PART II - Collaboration Technology Applications in Management

PART II COLLABORATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN MANAGEMENT
Contents
TEAM MANAGEMENT: ..................................................................... 6 Team building ............................................................................... 6 Types of Teams ........................................................................... 10 VIRTUAL TEAMS.......................................................................... 11 CROSS FUNCTIONAL TEAM......................................................... 14 DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES ........................................................ 17 Time Management ..................................................................... 21 LEADERSHIP ................................................................................ 23 COMMUNICATION...................................................................... 26 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ................................................. 28 Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 1
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT ..........................................................31 COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH ...........................................................36 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ...............................................................36 Collaborative Technology ...........................................................36 Web search engine .....................................................................37 Social Bookmarking ....................................................................44 Expert Global Community...........................................................49 Virtual Community and its purpose............................................51 BLOGS .........................................................................................52 Wikipedia Articles: ......................................................................57 REVIEW QUESTIONS ...................................................................65 SUMMARY ..................................................................................66 COLLABORATIVE DESIG AND DEVELOPMENT.................................67 LEARNING OBJECTIVES ...............................................................67 1. Introduction to Collaborative Design & Development ...........68 2. Virtual Teams ..........................................................................76 3.Industries employing collaborative design and development 84 4. Future course in collaborative design and development .......96 5. REVIEW QUESTIONS:- .............................................................98 6. References: .............................................................................98 SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK COLLABORATION ................................101 Introduction ..............................................................................101 Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 2
What is WBUSINESS TO BUSINESS ........................................... 102 Business to Business in Marketing ....................................... 103 B2B Branding ........................................................................ 103 Product (or Service) .............................................................. 103 People (Target Market) ........................................................ 103 Pricing ................................................................................... 104 Promotion............................................................................. 104 Place (Sales and Distribution) ............................................... 104 Difference between B2B and B2C ........................................ 105 Some Differences between B2B and B2C E-Commerce: ...... 105 IMPACT OF COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN B2B ................. 107 INDIA AND COLLABRATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN B2B .................... 108 WHAT IS MDM : ........................................................................ 109 IMPORTANCE OF MDM : ..................................................... 110 APPLICATIONS OF MDM : ..................................................... 111 EVOLUTION OF MDM: .......................................................... 111 Internet Auctions...................................................................... 112 Introduction.......................................................................... 112 Process Of Auction ............................................................... 113 Security Requirements ......................................................... 114 Bidder collusion: ................................................................... 115 Choosing the right kind of auction: ...................................... 116 Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 3
Withdrawing bids in an open cry auction: ............................117 Usability: ...............................................................................118 Bidding agents: .....................................................................118 Strengths...............................................................................119 What is SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK VISIBILITY ...........................122 What is SERVICE - ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE ..........................131 COLLABORATIVE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ...............................140 Collaborative Marketing ...............................................................180 WHY MARKETING ON FACEBOOK? ...........................................195 Social Media Marketing YouTube Marketing ........................198 HISTORY OF YOUTUBE ..............................................................198 Summary ...................................................................................215 References ................................................................................217 Collaboration f Citizens in Government ......................................220 Learning Objectives: .................................................................220 Social Activism .........................................................................220 Interface Between Society And Technology .............................221 SOCIAL ACTIVISM WITH SOCIAL NETWORK :............................226 Web 2.0.....................................................................................228 Understanding Democracy .......................................................230 Social Networking affecting Democratic elections ...................233 Democratic Governance and Social Integration: ......................237 Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 4
E-Governance ........................................................................... 239 E-democracy ............................................................................. 243 UID and NREGA ........................................................................ 247 The Power of Social Media ....................................................... 252 Summary .................................................................................. 258
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TEAM MANAGEMENT:
Team building
Teams are increasingly becoming the primary means for organizing work in contemporary business firms.In fact, this trend is so wide spread that certain companies like Optimus are hiring hiring whole team. The first step involved in it is team building.A well build(formed) team will be the output optimising team.
How to build a team using vision, commitment and trust:

1. Vision Vision means being able to excite the team with large, desired outcomes.Here by the large outcomes we mean devising goals that the team identifies with and performs better. The first step in vision is to project such a goal.It must contain challenge, appeal to personal pride, and provide an opportunity to make a difference and know it. Then the goal can become a powerful vision. 2. Commitment Commitment means how devoted you are toward the achievement of your goal .Different people have different perception of it; some may assume, that commitment means long hours, while to others it may mean productivity.The more committed a team is towards the achievement of the goal, better is the team chemistry and hence stronger is the team build. Here it becomes the responsibility of the leader to insure the commitment of each member. 3. Trust
Trust means confidence in team leadership and vision. When trust prevails, team members are more willing to go through a difficult process, supported through ups, downs, risk and potential loss. The 5 Ps of Team Building: When forming teams, manager should consider the team's purpose, member participation and placement, as well as team processes and plans. Purpose- The team has to clearly understand why it exists, what it has to do and how it will know they are successful?For this purpose the team and the management must agree to a mission statement so that they are working together in a common direction towards a solutions that meet their overall purpose.. Participation - It is deciding, as to who would be the best people to be included in the team and how large should the team be, in order to accomplish the purpose? For this the management needs to consider necessary skill sets, professional attitudes, and process knowledge when selecting team members. Placement - Where will the team members be physically located and how often should the team plan to have meetings. If the team is spread over multiple sites, managers will need to consider costs and possible problems team may have due to culture or time differences, and then determine whether travel for some meetings is required or if any special equipment is needed for members to meet regularly via phone or on-line. Process - How will the team get to where it needs to go in order to accomplish its purpose? The team should develop and agree to their ground rules, any constraints that management may set related to decision-making authority or functional boundaries Plan - Will the team acknowledge when its project or assignment will be complete and know what it needs to accomplish its tasks? Not only should the team and their management define work deadlines and expected milestones in its goals and schedules, but it should also include necessary training to acquire team and task
related skills. Considering the 5 P's of purpose, participation, placement, process, and plan, management can design better teams and plan its development and its needs accordingly.
Essentials of team building:

Team requires a shared purpose All the members in the team should have a common mission or a goal. A Team requires a team leader - Leadership is not about control or power, it is about accepting responsibility for helping the team achieve its purpose. In the absence of leadership team members become distracted from their path and role in the team. Team requires clear roles - Teams have many and varied makeups, in order to ensure that responsibilities are carried out with greatest effect and least confusion each team member should understand and be able to articulate what their role is. Team requires clear boundaries (the do and dont of a team )- in life and work there is often the temptation to venture into areas that are out of bounds. When this happens, it usually get us into trouble. Clear boundaries say where our team won't go, and what our team won't do. This is important as the team tries to stay focused on its primary purpose. Team requires relationship - Relationship ensures that the team works smoothly.
Team Building Activities:

Team building activities refer to a wide range of activities presented to businesses designed for improving team performance. Team building exercises consist of a variety of tasks designed to develop group members and their ability to work together effectively. There are many types of team building activities that range from kids
games to games that involve novel complex tasks and are designed for specific needs. There are also more complex team building exercises that are composed of multiple exercises such as ropes courses, corporate drumming and exercises that last over several days. The purpose of team building exercises is to assist teams in becoming cohesive units of individuals that can effectively work together to complete tasks. Types of Team Building Exercises: 1. Goal: Give team a problem in which the solution is not easily apparent or requires the team to come up with a creative solution Problem Solving/Decision Making Exercise: Problem Solving/Decision making exercises focus specifically on groups working together to solve difficult problems or make complex decisions. Planning/Adaptability Exercise: These exercises focus on aspects of planning and being adaptable to change. These are important things for teams to be able to do when they are assigned complex tasks or decisions. Trust Exercise: A trust exercise involves engaging team members in a way that will induce trust between them. They are sometimes difficult exercises to implement as there are varying degrees of trust between individuals and varying degrees of individual comfort trusting others in general.
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Team Building Pitfalls:

1. Failing to allocate sufficient time for planning Solution: Plan well in advance 2. Setting an unrealistic budget and failing to allocate it appropriately: Solution: Set a realistic budget 3. Not leaving enough wiggles room in your agenda. Solution: Setting a Realistic Timeframe
4. Failing to have an emergency plan.
Types of Teams
A team is a collection of individuals organized to accomplish a common purpose, who are interdependent, and who can be identified by themselves and observers as a team. Teams exist within a larger organization and interact with other teams and with the organization. Teams are one way for organizations to gather input from members, and to provide organization members with a sense of involvement in the pursuit of organizational goals. Teams normally have members with complementary skills and generate synergy through a coordinated effort which allows each member to maximize his or her strengths and minimize his or her weaknesses. Team members need to learn how to help one another, help other team members realize their true potential, and create an environment that allows everyone to go beyond their limitations. Types of Teams: there are basically six types of teams; namely: Self Managed Work Teams Cross Functional Teams Problem Solving Teams Virtual Teams Project Teams Informal Teams
These teams can be briefly described as follows: Self Managed Work Teams:
Self managed work teams are groups of employees who perform highly related or interdependent jobs and take on many of the responsibilities of their former supervisors. Fully self managed work teams even select their own members and have the members evaluate each others performance.
Cross Functional Teams:
Cross functional teams are group of employees who are from the same hierarchical level but from different work areas who come together to accomplish a task. Problem Solving Teams:
In problem solving teams members share ideas or offer suggestions on how work process and methods can be improved, they rarely have the authority to unilaterally implement any of their suggested actions. Virtual Teams:
Virtual teams use computer technology to tie together physically dispersed members in order to achieve a common goal. Project Teams:
A team used only for a defined period of time and for a separate, concretely definable purpose, often becomes known as a project team Members of these teams might belong to different groups, but receive assignment to activities for the same project, thereby allowing outsiders to view them as a single unit. Informal Teams:
Informal teams are generally formed for social purposes. They can help to facilitate employee pursuits of common concerns, such as improving work conditions. More frequently however, these teams form out of a set of common concerns and interests, which may or may not be the same as the organizations. Leaders of these teams generally emerge from the membership and are not appointed by anyone in the organization.
VIRTUAL TEAMS
Virtual teams are teams composed of geographically dispersed members communicating through a wide variety of communication
technologies. So basically, a team having physically separated members who communicates electronically is a virtual team. Hence it is called as Geographically Dispersed Team (GDT). This organisational structure is growing at a fast rate as it becomes easy for an organisation to hire the best people having complementary skills and commitment to a common purpose, regardless of location.
Need for virtual team

In a competitive environment, flexibility in an organisation plays a vital role. Restricting yourself to a particular place or market gives your competitor an advantage over you. Virtual team is one of the best solutions to gain the competitive advantage in a market. The increasing globalization in the trade and corporate activities demands the emergence of environments which require interorganizational cooperation as well as competition. The virtual team here, is the most cost effective way out.
Types of virtual teams

Networked Teams-It consist of individuals who collaborate to achieve a common goal or purpose. Parallel Teams-It consists of people who work in short term to develop recommendations for an improvement in a process or system. Project or Product-Development Teams- It consists of people who conduct projects for users or customers for a defined period of time. This type of team has decision making authority. Work or Production Teams-Here people perform regular and ongoing work usually in one function. Service Teams This type of team supports customers or the internal organization in
typically a service/technical support role around the clock. Management Teams- people in this team work collaboratively on a daily basis within a functional division of a corporation. Action Teams These type of teams offer immediate responses in emergency situations. Critical success factors of Virtual teams are: The existence of availability standards. Ample resources to buy and support state-of-the-art reliable communication and collaboration tools for all team members. The existence of corporate memory systems such as lessons learned databases. The existence of written goals, objectives, project specifications, and performance metrics; results orientation. Managers and team members with a better-than-average ability to accurately estimate. A lower-than-normal ration of pushed to pulled information. Team communication is prioritized by the sender. Human resource policies, reward/recognition systems as well as career development systems address the unique needs of virtual workers. Good access to technical training and information on how to work across cultures. Training methods accommodate continual and just-in-time learning. There are standard and agreed on technical and soft team processes. A high trust culture; teamwork and collaboration are the norm. Leaders set high performance expectations; model behaviours such as working across boundaries and using technology effectively.
Team leaders and members exhibit competence in working in virtual environments.
CROSS FUNCTIONAL TEAM

A cross-functional team is a group of people with different functional expertise working toward a common goal. It may include people from finance, marketing, operations, and human resources departments. Typically, it includes employees from all levels of an organization. Members may also come from outside an organization (in particular, from suppliers, key customers, or consultants). Cross-functional team often function as self-directed teams responding to broad, but not specific directives. Decision making within a team may depend on consensus but often is led by a manager/coach/team leader. A non-business, yet good example of cross-functional teams are music bands, where each element plays a different instrument (or has a different role). Songs are the result of collaboration and participation, and the goals are decided by consensus. Skills to play all the instruments involved are not required since music provides a standard language that everybody in the team can understand. In short, music bands are clear examples of how these teams work.
A film production team is also a cross-functional team. The director actually is the team leader but if he said action and at the same time the sound manager found some distortion or noise or any thing which he is not convinced within his job, he can take the decision to stop until this problem is solved. Simply put, every expert is the leader or the manager of the whole operation when there is a problem related to his specialty.
History:
Cross-functional teams are not new. Northwestern Mutual Life insurance company pioneered their use in the 1950s when the CEO of the company brought together people from the financial, investment, actuarial, and other departments to study the impact that computers would have on the business world. As a result of that first CFT Northwestern was among the first companies in the country to create an information systems department that gave the company a large competitive advantage as computers gained in popularity. The company now relies on cross-functional teams in almost every facet of its organization. Based on success stories like this one, CFTs slowly grew in popularity throughout the 1960s and 1970s before exploding in popularity in the 1980s when faster production time and increased organizational performance became critical in almost every industry.
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Cross-functional teams typically comprise individuals with a functional home base (eg: engineering, personnel, marketing) but who work collaboratively on issues or processes requiring diverse resources. There are four key areas that distinguish crossfunctional teamwork from more conventional teams: functional diversity competing identities integration in the organisational structure performance expectation.
Team types
The business rationale for cross-functional working operates on two dimensions: type of synergy, and integration with the organisations structure. Some teams are primarily concerned with cross-functional collaboration that in some way shapes future organisational strategy and development of the business. These require the building of a critical mass of people who can generate new knowledge or synergistic learning and commit around an emerging consensus. Other teams are responsible for largely operational business processes, eg the implementation and/or delivery of new integration or co-ordination methods. Here the emphasis is upon the application and delivery of shared knowledge. Along the other dimension, teams differ in the extent to which they are integrated into the organisations structure and business
processes as a semi-permanent structure, or organised as a parallel and largely separate project.
How learning takes place

