appropriate air temperature, air movement and humidity; it is E
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far more holistic experience being dependent upon interaction of many environmental factors. It is
something how people experience the feeling of well being in varied options that environment offers when
they are on holidays away from routine environmental factors. The objective of design of passive
buildings is less straightforward as simple engineering defined comfort conditions but
discomfort sources when occupants tend to open the window.
avoidance of
The building needs energy for material manufacturing and transportation, construction, operation
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and maintenance requirements. The material and construction is one time investment of energy in -
buildings. The operational activity in buildings will be from day lo month lo year up to the utility life of the
building. In oilier words it is the running investment of energy throughout its useful life, which may be
ranging from 40 lo 60 years. In persuasion of energy conservation the reduction in running energy bills is
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the best strategy. The energy bills will be minimized only when the energy consumption will be reduced by
minimum use of energy for service and systems. It is possible only when the building is designed
appropriately.
Building performance + Behavior of Occupants B Energy expenditure
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The human body feels comfort when Thermal Balance is acquired by internal heat gain deep inside
the body (from the burning of calories and metabolism) and heat loss due to physical environment around
the body (by skin radiation 45%, by convection from air surrounding the skin 35% and by evaporation of
sweat 20%). The physical components, which constitute the surrounding thermal environment, are air
Temperature, air movement and relative humidity. The warm, dry, cool, humid air, low or high air velocity, E
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etc causes the comfort/ discomfort condition. The passive building removes the discomfort components
and enhances the comfort components naturally by using the energy at lowest level.
Thermal environment: the Sun and the solar radiation
Sun is the source of heat for warming up the atmosphere and buildings too. The amount of heat
gained by place and building is dependent upon the geometry of sun's movement of the particular place.
The condition of the atmosphere and recipient earth surfaces are further responsible for dispersal of heat.
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Further the dispersal of heat during the day and night is different. -
Graphically the phenomenon of Sun movement is responsible for heat gain on earth and dispersal
of heat in atmosphere is explained.
Impact of Solar Radiation on Surfaces
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A: The concrete/ brick finish (hard surface) absorbs the heat about 70% and releases the heat after
5-6 hours
B: The green surface absorbs the 70% heat and disperses it by evaporation.
C: The water surface acts as heat sinks.
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D: The urban streets and buildings radiate the heat back into the atmosphere causing the
accumulated heat.
Hence impact of sun radiation is different at any place even if cities art lying in similar latitudes. The
landforms, surface characteristics, texture and color impacts the intensity of solar radiation and so the
characteristic of the microclimate. Thus topography, density of built structure, open space; the area, surface E
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treatment, color and texture, road width, orientation etc constitutes the microclimate around the building.
The effect of the above is visible in ambient air temperature. The movement of air can further
disperse the heat (convective dispersal). In dense urban locality the air movement is restrained hence
convective heal dispersal is restricted. These are the factors responsible for microclimate of the place in
which building is to be located.
Impact of Solar Radiation on Vegetation
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The impact of sun is controlled by vegetation more effectively. Vegetation can filter, obstruct and -
deviate the solar radiation. The earth surface temperature also gets influenced by exposure to direct sun
radiation or under shade. The surfaces under shade of tree are cooler during the day as compare to
exposed surfaces but during night time cools much slowly than exposed surfaces.
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The vegetation absorbs the heat and disperses through evaporation. The foliage density, leaf color,
shape of foliage etc. are responsible for transmission or obstruction of solar rays. The seasonal changes
that occur in vegetation also alter the area arid impact of radiation over ground. The deciduous trees shed
the leaves in winter and can transmit the 50% solar radiation as compare to 0% transmission in summer.
