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SYNOPSIS
economical.
The home security system is act for same purpose to guide and
used for operation of these device. The project has a combination of plane mirrors
which are arranged around the house to form a net. The laser beam is directed on
mirrors firstly. After proper reflection on mirrors it finally fall on LDR. The laser
Any interruption of the laser beam will result into energization of the
alarm and give the signal of security disturbance. This is the ideal and short
laser net.
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Home Security
INTRODUCTION
This project guides us with a low cost security. To protect our house
or any precious things from thieves or trespassers for designing any thing new
laser beams through reflections of mirror and by blowing the alarm if any one
The system convenience comfort of the user it uses the most advance
system.
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Home Security
BURGLAR ALARM
rays fall continuously on photodetector. When burglar crosses the path of beam,
the current in photodetector is cut off. The relay in the circuit is set in such
manner as to be operated due to this break in current and it starts the ringing of an
alarm bell.
sulphide. Its resistance is very high when it is dark and its resistance falls
to few ohms and transistor emmiter base junction in forward biased. This make
the transistor to go in saturation and sufficient current flow through the relay coil
this current is sufficient to actuate the relay. The between in relay ckt will not
work .
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Home Security
+Vcc
Bulb
LDR
AC
Relay
R2 R1
Bell
resistance become very high. The base emitter voltage is very small. This small
voltage is insufficient to forward bias the base emitter junction of transistor. The
transistor is in cut off state. The current through relay coil is not sufficient and
relay current operate the bell and hence an indication of alarm. Stating that there
electric or photo emmisive cell forms part of grid circuit of triode, in plate circuit
of which there is relay which works burglar alarm. As long as light in incident on
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Home Security
cell the electrons keep the grid of triode more negative and hence, the relay is not
operated. Hence bell B does not ring. But as soon as some intruder or burglar
breaks into house and on entering comes in way of invisible beam, the grid
becomes less negative. The plate current increases and sets the relay. The bell
starts ringing and will continue ringing till the relay is reset.
Disadvantage of security :-
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Home Security
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
1) I.C.555
2) LDR
3) N.P.N. TRANSISTOR
4) CAPACITOR
5) LASER TORCH
6) RESISTANCE
7) ADAPTER
8) SPEAKER
9) MIRRORS
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Home Security
DECRIPTION OF COMPONENTS
1] IC 555 :-
applications.
VR
Sk R
Q2 Reset (4)
Threshold (6)
2/3Vcc C1
Control Voltage (5) R Buffer
FLIP Q
5K R FLOP
Out put (3)
1/3Vcc + S
_ C2
trigger (2)
5k R
100 Ω
Discharge (7)
Q1
(1) GND
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Home Security
The block diagram consist of two comparators that drives the set (S)
and reset ® terminal of a flip flop which is in turns controls the ON and OFF
CYCLE of the discharge transistor Q1. The comparator reference voltages are
fixed at 2/3 Vcc for C1 and 1/3 Vcc for C2 by means of voltage divider made of 3
resistors.
FLEXIBLE WIRES :-
can only be obtained from wires. Flexible wires are used for connection purpose.
The most important purpose is conduction. Flexible wires may have single or
multi-strength of metal. They are used as per current capacity. These are insulated
wires and has a low current carrying capacity and soldering metal is used to solder
* On the negative transition of the pulse applied to the trigger terminal and when
* The O/p of C2 comparator changes. This changes the state of the flip-flop and
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Home Security
* On the other hand, when the voltage applied at the threshold terminal of the
comparator C1 goes positive and passes through the reference 2/3 Vcc, the output
of C1 changes and this in turn changes the state of flip-flop and O/p goes high.
* A separate reset terminal is provided for the timer, which reset the flip-flop
externally.
* This reset voltage applied externally over ride the effect of the O/p of lower
* Transistor Q2 acts as a buffer, isolating the reset terminal from the flip-flop and
transistor Q1.
* When the flip-flop is reset, the output stage is low and when set, the output is
high.
* When Q1 is off, the capacitor charges and when Q1 is on, capacitor discharges
through it ***
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Home Security
Pin 1 Ground :- All voltages are measured with respect to this terminal.
Pin 2. Trigger :- The O/p of timer depends on amplitude of external trigger pulse
applied to pin
Pin 3. O/p There are two ways load can be connected to O/p terminal either
between pin 3 and ground (pins) or between pins3 and supply voltage and Vcc
(pins)
Pin and Reset : The device 555 is reset ( disabled by applying is negative pulse to
this pin when the reset function is not in use, the reset terminal should be
Pin 5 :- Control voltage :- An external voltage applied to this terminal changes the
pin or by connecting a potentiometer between this pin and ground, the pulse width
the output waveform can be varied. When not used, the control pin should be
monitors the voltage across the external capacitor. When the voltage at this pin is
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Home Security
greater than or equal to 2/3 vcc, the O/p of comparator C 1 goes high, which in turn
When the O/p is high, Q1 is Off and acts as an open circuit to the external
capacitor connected between pin 7 and ground. On the other hand, when the O/p
is low, Q1 is saturated and acts as a short circuit, shorting out the external capacitor
0 to ground.
Pin 8 : Vcc :- The supply voltage of +5v to 18v is applied to this pin with respect
to ground (pin 1)
Application of IC 555 :-
5) Temperature measurement.
7) Voltage regulator.
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Home Security
6] RESISTANCE :-
used in circuit as per the requirement in opposition to flow of current. They are
mounted properly 1 PCB, wherever necessary. The direct C/N resistance has a
controlling effect in amount of C/N that flows when a certain voltage is applied
2] LDR :-
photo sensitive device and LDR has high resistance under dark condition and low
Application of LDR :-
Specification :-
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Home Security
5] Laser Torche :-
mirrors arrange systematically whose reflection surrounds the house and then
reflected towards LDR. The laser torch used for these security purpose is 3v.