Members of cross-functional teams seldom have explicit expectations of what they might learn, nor are they always conscious of what they have learnt. Measuring both learning methods and outcomes is therefore difficult. The IES study, however,does illustrate that team members learn via four particular routes: direct knowledge/skills transfer from other experts observing diverse others in action collective problem-solving and experimentation Consolidating prior experience and re-framing new insights. The majority of the survey respondents (43 per cent) felt that they had learnt most from working closely with others within the team. An appropriate mix of expertise in the team, and the capability of individual members to share and otherwise impart their knowledge, is a critical success factor in team learning.
DIFFERENT PERSONALITIES
What do we mean by different personalities:
Every employee, from management to labor, brings with them personality traits that are unique to that individual. Some characteristics are most welcome, such as leadership ability or
diplomacy in discussions. The study of these different personality traits is called Different Personalities. Why study Different personalities To predict the overall personality and organizational behavior, this ultimately helps in determining its productivity and the productivity of its employees. To identify the Emotional Intelligence (EQ) of individuals in organization. Personality refers to the emotion, thought, and behavior patterns unique to an individual. Personality influences one's tendencies, such as a preference for introversion or extroversion. Like Intelligence Quotient (IQ), personality cannot be used to predict EQ. However, as EQ can identify both the biases and clarity in one's thinking patterns that allow them to make good sound decisions, personality only refers to the biases in the behaviors themselves. Parameters for measuring different personalities in an organization Influencing: using effective tactics and techniques for persuasion and desired results Communication: sending clear and convincing messages that are understood by others Leadership: inspiring and guiding groups of people Change catalyst: initiating and/or managing change in the workplace Conflict resolution: negotiating and resolving disagreements with people Building bonds: nurturing instrumental relationships for business success Collaboration and cooperation: working with coworkers and business partners toward shared goals
Team capabilities: creating group synergy in pursuing collective goals
Different types of personalities in an organization THE LEADER - THE "A" TYPE PERSONALITY They are the ones that are always "looking for a better way" or building a "better mouse trap". They have an entrepreneurial streak and don't mind taking risk in order to receive the rewards that can go along with it. The "A" personality is usually very independent, direct and to the point. They will probably tell you to "get to the bottom line" or give them the "executive summary" to read. They don't like routine and often delegate routine chores to someone else. The "A" Personality enjoys change, and one of their biggest fears is falling into a routine. They are very focused on what they are doing and are almost always relatively insensitive to others that might be around them. If they tell somebody something, or explain it, they'll say it ONCE and expect that everybody listening understood because they're ready to move on. "A" type personalities are often found as business owners, managers, sales people (especially straight commission), or any position requiring a very "direct" person that typically "takes charge" and forges ahead. They are very decisive and persistent in getting what they want and need. THE SOCIALIZER - "B" TYPE PERSONALITY The "B" type loves to party, travel and be part of groups, and is often the center of attention. They love excitement and are often impatient and demanding as a result of being a "high energy" type. They love the limelight and the "hype" and often do very well in sales, advertising, marketing, public speaking, party planning, travel and other positions where they can have a "good time" while working. The "B" personality is as Supportive of others as they are direct in their approach. Most people enjoy being around them or watching or listening to them "perform". Many radio and TV personalities, actors and high-profile speakers are often "B" personalities. It is very important for the "B" personality to be liked by others and can
be easily hurt if they think someone doesn't care for them. They may take it very personally. A good example of a "B" personality was the part Bette Midler played in the movie "Beaches" where her character was a big success in movies and on the stage. An outstanding line from the movie was, when having her best friend over who she hasn't seen in years, she takes her on a whirlwind tour of her elaborate apartment then says: "... enough about ME, let's talk about YOU. So, what do you think of ME?" Certainly, most "B" personalities are not that "strong", but it does provide a good mental picture of some of the characteristics to look for in the "B" type. This type often does well in sales as they tend to be very talkative and outgoing with people and are normally quite persuasive. THE "C" TYPE PERSONALITY If you want to picture a typical "C" type personality, think of your accountant, an engineer or a computer programmer or analyst. The "C" thrives on details, accuracy and takes just about everything seriously. They are usually very neat, dress fashionably and are very calculated and precise in just about everything they do. The "C" doesn't like "hype", rather, they want facts, information from which they can verify the details and make a decision. They are very consistent in everything they do because everything has an order or procedure; thus they can be predictable at times and often very dependable, however, don't expect them to make a decision when YOU want it, as it will only come after THEY have checked all the facts and are satisfied that everything is correct. They are deep, thoughtful and usually very sensitive. They enjoy know how and why things are the way they are rather than taking anything at face value. They often make good customer service people and sales people, especially if the product to support or sell is something "technical" or involves numbers. They are loyal and patient and can leave customers with a good feeling that they're somebody that really cares. However, managers may need to make sure they don't spend TOO much time with details if the objective or expected outcome doesn't warrant the investment of their time and expertise.
THE "D" TYPE PERSONALITY The typical "D" personality doesn't like change, preferring instead, to have a set of guidelines from which to follow and they won't mind doing the same thing over and over. They are usually more motivated by security and benefits and are likely to get the "gold watch" if the company can provide the security they seek. "D" types are very supportive of others and are often the type that others turn to when they have a problem. Their compassion level is usually quite high and often seems very happy and content with themselves and life in general. They are usually punctual, and consistent. They add "balance" and support in the workplace and may be the champion of the "under dog". Machiavellianism The degree to which a person is pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means. The individuals who are high Machs are very persuasive and can do their work best when there is face to face interaction and there is less constraints involved. Proactive personalityTo initiate change rather than reacting to events. Controlling a situation by causing something to happen rather than waiting to respond to it after it tending active disposed to take action or effectuate change; "a director who takes an active interest in corporate operations"; "an active antagonism"; "he was active in drawing attention to their grievances"
Time Management
Time management refers to the use of various skills, tools, and techniques to manage time and accomplish specific tasks, projects and goals.
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Time is limited Helps you prioritize Get more done in less time More quality work Keep things in context Making sure you deliver whats promised Helps discipline ourselves
How to manage time effectively

Set your goals Recognize signs of chronic disorganization Identify the most common interruptions of working time and ways to eliminate them Determine why and where you procrastinate Apply the practical techniques, concepts and strategies to manage time Manage the work (Use time constructively) Improve productivity/effectiveness (spent time on result producing activities)
Time Wasting Culprits

Inefficient delegations Telephone interruptions Socializing on the job Misfiled information Poor planning Procrastination Waiting /Delays Not setting/ Sticking to priorities
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Goal Setting Software - Goal-setting software can offer specific options to fit your individual needs, can offer the motivation and structure you need. Example- calendars, daily reminders, periodic progress reports. Technology - Place goal reminders on your Personal Data Assistant (PDA), cell phone or computer. These can act as monitors and guide you to translate your goals into actions.
LEADERSHIP
Leadership is practices not so much in words as in attitude and in action. Harold S. Geneen A 'Leader' is a person who can set direction to the work and motivate individuals to achieve a common objective. So, a 'Leader' must to be able to understand human psychology and be able to handle a wide range of situations on an ongoing basis. What sets aside a leader from the rest is his/her ability to cope up with the most adverse of situations and yet motivate the team and channelize their work to achieve the set goals.
What is Leadership?
It is the ability to influence a group towards the achievement of a vision or a set of goals. Because management positions come with some degree of formally designated authority, a person may assume a leadership role simply because of the position he or she holds in the organization. But not all leaders are managers, nor for that matter; all managers leaders. In todays dynamic world, we need leaders to challenge the status quo, to create visions for the future and to inspire organizational members to want to achieve the mission.
We come across various theories of leadership put forward by researchers. Some of them are as follows.
Trait Theories of Leadership

Leadership trait theory is the idea that people are born with certain character traits or qualities. Since certain traits are associated with proficient leadership, it assumes that if you could identify people with the correct traits, you will be able to identify leaders and people with leadership potential. Most of the time the traits are considered to be naturally part of a persons personality from birth.
Behavioral Theories of Leadership

Assumptions Leaders can be made, rather than being born. We could train people to be leaders. Description Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to teach and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral 'traits' or 'capabilities' . Discussion Behavioral is a big leap from Trait Theory, in that it assumes that leadership capability can be learned, rather than being inherent. This opens the gates to leadership development, as opposed to simple psychometric assessment that sorts those with leadership potential from those who will never have the chance. A behavioral theory is relatively easy to develop, as it simply requires assessing both the leadership success and actions of the
leaders. With a good study, statistically significant behaviors can be correlated with success. Behaviors which contribute to failure can also be identified, thus adding a second layer of understanding.
Contingency Theory of Leadership

Contingency theory is a class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Several contingency approaches were developed concurrently in the late 1960s. Historically, contingency theory has sought to formulate broad generalizations about the formal structures that are typically associated with or best fit the use of different technologies. The perspective originated with the work of Joan Woodward (1958), who argued that technologies directly determine differences in such organizational attributes as span of control, centralization of authority, and the formalization of rules and procedures.
Group Leadership
In contrast to individual leadership, some organizations have adopted group leadership. In this situation, more than one person provides direction to the group as a whole. Some organizations have taken this approach in hopes of increasing creativity, reducing costs, or downsizing. Others may see the traditional leadership of a boss as costing too much in team performance. In some situations, the maintenance of the boss becomes too expensive - either by draining the resources of the group as a whole, or by impeding the creativity within the team, even unintentionally. Common example of group leadership involves cross-functional teams. A team of people with diverse skills and from all parts of an organization assembles to lead a project. A team structure can involve sharing power equally on all issues, but more commonly uses rotating
leadership. The team member(s) best able to handle any given phase of the project become(s) the temporary leader(s). Additionally, as each team member has the opportunity to experience the elevated level of empowerment, it energizes staff and feeds the cycle of success.
COMMUNICATION
Communication as the backbone of a team
The success of a team majorly depends on the effectiveness of communication within a team. Group communication allows members to freely express themselves, and can provide accurate and comprehensive information. Communication in a team creates an environment of safety and security. When group members feel the freedom to voice their opinion, they feel safe in that group. When communication is absent or ineffective in a team, the team unity will suffer. There will be lack of vision, motivation and purpose for existing. Where there is effective group communication, the group operates with one mind, spirit and common goal. Thus, Communication forms the backbone of any team.
Communication Process
To be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to lessen the frequency of problems at each stage of this process, with clear, concise, accurate, well-planned communications.
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Interpersonal communication: Interpersonal communication is the process to communicate our ideas, thoughts, and feelings to another person. Our interpersonal communication skills are learned behaviours that can be improved through knowledge, practice, feedback, and reflection. Intrateam communication: Intrateam communication is a process through which team members communicate with one another. It is made up of the communication strategies and styles of each member of the team. Like interpersonal communication skills, a team can improve its intrateam communication skills through knowledge, practice, feedback, and reflection Interteam communication: Communication between members of two or more different industries is called interteam communication. Formal communication: Communication takes place through the formal channels of the organization structure along the lines of authority established by the management. Such communications are generally in writing and may take any of the forms; policy; manuals: procedures and rule books; official meetings; reports, etc. Informal Communication: Communication arising out of all those channels of communication that fall outside the formal channels is known as informal communication. It is built around the social relationships of members of the organization.
Methods to improve communication within a team.

Team communication is imperative to success. Therefore, learning ways to improve communication within a team will improve productivity and overall team structure. There are many ways a manager can improve their team's communication Knowing the right steps to building a productive, integrated and low turn over
team is the key to success. Here are a few steps that will help your team to be on the way to a sense of connectedness and higher profitability. 1. Have the right people in your team. Each team has many players. Some are more talkative than others and some are the hard working-quiet type. Whatever the type, recognize each personality and match your communication with theirs. 2. Us a value and innovative mind set. Locate and listen to the different talents within your team. Doing this will build trust and creativity. 3. Provide a meaningful and needed work atmosphere. Everyone wants to work with a purpose. Have the work a person does be needed and important. 4. Offer some change. The same old can become tedious. You may be surprised at the skills you find in your team. 5. Create some focus, and align some vision. Create a common goal within the team and help your team see this vision so they know what they are working towards. 6. Set proper expectations. We all want to know where we are going and what we are doing. With proper expectations set, and a reasonable follow through, a teams trust will grow and succeed together.
PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT
Performance management focuses on the performance of an organization, a department, employee, or even the processes to build a product or service. It includes various activities to ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner.
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The PM approach is used most often in the workplace but applies wherever people interact. Cultures are different but the laws of behavior are the same worldwide. Armstrong and baron (1998) defined it as A strategic and integrated approach to increasing the effectiveness of organizations by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing the capabilities of teams and individual contributors. It is possible to get all employees to reconcile personal goals with organizational goals. One can increase the productivity and profitability for any organization with the transparent and hidden forces embedded in this process. The process is a natural, selfinspired performance process and is appropriately named the selfpropelled performance process (SPPP). Features of the self-propelled performance management system: 1. the fastest known method for career promotion; 2. the most neglected part in teachings about management and leadership principles; 3. the most complete and sophisticated application of performance management; 4. the best integration of human behavior research findings, with the latest management, leadership and organizational development principles; 5. the best automated method for organizational change, development, growth, performance and profit; First of all, deriving from the strategic plan, a commitment analysis must be done, where a job mission statement is drawn up for each job. The job mission statement is a job definition in terms of purpose, customers, product and scope. The aim with this analysis is to determine the continuous key objectives and performance standards for each job position. Following the commitment analysis, is the work analysis of a particular job in terms of the reporting structure and job description. If a job description is not available, then a systems analysis can be done to draw up a job description. The aim with this analysis is to
determine the continuous critical objectives and performance standards for each job.
Benefits:
Managing employee or system performance leads to the effective delivery of strategic and operational goals. Using performance management programs or software also improve business and organizational results. For employee performance management, using integrated software, rather than a spreadsheet based recording system, may deliver a significant return on investment through a range of direct and indirect sales benefits, operational efficiency benefits. Benefits may include: Direct financial gain Grow sales Reduce costs Stop project overruns Aligns the organization directly behind the CEO's goals Decreases the time it takes to create strategic or operational changes by communicating the changes through a new set of goals Motivated workforce Optimizes incentive plans to specific goals for over achievement, not just business as usual Improves employee engagement because everyone understands how they are directly contributing to the organizations high level goals Create transparency in achievement of goals High confidence in bonus payment process Professional development programs are better aligned directly to achieving business level goals Improved management control Flexible, responsive to management needs
Displays data relationships Helps audit / comply with legislative requirements Simplifies communication of strategic goals scenario planning Provides well documented and communicated process documentation
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
Conflict management refers to the long-term management of intractable conflicts. It is the label for the variety of ways by which people handle grievancesstanding up for what they consider to be right and against what they consider to be wrong. Which forms of conflict management will be used in any given situation can predicted and explained by the social structure of the issue. Conflict is when two or more values, perspectives and opinions are contradictory in nature and haven't been aligned or agreed about yet, including: 1. Within yourself when you're not living according to your values; 2. When your values and perspectives are threatened; or 3. Discomfort from fear of the unknown or from lack of fulfillment. Conflict is inevitable and often good, for example, good teams always go through a "form, storm, norm and perform" period. Getting the most out of diversity means often-contradictory values, perspectives and opinions. Conflicts are useful as they: 1. Helps to raise and address problems. 2. Energizes work to be on the most appropriate issues. 3. Helps people "be real", for example, it motivates them to participate. 4. Helps people learn how to recognize and benefit from their differences.
Conflict is not the same as discomfort. The conflict isn't the problem - it is when conflict is poorly managed that is the problem. Conflict is a problem when it: 1. Hampers productivity. 2. Lowers morale. 3. Causes more and continued conflicts. 4. Causes inappropriate behavior. For any organization to be effective and efficient in achieving its goals, the people in the organization must have a shared vision of what they need to achieve as well as their individual goals. Their must also be ways of recognizing and resolving conflict amongst people, so that conflict does not become so serious that cooperation is impossible
Types of Managerial Actions that Cause Workplace Conflicts

1. Poor communications 2. The alignment or the amount of resources is insufficient. There is: 3. "Personal chemistry", including conflicting values or actions among managers and employees. 4. Leadership problems, including inconsistent, missing, too-strong or uninformed leadership (at any level in the organization).
Key Managerial Actions / Structures to Minimize Conflicts

1. Regularly review job descriptions. Get your employee's input to them. Write down and date job descriptions. 2. Intentionally build relationships with all subordinates. 3. Get regular, written status reports. 4. Conduct basic training about: a. Interpersonal communications. b. Conflict management. c. Delegation.
5. Develop procedures for routine tasks and include the employees' input. 6. Regularly hold management meetings, for example, every month, to communicate new initiatives and status of current programs. 7. Consider an anonymous suggestion box in which employees can provide suggestions.
How to manage and resolve conflict situations

Collective bargaining Conciliation Negotiation Mediation Arbitration
Ways People Deal With Conflict