Evergreen trees having long dark leaves, transmits about 20% solar radiation. Trees absorb the heat and L
disperse it through evaporation and can reflect the light glare free. The full bloom deciduous lion can reflect
the 10% of the sunlight. When the wind interacts with trees, the foliage is filtering the dust and other
particulate matters. The reduction in air temperature also occurs when air passes through foliage of the
tree and causes the humidification of the dry air.
Thermal control by Wind E
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Wind disperses the heat hence is welcome in warm climate but generate chill effect in cold
condition. Similarly in buildings the infiltration of warm wind increases the room temperature and cold wind
brings down the temperature. But air movement within the building removes the heat from skin of man
and building both through convection. The wind blows when either pressure or temperature gradient is
created. Naturally the solar radiation and its impact on ground surface or low-pressure pockets created in
atmosphere is responsible for wind movement at macro and micro level both. The landforms, the surface
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quality of ground surface, water body and vegetation regulate the wind movement to a certain height from -
the ground and as altitude is increases the speed of the wind also increases. Similarly when the wind finds
narrow path to pass through, a tunneling effect is created and the speed of the wind increases. The
obstruction in wind flow direction creates wind shadow at the other side. The extent of area and height of
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wind shadow depends upon the surface area and the height of the obstruction. The movement in the air
can be generated by creating pressure points in the surrounding of building or in front of the windows. Also
the wind movement can easily be diverted to required direction by manipulating the obstructions. The wind
velocity can be diverted, enhanced or controlled by trees more effectively. Trees can bring down the
temperature and modify the humidity of air as well as can filter the dust or other suspended particular L
matters. Some of the tree species can absorb and dilute the gaseous and even water pollution. The
hunching of trees or series of trees can modify the wind flow as per required direction and velocity. These
trees can either trap or throw the wind. Inside the building the air movement is welcome to disperse the
heat by ventilation. The natural ventilation requires no energy to cool the space. But many a times the
steady atmosphere fails to generate natural ventilation through buildings. Hence in hot climatic region, E
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since old time people have developed induced natural ventilation technique through wind tower or wind
tunnel.
Thermal environment of buildings in the HOT or WARM CLIMATE
In warm / hot climate the building absorbs the heat from its skin. In this process the inner surface of
buildings heat up and warm internal surfaces begin to radiate the heat into internal spaces. Thus thermal
discomfort is fell. To a large extent the sun and the wind, creates a particular environment surrounding the
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building and the building responds to this positively or negatively. The heat transfer through the fabric of -
building towards inside is depending upon solar geometry and duration of exposure to sun. The fabric of
building is composition of thick brick wall, thin roof and transparent glass sheet covers. The heat transfer
characteristic of each material is different. Depending upon the thickness and density of wall, heat is stored
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in it and releases after some time. The thin sections of roof immediately transmit the heat inside. The thin
and transparent glass admits the solar radiation lo penetrate through it. The vertical surfaces of wall,
directional consideration of sun movement & azimuth and horizontality of roof transmit the heat at different
rate. The roofs are exposed to sun for whole day and during the various hours of the day different walls are
exposed for shorter duration. The path of sun and length of sun path vary with the latitude. Daily and L
seasonal variation too occurs in the sun path, which ultimately regulates the heat gain in buildings.
Theoretically the windows are the thinnest and weakest components as far as heal gain is concern. Rut in
the context of sky exposure to window in various orientations, there is limited scope of heat gain and
natural daylight through it. The spread and height of obstructions in surrounding, man made or natural,
such as building or tree or anything restricted, the size and duration of exposure to sky from windows, E
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known as sky window, the size of sky window varies in different orientation. This phenomenon can be well
used for control of heal gain in buildings through windows.
Passive building concepts

