TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry (from Greek trignon "triangle" + metron "measure"

[1]
) is a branch of mathematicsthat
studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles between these sides.
Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have
applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. The field evolved during the third century BC as a
branch of geometry used extensively for astronomical studies.
[2]
t is also the foundation of the practical
art of surveying.
Trigonometry basics are often taught in middle school or junior high school as part of the basic math
curriculum. More in depth trigonometry is sometimes taught in high school either as a separate course or
as part of a precalculus course. The trigonometric functions are pervasive in parts of pure
mathematics and applied mathematics such as Fourier analysis and the wave equation, which are in turn
essential to many branches of science and technology. Spherical trigonometry studies triangles
on spheres, surfaces of constant positive curvature, in elliptic geometry. t is fundamental
to astronomy and navigation. Trigonometry on surfaces of negative curvature is part of Hyperbolic
geometry.
Sumerian astronomers introduced angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees.
[4]
They and
their successors the Babylonians studied the ratios of the sides of similar triangles and discovered some
properties of these ratios, but did not turn that into a systematic method for finding sides and angles of
triangles. The ancient Nubians used a similar methodology.
[5]
The ancient Greeks transformed
trigonometry into an ordered science.
[6]

Classical Greek mathematicians (such as Euclid and Archimedes) studied the properties of chords and
inscribed angles in circles, and proved theorems that are equivalent to modern trigonometric formulae,
although they presented them geometrically rather than algebraically. Claudius Ptolemy expanded
uponHipparchus' ords in a ircle in his Almagest.
[7]
The modern sine function was first defined in
the Surya Siddanta and its properties were further documented by the 5th century ndian
mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata.
[8]
These Greek and ndian works were translated and expanded by medieval slamic mathematicians. By
the 10th century, slamic mathematicians were using all six trigonometric functions, had tabulated their
values, and were applying them to problems in spherical geometry.
[citation needed]
At about the same
time, Chinese mathematicians developed trigonometry independently, although it was not a major field of
study for them. Knowledge of trigonometric functions and methods reached Europe via Latin
translations of the works of Persian and Arabic astronomers such as Al Battani acentury Europe
that Nicolaus Copernicus devoted two chapters of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium to explaining its
basic concepts.


riven by the demands of navigation and the growing need for accurate maps of large areas,
trigonometry grew to be a major branch of mathematics.
[10]
Bartholomaeus Pitiscus was the first to use
the word, publishing his %rigonometria in 1595.
[11]
Gemma Frisius described for the first time the method
of triangulation still used today in surveying. t was Leonhard Euler who fully incorporated complex
numbers into trigonometry. The works of James Gregory in the 17th century and Colin Maclaurin in the
18th century were influential in the development of trigonometric series.
[12]
Also in the 18th century, Brook
Taylor.


Ang tekstong ekspositori(o paglalahad) ay isang uri ng panulat na ang layon ay magbigay ng
paliwanag at impormasyon sa mga mambabasa. Maaring ang ipinaliliwanag nito ay
konsepto,pangyayari,proseso o kahulugan. Maari ring paghabingin. Maari ring ipaliwanag nito ang
mga sanhi at bunga ng isang problema,pangyayari o kundisyon. Makikita ang ganitong uri ng panulat
sa mga aklat at sa mga magasin.



=== ANG TEKSTONG EKSPOSITORI o paglalahad ay isang uri ng panulat na nagbibigay ng paliwanag
at impormasyon sa mga mambabasa. Maaaring ang ipinaliliwanag nito ay mga sanhi at bunga ng
isang problema, pangyayari, o kondisyon. Kapag ang tekstong ekspositori ay nagpapaliwanag ng mga
sanhi at bunga, maaari rin itong tawaging TEKSTONG SANHI AT BUNGA. ===


Kadalasan, obdyektib ang tekstong expositori dahil wala itong pinapanigan at sadyang hindi ito
lumilikha ng negatibo o positibong damdamin sa mambabasa. Ang tono nito ay maaaring niyutral,
pormal, seryoso, di seryoso, o impormal. Karamihan ng nakikita sa mga pahayagan, ensayklopedya,
at iba pang mga aklat ay impormatib.

Minsan, kahit sa tekstong ekspositori, lumilitaw din ang damdamin ng may-akda. Sa ikalawang
tekstong lunsaran, halimbawa, litaw na litaw ang bayas ng may-akda laban sa pag-inom ng alak.



IMB NG SERVEY

Tugulog News: NSO, mugsusuguwu ng "sorvey okol su mgu butung
mungguguwu

Magsasagawa ang pambansang tanggapan ng Estadistika o National Statistics Office (NSO) ng

malawakang sarbey ngayong Oktubre tungkol sa mga batang manggagawa o ang tinatawag na Survey
on Children (SOC).
Sinabi ni NSO Regional irector Rosalinda P. Bautista, ang SOC ay kasabay ng Labor Force Survey
(LFS) na isinasagawa ng kanilang tanggapan kada kwarter. pinahayag ni R Bautista na huling
nagsagawa ng SOC taong 2001 kung kaya't kinakailangan na magkaroon ng bagong datos upang
magkaroon ng bagong mukha ang tinatawag na mga batang manggagawa o working children partikular
ang mga child laborer sa bansa.

lan sa mga impormasyon na kokolektahin base sa sarbey ay ang mga sumusunod: a) sinu-sino sa
sambahayan (household) ang mga nagta-trabaho na edad 5-17 anyos; b) ano ang kanilang trabaho at
saan sila nagta-trabaho; c) sila ba ay nagta-trabaho; d) ano ang dahilan bakit sila nagta-trabaho; e) ilang
oras sila nag-ta-trabaho, atbp.
Ang mga impormasyong nakalap ay gagamitin ng pamahalaan upang magkaroon ng mas bago o up-to-
date na datos para ma-analisa ang sitwasyon ng mga batang manggagawa sa bansa; para malaman ang
dami nila, ano ang kanilang kaalaman (skill) upang sila ay magkaroon ng profile; malaman ang estimate
na porsyento ng mga batang nagta-trabaho kumpara sa pangkalahatang bilang ng nagtatrabaho sa
bansa.
Gayundin din ang bilang o porsyento ng mga batang sakop ng tinatawag na child laborer at batang may
trabaho na masama ang epekto sa kanila; at malaman ang iba pang impormasyon tungkol sa mga
ginagawa nila na walang kinalaman sa kanilang pagtatrabaho tulad ng pag-aaral, paggawa at pagtulong
sa mga gawaing bahay.
Kasabay din SOC ang pagsasagawa ng survey on Filipinos (SOF) na mangangalap naman ng
impormasyon tungkol sa mga overseas worker. (NSO/PA-Laguna).