It depends on the current situation and there is no unanimous solution to it. Here are the major ways that people use to deal with conflict. Avoid it. Pretend it is not there or ignore it. Accommodate it. Give in to others, sometimes to the extent that you compromise yourself. Competing. Work to get your way, rather than clarifying and addressing the issue. Compromising. Mutual give-and-take. Collaborating. Focus on working together.
References:
http://www.ehow.com/about_5437412_importanceteam-communication.html
http://www.foundationcoalition.org/publications/brochu res/communication.pdf http://www.businessknowledgesource.com/blog/how_ can_i_improve_communication_within_my_teams_02 1634.html http://www.timethoughts.com/timemanagement/definiti on-time-management.htm http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/ReadySet Present-96138-time-management-powerpointcontent-value-business-presentations-finance-ppt/ http://managementhelp.org/ldrship/ldrship.htm ^ Davis, Barbee. 97 Things Every Project Manager Should Know: Collective Wisdom from the Experts. Beijing: O'Reilly, 2009. Print."Build teams to Run Marathons, Not Sprints" By Naresh Jain pg 96 ^ Ken Blanchard. pg 7. "Go Team! Take your team to the Next Level." Berret-Koehler publishing Inc. SanFrancisco, CA. 2005 ^ Kimble et al. (2000) Effective Virtual Teams through Communities of Practice (Department of Management Science Research Paper Series, 00/9), University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde, UK, 2000. ^ a b Ferrell, Betty; Nessa Coyle (2006). Textbook of Palliative Nursing (2 ed.). Oxford University Press US. p. 35. ISBN 0195175492. ^ Wheelan, S. (2010). Creating Effective Teams: a Guide for Members and Leaders. Los Angeles: SAGE. Print http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. authorstream.com%2FPresentation%2FReadySetPre sent-96138-time-management-powerpoint-content-
value-business-presentations-financeppt%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXdkBiIO_KrIfclvy-ppWjBKC5Q Organizational Behavior by Robbins, Judge and Sanghi.
COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
We will learn about the various collaborative tools that help us in research which will include overview of the following : Search engines Social bookmarking Expert global community Blogs Wiki
Collaborative Technology
Meaning:
5. In these times when increasing number of professionals want to use their iPhone for work and when they need work applications at home, investment by IT firms towards collaborative tools such as video conferencing, Web conferencing, instant messaging, blogs and internet protocol telephony is set to increase. These all are termed as collaborative technologies. 6. Basically, these collaborative technologies are used when
employees from different business units work together on a common task. It helps in the synchronization of the work proceeding at different work stations. Also, it is known for the easy handling. Collaborative technology is becoming the core of all the events taking place around us. Hence, here we can study the collaborative technology in detail to understand its various applications. We must be well aware about the fields where it can be beneficial and effective.
Benefits:
The research found that India and China are most progressive in adopting collaborative technologies. Globally, 96 per cent of ITDMs and end users feel that collaboration tools have a role to play in the future success of their business. Further, 69 per cent of end users regularly use advanced collaboration tools such as video and web conferencing to help them complete tasks at work more efficiently.
Web search engine

A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a list of results and are often called hits. The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files.
Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike Web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.
To add a search, simply right-click (Ctrl-click on Mac) in the site's search field and select "Create search" from the menu. Enter a name for your search, and a keyword, which can be used for searching directly from the address bar. Then click OK.
One of the first "full text" crawler-based search engines was WebCrawler, which came out in 1994. Unlike its predecessors, it let users search for any word in any webpage, which has become the standard for all major search engines since. It was also the first one to be widely known by the public. Also in 1994, Lycos (which started at Carnegie Mellon University) was launched and became a major commercial endeavour. Soon after, many search engines appeared and vied for popularity. These included Magellan, Excite, Infoseek, Inktomi, Northern Light, and AltaVista. Search engines were also known as some of the brightest stars in the Internet investing frenzy that occurred in the late 1990s.
[8]
Several companies entered the market spectacularly,
receiving record gains during their initial public offerings. Some have taken down their public search engine, and are marketing
enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light.
A search engine operates, in the following order Web crawling Indexing Searching
Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the html itself. These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called meta tags). Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. A query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow information to be found as quickly as possible. When a user enters a query into a search engine (typically by using key words), the engine examines its index and provides a listing of best-matching web pages according to its criteria, usually with a short summary containing the document's title and sometimes parts of the text. There is also concept-based searching where the research involves using statistical analysis on pages containing the words or phrases you search for. As well, natural language queries allow the user to type a question in the same form one would ask it to a
human. A site like this would be ask.com. The usefulness of a search engine depends on the relevance of the result set it gives back. While there may be millions of web pages that include a particular word or phrase, some pages may be more relevant, popular, or authoritative than others. Most Web search engines are commercial ventures supported by advertising revenue and, as a result, some employ the practice of allowing advertisers to pay money to have their listings ranked higher in search results. Those search engines which do not accept money for their search engine results make money by running search related ads alongside the regular search engine results. The search engines make money every time someone clicks on one of these ads. Market Share
Optimizing your sites so that they appear higher in the search engine rankings has always been a bit of a black art. Each search
engine has its own unique page ranking algorithm that decides which sites should go at the top of a search but this guide will let you know a few methods of getting towards the top.
Use HTML Text
All search engines have a program that reads through sites on their index. If the site doesn't contain any text then there is nothing to read other than names of images, then these will be used in the search results. This is obviously not a desired effect since graphic names are not particularly informative.
Use Meta Tags
The two most important tags to use are called "description" and "keywords". Description is simply a description of your site, this is the text that will be displayed in the search engine results. Make it as informative as possible so people can see what your site is about. Keywords is a set of words that the search engine can use to match a search term against. For instance, if your site is a site selling Tractors and you are based in Gloucestershire then you would want to place tractor and Gloucestershire as keywords. That way, if someone typed these into a search engine then it would look at your keywords for them. It will also look in your description and
more but more on that later. To create these Meta Tags go to Page>Meta Tags in the Freeway document. In the dialog that appears select the User tab if it is not already selected. You should see a Meta Tag in the dialog called GENERATOR, this is normal so don't worry about this. Click New and in the dialog that appears enter "description" without quotes in the Name field. In the Value field write up to a 30 word description. Anything more than this may not get read by some search engines. Click Ok to apply the Tag. Click New again and in the Name field type "keywords" again without quotes. In the value field type up to around 30 words separated by commas and click Ok to apply the tag. If you apply these to your Master page then they will appear on each page that is based upon that Master. Sometimes you may only want Meta Tags on your homepage, other times you may want different tags for each page. This is down to your own personal discretion.
Give your pages meaningful and readable titles

These are also read and used to search against by the search engines. If your page has the title "T-h-i-s I-s M-y H-o-m-e-p-a-g-e" then the search engine won't be able to read it. It will therefore be ignored.
If you have to use a lot of graphics on your homepage then use Alt text on them
This is also read by the search engines in the same way as point 3. To add Alt text to graphics select them one by one and in the Inspector Palette click the Alt option and choose Other. Enter a description of the image which can be read by the search engine.
Add your site address to the search engines
If you don't do this then they will have to rely on finding your site through links from other sites. If no-one has a link to your site then it will never be found! Note: It can take up to a month to appear in the search engine listings. Use these links to add your site to the main search engines indices: Google, the most widely used search engine. Open Directory Project Many of the major search engines reference this site when searching. Search Engine Watch is a good resource site containing search engine information. Useful Resources for SEO: A comprehensive look at SEO
Social Bookmarking
History
To look at the history of Social Bookmarking we have to go back to 1996 with the launch of the website itLists.com, this was the first site to utilise the concept of shared bookmarks. A few years later this idea was followed by companies such as Backflip, Blink, Clip2, Hotlinks and Quiver. These companies however failed to make an impact on the market due to the dot com crash of 2001. We then had to wait until 2003 when del.icio.us launched its own tag related social bookmarking site. In a short space of time del.icio.us expanded very quickly, this led to other companies following their lead. In the next few years websites such as Simpy, Furl, Stumbleupon, Netvouz, Diigo, Digg, reddit, Newsvine joined the fray and expanded on the priciples of social bookmarking. A Social Bookmarking Site encourages their members to organize their own bookmarks using specific tags. Some sites vary slightly by implementing a combination of folders and tags. The methods used to organize bookmarks vary slightly but the general principles remain the same. Many social bookmarking websites provide an RSS feed. This enables members to receive information on new bookmarks as they are saved, shared, and tagged by others. Another common feature is to allow members to
rate and comment on bookmarks, this has become very popular with web users worldwide. Receiving information via a live feed is a very good method of carrying out research or simply reading the research of others. Rather than slowing down, social bookmarking is growing at a phenomenal pace, this is due to web users realising they can gather information on specific or niche topics from a single source. As we move towards full web 2.0 compliance, it is of no surprise that social bookmarking sites are giving us a glimpse of how the World Wide Web will be structured in the future. Bookmarking sites have certainly brought a degree of order to the Internet, in the past this has always been a problem area for web users, as they generally have to visit many sites to gather information on a single subject.
Advantages
The biggest technological development of the late twentieth and early 21st centuries is probably the Internet. It has brought together people from all cultures, social and political ideologies and economic pursuits. This led to the development of what is currently known as "social book-marking" sites that have taken the internet world by storm. This new trend on cyberspace comes with a lot of benefits that you may not want to miss out on. Three are worthy of being mentioned
here as they concern Internet marketers, irrespective of their areas of endeavor or business niches. These include:
Quick Indexing
The fastest way to have any webpage or site visited by the search engines and indexed is by submitting them to any of the popular social book-marking sites like StumbleUpon, OnlyWire and others. I have had a brand new one-day old website visited by the Yahoo, Google and MSN search engine robots within 24 hours of submitting them to these social book-marking sites. I can categorically say that it is the best bait to attract the bots to your pages.
Traffic Generation
There is more to book-marking your pages online than just getting indexed; you are also guaranteed some traffic from these sites as soon as you submit to them. Since you will also be tagging (or submitting them under your niche keywords), a lot of the traffic from these sites are also very targeted. The result is that you may also have return visitors if you have very useful content or compelling offers on your website.
Personal Branding
Most of the social bookmarking sites like StumbleUpon also give you the opportunity to develop your own page on their site. This is more like a more developed profile that you can use to list all your
web pages, post links to your sites and even publish content on any niche that you may be involved in. In this way, you are not only submitting your pages to get one-way links to your sites, you are also branding yourself; you are establishing yourself as an expert to reckon with in your niche. A lot of these profile pages also get very high PR love from Google, thereby giving you a better chance of dominating your niche in the search engines. A lot of people on the site will also add you as a friend which will expand your network of fans and thereby generating you more traffic for you.
Quality Backlinks
As I mentioned above, you can build a personal page on a lot of the social book-marking sites, including the leading one, StumbleUpon. personal pages on these sites that have grown to a PR3 and even PR4. The effects of these is that your page will be frequented by the search engine robots, indexing any new content that you post on it and even following links to your own personal site and indexing the new pages and content on them. People pay top dollars to have high Page Rank links pointing their way, but with the right profile, you get them for free anytime and for a long time to come.
Disadvantages :
Lack of Anonymity
You are putting out information about your name, location, age, gender, and many other types of information that you may not want to let others know. Most people would say be careful, but no one can be certain at any given time. As long as people can know who you exactly are, then some can find ways to do you in.
Scams and Harassment

There is a potential for failure of security in both personal and business context. While many sites apply certain measures to keep any of these cases of harassment, cyber-stalking, online scams, and identity theft to an absolute minimum, you still may never know.
Time Consuming
If this is not your kind of thing, that it would just be a waste of time for you. The key to social networking is that it is supposed to be fun, whether you are just doing it for kicks or clicking around for business purposes. That should be reasonable enough for anyone, but there are those people who dont see the point. It can be a disadvantage though for them. Now theres something to really think about. Nothing is without a blemish, but those of social networking shouldnt really be that much of a concern regarding your safety. Everything will go well as long as you go along without making any big mistakes. You can take advantage of the Internet phenomenon that continues up to this day.
Social bookmarking websites Delicious Digg Diggo Fark Stumbleupon Delicious
Expert Global Community

Introduction and Motivation
In the current industrial context, the rapid evolution of technology has moved the focus from efficiency to creativity, for delivering suitable products and services to the economy. Furthermore, global challenges, such as environment, resources, competition, etc., are imposing new and harder constraints. With these challenges to face, the human capital is considered as an essential competitive advantage of business entities, being those individuals, enterprises or communities. Despite this situation, individual human potential is scarcely realized within current organizational business entities and inter-organization business relationships. Best in class corporations currently perceive that they are approaching a limit of the possible improvements actually achievable in the exploitation of knowledge workers human capital within current organizational structures. In addition to that, the European systemic innovation (i.e. societal
changes determined by the introduction of technological infrastructures) promised by the developments of the Information and Communication Technology has been realised to a very limited extent, as compared to its potential, and the multicultural diversity, peculiarity and potential richness of Europe, is not generally used as a competitive advantage by the economic system. All the above evidenced situations are contributing to the fact that the European industrial competitiveness and growth is lagging behind with respect to other regions. In response to the more and more dynamic market conditions, there is also a tendency of companies in expelling permanent expert knowledge resources to outsource them. This is for the sake of economic efficiency, as well as of the fast-changing knowledge necessities. Among other causes, this situation is also activating a trend towards the increase of the percentage of Individual Professionals, which already constitute a considerable share of the total EU work force, as opposed to the Corporate Professionals one. Knowledge workers main causes of dissatisfaction are the occupational precariousness, the poor recognition and reward of their professional achievements, and the restriction of their social interactions within the boundaries of very small communities during the working time (which is becoming greater and greater with respect to the available free time).A new organizational arrangement, referred to as Professional Virtual Community (PVC), is now emerging as the evolution of previous organizational associative schemes (Virtual Communities, Community of Practices, Professional Communities) in order to
address the objectives of increasing, at the same time: the European Industrial competitiveness, the Knowledge workers quality of life.
Virtual Community and its purpose

A virtual community is a social network of individuals who interact through specific media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in order to pursue mutual interests or goals. One of the most pervasive types of virtual community includes social networking services, which consist of various communities. Purpose of virtual communities Virtual communities are used for a variety of social and professional groups. It does not necessarily mean that there is a strong bond among the members, although Howard Rheingold, author of the book of the same name, mentions that virtual communities form "when people carry on public discussions long enough, with sufficient human feeling, to form webs of personal relationships. An email distribution list may have hundreds of members and the communication which takes place may be merely informational (questions and answers are posted), but members may remain relative strangers and the membership turnover rate could be high. This is in line with the liberal use of the term community. Internet-based virtual communities the explosive diffusion of the Internet since the mid-1990s has also fostered the proliferation of virtual communities taking the form of social networking services and online communities. The nature of those communities is
diverse, and the benefits that Rheingold envisioned are not necessarily realized, or pursued, by many. At the same time, it is rather commonplace to see anecdotes of someone in need of special help or in search of a community benefiting from the use of the Internet. Virtual communities may synthesize Web 2.0 technologies with the community, and therefore have been described as Community 2.0, although strong community bonds have been forged online since the early 1970's on timeshare systems like PLATO and later on USENET. Online communities depend upon social interaction and exchange between users online. This emphasizes the reciprocity element of the unwritten social contract between community members. The embedding of virtual community in the experiences of everyday life and its reflection of and influence on the communication practices and patterns of identity formation make online community a colossal research enterprise which requires continuous investigation and theorizing.
BLOGS
What is a "blog"?
"Blog" is an abbreviated version of "weblog," which is a term used to describe web sites that maintain an ongoing chronicle of information. A blog features diary-type commentary and links to articles on other Web sites, usually presented as a list of entries in
reverse chronological order. Blogs range from the personal to the political, and can focus on one narrow subject or a whole range of subjects. Many blogs focus on a particular topic, such as web design, home staging, sports, or mobile technology. Some are more eclectic, presenting links to all types of other sites. And others are more like personal journals, presenting the author's daily life and thoughts.
The Blog Content
Content is the raison d'tre for any web site. Retail sites feature a catalog of products. University sites contain information about their campuses, curriculum, and faculty. News sites show the latest news stories. For a personal blog, you might have a bunch of observations, or reviews. Without some sort of pdated content, there is little reason to visit a web site more than once. On a blog, the content consists of articles (also sometimes called "posts" or "entries") that the author(s) writes. Yes, some blogs have multiple authors, each writing his/her own articles. Typically, blog authors compose their articles in a web-based interface, built into the blogging system itself. Some blogging systems also support the ability to use stand-alone "weblog client" software, which allows authors to write articles offline and upload them at a later time.
Popularity of blogs Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 53
Blogs are hot in demand. Blogging is the current craze in communication over the internet. The web horizon is alive with active blogging activities, indulged in by people with different cultures from all over the world. The involvement with blogging is occupying much of the blogger's time. Efforts spent on the blog reveal admirable results in terms of good content that is varied and of depth offering appeal and enjoyment to readers. The popularity of blogs can be attributed to the following reasons: (1) Blogs are easy to use (2) Blogs are easily set up (3) Blog owners are real humans (4) Good networking communities are created by blogs (5) Conversational culture of blogs (6) Blogs are well-loved by search engines (7) Blogs are versatile
Legal Issues with Blog
Blogging is new and many things in the Blogosphere are undefined and uncertain. As things mature, a legally transparent foundation will develop that places blogging into perspective to other publishing media. The key to keeping out of legal trouble over forum and blogger postings is to always just tell the truth. If someone considers the
truth, or your projection/interpretation of the truth, as being slanderous. they can shove it & the paperwork. I dont fret over 25,000 posts Ive made over the years or any content in e-mail correspondence. Not one legal issue peep out of the outed perps or offended parties. Why? Because they knew of the truth lying under my rants -raves and predictions even if the delivery might not be polished. Just tell the truth about the issues, and leave off the personal attacks, as the perp has copycats all hiding from the spotlight glare.
The Difference Between a Blog and CMS?
Software that provides a method of managing your website is commonly called a CMS or "Content Management System". Many blogging software programs are considered a specific type of CMS. They provide the features required to create and maintain a blog, and can make publishing on the internet as simple as writing an article, giving it a title, and organizing it under (one or more) categories. While some CMS programs offer vast and sophisticated features, a basic blogging tool provides an interface where you can work in an easy and, to some degree, intuitive manner while it handles the logistics involved in making your composition presentable and publicly available. In other words, you get to focus on what you want to write, and the blogging tool takes care of the rest of the site management.
Things Bloggers need to know.