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Plan the surrounding to modify the microclimate of the site - The Site planning -
1. Choose appropriate ratio between built mass and volumes verses open space to create required
microclimatic condition around the building. The open spaces must be provided at surroundings of building
and within the building blocks. When provision of open spaces is restricted then grouping of the building
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blocks is suggested.
2. The ratio between area of open space and volume of built mass is important with reference to height,
distance between the building blocks and placement of blocks too.
3. The wind movement is possible only when tunnels and exits are appropriately planned. The movement
of air can disperse the heal from the skin of the buildings as well can be used for ventilation purposes. L
4. The area , orientation and placement of parking and plazas, pools, lawns, trees etc and its surface
treatment can control the ambient heat surrounding the building.
5. The shading cast from the building blocks and trees can also improve the thermal ambience around
the blocks.
6. Plan the courtyards as heat sinks and for radioactive cooling of building. The area, volume, and E
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orientation are to be considered.
Design the buildings for control of heal gain - Thermal zoning

The spaces adjacent to external walls are solar passive zones. The depth and area of this zone vary
due to the exposure of solar radiation its duration and its intensity. In northern hemisphere the depth of
solar passive zone towards south is about 6m and in best direction is 3m. Area adjacent to buffer zone
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(small courtyard/ open space) the depth of passive solar zone is 1.5m. The floor adjacent to roof is also -
solar passive zone. This is the area affected by solar heat gain most. Plan the activity or functions of the
solar spaces considering the duration and orientation.
For example, West zone of building receives direct solar radiation from noon onwards, and begins to
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warm after 12 o'clock and becomes uncomfortable in the late evening in the summer but comfortable in
winter. Further after midnight the zone acquires the comfortable environment if night ventilation is
promoted. Thus West zone of building should be planned for activities only up to afternoon or early
evening hours. This is an example showing how thermal zoning of the building be done based on time and
activity to achieve priceless and effortless thermal comfort. L
Design the building for control of heat gain by Mass and insulation
The material or fabric of wall and roof actively participate in conductive heat gain in buildings. The
density and thickness of wall is mass which can retain the heat and releases the heat after some hours.
For heating the building the release of heat is diverted to interior space but in case of cooling the released E
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heat is to be quickly dispersed by ventilating the wall and roof. Hence in the cooling process the mass is to
be provided with high rate of ventilation (night ventilation phenomenon).
Insulation protects the gain of heat from the fabric of building completely. South and West wall
needed the insulation but East and North wall can be provided with conventional wall. The insulation of roof
is must in the process of control of heat gain in building. The roof is horizontal and exposed to solar
radiation throughout the day.
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Design the building for control of heat gain by selective glazing -
The windows are designed to admit the daylight inside the space and also for viewing the outside.
The covering material for window is thin and transparent which admits the heat directly into the space.
Windows are unavoidable hence requires to be designed carefully. Its orientation, area, size, placement,
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shape, glazing area, glazing material, shading insulation etc. are the factors to be considered to achieve
required result.
It is recommended that south and west windows should be smaller in areas, preferably long and
must be protected by direct sun by projections of roof or v/all. The east and north windows can be planned
larger in area and need protection for rain only. L
Clear glass- It is highly transparent and admits all visible and near Infra Red light regions in to the space.
It is absorptive to Far IR region. It is reflective to none of the region. As a result green house effect is visible
in clear glass. This is used when intensive daylight is recommended.
Green glass- It is heat-absorbing glass. It is lightly pigmented to increase absorption of near IR region and
visible region. The advantage is admission of daylight but control of heat gain through glass. E
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Gray glass- It is more pigmented to increase absorption of visible and near IR regions both, Thus
transmittance is reduced. It is highly absorptive to far IR regions also. Hence reduces the brightness of
exterior and absorbs heat but during; overheating process the absorbed heat is transmitted back to the
interior space.
Light effective films over glass- gives a little mirror like appearance to glass. This is usually reflective in
IR id visible region both. It is less suited for heating the interiors with sun but best suited for control of heat
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gain. -
Near IR reflective films- This film makes the glass highly transmittance to visible region but highly
reflective to IR regions. This is good for day lighting and controls structural heat gain through reflection.
IR transparent plastic films- This is highly transparent and transmits all regions of visible and IR. I his
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Film does not create the Green house effect as in case of clear glass.
Design the building for control of heat gain by reflection of UV Rays
The white, shiny and smooth surfaces radiate the heat waves (UV Rays) back into the atmosphere.
Hence surface characteristic of roof and external walls is important. Provide the terrace top and if possible
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external surface of south and west with appropriate surface finishes such as glazzed tiles/ marble tiles /
while paint etc.
Design the building for control of heat gain by self shading
The projections, whether at roof level or at wall level, horizontally or vertically cast the shadow over
the wall. Thus some part of the wall is not receiving the direct heat. The provision of brick jail / concrete jail/ E
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false facade / creepers / wall projected comers etc. is other methods for self- shading for the buildings.
Design the building for control of heat gain by dispersal through ventilation
The air movement is the best method to remove heal from the warm surfaces. The internal warm
surfaces are provided with high ventilation in order to cool the structure of the building. Particularly roof of
the building compulsorily be ventilated during the warm seasons. The fundamental principle for introducing
the air movement is formation of negative and positive pressures. The projections along with jambs or lintel
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of the window opening may obstruct to wind flow to create positive pressure points and still environment of -
inside will develop negative pressure as compared to outside pressure hence air movement will begin from
window opening.
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Conclusion
In the attempt of designing the passive buildings for low consumption of energy, the aspects of
building design that has considerable potential as a source of architectural inspiration as well as providing
environment benefits are raised. There can never be technological simple solutions to a problem until it is
searched by heart. The technological simplicity means leading to economic solutions. The detailed L
analysis of proposed site, its microclimate and its environment are the key to design passive solar buildings
to achieve energy savings. However in practice the decision of conflicting points becomes critical as
windows are for daylight or for control of heat gain.
BASIC THEORIES OF HOTEL PLANNING E