8] SPEAKER :-
security is danger.
3] Transistor
semiconductor materials.
in between this two, N-type material is sandwitched and if two outermost layer are
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Home Security
:-
Base – Emmiter
IE - Emitter current
Ic - Collector C/N
IB - Base C/W
Circuit details :-
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Home Security
Operation
N forward biase (VBE) is applied in between the emitter and base of the transistor.
The electrons of N – type region are energized and starts to move towards the
opposite charged particles, ( i.e. holes ) present in middle. P – type region forward
bias is given to N – type material, more and more no.of electrons are injected from
emitter and starts to flow towards the base is lightly doped hence it is having
minimum no.of holes. The electrons cross over Junction J1 then start to combine
with the hole present in P-region the no.of holes are comparatively low hence
minimum no.of electrons combine with this holes and rest of electrons cross over
the Junction J2 and collected at the terminal collector ( i.e. next N – type section )
riversed bias VBC is applied to N – type rigion it exert attraction power of electron
Cu.(IE) combination of holes and electrons take place at base this electron go
through the holes towards base terminal they constituted small value of base C/N
IB, rest of maximum no of electrons comes to collector C/N Ic) this Ic then flows
through the external circuit towards emitter the base C/N IB flowes through
external circuit. The direction of flow of Ic and IB are same ( flow of Ic and IB
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Home Security
are same ( i.e. towards terminal emitter ) so the resultant emitter C/N is the
= ρ /A
- length in m
Classification of resistor :-
Resistor are made in many shapes and size, wire wound resistor have different
values depending upon this specific resistively of the wires. The cross
sectional area and length of the wire i.e. use for making heat.
4] Capacitor
apposes the change in voltage. Capacitor storage the energy in the form of
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Home Security
charged plates within the space between plates energy stored in the capacitor is
in this electric field. The unit of capacitance is farad named after the miachel
farads.
1]POLISTER
2]ELECTROLYTIC
********
Receiver Unit.
pin we have given O/P of transistor 547. The transistor acts as a switch to
RESET.
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Home Security
Working :- When LASER beam falls on LDR through mirrors, the resistance of
LDR is negligible. This makes ‘OFF STATE’. Thus the O/p of IC 555 gives
of LDR become large. This gives base pulse to transistor. Thus IC 555 gets
RESET pulse. The O/P goes HIGH or maximum. The speaker gets close and
Testing :-
adopted.
3) Check IC on IC tester.
You Testing the security system first Laser torch is “ON” and a Laser
certainly it is observed that horn blows this signal guides us with reliability of
model and indicates about the danger and abouts us regarding security.
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Home Security
This also guide us with that how security can be obtain conveniently
and chiefly.
Working
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
The Figure shows the astable mode of IC 555 with the wave forms.
In this mode, capacitor charges towards Vcc through RA & RB Untill Vc = 1/3
Vcc
At this point comparator C1 changes the state and capacitor starts discharging
through RB
At this stage comparator C2 changes the state and the capacitor again starts
Consider that the capacitor is periodically discharged and charged between 2/3
During the Charging time 0 ≤ t ≤ Tc, the voltage across capacitor Vc equals,
[ C
]
Vc = 2 / 3Vcc l − e −1/( RA + R1 + ) + Vcc / 3 ……………….. (1)
[
∴ 2/3 Vcc = 2/3 Vcc l − e −1 /( R c A + RB )
C
] + Vcc / 3
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Home Security
∴ Tc = (RA + RB)C./n(2)
∴ TD = RBC/n(2)
∴ TD = 0.693 RBC
TC
Duty Cycle. D = × 100 ………….. (6)
T
RA + RB
D= × 100 ……. …… (7)
RA + 2 RB
Steps :-
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Home Security
2) Calculation of RB :-
1.4(1 − d )
RB = RB must lie between 1 KΩ < RB < 3.5 MΩ
f o .C
3) Calculation of RA :
RB (2d − 1)
RA = RA must lie between 1 KΩ < RA < 3.3 MΩ.
(1 − d )
C1= 0.01 µF
capacitor C2 of the value 10µF is connected between (Pin 8 and Pin 1).
C2 = 10µF
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Home Security
( RA + RB )
9) Duty Cycle. %D = × 100 sec
RA + 2 RB
1.44
11) Frequency f o = H
( RA + 2 RB ) C Z*********
Advantages :-
6) This system is also applicable for many purpose such as guarage, bank, society,
industries.
Disadvantages :-
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Home Security
1) In this security system there is disadvantage of a visible laser ray’s which can
i.e. Eyelsight
Working Oph
FUTURE EXPANSION
(X1 and X2), two 6V relays (RL1 and RL.2). an LDR. A transistor, and a few
X1, followed by a full-wave rectifier and smoothing capacitor C1, drives relay
the laser beam falls on LDR, transistor T1 remains forward biased and relay RL1
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Home Security
is thus in energized condition. When a person crosses the line of laser beam, relay
RL1 turns off and transformer XZ gets energized to provide a parallel path across
N/C contact and the pole of relay RL1. In this condition, the laser beam will have
no effect on LDR and the alarm will continue to operate as long as switch S2 is on.
When the torch is switched on, the pointed laser beam is reflected
from a definite point/place on the periphery of the house. Making use of a set of
properly oriented mirrors one can form an invisible net of laser rays as shown in
the block diagram. The final ray should fall on LDR of the circuit.
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