7. 8. 9. Archives Feeds Blogrolls
10. Syndication
Wikipedia Articles:
Usage:
These articles can provide the data for all age groups. It has abundance of information related to the studies, professional data, latest updates, biography and many more. So, it can serve you in a better manner to work on the same context with your members, provide education and information services, support issue campaigns, and build strategic, mission critical applications.
Applications:
The applications of wikipedia articles in collaborative technology: Increase efficiency. Search important issues. Generate ability to deal with various tasks simultaneously. Showcase information and resources to resolve your problems. Updated data makes your work easy and simple. Provide value-added tools for their members, chapters or data. Inform all required information can be availed in a formulated manner.
Professional Benefits of Wiki Articles:

Many companies may benefit from maintaining corporate wikis. Collaborative input on topics internal processes to computer
support can provide benefits to employees as well. Here we discuss three significant benefits for employees that participate in corporate wikis. Corporate wikis are internal software-based collaboration tools allowing peers to freely add their knowledge to a dynamic, editable collection of related material. Wikis typically allow users to add, edit and comment on content through a web interface.
Benefit 1: Increasing Personal Status in the Company
Benefit 2: Simplifying Work Process
Benefit 3: Improving Company Efficiency
Wiki Communities:
The heart of any wiki is its community. Literally millions of people visit Wikipedia every month, and together they form Wikipedia's community. Each person who arrives is able to play one or more roles on the site. For example: The large majority of people who visit Wikipedia are readers. They arrive at Wikipedia for whatever reason and read one or more articles. Some people who visit Wikipedia become writers. They add a new section to an existing article or create a brand new article.
Many people act as editors. If they see an error on a page they are reading, they correct it. If they can make a small addition that is helpful, they will do it on the spot. Several hundred visitors who have been contributing to Wikipedia for a period of time are granted administrator privileges. These privileges give them the right to do things like deleting and undeleting pages, blocking and unblocking IP addresses, etc.
Using Wiki to Promote Collaborative Learning
Technology is changing faster than at any time in its history. It is transforming the way
people communicate and collaborate, the way people consume information and
participate in the World Wide Web, and potentially the way people teach and learn. One
of the interesting shifts that is currently happening is a shift between using technology to
support the individual to using technology to support interactions and relationships
between individuals. With that shift, we keep discovering new tools and social behaviors
for helping us help each other, which is the very essence of collaborative learning.
The term Wiki refers to a Website that allows all users to add, remove, edit and change content, typically without the need for registration, and to the software that facilitates the operation of a Wiki Website.Wikis (and Blogs) are considered by some experts as the signal of the arrival of Web 2.0, the second-generation Web and Web-based communities. Wikis are collaborative Websites with open editing. That is, the information on a Wiki can be created and edited by any and all users. Once users visit Wikis, they can read and,if they wish, edit or change the text by using a regular Web-browser (without any extra add-ons, or need to know any computer language) to re-write, re-organize, or update the structure and content of the site. Users can also discuss any issue through a discussion page that accompanies each Wiki page. Therefore, in Wikis, readers are writers, and readers and writers jointly form a community of collaboration. Allowing everyday users to create and edit any page in a Website is exciting and revolutionary in that it encourages democratic use of the Web, promotes content discussion and compositions by all users, and questions traditional beliefs about acceptable sources of knowledge and about copyrights.
Wiki is unusual among group communication technologies (such as email and discussion group) in that it allows the organization of contributions to be edited in addition to the content itself. Wiki promotes meaningful topic associations between different pages by making page link creation almost intuitively easy and by showing
whether an intended target page exist or not. This in turn affects the way new knowledge is treated and constructed in a Wiki community. Unknown terms can be simply linked to a new, not yet written page, which will result in a unique color link, inviting other members of the community to fill in the missing piece of information. A Wiki is therefore a freely expandable collection of Web pages interlinked in meaningful ways that are continuously formed by the users.
There are no 'bylines' in Wikipedia, no financial rewards for writing an article, no explicit additional benefits for casual contributors, and minimal explicit benefits even for highly active contributors. Furthermore, contrary to many open source projects, the visibility of individual contributors among the 150,000 strong contributor group (Wikipedians) is small. Consequently, reputation effects would be much less than in open source software projects. Yet, since its inception in 2001, Wikipedia has grown exponentially in size as well as public popularity to become the world's largest and most widely used online encyclopedia. How can such success be explained? What motivates people to contribute in Wikipedia? Does the Wikipedian community mainly consist of altruistic contributors? The goal of this exploratory study is to help find an answer to these questions. Wiki is a technology and the social norms enabled by this technology. The technology and the social norms (called "wiki way") provide a knowledge sharing environment stimulating collaboration
with some important characteristics. First, wiki is designed for collaborative writing with little individual ownership. Second, the collaborative writing is done in an incremental and organic growth manner, enabling any user to make contributions, and discouraging anyone individually from developing large stand-alone knowledge structures. Unlike discussion forums or blogs, which append new contributions to existing ones, wiki contributions are integrated into the existing body of knowledge. Third, we frequently detect a division of labor, where some contributors for instance focus more on content creation, while others focus on content integration.
As of February 2008, the Wikipedia contains over 2.2 million articles in the English version alone. Its size has approximately doubled every year, since its inception in 2001 according to Wagner [35] . In addition to being the largest encyclopedia in the world (Britannica counts 130,000 articles), Wikipedia is also the most widely used, rated 9th most active site in the world (higher than CNN.com or AOL.com) by Alexa.com and with a reach of 9.75% (of global Internet users) as of February 2008, compared to Britannica's approximately 0.05%. In other words, it can be described as the most successful encyclopedia based on size, growth, and usage.
A wiki is a set of linked web pages, created through the incremental development by a group of collaborating users, as well as the software used to manage, manipulate, and publish the web pages
("wiki
engine").
Wiki
is
just
one
of
several
collaborative
technologies. Other widely used collaborative technologies are for instance discussion forums or weblogs. Wiki, however, has several unique characteristics, which appear to favor its use, as this section shall illustrate.
Collective Authorship. Wiki enables web documents to be authored collectively without individual ownership of the documents ("ReadWrite Web"). Authors are enabled and encouraged to modify others' pages (but also to first clean up their own). Any user, registered or not, can edit pages and save new page versions, thus replacing the earlier versions. Prior versions remain stored in me archive of the wiki's internal temporal database. Individual wiki pages are not "owned" by their creators, and often page creators or co-creators are not easily visible. Hence, participants receive little explicit credit for their work.
Instant Publication. Wikis enable instant publication of content. As soon as an author saves the new content, it becomes immediately visible to all readers viewing the page. Wiki content is not reviewed by any editor or coordinating body prior to its publication, and is usually immediately published upon being saved. No intermediary, coordinator, or editor is involved in the publication process. Instant publication may produce individual benefits such that fhe individual who makes a knowledge contribution can see it immediately published, thus observing the contribution outcome without delay
and
with
pride
of
authorship.
Versioning. Wiki maintains a temporal database (database that records its historical content), thus enabling version management. It keeps prior versions of any web page in memory, and enables rollback, comparison, and difference identification. This feature is considered a safeguard against the downsides of the instant publication, such as accidental content destruction or vandalism. A wiki's temporal database also provides tracking capability regarding the history of prior changes, usually reporting author, date, and related information.
Simplicity of Authorship. Wikis are author friendly in that they do not require web publication skills. Authors can write in plain text or in a simplified mark-up language (usually a simplified version of HTML, although HTML is frequently permitted). Hyperlinks can be created simply by the use of double parentheses. Hyperlinks to not yet existing pages are acceptable and even encouraged as invitation for others to create the additional content. The simplicity of authorship with wikis lowers the cost of participation, and thus reduces any individual's loss if their contribution is not reciprocated by other. It also makes even small contributions worthwhile (low overhead). Any time when contributions to a common good are sought, an immediate hurdle may stop potential contributors from making such contributions, thus ultimately foregoing a very positive common good.
References
http://www.opera.com/support/kb/view/351/ http://www.softpress.com/kb/questions/130/Search+Engine+Optimi zation+and+Meta+Tags http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb5785/is_200907/ai_n3562954 5/?tag=content;col1 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jv107c7
http://www.mydigitalfc.com/knowledge/collaborative-technologies-new-mantra-success-better-productivity-286 http://www.c-t-g.com/ http://www.brighthub.com/office/collaboration/articles/4179.aspx http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/wiki2.htm
REVIEW QUESTIONS
RQ 1.Which amongst these collaborative research tools takes the minimum time for getting access to the relevant information? RQ 2.What are the steps involved in making a blog?
SUMMARY
In this chapter we have learnt about the basic concepts, understanding and usage of various tools that help us in collaborative research.
COLLABORATIVE DESIG AND DEVELOPMENT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This chapter will help us in understanding these topics:11.
12. 13. 14.
15. 16.
It will help us in identifying the advantages of employing collaborative design & development in industries. This chapter explains the factors responsible for the failure of collaboration. This chapter discusses the various types of virtual teams. It explained the difference between virtual and formal teams. Software employed in virtual team and their benefits. This chapter discusses the industries employing collaborative technologies. It tells about the future of the collaborative design and development.
1. Introduction to Collaborative Design & Development

For Small and Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs) the establishment of business relationships and collaborations is becoming increasingly important in the face of market globalization. Individual firms cannot be good at everything. They must specialize and learn to combine their capabilities with those of other firms and organizations. These collaborations consist of identifying possible partners (e.g. clients or suppliers), providing them with appropriate information, setting up a common environment for communication and finally starting commercial operations.
1.1. Advantages of employing Collaborative Technology in Industries

The Economist Intelligence Unit found that more than 50% of executives believe collaborative working will either form an important part of their firms competitive advantage or will actually be central to its survival over the next three years. Business models are already changing to take advantage of these collaborative partnerships. Many organizations viewed collaboration as a faster way to achieve these goals.Companies collaborate for the following reasons: To increase market share by developing relationships which lower prices, increase quality of products and services, reduce time to market, enhance customer services or reduce order fulfilment time. To increase company income by developing relationships that help reduce cost, increase asset utilisation, share investment cost, reduce inventory, share business risk, eliminate duplication and waste or achieve economies of scale. To increase flexibility and capabilities by developing relationships that increase skills and knowledge, enable
easier product development, allow access to new technologies, reduce time to market and simplify production processes.
1.2. Advantages of Collaborative practice

Collaboration enables organisations to focus on their own competencies within the overall supply chain. Reduce lead times and increase market responsiveness Good information systems between partners who are structured to maximize efficiency across the supply chain helps reduce lead times and improve responsiveness. Successful supply chain collaboration results in the development of extended enterprises designed to leverage joint capabilities and resources across the supply chain. Increase innovation capacity and capability- key feature of collaboration is to reduce risk, such as the avoidance or sharing of the risk for necessary investments.
Figure 1 1.3. Benefits of Collaboration

Companies collaborating together typically share resources, share & exchange information and complement weaknesses & competencies. Various studies have shown the collaborations lead to sale growth and risk reduction when they are successful.
1.4. Why many Collaborations fail

With so many perceived benefits, it is worthwhile to wonder why so little collaboration takes place, especially among small companies and organisations. Unfortunately, many relationships based on collaboration fail.Not enough care is taken to select the right partners, to match inter-organisational needs and capabilities and
to clearly define standards, metrics, goals and implementation procedures over a medium to long-term planning horizon.Collaboration is not just some over-hyped buzzword, but an essential part of business life.
1.5. How Collaborative Technology Is Useful In Marketing Your Business ?

Things change fast in the world of technology, and if you want to be a successful business, you have to be able to keep up with the changes in pace. If you are not on the Internet or are not using the Internet to the extent that you should, your business may not survive. Collaborative technologies, such as the ones used in social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, and others, are vital marketing tools that many companies overlook when developing their marketing strategies. There are many advantages of using collaborative technology to market your business:
6. No Financial Risk. Since most social networking sites are

free to join, you can potentially reach millions of people without touching your marketing budget. By blurring the line slightly between personal and business, you can reach more people on different levels in less time, than with standard marketing techniques. 7. Business and Brand Identity. The minute you create a profile on Facebook or MySpace, you become search engine optimized through the power of the network you've joined. Collaborative technology solutions can do as much for your web ranking as your own web site, because of the rank and power of the collaborative site. 8. Expanded Reach. Since you can see friends of friends, your access to people increases exponentially with each new contact you form. You not only gain access to that person, but you also gain access to every person who appears on their friend list adding up to millions of new contacts each year. Your business can become a
household name, without ever being advertised on TV or in the newspaper. A Specific marketing plan should be prepared that will not only help you place your business in the midst of collaborative technology, but thrust your business, brand, and identity into the viral world, too.The Services should include:
Profile development and launching; Marketing analysis and planning; Brand image and awareness; Consultation and training for using social network sites; Development of industry connections; Target and niche market analysis;
Collaborative technology is a fabulous tool that allows you to quickly and relatively inexpensively market your business and reach a large audience.Businesses who don't take advantage of the latest technological trends will find themselves left behind and forgotten.
1.6. Collaborative product development

Collaborative product development (collaborative product design) (CPD) is a business strategy, work process and collection of software applications that facilitates different organizations to work together on the development of a product. It is also known as collaborative product definition management (cPDM) Technologies and methods used in CPD. Clearly general collaborative software such as email and chat (instant messaging) is used within the CPD process. One important technology is application and desktop sharing, allowing one person to view what another person is doing on a remote machine. For CAD and product visualization applications an appshare product that supports OpenGL graphics is required. Another common application is Data sharing via Web based portals. Synchronization
Collaborative projects constantly negotiate the delicate balance between autonomy of partners and the interdependencies between partners. A careful synchronization of activities and results bonds the collaborative process. Periodic synchronization of the entire team in frequent intervals, for example every 6-8 weeks can help in shared understanding of the project. In addition, smaller task groups can also synchronize more frequently (3-4 weeks) or for specific phases of project. This may be in the form of telephone conference, workshop or email discussion. Long periods of silence or intense activity at one partner while other partners are relatively unoccupied can lead to loss of momentum. When outputs of one partner become inputs to other partners, slippage of deadlines can upset the schedules and cause friction. Therefore, wherever possible, it may help to work in parallel with close communication.
How Collaborative Technology can help in overcoming challenges?