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1) Hotel should provide bed and board as well as pleasant surrounding in which to enjoy both the
commodity.
2) The front half of the house include the reception area and public rooms or covered area where the guest
gather to dine and socialize.
The other half of the house are back of house area where food was prepared and where guest
service aminities were taken care of sueras laundry repairing and circulation.
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3) As far as planning and circulation is concern there must be never gation of front of house service with -
those back of house.
4) The two function must keep separate and so enter related that --- functions smoothly and efficiently.
5) Hotel's are designed and built so that the chent owner and operation will get satisfactory financial return
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on his investment.
6) The physical environment becomes an important part of the guest comfort. The factors include colour
and decoor lighting proper air temp. comfortable furnishing and above all a pleasant and relaxed
atmosphere.
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GENERAL FEATURE OF HOTEL
1) The architectural features and general construction of the building should have distinctive qualities of a
luxury hotel's of this category and there should be adequate parking space for car.
2) The hotel should have attest 25 sellable bed room all with well appointed attached bath rooms with E
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long bath or modern shower chamber with 24 hours room service of hoi and cold running water
3) All public room and private rooms should be well appointed with superior quality of carpet, furniture
fitting etc in good feast It would be advisable to employ the services of professionally experienced interior
designers of repute for this purpose
4) There should be an member of efficient lifts in bldg. for more than 2 including the GF with 24 hour
service.
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5) There should he a well designed 31!; properly equipped swimming pool. There should be a well -
appointed lobby and clock room equipped with fitting and furniture of highest standard.
REQUIREMENTS
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Design Programme
I) Public Space Design
The public space includes various types of space such as lobby, restaurant and lounges, meeting
and banquet and recreational facilities very so greatly understanding the distinction among the different
hotel type Is crucial to programme and designing a successful project. L
An overall objective of the planning and design requirements for hotel public areas is that they be
discussed among the lobby. This arrangement assures that the hotel guests can find the various facilities
with a minimum of difficulty and provide the opportunity for the overlap function especially with atrium
lobbies.
A) Exterior Approach And Entrances E
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The architectural aspects of` the building are of course best observed on the approach of the front
entrance and the details of the site and excursion design the landscaping the night illumination the entry
drive canopy all contribute to the guests anticipation programme of the hotel day. Hotel may developing of
different entrance to help separate guests and visitors to reduce the amount of necessary traffic through
the building to established distinct identity restaurant of other facility. O
LOBBY - -
Lobby is the First area where the guest enters. Lobby design is very much major part of design it is
the First impression of the guest and make greatest impact on guest. The most successful designs
carefully balance two key factors visual impart and function. The initial decision the develop and architect
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that is central to the concept to what should the scale atmosphere and image of the lobby
PLANNING REQUIREMENTS :-
The planning requirements of most hotel lobbies are similar regardless of the type of hotel. In
addition to establishing the image of the hotel. The hotel lobby as the main circulation space directing L
guests to the front desk food and outlets, meeting and banquet facilities variation complex and other public
areas as guest linger it serves as informal gathering space. The several planning objective for the lobby
can be summarized as follows.
1) Entrance 2) Front Location
4) Guest Elevators 5) Seating area.
3) Office access
6) Circulation E
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7) Retail Areas 8) Bellman luggage.
RESTAURANT AND LOUNGES -

