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TAPE CORRECTIONS
Robert Burtch Surveying Engineering Department Ferris State University
STANDARD CONDITIONS
Foot system
Temperature - 68 F Tape fully supported Tension 10 lbs
Metric system
Temperature 20 C Tape fully supported Tension 50 N (Newtons)
1 lb = 4.448 N
Tape Corrections
ERRORS IN TAPING
Systematic taping errors
Slope Erroneous length Temperature Tension Sag
APPLYING CORRECTIONS
T = R +C or T = R E
Tape Corrections
TAPING OPERATIONS
Measuring between points
The value R is recorded in the field and the corrections computed T is calculated
SLOPE CORRECTION
From right triangle geometry
H: horizontal distance S: slope distance V: vertical distance : vertical angle Z: zenith angle
H = S cos = S sin z
S2 = H2 + V 2 H = S2 V 2 V = H2 S2 from which
Tape Corrections
SLOPE CORRECTION
Slope expressed as gradient or rate of grade
Ratio of vertical distance over horizontal distance
Rise over run
A +2% slope means 2 units rise in 100 units horizontal A -3.5% slope means 2.5 units fall in 100 units horizontal
Elevation at 1 + 50:
Tape Corrections
Distance:
Gradient:
cos =
opposite H = hypotenuse S
Tape Corrections
sin z =
opposite H = hypotenuse S
Vertical angle:
tan =
Horizontal distance:
Tape Corrections
(199.908 m )2 (2.435 m )2
= 199.893 m
SLOPE CORRECTION
So far compute H and V directly Can compute correction Error due to slope: E h = S H Correction for slope:
Ch = H S
= S cos S
= S (cos 1)
Tape Corrections
SLOPE CORRECTION
If vertical distance given instead of vertical angle Correction: C h = H S = S2 V 2 S
= S 1-
V2 S S2
1 V2 S2
Reducing
Ch =
V2 V4 V6 5V 8 3 K 2S 8S 16S5 128S7
SLOPE CORRECTION
Generally, only first term used
Valid for slope < 10-15% Where required precision < 1:15,000
V2 Ch = 2S
If more precision necessary, additional terms required
Tape Corrections
V 2 = S2 H 2
= (S + H )(S H )
If slope not too large, slope and horizontal distances nearly the same
S + H = 2S
(approx.)
= 2S (S H )
V2 = S H 2S
(approx )
Ch = H S
V2 Ch = 2S
Tape Corrections
or
l eh =
V eV l
= error in one tape length due to uncertainty in = tape length (slope) e = error in vertical angle eV = uncertainty in elevation difference
l eh
or
eL = h
V eV L
[(
) (
2
+ L + g n eVn
)]
2
Tape Corrections
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Horizontal distance
T = R+C = 3,236.86' + ( 5.59') = 3,231.27'
Corrected distance:
T = R + C = 3,231.27' 0.06'
Tape Corrections
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Correction:
C l = l S 100' or C l = l S 30 m
S = calibrated value of tape
elL = el n
n = number of tape lengths
Tape Corrections
12
C l = l S 30 m = 29.996 m 30 m = -0.004 m
30 m = 5.71
30 m
Total correction:
Corrected distance:
Tape Corrections
13
Field reading
TEMPERATURE
Tape susceptible to dimensional change due to variation in temperature Correction:
C T = l (T TS )
CT = correction due to temperature = length of tape = coefficient of thermal expansion = 0.00000645 per 1F = 0.0000116 per 1C T = field temperature TS = standard temperature (Normally 68 F or 20C)
Tape Corrections
14
TEMPERATURE
Uncertainty differentiate w.r.t. T
C T =l T
From error propagation, error in one tape length due to error in temp is:
2 l e T = (l ) e T = l e T 2
TEMPERATURE UNCERTAINTY
Last formula assumes uncertainty same for each length
Generally average temp. used over line Thus, error would not tend to compensate
L eT = l eT n
L eT = L eT
Tape Corrections
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= 876.46 m
= 0.01
Tape Corrections
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TENSION CORRECTION
Applied stress of wire force per unit area Resultant strain elongation per unit length
Stress = P
where:
Strain = eL
P = tension (force) A = cross-sectional area of tape eL = elongation produced by tension = length of tape
Tape Corrections
17
TENSION CORRECTION
Hookes Law P proportional to eL and stress proportion to strain Insert constant: P = E eL A l
P eL A l
or E= Pl A (eL )
Error found by comparing elongation produced from standardized tension (PS) and Pl Pl field tension (P) and eL = S eL =
AE
TENSION CORRECTION
AE
Correction:
Cl = P
Pl PSl (P PS ) l = AE AE AE
or C L = P
(P PS ) L
AE
Tape Corrections
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TENSION CORRECTION
Uncertainty only variable: field tension
l e l = eP P AE
eP = error in one tape length eP = error in determining tension Error for total length of line (error propagation) where:
l e L = eP n P AE
(P PS ) L =
Corrected distance:
Tape Corrections
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Total uncertainty:
e L = e l n = (0.0009') 10 P P = 0.003'
TENSION CORRECTION
Cross-sectional area
Measured with micrometer Taken from manufacturers specifications Computed from:
Tape area =
Tape Corrections
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SAG CORRECTION
Tape supported at ends will sag in center Amount of sag depends on
Weight of tape per unit length Applied tension
SAG CORRECTION
F is force and the components are shown here can distinguish between forces in x and y directions Differentiation of equation of parabola gives slope at support B Tape forms differentially short segments of curve ds found by differentiation Integrate to find total length of curve Horizontal force will approach tension and horizontal distance approaches the curve
Tape Corrections
21
SAG CORRECTION
Correction for sag given as:
W 2l CS = 24 P 2 or W 2l C = n 24 P 2
L S
SAG CORRECTION
Uncertainty take derivative of correction equation w.r.t. P and use general propagation formula
W 2l w 2l3 l eP or eS = eP 12 P 3 12 P 3 Assuming came conditions for all tape lengths, error due to sag for total length:
l eS =
L eS =
W 2l eP n 12 P 3
or
L eS =
w 2l3 eP n 12 P 3
Tape Corrections
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CS =
= 0.116'
Correction for 50 section is w 2l3 (0.02 lbs/ft )2 (50.00')3 CS = = 2 2 24P 24 (12 lbs )
= 0.014'
Total correction:
Tape Corrections
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NORMAL TENSION
Use tape correction to negate effects of sag in tape Make error in sag = correction for tension
w 2 l 3 (P PS )l =0 24P 2 AE
Define normal tension P Pn
w 2 l 3 (Pn PS )l =0 24Pn2 AE M Pn = 0.204 w l AE Pn PS
NORMAL TENSION
Note that normal tension (Pn) on both sides of equation Use as a first approximation
AEW 2 Pn = 3 15
Then take this value for Pn into the previous equation and solve for new normal tension Continue until difference below criteria
Tape Corrections
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15
15
= 24 lbs
0.204 W AE (0.204 )(1.3 lbs ) (0.004 sq in )(29,000,000 psi ) = = 30 lbs Pn PS 24 lbs 15 lbs
INCORRECT ALIGNMENT
May occur when more than one tape length measured in field Error: random in nature systematic in effect Lateral displacement from true line causes systematic error
El = a
da 2l
Tape Corrections
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Amount of error
Less if bend in in center Increases as it gets closer to ends
IMPERFECTIONS IN OBSERVATIONS
Personal errors or blunders
Plumbing Marking tape ends with tape fully supported Adding or dropping full tape length Adding a foot or decimeter Other points incorrectly taken as end mark on tape Reading numbers incorrectly Calling numbers incorrectly or not clearly
Tape Corrections
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Source of Error
Temp estimated to closest 7 F Tension known within 5 lbs Slope errors no larger than 1/100
100 ft
30 m
Alignment errors no larger than 0.5/100 0.001 0.0004m Plumbing & marking errors max 0.015/100 Length of tape known within 0.005 0.015 0.0046m 0.005 0.0015m
errors 2
E = 0.000337 = 0.018'
E = 0.0000031 = 0.0056m
accuracy =
or
accuracy =
Tape Corrections
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Source
Importance in Procedure to reduce or eliminate 1:5,000 taping Standardize and apply correction
Long or Usually small short check Long or Only in hot or short cold weather Long or Negligible short Short
15 F 15 lbs
Measure temp & apply correction Use invar tape Apply correction; Use spring balance Use normal tension Use standard tension
Large esp. for Apply correction; heave tape Use only fully supported
Slope
At breaks in slope, determine differences in height; apply correction Use reasonable care in alignment; keep tape taut and reasonably straight
Source
Governing condition causes and manner Estimated value of cumulation per tape length Rugged terrain, breaking tape often; cumulates randomly n 0.05 0.10
Marking tape ends Tape graduated to hundredths of ft; with tape fully cumulates randomly n supported Applying tension Change in sag correction due to variation in tension of 2 lb from standard tension; cumulates n In h = 0.8 in = 028; Cumulates
0.01
0.01
0.050
n
0.005
Tape Corrections
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