With the help of collaborative technology, communication has also become cheaper, quicker, and more efficient. We can now communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them an email for an almost instantaneous response.Collaborative technology helps in understanding & learning new technologies.
1.7. The Role of Real Time Virtual Collaboration in Product Development

Product Development teams are no longer constrained within the same four walls of the department. They are spread across the globe. This has brought new challenges to Product Development. Companies are finding some measure of relief through a number of collaboration technologies that can bring dispersed teams together. And one solution that has a lot to bring to the collaboration table is Video-Conferencing
The Need for and Value of Collaboration

The highly dispersed and globalized nature of product development today has changed the way that product development teams come together on a design. Virtual Meetings and Emailed Design data have replaced white board sessions as product development becomes complex design chains dispersed across time zones. Top performing companies are leveraging collaboration in a way that enable globally distributed teams to effectively work on a design in parallel. However companies are pursuing collaboration as a strategy in its own right, both as a means to reduce time to market as well as increase product innovation.
Real Time Virtual Collaboration

To accelerate the product development process simultaneous interaction of a number of individuals and real time virtual collaboration is required. In this approach designers and stakeholders can connect and interact live and ideas can be exchanged more quickly. This will have an impact on time to market, as feedback can be communIcated and incorporated all at once. Finally it can provide higher quality simply by bringing more individuals together on a project and hence solve problems in a better way. Of the tools companies use to pursue real time virtual collaboration, video conferencing is one of the most useful mechanisms. It enables all stakeholders to share design information in a dynamic virtual meeting environment without exchanging any data. To juggle offshore and onshore operations, effective communication and collaboration are critical. Video conferencing helps collaborate and make faster decisions. Video Conferencing and other real time collaboration solutions allow data and ideas to be exchanged more quickly, making change management, and global design much more efficient. Adopting
these solutions and backing them up with well managed infrastructure can result in significant improvements in time to market and product quality. To improve collaboration efficiency companies should : Adopt a collaboration solution that allows global teams to work in real time. If considering video conferencing solutions , ensure the network infrastructure will support the system.
1.8. Shrinking product lifecycle

Every player in manufacturing today faces a similar global challenge: balancing the need to grow and rapidly take new products to market while lowering costs in an open trade environment. The dynamics required to do this are complex. Customers are punishing manufacturers that offer commodity products, and they demand increasingly more innovation. Manufacturers must shorten the time it takes to design new products and give customers what they want or risk major losses to competitors. At the same time, competition is getting more intense. Lowered trade barriers enable more manufacturers to compete on a global basis. This creates and advantage for those that established a lower-cost, global strategy to manage labor, material and transportation costs. How are leading manufacturers coping? They are exploring new product development practices to strategically improve product lifecycle management. In a recent survey done by the Aberdeen Group, more than half of all manufacturing respondents said the largest issue they faced was shrinking product development times to increase profitability.With resources globally dispersed, manufacturers must interact efficiently and collaborate in real time with an extended supply chain. And original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) are relying more on suppliers to increase quality while reducing costs. The increasing complexity of this environment has spotlighted the need to eliminate inconsistencies in product design, creation and production. Enormous amounts of information must constantly
change hands on a global basis, and protecting intellectual property has become increasingly difficult.By taking advantage of the latest product lifecycle management techniques, manufacturers are finding opportunities to not only decrease their time to market but also increase revenue and profit.
Figure 2
2. Virtual Teams
There are several different definitions of virtual teams, but what these definitions have in common is that, in addition to being a team, virtual team members are physically separated (by time and / or space) and that virtual team members primarily interact electronically. This researcher defines virtual teams as teams of people who primarily interact electronically and who may meet faceto-face occasionally.
2.1.Type of virtual teams

Four basic types of groups of people exist:
Task groups Friendship groups Command groups Interest groups
These groups also can exist as virtual groups. For example, an example of a virtual command group would be a national sales team distributed throughout the United States. An example of a virtual task group could be a small software development group of people telecommuting to their office. A virtual interest group could be a group of investors sharing strategies and outcomes. A friendship group might be represented by a virtual community. Certainly other examples exist and some groups overlap as well.
FIGURE 3 Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 77
2.2. Formal teams Vs virtual teams

There are a number of differences between a virtual team and the traditional formal team. The most important difference between the two is the geographical location of the team members. With the traditional formal team, all the members of the team will work within the same geographical location, generally in the same physical building while in the virtual team, the team members might be in the same geographical region or in the different part of the world. In formal team, the group must work on the same schedule, meaning everyone must be at the same location at the same time but virtual teams involve advanced global communication technologies, workers are not restricted to one physical location. They can use communication tools to work together over long distances. The advent of the virtual team has allowed many team members to work together despite the fact that they may have never met each other in person. In some cases, the members of the virtual teams may have no idea how the other members of the team look. In contrast, formal team members actually thrive on the ability to see and work with each other in person. Another powerful aspect of the virtual team is the enormous amount of money which is saved through its implementation. For instance, with a virtual team, there is no reason to worry about parking space, since the members of the team have no reason to park in one location.
2.3. Managing virtual teams

Managers of virtual teams can support their teams by:
recognizing the team and their importance encouraging members to explore questions that matter including questions about how they are working together
supporting the creation of some kind of shared space (the feeling that there is an infrastructure where people are working together) facilitating the coordination of the technology, work processes, and the formal organization recognizing reflection as action and as legitimate work (getting the infrastructure of the organization to support the learning process) supporting activities which make the informal network visible.
FIGURE 4 2.4. Software employed:

There are variety of information and communication technologies that support teams of people. Many of these technologies are groups under the subject of Computer Supported Cooperative Work or CSCW. CSCW / Groupware:
Same Place Same Time Face-to-face Meetings, Open Space Technology (PCs, Electronic Whiteboards, Projectors)
Different Place Virtual Meetings, Distance Learning, Help Desks, Telework, Group Authoring, Video Conferencing, Open Space Technology (LiveMeetng, NetMeeting, Interwise, WebEx, Instant Messaging, Windows Messaging, PCs, Electronic Whiteboards, Projectors, Cameras, Telephones, Audio Bridges, Moodle) Electronic Mail, Group Time Management, Distance Learning, Computer Conferencing (Outlook, Voice Mail, Telephones, Groove, Moodle)
Different Time
Team Rooms
Table 1.1.
Conferencing: Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 80
There are three basic forms of conferencing: 1. 2. 3. Audio conferencing Data conferencing Video conferencing
Telephone companies provide audio conferencing bridges as a service and as a product.Microsoft's NetMeeting is a good example of a data conferencing product. While NetMeeting also supports both audio and video conferencing, currently it is best at data conferencing.Microsoft's NetMeeting and LiveMeeting; Interwise; and WebEx conferencing are good examples of multimedia group conferencing products. There are many other products that address the conferencing space. NetMeeting, for example, lets team members share and collaborate using applications such as Word, Excel, Visio, and any other Windows based application. Chat and whiteboard are other supported functions. While audio and video over IP are built-in, network bandwidth limits constrain the quality of service.
Collaboration
Groove software is a very good collaborative software product for all kinds of organizations and people looking for a means of working together while apart. Groove provides a Windows interface to a collection of tools designed to help people work together more efficiently. This researcher uses it in a variety of virtual team and community of practice environments.One key advantage is that Groove works on a peer-to-peer basis and does not require anyone to set up and administer a server site. Everything necessary is done at the desktop or laptop level. Groove supports both synchronous and asynchronous communication. Electronic Mail Microsoft Outlook is the primary electronic mail systems for most organizations. Eudora is used by many organizations. And, there are certainly many other electronic mail systems available.
Calendars
Calendar systems are useful in coordinating team members schedules. Some calendars show free and busy times and some also allow meetings to be scheduled and conference rooms and other resources reserved. Calendars are very useful in communicating scheduling information with other team members. Outlook provides a very good calendar, useful for both individuals as well as groups and it can be downloaded into some PDAs and cell phones.
Security
Security is an important consideration for virtual teams especially if transmitting sensitive information over a network. A variety of firewalls and Internet security software packages are available.Many email and conferencing products support various types of encryption or other security methods and it may be prudent to check with your suppliers about this.
2.5. Benefits & challenges facing virtual teams Benefits:

Such teams are used more and more by companies and other organizations to cut travel, relocation, real estate, and other business costs. Businesses use virtual organizations to build global presence, outsource their operations, or need less common expertise or skills from people who are reluctant to travel or relocate from their home locations Instead of using the full spectrum and dynamics of in-office face-to-face exchange, they now rely on special communication channels enabled by modern technologies, such as e-mails, faxes, phone calls and teleconferences, virtual meetings, and alike. The cost of travel is dramatically reduced. In the past, it was common for certain employees to spend weeks travelling on business from one location to another. While physical travel is still necessary today, and will not phase out anytime soon, the advent
of virtual teams has made it less necessary, and this naturally leads to lower costs for the organizations which implement them. In some ways, virtual teams have made the necessity for physical travel obsolete, at least when it comes to business purposes. For example, instead of paying a worker to get on a plane and fly to different countries for a meeting, it is much more efficient, faster, and cost effective to simply hold a video conference.
Challenges:
Due to more limited communication channels, the success and effectiveness of virtual teams is much more sensitive to the type of project the group works on, what people are selected, and how the team is managed.Not every type of project is suitable for a virtual organization. One challenging case is projects that rely heavily on sequential or integrated work, as often the case in manufacturing. In particular, when each persons work depends much on what someone else is doing at the same moment (like in a sports team), there is an ongoing heavy exchange of information in real time, and/or the tasks has to go through a strict sequence of workers within a short time. Not everyone can perform well in a virtual team environment The members should be self motivated and able to work independently.They need to be able to keep working effectively without much of external control or structure. The next important quality is strong result-orientation. Unless the person shows clear results, there is nobody around to see how intense his or her work activities are. Another critical factor is communication skills. The team member should be able to communicate clearly, constructively, and positively even through the more limited channels of technology, in spite of the loss of many nonverbal cues of face-to-face communications. Managers of virtual teams also need to pay much more attentions to maintain clear goals, performance standards, and communication rules. One of the biggest challenges of virtual teams is building and maintaining trust between the team members. Trust is critical for unblocking communication between members and sustaining
motivation of each person involved. The issue of trust needs special attention at any stage of team existence.
3.Industries employing collaborative design and development

3.1. Aviation Industry
Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) have changed the entire scenario of the businessworld. The airline industry in particular has relied heavily on technology for their operational and strategic management. Airlines were early adopters of ICTs and have a long history of technological innovation, in comparison to other travel and tourism businesses.
FIGURE 5
It was seen that the airline industry was using the Internet as a mode to improve its distribution strategy and reduce costs; it also used Intranets and internal systems to build up tactical and strategic management. Extranets were gradually brought into use to communicate with partners and to support business-to-business (B2B) relationships. This effort demonstrated that ICTs will be critical for the strategic and operational management of airlines and will directly affect the future competitiveness of airlines. Benefits of use of Collaborative Technology by Airbus in the making of A380. Collaborative ways to help meet project demand, lower costs.
Use of collaborative design in Research and Development. Uses of Collaborative technology for round the clock work across the globe in aviation industry.
3.2. Automobile Industry

Automotive manufacturing is an extremely competitive industry with global players outsourcing parts manufacturing and assembling to various locations worldwide. Staggering the manufacturing process to shorten lead times and meet customer demands is currently the norm for this sector. Automotive manufacturing also relies heavily on the dealership model. With so many different points of sale, assembly and service, companies need to ensure an integrated approach to business process management for a streamlined working model. The automotive industry is in general well equipped with information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure. However, the availability of internet access and the adoption of basic ICT applications still vary across size-classes. Sophisticated computer networks and broadband connections are more common in larger firms. Large enterprises in the automotive industry lead in using e-business technologies to automate business processes. The most frequently adopted technologies include Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and collaborative design systems. What are the Business Challenges? Product Lifecycle management: Critical areas of automotive manufacturing such as logistics, quality control and order management use specific softwares and these need to be linked for business monitoring and MIS. Further, process monitoring in all these areas is a key concern for efficiency dependant bottom lines. Time to market must be reduced: Time to market needs to be shortened through faster communication channels with project participants, manufacturers and dealers. Approval cycles on collaborative design elements need to be streamlined to meet
defined KPIs. The sector is dependant on advanced automation of its processes to make any kind of significant time savings. Issue Management on a collaborative platform: As the final product
roll-out is dependant on many factors outside the purview of the core organization, automotive companies require a platform that allows them to remain appraised of key changes in their business environment and then be able to react rapidly to that change.
How Collaborative Engineering can help in overcoming challenges? Rapid product cycles Process monitoring at each and every location is feasible. Sharing of information Traceability
BPM Opportunities
Business-to-Business visibility and Collaboration : Process models that allow for quick and easy creation of partner portals and extranets ensure integration with the supply chain for a collaborative effort in meeting common business goals. Effective project management enabled through process workflows for task allocation, approvals and monitoring is the cornerstone for success especially in the automotive sector. Portal management : A full service BPM platform that integrates with a collaborative tool such as SharePoint can provide automotive companies better control over partner communication regarding standard operating practices. An easy website creation tool that steadily drives content as and when required gives business managers the freedom to communicate quickly and effectively with various factory units and points of sale. Collaborative Engineering: Engineering and automotive data in specialized formats such as CAD need to travel
between various points for design inputs and approvals. A collaborative BPM platform allows documents in multiple formats to be linked with process workflows and lets different user groups work together through itemized features such as document annotation for comments and versioning for complete tracking. How automobile giant BMW uses Collaborative design and development? Bavarian Motor Works better known as BMW has established a collaboration with Micro-Epsilon,one of the leading providers of high-precision sensors, measuring equipment and systems, and the Institute for Software Systems in Technical Informatics Applications of the University of Passau. The collaboration involves the development of an optical measurement process for the industry quality control of reflecting surfaces. The two companies have already developed a process for the partial measurement of raw plastic surfaces, which has been used in the BMW Landshut plant since 2007. The two companies are now working together with their collaboration partners on the development of a special 3D measuring system. The special feature here is that with this technique, the surface itself is not examined but its optically distorted or intensity weakening effects, which appear as irregularities in the mirror image of a pattern. The research project of the collaboration partners BMW, MicroEpsilon and the University of Passau is a further step towards the strengthening of Lower Bavaria as a region which is not only the home of innovation and research but also where these are driven forward.
3.3.IT Industry
Introduction to I.T industry
Information technology, and the hardware and software associated with the IT industry, are an integral part of nearly every major global industry. The information technology (IT) industry has become of the most robust industries in the world. IT, more than any other
industry or economic facet, has an increased productivity, particularly in the developed world, and therefore is a key driver of global economic growth. Economies of scale and insatiable demand from both consumers and enterprises characterize this rapidly growing sector.
FIGURE 6 The role of the IT Industry

The IT industry can serve as a medium of e-governance, as it assures easy accessibility to information. The use of information technology in the service sector improves operational efficiency and adds to transparency. It also serves as a medium of skill formation.
Problems in I.T industry

Communication problem due to teams working at different locations & industry.
Lack of job security due to change in technologies
3.4. Hospital management

Organization specializing in the development, management and operation of hospitals and health care facilities is increasing its demand in nationally and internationally. It has become recognized that Professional Management of health care services is key to success of the operation. Combining managers and experts that have extensive experience in design, cost and construction project management, human resources, operations management, compliance consulting, education, training and compliance management will yield in better service to the customer . By combing industrial and professional experience, financial knowledge and unparalleled resources in Global Human Capital Services, we can ably and successfully meet the challenges of any size hospital. Healthcare is a constant changing process and that health management requires vision, skill and research to meet the challenges of tomorrow. With rapid development in technology and advancing health services and broadening spectrum of the diseases too, it becomes imperative for the existing health care services to graduate and refurbish to advanced levels which can be effectively and efficiently coordinated using collaborative technologies and designs.
3.5. Banking
Today, many businesses such as banks, insurance companies, and other service providers realize the importance of Collaborative Technologies and its potential to help them acquire new customers, retain existing ones and maximize their lifetime value. At this point, close relationship with customers will require a strong coordination between IT and marketing departments to provide a long-term
retention of selected customers. Collaborative technology is a sound business strategy to identify the banks most profitable customers and prospects, and devotes time and attention to expanding account relationships with those customers through individualized marketing, repricing , discretionary decision making, and customized service-all delivered through the various sales channels that the bank uses. Under this case study, a campaign management in a bank is conducted using data mining tasks such as dependency analysis, cluster profile analysis, concept description, deviation detection, and data visualization. Crucial business decisions with this campaign are made by extracting valid, previously unknown and ultimately comprehensible and actionable knowledge from large databases. The model developed here answers what the different customer segments are, who more likely to respond to a given offer is, which customers are the bank likely to lose, who most likely to default on credit cards is, what the risk associated with this loan applicant is. Finally, a cluster profile analysis is used for revealing the distinct characteristics of each cluster, and for modelling product propensity, which should be implemented in order to increase the sales. 1. Decentralization: With recent developments in public sector undertakings and private banks, primarily on decentralization of data for further enhancement in networking of various branches and operational clusters. 2.Proper Channelized approach to data entry and handling: With a customer base gradually increasing at an exponential rate manual handling of financial entries, transactions ,account maintenance
,collaborative technology has become a necessity than a luxury.
3.6. Textile
Benchmarks in the Textile Industry indicate that companies are increasingly taking a cross departmental, cross-functional, crossenterprise, and cross-geographic approach to improve.Product development, product innovation, and engineering processes in order to increase revenues, decrease cost, and, consequently, improve profitability. Furthermore it has been observed that the approach in different forms of collaboration across the lifecycle. These include design collaboration, value chain collaboration, project collaboration, real-time/meeting collaboration, and 3D publishing and repurposing CAD models. With all this collaboration underway and increasing, companies need to understand whether or not it is making a difference to their corporate performance and whether collaboration is delivering on its promise. The research indicates that the answer is yesand further identifies how companies are successfully collaborating to gain a competitive advantage and meet their product lifecycle goals.
Key Business Value Findings