Before considering the detailed planning and design issues of hotel restaurants and lounges, O
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designer should become familiar \\iih such operational aspects of food services as marketing planning
service and food preparation technique This enables then to communicate better with the manages who
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established the restaurant and lounge retrain.
PLANNING OBJECTIVES :-
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The planning requirements for restaurants and lounges are as critical as for the other public areas
but to a large extent each outlet it independent of the others. Nevertheless the following point are essential
to an effective organization
I) All food outlet need direct close access to the kitchen expect outlet with minor food service that may
be served from pantries. L
2) All beverage outlets need service back up other to the kitchen or to bar storage areas.
3) All outlet should be easily located from public flow area the cafe should he visible from the lobby
4) Most food outlets should have a bar adjacent or should include a small holding lounge.
5)
6)
Larger restaurants and bars should planned so that sectors can be closed.
Restaurant and bars should have exterior frontage and direct outside access E
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FUNCTION SPACE :-
The third principal category of public space include the meeting banquet reception and exhibit
spaces. Which form a major case in many medium and large hall in conference.
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RECREATIONAL FACILITIES
I ) Swimming Pool
Nearly all hotel management companies require that a swimming pool be included in the hotel's
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design. I he pool area should be separated from other public spaces so that guests dressed in bathing
units not to pass the hotel lobby following point should be consider.
I ) Location
2) Orientation
3) Size L
4) Support function
5) Safety
Recreational Facilities
1) Swimming pool E
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2) Health club
3) Card room
4) Billiards room
GUEST ROOM FLOOR DESIGN
1) Planning Objectives
I) Consider solar gaining generally NE preferable to SW exposure
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2) Analyze wind loading -
3) Study the potential for guest room views.
4) The structure to visible from road.
Floor Layout -
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I) Organize plan so that guest rooms occupy at least 70% of gross floor area
2) Develop condor plan to facilitated guest circulation
3) Provide to elevators lobby in the middle third of the structure.
4)
5)
Provide service elevators linen storage and chute in central location.
Plan corridor width at 2m minimum 3m preferred. L
6) Locate elevators and stairs at interior locations rather than exterior walls.
2) Administration Office
Front desk and front office.
I)
2)
Front desk
Reception E
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3) Assistant Manager
4) Directors room
5) Reservation area.
6)
7)
8)
Reservation manager.
Telephone Operator
Fire control room
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9) Safe deposit area -
10) Counting room
11) Work area/e-mail
12) Toilet storage
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Service and Back of House areas -
The function areas includes the follows
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1) Food preparation and storage areas of all the service areas in the hotel the kitchen and related food
preparation areas are require the most design attention in part because the mechanical electrical and
plumbing systems must be integrated with the layout of kitchen equipments.
I ) Distance should be short as per as possible
2) Related activities should be located close together E
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3) and layouts should be flexible
The most imp. goal is to locate receiving area food storage kitchen and all outlets on single floor.
Essential -
I ) Food storage to main kitchen
2) Main kitchen to restaurant
3) Room service area to service elevators
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4) Banquet pantrv to ballroom -
2) Receiving trash and general storage areas -
The hotels receiving and trash area while located at the loading dock require The receiving and
trash area mush he adjust to the hotels back of house areas. In addition to the major connection to the
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kitchen for incoming food and for outgoing garbage, sufficient area must be available lo move goods to
laundry house areas keeping maintenance and general storage areas is provided by at the receiving deck.
3) Employee Areas :-
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The staff area form a third major part of the hotels back of house area. While in smalls and lower
qualities pro-police these area may be limited adequate space for the hotel staff is essential to full
operation in any hotel.
4) Laundry And House Keeping :-
The laundry and house keeping areas create the fourth key element of the service facilities. The E
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laundry and house keeping areas are closely related and should be adjacent to house keeping areas are
closely related should be adjacent even though they are properly manage
Essential -
I ) Linen chute to soiled linen areas
2) Soiled linen area to laundry
3) Receiving to house keeping.
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5) Engineering And Mechanical Areas :-
The final back of house area contains there related function by the hotels chief engineering office
repair and maintenance shops and mechanical areas.
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The mechanical equipment areas do not need to be immediately adjacent to the other service areas
although they should he close to the laundry kitchen and other high energy use areas for most effective
operation.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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1) Climatically Responsive energy efficient Architecture
: A Design hand book volume.
2) Energy & Environment
By - John Rusking
3) Time Saver standard L
4) Neuford Standard
: A Architectural hand book.
5) Passive & Active concept for Eco-friendly structure.
6) Manual of Tropical housing & Building climatic design.
By - Koeningberger. E
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Anshul Pawarby Baba

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SELECTION OF TOPIC : "ECO-TEL"

ACTIVE ENERGY CONSERVATION E

USE OF ECO. FRIENDLY MATERIAL

Ozone for Waste Water & Effluent Treatment E

Cooling Tower Water E

Triple Glazed Windows

IMPORTANT METROLOGICAL DATA OF PUNE.

FACTORS AFFECTED BY SITE ITSELF E

EXTRA SPACE FREED UP E

Passive building concepts

Design the buildings for control of heal gain - Thermal zoning

BASIC THEORIES OF HOTEL PLANNING E

RESTAURANT AND LOUNGES -

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