Companies are pursuing collaboration to reduce time to market and increase product innovation (including product fit to customer and market needs) as part of their total strategy to achieve their corporate goals for profitable growth. In this pursuit, manufacturers are collaborating both internally (69% with internal departments, 65% with internal design/design review teams) and externally (63% with customers and suppliers, 41%with 3rd party engineering teams). They are also collaborating on a wide range of topics with product requirements (78%) foremost. Most collaboration comes early, before the manufacturing product launch. During the product requirements phase, design, meeting, and project collaboration are common. As companies move into design and
prototyping, they begin to work more closely with the value chain on sourcing. Project and meeting collaboration are also common through product launch into maturity. Yet collaboration does not subside after launch, but plays a role in design changes and cost reduction projects.
Recommendations for Action

To improve the profitability of products in the product lifecycle, companies should evaluate the use of collaborative techniques in their product innovation, product development,and engineering processes to ensure they effectively accomplish the following: Support and extend internal collaboration, including both the front end and back end (with manufacturing and service) of the product development process. Look for areas in which collaboration will reduce time to market and costs as well as optimize designs for downstream functions. Support and extend collaboration with external parties, such as suppliers, third party engineering teams, and contract manufacturers. By working with partners, companies can often increase innovation as well as reduce costs and time to market. Develop, extend, and integrate standard collaborative process building a common collaboration infrastructure with common tools for each form of collaboration,including PLM solutions to provide differentiating capabilities. Laggards will need to start their implementations. Industry average companies can extend their current collaborative capabilities. And best in class companies should look for ways to eliminate waste and increase innovation. However, whatever their current performance level, companies can gain value such as lower costs, higher revenues, and greater profitability by increasing collaboration in the product lifecycle.
3.7. Metal Casting

The importance of design for manufacture (DFM) and concurrent engineering evolving a process compatible product design-is well established in industry. An increasing number of manufacturing firms are adapting concurrent engineering practices to continuously shorten their product development time, improve quality and reduce cost. This involves analysis of manufacturability and other lifecycle issues during the design phase. Design for manufacturability (DFM) involves predicting and preventing potential manufacturing problems by suitable design modifications. Such modifications are much less expensive in product design phase than at tooling or manufacturing phases. Existing DFM approaches include direct or rule-based approaches and indirect or plan-based approaches. With increasing globalization, product design and manufacturing activities are getting dispersed all over the world. This leads to a need for collaboration between design and manufacturing engineers for designing easily manufacturable products. The collaboration can take place by face to face meetings or by using various means of communication (ex. telephone and email). Collaboration using telephone or email is not suitable for handling complex parts. Over the last few years, CAD/CAE/CAM tools are increasingly being used for creating, optimizing and manufacturing activities. A few DFM systems have been reported using web technology to support collaboration (essentially data exchange and communication) between design and manufacturing engineers in a distributed environment. Metal casting is one of the most important and widely used manufacturing processes, but involves a large number of interdependent parameters whose combined influence on casting quality is not very well understood, least by the design community. Designing processfriendly cast components that minimize total costs, defects and lead-time is a challenging task. This requires extensive knowledge of various casting processes including their capabilities and limitations. Collaborative DFM by design and foundry engineers using 3D modeling, process planning and casting simulation helps in
reducing costs and rejections. II. DFM FOR CASTING: The proposed casting DFM approach essentially involves process planning, methoding (gating and feeding system design) and solidification simulation at product design stage. To motivate design engineers to adopt the DFM approach, the programs have been made automatic and efficient to the extent possible. The process plan and methoding are driven by product design and its requirements, and in turn provide inputs for solidification simulation, which enables prediction of internal defects (shrinkage porosity). The defects may be eliminated by adjusting the process plan, methoding and product design by mutual consultation among engineers. It includes collaborative tools like case based reasoning(CBR), 3D casting design andanalysis software AutoCAST developed through an industrial collaboration. III. WEB BASED COLLABORATION: The WebICE (Web-based Intelligent Collaborative Engineering) framework has been developed to enable collaboration between team members who may be located apart. The XML-based CDML (Casting Data Markup Language) developed in an earlier investigation and continuously being updated, forms the backbone of the framework. The project information involves product details (3D model, quality and production requirement), process plan, methoding details, evaluation and other details. The team members can access the project information through a standard web browser. The team members (tooling engineer, foundry engineer and consultant) interact with the system using different functions and utilities provided for collaboration. A 3D model compression and linking utility has been provided for product designers to upload the casting 3D model. All team members can manipulate (view, rotate, zoom) the casting model. The methoding and process plan can be uploaded to WebICE server so that team members cansimultaneously view the plan and suggest modifications, Functions to evaluate the product design and process plan in terms of cost and environmental aspects are currently being developed.
IV. CONCLUSION: The importance of Design for Manufacture (DFM) is now widely accepted in the engineering community. Collaborative design technology enable engineers to produce more quality-assured and cost-effective parts. It will also improve the level of communication between product, tooling and foundry engineers, leading to better and faster decision making.
4. Future course in collaborative design and

development
Competing successfully in today's global marketplace requires the close collaboration of all stakeholders in the product development lifecyclefrom research and development to engineering, and from suppliers and producers to sales and marketing.Collaborative product development (CPD) offer a robust, secure, and scalable collaboration infrastructure that helps manufacturers to reduce costs, shrink time-to-market, and deliver products that best meet customer demands.
The Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) concept holds the promise of seamlessly integrating all the information produced throughout all phases of a product's life cycle to everyone in an organization at every managerial and technical level, along with key suppliers and customers. PLM systems are tools that implement the PLM concept. As such, they need the capability to serve up the information referred to above, and they need to ensure the cohesion and traceability of product data.
The framework is intended to: (1) capture product, design rationale, assembly, and tolerance information from the earliest conceptual design stagewhere designers deal with the function and performance of productsto the full lifecycle; (2) facilitate the semantic interoperability of next-generation CAD/CAE/CAM systems; and (3) capture the evolution of products and product families. The relevance of our framework to PLM systems is that any data component in the framework can be accessed directly by a PLM system, providing fine-grained access to the product's description and design rationale. As time goes on more of the collaborative design and development will be implemented in industries across the globe.Project time would be reduced, communication between teams located at different places would become much more easier and faster, changes can be made quickly.
5. REVIEW QUESTIONS:Q. 1 WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF VIRTUAL TEAM OVER FORMAL TEAM? Q. 2 EXPLAIN THE TYPES OF VIRTUAL TEAM? Q. 3 EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN THE INDUSTRIES? Q .4 WHAT IS THE ROLE OF COLLABORATIVE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT? Q. 5 HOW COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY HELPS IN REDUCING THE PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE? Q. 6 WHAT ARE THE NEW EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN COLLABORATIVE DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT? Q. 7 WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS SOFTWARE USED IN THE COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY? 6. References:
Abhinav Agarwal
1.
^ *Min Li, Shuming Gao and Charlie C. L. Wang (June 2007). "Real-Time Collaborative Design With Heterogeneous CAD Systems Based on Neutral Modeling Commands". Journal of
Computing and Information Science in Engineering 7: 113. doi:10.1115/1.2720880.
2.
Bilgram, V.; Brem, A.; Voigt, K.-I.: User-Centric Innovations in New Product Development; Systematic Identification of Lead User Harnessing Interactive and Collaborative OnlineTools, in: International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 12 (2008), No. 3, pp. 419458.
Abhinav R Sharma http://www.yale.edu/ghli/documents/KebedeSetalEducatingLe adersinhospitalmanagement.IntJQualinHealthCare2010.pdf http://hospitaloperation.com/?PHPSESSID=taddkpon Abhijeet Bishayee
http://www.oracle.com/partners/en/058849.pdf http://h10134.www1.hp.com/industries/businessovervie w/plm/
Abraham Joseph
www.colabonsales.com
Amit Gandhi
http://www.seanet.com/~daveg/vrteams.htm
Adinath Ray
1.
http://www.microepsilon.com/news/presse/Pressemitteilungen/PR175reflect-BMW-FORSO/
http://www935.ibm.com/services/us/index.wss/casestudy/gbs/a1 026098 3. http://www.cordys.com/cordyscms_com/collaborative_ engineering.php 4. http://www.skelta.com/Industries/Automotive.aspx

2.
Aditi Agrawal
1. 2. http://www.me.iitb.ac.in/~bravi/lab/paper/2004IEEE_Collab DFMCasting.pdf http://www.nnigma.com/CollaborativeTechnology.html
Aditya Kapoor
1. 2. 3. http://www.groupjazz.com/pdf/vteams-toronto.pdf http://www.seanet.com/~daveg/technolo.htm http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_u di=B6TYR-4FM59TT7&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_f mt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_s earchStrId=1432967342&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_ac ct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10& md5=6422d6ef2c5b197a1d30b18ec31ce6a3
Alok Singhal
1. 2. 3. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaborative_product_develop ment http://www.smallbusinessbible.org/advan_disadvan_inform ationtechnology.html http://www.articlesbase.com/business-articles/outsourcinginformation-technology-it-benefits-advantages-395593.html http://books.google.co.in/books?id=JMdiacuAspIC&pg=PA1 &lpg=PA1&dq=introduction+to+information+technology&so urce=bl&ots=SQgtD1tLcA&sig=GdW5wLKTbGCMxTNKigR KIJijuyM&hl=en&ei=zphfTPD4CIbCvQO15M2ZDA&sa=X&o i=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAg #v=onepage&q&f=false
SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK COLLABORATION

Introduction
Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers. Supply Chain Management spans all movement and storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to point of consumption (supply chain). In this ever-changing global market, collaborative and cohesive relationships among the entities in the supply chain network are essential for maintaining the competitiveness of the supply chain network. In addition, customers are always looking for diversified products of high quality, low cost, and short lead-time, etc. This poses challenges to the supply chain network, as every entity in the network needs to react and respond efficiently and effectively. For this reason, an efficient and effective collaborative supply chain network is essential for achieving better network management. All entities are expected to collaborate and coordinate with each other to maintain the responsiveness and performance of the network, and total integration may be required within the supply chain. However, it has been a challenge for entities to develop a suitable collaborative network for their supply chain in terms of how they efficiently and effectively connect and interact.
What is WBUSINESS TO BUSINESS

It is an intra-organizational communication, collaboration, and commerce - normally electronic, normally using websites and/or web services. The term "business-to-business" was originally coined to describe the electronic communications between businesses or enterprises in order to distinguish it from the communications between businesses and consumers (B2C). It eventually came to be used in marketing as well, initially describing only industrial or capital goods marketing. Today it is widely used to describe all products and services used by enterprises. Many professional institutions and the trade publications focus much more on B2C than B2B, although most sales and marketing personnel are in the B2B sector.
Business-to-business (B2B) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. Contrasting terms are business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-government (B2G). The volume of B2B transactions is much higher than the volume of B2C transactions. The primary reason for this is that in a typical supply chain there will be many B2B transactions involving subcomponent or raw materials, and only one B2C transaction, specifically sale of the finished product to the end customer. For example, an automobile manufacturer makes several B2B transactions such as buying tires, glass for windscreens, and rubber hoses for its vehicles. The final transaction, a finished vehicle sold to the consumer, is a single (B2C) transaction.
Business to Business in Marketing Business Marketing is the practice of individuals, or organizations, including commercial businesses, governments and institutions, facilitating the sale of their products or services to other companies or organizations that in turn resell them, use them as components in products or services they offer, or use them to support their operations. Also known as industrial marketing, business marketing is also called business-to-business marketing, or B2B marketing, for short. (Note that while marketing to government entities shares some of the same dynamics of organizational marketing, B2G Marketing is meaningfully different.) B2B Branding B2B Branding is different from B2C in some crucial ways, including the need to closely align corporate brands, divisional brands and product/service brands and to apply your brand standards to material often considered informal such as email and other electronic correspondence. it is mainly of large scale when compared with B2C Product (or Service) Because business customers are focused on creating shareholder value for themselves, the cost-saving or revenue-producing benefits of products and services are important to factor in throughout the product development and marketing cycles. People (Target Market) Quite often, the target market for a business product or service is smaller and has more specialized needs reflective of a specific industry or niche. A B2B niche, a segment of the market, can be described in terms of firmographics which Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 103
requires marketers to have good business intelligence in order to increase response rates. Regardless of the size of the target market, the business customer is making an organizational purchase decision and the dynamics of this, both procedurally and in terms of how they value what they are buying from you, differ dramatically from the consumer market. There may be multiple influencers on the purchase decision, which may also have to be marketed to, though they may not be members of the decision making unit. Pricing The business market can be convinced to pay premium prices more often than the consumer market if you know how to structure your pricing and payment terms well. This price premium is particularly achievable if you support it with a strong brand. Promotion Promotion planning is relatively easy when you know the media, information seeking and decision making habits of your customer base, not to mention the vocabulary unique to their segment. Specific trade shows, analysts, publications, blogs and retail/wholesale outlets tend to be fairly common to each industry/product area. What this means is that once you figure it out for your industry/product, the promotion plan almost writes itself (depending on your budget) but figuring it out can be a special skill and it takes time to build up experience in your specific field. Promotion techniques rely heavily on marketing communications strategies. Place (Sales and Distribution) The importance of a knowledgeable, experienced and effective direct (inside or outside) sales force is often critical in the business market. If you sell through distribution Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 104
channels also, the number and type of sales forces can vary tremendously and your success as a marketer is highly dependent on their success.
Difference between B2B and B2C B2B refers to business-to-business transactions where customers are other businesses; where as business-toconsumer transaction refers to businesses dealing with individual consumers or end customers. B2B transactions are more complex and have a greater need for security than B2C e-commerce. B2B transactions involved many complex issues such as system integration within the firm as well as with its trading partners raising many questions about the security of the information exchanged as well as having to have systems that ensured that the rules and regulations governing the exchange of information were followed. The cost of installing the infrastructure proved to be prohibitory and many businesses and suppliers reverted back to using phones or faxes inhibited by the costs, hardly realizing that in the long run they will be saving tons of money as operating costs are cut drastically as well as ensuring a better control over the supply chain integration. The major hurdle was to get the partners to collaborate in implementing B2B networking, establishing common goals to be achieved hence B2B has not become as popular as it should have been. Some Differences between B2B and B2C E-Commerce:
17. B2C offer spot sourcing contract management that 18. B2B
offer a flat rate retail price for each of the goods sold. transaction involve direct-sourcing contract management which involves negotiation terms that will establish the price based on which other factors
19. 20.
21. 22.
23.
24.
25. 26. 27.
such as warranty coverage, volume-based pricing, carrier, and logistics preferences etc. will be decided. B2C does not require the business to spend on expensive, extensive infrastructure. B2B requires huge amounts to be involved in spent in integrating the systems of the organization as well as those of its business partners that made the process expensive, time consuming and raising many questions about security etc. B2C e-commerce just involves used defined profiles and email promotions. B2B e-commerce needs the involvement of complex issues studying order history data, such as the preferences of trading partners, payment records, locations etc. B2C requires that sellers update their site regularly regarding product cost and incorporate product catalogue with picture and description of the product. B2B involves syndication of catalogues of different suppliers that need to be formatted, priced, and presented to buyers in a consolidated fashion. It has a greater need for Business intelligence systems as well as analytic software. B2C is far easier as options like cyber cash enable the business to function easily. Payment options are not that easy with B2B, which involves back-office connectivity, invoicing etc. B2B have only one major benefit that is good supply chain coordination. B2B e-commerce cannot compromise on time, quality and credibility of its products.
IMPACT OF COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN B2B

Technology transforms the way we do business by replacing some of the human facilities with the impersonal efficiency of computer. All the technology and new techniques mean that there is a support mechanism to help those who have to deal with people and make judgments on how to best manage them. Collaboration is centered around people and not around technology. Its effectiveness is one issue of deep and widespread integration and adopation.C.T.has the potential to completely turn around the concept of working. The idea of working from remote locations will become a widely accepted practice, and many organizations will be willing to harness the new technology in order to expand their workforce .As a result ,performance management data will also be more easily and readily available to managers. When you really think about it, collaboration is at the very heart of business on the plangent . The collaborative impact are on the following:

Profitability Sales growth Profit growth Customer satisfaction Product Quality Product development Innovation
The narrowing of geographical boundaries through travel and telecommunication advancement like web conferencing facilities will mean that many old ways of performance management will become obsolete. The team meeting and Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 107
the one to one session might be rendered completely useless by the entry of migrant workers who may not even be within the location of the company This is an opportunity for companies to find new ways of competing and horning their own performance management techniques. The larger companies will lead the way because they have the knowledge and the resources to be able to launch initiatives in facing ever changing environment . The small business will have to catch up or else it could be on the endangered species. On a very fundamental basis, performance management is about people and I believe it can and should remain about people. All the technology and the new techniques mean that there is a support mechanism to help those who have to deal with people and make judgments on how to best manage them. It seems to me quite difficult to conceive a situation when computers will completely replace human discretion at the heart of business performance management. Perhaps I am not using my imagination well but somehow that seems like a highly improbable scenario. What is more likely to happen is a great co-operation between the technology and business managers.
INDIA AND COLLABRATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN B2B

1. AUGUMENTATION to GT4 Framework for B2B Collaboration over Grid. SPRING LINK proposes a framework for secure and trusted business to business (B2B) collaborations over grid. The core of the proposal consists of a centralized rating system for assignment and maintenance of trust and reputation scores of enterprises. They also propose augmentations to the Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 108
Globus Toolkit 4 (GT4) [8] for implementing the proposed rating system. It involves integration of three functionalities, namely, (i) building a suitable token structure according to the model of a security token, (ii) building and deploying a trust service which keeps track of the ratings of the collaborating business entities, and (iii) building an information aggregator source which provides these ratings and related information from the trust service to the GT4 default index service. 2. CDEER Matchmaking event between CDM project developers & EU stakeholders in the field of Energy Efficiency (EE) and Energy Saving Technologies (EST). The main objectives to present best available technologies for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy and the opportunities for CERs sales to European entities; to present to project owners how the CDM cycle can help finance projects and technologies; and to facilitate business meetings at the project booth open to exhibition visitors in the mail. The Delhi University on Monday ruled B2B transactions can be undertaken by companies that have been allowed to undertake cash and carry wholesale trade.
WHAT IS MDM :
Master data management (MDM) is a comprehensive method of enabling an enterprise to link all of its critical data to one file, called a master file, that provides a common point of reference. When properly done, MDM streamlines data sharing among personnel and departments. In addition, MDM can facilitate computing in multiple system architectures. The benefits of the MDM paradigm increase as the number and diversity of organizational departments, worker roles and computing applications expand. For this reason, MDM is Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 109
more likely to be of value to large or complex enterprises than to small, medium-sized or simple ones. When companies merge, the implementation of MDM can minimize confusion and optimize the efficiency of the new, larger organization. For MDM to function at its best, all personnel and departments must be taught how data is to be formatted, stored and accessed. Frequent, coordinated updates to the master data file are also essential. IMPORTANCE OF MDM : Now there is a relatively new acronym out there -- MDM. In a recent article from TMCNet, Master Data Management is defined as "a strategic business driver as it enables organizations to unify and consolidate data about their customers, products and organizations; data that is often fragmented across different systems. By creating a centralized master data hub, organizations can deliver the most reliable, complete views of key business data within their existing business processes, and more importantly, leverage these data assets within operational business processes to remain in compliance, adhere to various privacy requirements and simplify reporting." Hmmm . . . sounds a lot like a description of CRM, doesn't it? The Pharma and Life Sciences industries are using MDM to mainly manage regulatory compliance (as opposed to customer relationships). When it comes right down to it, any industry should practice good MDM. As privacy legislation continues to grow, managing your customer data is more important than ever. Not only that, we've always argued that the only way to effectively market to your customers is to effectively manage your customer relationships. It does increase profitability and customer satisfaction.
APPLICATIONS OF MDM : It helps in integrating data from systems across your organization, manage the data in a central repository, and leverage the data for access by authorized users and applications. Master data management is the ability to create a common link to all of the key data through the use of a master file. The master file, in turn, functions as a gateway to all the data as well as serving as a common point of reference in overseeing the use of the data. The use of master data management can help to simplify the process for sharing common data among several different departments or key personnel, eliminating the need for multiple copies of the same data to reside in several different locations around the network.
EVOLUTION OF MDM:
Master data management is increasingly concerned with the
notion of multiples multiple data domains, the multiple relationships among them, and the multiple usage styles Master data management (MDM) is a collaborative process between IT and business for various master data subject areas. At Intel, the finance organization partners with IT in the lifecycle management of finance master data. This session will walk through the challenges and wins in the evolution of finance MDM from 1996 to present day-- from silo individual organizational processes to integrated enterprise efforts. The journey will also provide key insights into strategies planned for the next few years.
FUTURE OF MDM :
It turns out that in 2010, it would be shifting (indiscernible) seeing a rapid increase and interest in linking MDM with Business Intelligence and performance management. We refer to that link at analytical MDM and sort of this convergence in technology and convergence inside the business, how the data is managed, it could arguably be called a second-generation MDM wave. And this may take several years to complete and we're already thinking beyond that about how other companies, certainly, the innovators are doing what they call multi-domain MDM or they're trying to (indiscernible) multiple objects in the same technology not just for operations between also for reporting and analytics. So it seems that we're shifting every few years we go through a different wave (indiscernible) on the cusp of the next generation.
Internet Auctions
Introduction The internet auction or the online auction business model is one in which participants bid for products and services over the Internet. The functionality of buying and selling in an auction format is made possible through auction software which regulates the various processes involved. Several types of online auctions are possible. Broadly there are two kinds of auctions, they are as follows : Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 112
9. English auction : Here the initial price starts low and is bid up by successive bidders. 10. Dutch auction : Here multiple identical items are offered in one auction, with all winning bidders paying the same price -- the highest price at which all items will be sold (treasury bills, for example, are auctioned this way). Currently almost all online auctions use the English auction method.
Process Of Auction A complete auction-based trading process comprises six basic activities: 1. Initial buyer and seller registration: This step deals with the issues relating to authentication of trading parties, exchange of cryptography keys, and perhaps creation of a profile for each trader that reflects his interest in products of different kinds and possibly his authorized spending limits. 2. Setting up a particular auction event: This step deals with describing the item being sold or acquired and setting up the rules of the auction. The auction rules explain the type of auction being conducted (open cry, sealed bid, Dutch), parameters negotiated (price, delivery dates, terms of payment, etc.), starting date and time of the auction, auction closing rules, etc. 3. Scheduling and advertising: To attract potential buyers, items of the same category (art, jewelry, rare coins) should be auctioned together at a regular schedule. Popular auctions can be mixed with less popular ones to force people Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 113
to be present in the less popular auctions. Items to be auctioned in upcoming auctions are advertised, and potential buyers are notified in this step. 4. Bidding: The bidding step handles the collection of bids from the buyers and implements the bid control rules of the auction (minimum bid, bid increment, deposits required with bids) and for open cry auctions notifies the participants when new high bids are submitted. 5. Evaluation of bids and closing the auction: This step implements the auction closing rules and notifies the winners and losers of the auction. 6. Trade settlement: This final step handles the payment to the seller, the transfer of goods to the buyer, and if the seller is not the auctioneer, payment of fees to the auctioneer and other agents (appraisers, consignment agents, etc.).
Security Requirements The auction house policy and the instructions from the seller dictate whether the auction is accessible to the public at large, to the buyers/sellers registered with the auction services, or only to buyers registered to participate in the current auction. Access control mechanisms are needed to enforce these rules. Security mechanisms are needed to ensure that the site announcing the auction and the auction rules is not sabotaged by an outsider. This includes preventing unauthorized postings and alterations as well as preventing denial of service attacks. A trusted third party service for enforcing access control rules Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 114
and digital signing of contracts to ensure non-repudiation, is discussed in. Cryptographic mechanisms that prove that a particular auction notice was posted and accessible during a certain time period will be very useful in government auctions. During the bidding phase cryptographic mechanisms are needed to ensure that a bid submitted is not tampered with, or disclosed to other bidders in violation of the auction rules. In open cry auctions spurious bids, injected by the seller or auctioneer to prompt the highest bidder to further increase his bids, must be prevented by establishing a verifiable connection from every bid to a known bidder. In the real world such unethical behavior is called taking bids off the wall, or ceiling. A shill is a human agent deployed to inject spurious bids into an auction.
Auctions in the real world are well understood and studied extensively. However the Internet changes the auction environment, mitigating some constraints of the real world and introducing some new problems of its own. In this section we discuss how auctioning on the Internet could differ from auctioning in the real world. Bidder collusion: A set of bidders in an auction can collude to form a ring, where the members of the ring agree not to outbid each other. At the end of the auction, if the item is won by a ring member, it is resold among the ring members using a separate auction, or some other allocation procedure. The surplus created in the second sale is the loss inflicted to the seller. It is split among the ring members. Internet makes the formation of rings much easier. Just like hackers web sites Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 115
and chat rooms, one can conceive of bidders chat rooms with cryptographically secure mechanisms for creation of rings. Even in the absence of such centralized chat rooms, if the identities of bidders are known to other bidders, a desirable situation to reduce phantom bids by the seller, the formation of rings is facilitated. Aggressive use of reserve prices can reduce the incentive to form rings by reducing the gains expected by their creation. Luckily, rings are illegal, though not necessarily unheard off. Under commerce laws disruption of a fair market process is illegal and forming rings amounts to disrupting a fair market process. One can expect some debate on applicability of todays outmoded commerce laws to the cyber world, but history indicates that legal apparatus will move to protect the interest of commerce.
Choosing the right kind of auction: There are reasons for choosing one form of auction over other. Vickrey auctions eliminate the effort on the part of the bidder to speculate on the minimum bid he needs to submit. Dutch auctions provide the seller a better control on (liquidating) inventory by giving him the controls to revise the prices downwards and thereby manage his inventory level more directly. Dutch auctions also discourage the formation of rings because in a Dutch auction a ring member stands to gain by defecting from the ring while the auction is in progress and the rest of the ring is playing by its rules. Open cry auctions do not encourage defection because the defecting ring member does not increase his gains by defecting. After the defection of one (or few) ring members the rest of the ring can continue to operate as if the defecting ring members were not part of the ring to begin with. Choice Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 116
of auction method also depends on the industry in which it is being used. Governments (democracies) are likely to lean towards auction methods which have higher transparency. Sealed bid auctions are likely to be used when preparing the bid is time consuming, or it is impractical for the bidders to collect at a common location at the same time. Since the Internet frees the bidders from this constraint, open cry auctions are likely to be preferred on the Internet (with bidder anonymity if needed). In practice, open cry auctions are usually for one item. If multiple items are to be sold, they are sold one at a time. That is acceptable in the real world because each item sells fast, and it is impractical to take multiple bids for the items simultaneously. On the Internet one can sell multiple items simultaneously. This is also necessary to some degree because each auction takes a longer time. Therefore, we expect to see an increase in use of auctions for multiple items.
Withdrawing bids in an open cry auction: In a traditional open cry auction, which lasts usually for minutes, the bids submitted by a buyer are binding, i.e., he simply can not back of from his bid. Since open cry cyber auctions can take hours or days to conclude, the potential bidders will be hesitant to make such an open-ended commitment to buy. Hence, the Internet open cry auction mechanisms must give the bidder an opportunity to ask the seller for a commitment or withdraw his bid. Decision support tools would be needed on the sellers side to help him decide whether to commit to the sale in this situation.
Usability: Traditionally the buyers and the sellers in an auction have been seasoned professionals of an industry with intimate knowledge of the auction mechanism and of the relevant bidding strategies. However, Internet brings auctioning to the masses, and a typical participant may know very little about the often complex auction mechanisms. Thus the usability issues in the design of auction application are extremely important. Not only should the navigation within the application be simple and intuitive, as discussed in the previous section, help should be available on the finger tips on: 1) How to use the application software 2)Explanation of the auction mechanism deployed 3) Bidding options available to the buyer and strategic implications of each option 4) For sellers the auction mechanisms available and the implications of choosing one or the other.
Bidding agents: An obvious area of extension to electronic auctions is buying agents, which would be programs that can search for auction sites of interest to a buyer and automatically bid on his behalf. These programs could also potentially search the Internet for the final sales prices for a particular product in recently closed auctions and base their bidding strategy on these prices and trends in them. When both software agents and humans are bidding in an open cry auction it would be desirable to ensure that software agents have similar response time in submitting a new bid as humans. This is based on the belief that bidding is not totally Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 118
rational and people develop an emotional tie with the product after participating in the bidding phenomenon for a while. If agents were allowed to bid with their millisecond response time, the bids would reach a level very quickly where the humans may be disinclined start bidding. Strengths The strategic advantages of this business model include:
No time constraints. Bids can be placed at any

time (24/7). Items are listed for a number of days (usually between 1 and 10, at the discretion of the seller), giving purchasers time to search, decide, and bid. This convenience increases the number of bidders.
No geographical constraints. Sellers and bidders

can participate from anywhere that has internet access. This makes them more accessible and reduces the cost of "attending" an auction. This increases the number of listed items (ie.: number of sellers) and the number of bids for each item (e.g.: number of bidders). The items do not need to be shipped to a central location, reducing costs, and reducing the seller's minimum acceptable price.
Intensity of social interactions. The social

interactions involved in the bidding process are very similar to gambling. The bidders wait in anticipation hoping they will "win." Much like gambling addiction, some bidders may bid primarily to "play the game" rather than to obtain products or services. This creates a highly loyal customer segment. This can
also skew the prices of items/services/goods in the auction.
Large number of bidders. Because of the

potential for a relatively low price, the broad scope of products and services available, the ease of access, and the social benefits of the auction process, there are a large numbers of bidders.
Large number of sellers. Because of the large

number of bidders, the potential for a relatively high price, reduced selling costs, and ease of access, there are a large number of sellers.
Network economies. The large number of bidders

will encourage more sellers, which, in turn, will encourage more bidders, which will encourage more sellers, etc., in a virtuous circle. The more the circle operates, the larger the system becomes, and the more valuable the business model becomes for all participants.
Captures consumers' surplus. Auctions are a

form of first degree price discrimination. As such, they attempt to convert part of the consumers' surplus (defined as the area above the market price line but below the firm's demand curve) into producers' surplus.
Criticism
Auction sites, like garage sales, flea markets, classified advertisements and other independent sales venues, sometimes draw criminals wishing to sell stolen products, but for law enforcement organizations, finding stolen goods offered online is sometimes easier than more traditional detection methods. Some criticism is levelled at online auction websites for uneven representation of items offered for sale. Descriptions may omit important information, and photos may not be adequate. Potential bidders can typically protect themselves by reading the text, studying photographs and asking questions of the seller before bidding. Studies show that a large proportion of unsatisfactory online purchase experiences are the result of careless consumerism In the U.S., large retailers have lobbied Congress to require online auction sites to share private sales information about sellers, citing potential illegalities. Within the online auction community this is commonly viewed as an attempt at unfair market protection and trade restraint. Reduced overhead sometimes enables independent online sellers to offer goods at lower prices than large retailers. Online auction selling has attracted millions of laid-off workers, as well as the disabled, parents of young children, retirees, pensioners and others that are unable to find employment in the mainstream workforce. Online auction venue corporations are accused of engaging in discriminatory trade practices that unfairly impact such customers. Presently, the trading practices of online auction venue corporations is not regulated by state or federal agencies.
Companies that use the model

Allegro Apex auctions Auctionair
Bidorbuy Bidtopia The Debt Exchange eBay eBid GunBroker.com Heritage Auction Galleries Hobby Markets Online Lixtor Manion's MercadoLibre.com Overstock.com Oztion Prosper.com SalvageSale, Inc. Swoopo TradeMe Tradus (former QXL) uBid Yahoo!
What is SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORK VISIBILITY

A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 122
manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm.
THE CHALLENGE
The supply chains are impacted by rising fuel costs, increased complexity, globalization and erratic economic conditions. Supply chain executives find themselves in a constant struggle to maintain efficiency within their supply chain network, while reducing costs and increasing
productivity.
SCN VISIBILITY
With the fast pace of business today, companies must be able to prepare for the unpredictable. Companies need fast, accurate information and specific details about orders. They need the visibility to plan their resource needs and revise plans based on business objectives. And they must reduce their time to action when responding to an unplanned event or crisis by having real-time visibility across the supply chain. To have an overview of supply chain events, companies need the ability to do the following: Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 123
Monitor supply chain activities and compare plans and forecasts with actual results Notify the proper employees about process deviations in real time Simulate the consequences of an event, which provides guidance for decision making Control the process throughout the adjustment of various parameters such as process time and mode of transport Measure performance based on user-specific
performance Criteria
MODEL FOR SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY

The steps below shows a model of a supply chain with products and information moving from supply sources, through production and throughout the pipeline to customer delivery and postsale service. Simultaneously, across each functional area (e.g., plan, source, produce) there is need for increased visibility. STEP1: PLAN Synchronizing supply and demand Integrating customer forecasts and demand with their suppliers to plan logistics requirements Participation in customers sales and operations planning process STEP2: SOURCE Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 124
Multisource orders and fulfillment Ability to track purchase orders through their entire lifecycle Knowledge of total pipeline supplier inventory STEP3: MAKE Integration with manufacturers systems Access to order commitments and delivery schedules Visibility into order production status STEP4: DELIVER Monitoring shipment status Monitor shipment status throughout pipeline with proactive event notification Improved ability to identify short- and overshipments STEP5: SELL Multiple channels and customer touch points Single source dashboard to view overall performance Tracking from order to delivery Knowledge of total pipeline customer inventory STEP6: SERVICES Service after sales management Efficiently process returns Manage spare parts inventories Visibility to entire reverse logistics processes
CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY

Supply chain visibility can be classified based on the different processes and associated challenges. Some of these classifications are:
Supplier
Visibility:
Collating
data
on
the status of quality check
manufacturing,
distribution,
logistics,
performance and sourcing in the suppliers organization. Warehouse and Inventory Visibility: Maintaining storage of materials and their movement (which involves associated transactions such as invoice handling, shipping, placing orders and replacement of stock levels) is essential.
Returns Management Visibility: The very nature of a return might imply a cost to business; a loss of profit by default. The lack of clarity can create fissures in supply chain, with products returned by inefficient modes to incorrect locations. Manufacturing Visibility: Manufacturing visibility is about designing plant layouts, planning capacity, execution of daily production operations and controlling the manufacturing process based on KPIs linked to productivity. All these
processes have to be enabled by a rigorous analysis of business information and customer demand data. Logistics and Transportation Visibility: The availability of information that aids the planning, implementation and control of the storage of goods for managing the forward and reverse flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of consumption, decides the extent of visibility in logistics and transportation. Customer/ Order Fulfillment Visibility: The dynamics of order fulfillment and in turn triggering invoices on deliver of products creates data that could be used to derive customer preferences. Customer touch-points in the entire process are the source of customer information. Customer visibility is about providing real-time information on product availability (waiting time if there is a production queue) and relevant quotes. The information system within the organization is responsible for maintaining information regarding the companys production and distribution, this system provides key information inputs.
KEY BENEFITS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

Supply chain management can offer tremendous value to any company that relies on the smooth planning and execution of related operations to achieve long-term
profitability and maintain a solid competitive edge. It can help you transform a traditional linear supply chain into an adaptive network with the following benefits: Improve Your Supply Chain Network Supply chain management soft wares provide complete, 360 degree
visibility across the entire supply chain network. With supply chain, users can monitor the status of all activities across all suppliers, production plants, storage facilities, and distribution centres. This enables more effective tracking and
management of all related processes. So the status of mission-critical activities can be tracked at all times. With increased visibility into the supply chain and adaptive supply chain networks, you can be more responsive. You can sense and respond quickly to changes and quickly capitalize on new opportunities. Increased customer satisfaction With a
common
information framework, all activities can be seamlessly coordinated and executed from start to finish, ensuring much Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 128
higher levels of on-time delivery across the board. Thus SCM enables you to better adapt to and meet customer demands. Compliance with regulatory requirements You can track and monitor compliance in areas such as environment, health, and safety. ReducedCosts A supply chain software can help reduce overhead expenses in a variety of ways. For example, it can:
Improve inventory management, facilitating the successful implementation of just-in-time stock models, and eliminating the strain on real estate and financial resources caused by the need to store excess components and finished goods
Enable more effective demand planning, so production output levels can be set to most effectively address customer requirements without the shortages that result in lost sales, or the waste that drains budgets
Improve relationships with vendors and distributors, so purchasing and logistics professionals can identify costcutting opportunities such as volume discounts.
Higher margins With SAP SCM, you can lower operational expenses with more timely planning for procurement, manufacturing, and transportation. Better order, product, and execution tracking can lead to improvements in performance and quality and lower costs. You can also improve margins through better coordination with business partners.
Greater synchronization with business priorities Supply chain softwares make that possible, bridging the gap between disparate business softwares at remote locations to dramatically improve collaboration among supply chain partners. With supply chain softwares, all participants can dynamically share vital information such as demand trend reports, forecasts, inventory levels, order statuses, and transportation plans in real-time. This type of
instantaneous, unhindered communication and data-sharing will help keep all key stakeholders informed, so supply chain processes can run as flawlessly as possible. Tight
connections with trading partners keep your supply chain aligned with current business strategies and priorities, improving your organization's overall performance and achievement of goals.
What is SERVICE - ORIENTED ARCHITECTURE

A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a flexible set of design principles used during the phases of systems development and integration. A deployed SOA-based architecture will provide a loosely-integrated suite of services that can be used within multiple business domains. SOA defines how to integrate widely disparate applications for a world that is Web based and uses multiple implementation platforms. SOA defines the interface in terms of protocols and functionality. An endpoint is the entry point for such an SOA implementation. SOA also generally provides a way for consumers of services, such as web-based applications, to be aware of available SOA-based services. For example, several disparate departments within a company may develop and deploy SOA services in different implementation languages. Their respective clients will benefit from a well understood, well defined interface to access them. Service-orientation requires loose coupling of services with operating systems, and other technologies that underlie applications. SOA separates functions into distinct units, or services, which developers make accessible over a network in order to allow users to combine and reuse them in the production of applications. These services and their corresponding consumers communicate with each other by passing data in a well-defined, shared format, or by coordinating an activity between two or more services SOA aims to allow users to string together fairly large chunks of functionality to form ad hoc applications that are built almost entirely from existing software services. The larger the chunks, the fewer the interface points required to implement Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 131
any given set of functionality; however, very large chunks of functionality may not prove sufficiently granular for easy reuse. Each interface brings with it some amount of processing overhead, so there is a performance consideration in choosing the granularity of services. The great promise of SOA suggests that the marginal cost of creating the n-th application is low, as all of the software required already exists to satisfy the requirements of other applications. Ideally, one requires only orchestration to produce a new application. For this to operate, no interactions must exist between the chunks specified or within the chunks themselves. Instead, humans specify the interaction of services (all of them unassociated peers) in a relatively ad hoc way with the intent driven by newly emergent requirements. Thus the need for services as much larger units of functionality than traditional functions or classes, lest the sheer complexity of thousands of such granular objects overwhelm the application designer. Programmers develop the services themselves using traditional languages like Java, C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, or COBOL. As of 2008, increasing numbers of third-party software companies offer software services for a fee. In the future, SOA system consist of such third-party services combined with others created in-house. This has the potential to spread costs over many customers and customer uses, and promotes standardization both in and across industries. In particular, the travel industry now has a well-defined and documented set of both services and data, sufficient to allow any reasonably competent software engineer to create travelagency software using entirely off-the-shelf software services.Other industries, such as the finance industry, have also started making significant progress in this direction. SOA as an architecture relies on service-orientation as its fundamental design principle. If a service presents a simple Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 132
interface that abstracts away its underlying complexity, users can access independent services without knowledge of the service's platform implementation. SOA relies on services exposing their functionality via interfaces that other applications and services can read to understand how to utilize those services. The following specific architectural principles for design and service definition focus on specific themes that influence the intrinsic behaviour of a system and the style of its design:
Service encapsulation Many services are consolidated for use under the SOA. Often such services were not planned to be under SOA. Service loose coupling Services maintain a relationship that minimizes dependencies and only requires that they maintain an awareness of each other. Service contract Services adhere to a communications agreement, as defined collectively by one or more service-description documents. Service abstraction Beyond descriptions in the service contract, services hide logic from the outside world. Service reusability Logic is divided into services with the intention of promoting reuse. Service composability Collections of services can be coordinated and assembled to form composite services. Service autonomy Services have control over the logic they encapsulate. Service optimization All else equal, highquality services are generally preferable to lowquality ones.
Service discoverability Services are designed to be outwardly descriptive so that they can be found and accessed via available discovery mechanisms[7]. Service relevance Functionality is presented at a granularity recognized by the user as a meaningful service.
Benefits of SOA
Some enterprise architects believe that SOA can help businesses respond more quickly and cost-effectively to changing market-conditions. This style of architecture promotes reuse at the macro (service) level rather than micro (classes) level. It can also simplify interconnection to and usage of existing IT (legacy) assets. In some respects, one can regard SOA as an architectural evolution rather than as a revolution. It captures many of the best practices of previous software architectures. In communications systems, for example, little development has taken place of solutions that use truly static bindings to talk to other equipment in the network. By formally embracing a SOA approach, such systems can position themselves to stress the importance of well-defined, highly inter-operable interfaces. Some have questioned whether SOA simply revives concepts like modular programming (1970s), event-oriented design (1980s) or interface/component-based design (1990s)[citation needed]. SOA promotes the goal of separating users (consumers) from the service implementations. Services can therefore be run on various distributed platforms and be accessed across networks. This can also maximize reuse of services[citation needed]. Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 134
SOA is an architectural and design discipline conceived to achieve the goals of increased interoperability (information exchange, reusability, and composability), increased federation (uniting resources and applications while maintaining their individual autonomy and self-governance), and increased business and technology domain alignment.[citation needed]. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural approach (or style) for constructing complex softwareintensive systems from a set of universally interconnected and interdependent building blocks, called services. SOA realizes its business and IT benefits through utilizing an analysis and design methodology when creating services. This methodology ensures that services remain consistent with the architectural vision and roadmap, and that they adhere to principles of service-orientation. Arguments supporting the business and management aspects from SOA are outlined in various publications . A service comprises a stand-alone unit of functionality available only via a formally defined interface. Services can be some kind of "nano-enterprises" that are easy to produce and improve. Also services can be "mega-corporations" constructed as the coordinated work of sub-ordinate services. Services generally adhere to the following principles of service-orientation: abstraction autonomy composability discoverability formal contract loose coupling reusability statelessness A mature rollout of SOA effectively defines the of an API organization. Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 135
Reasons for treating the implementation of services as separate projects from larger projects include:
Separation promotes the concept to the business that services can be delivered quickly and independently from the larger and slower-moving projects common in the organization. The business starts understanding systems and simplified user interfaces calling on services. This advocates agility. That is to say, it fosters business innovations and speeds up time-tomarket. Separation promotes the decoupling of services from consuming projects. This encourages good design insofar as the service is designed without knowing who its consumers are. Documentation and test artifacts of the service are not embedded within the detail of the larger project. This is important when the service needs to be reused later.
An indirect benefit of SOA involves dramatically simplified testing. Services are autonomous, stateless, with fully documented interfaces, and separate from the cross-cutting concerns of the implementation. The industry has never been exposed to this circumstance before. If an organization possesses appropriate defined test data, then when a service is being built, a corresponding stub is built that reacts to the test data. A full set of regression tests, scripts, data, and responses is also captured for the service. The service can be tested as a 'black box' using existing stubs corresponding to the services it calls. Test environments can be constructed where the primitive and out-of-scope services are stubs, while the remainder of the mesh are test deployments of full services. As each interface is fully documented, with its own full set of regression test documentation, it becomes simple to identify problems in test Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 136
services. Testing evolves to merely validating that the test service operates according to its documentation, and in finding gaps in documentation and test cases of all services within the environment. Managing the data state of idempotent services is the only complexity. Examples may prove useful to aid in documenting a service to the level where it becomes useful. The documentation of some APIs within the Java Community Process provide good examples. As these are exhaustive, staff would typically use only important subsets. The 'ossjsa.pdf' file within JSR-89 exemplifies such a file.
Challenges in adopting SOA

One obvious and common challenge faced involves managing services metadata.SOA-based environments can include many services that exchange messages to perform tasks. Depending on the design, a single application may generate millions of messages. Managing and providing information on how services interact can become complex. This becomes even more complicated when these services are delivered by different organizations within the company or even different companies (partners, suppliers, etc.). This creates huge trust issues across teams, and hence SOA Governance comes into the picture. Another challenge involves the lack of testing in SOA space. There are no sophisticated tools that provide testability of all headless services (including message and database services along with web services) in a typical architecture. Lack of horizontal trust requires that both producers and consumers test services on a continuous basis. SOA's main goal is to deliver Agility to Businesses. Therefore it is important to invest in a testing framework (build or buy) that would provide the visibility required to find the culprit in the architecture. Business agility requires SOA services to be controlled by the Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 137
business goals and directives as defined in the Business Motivation Model (BMM) . Another challenge relates to providing appropriate levels of security. Security models built into an application may no longer suffice when an application exposes its capabilities as services that can be used by other applications. That is, application-managed security is not the right model for securing services. A number of new technologies and standards have started to emerge and provide more appropriate models for security in SOA. As SOA and the WS-* specifications practitioners expand, update and refine their output, they encounter a shortage of skilled people to work on SOA-based systems, including the integration of services and construction of services infrastructure. Interoperability becomes an important aspect of SOA implementations. The WS-I organization has developed Basic Profile(BP) and Basic Security Profile (BSP) to enforce compatibility. WS-I has designed testing tools to help assess whether web services conform to WS-I profile guidelines. Additionally, another charter has been established to work on the Reliable Secure Profile. Significant vendor hype surrounds SOA; this can create expectations that may not be fulfilled. Product stacks continue to evolve as early adopters test the development and runtime products with real-world problems. SOA does not guarantee reduced IT costs, improved systems agility or faster time-to-market. Successful SOA implementations may realize some or all of these benefits depending on the quality and relevance of the system architecture and design. Internal IT delivery organizations routinely initiate SOA efforts, and some of these improperly introduce concepts to the business so it remains misunderstood. The adoption starts meeting IT delivery needs instead of those of the Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 138
business, resulting in an organization with (say) superlative laptop provisioning services, instead of one that can quickly respond to market opportunities. Business leadership also becomes convinced that the organization is executing well on SOA. One of the most important benefits of SOA is its ease of reuse. Therefore accountability and funding models must ultimately evolve within the organization. A business unit needs to be encouraged to create services that other units will use. Conversely, units must be encouraged to reuse services. This requires a few new governance components: Each business unit creating services must have an appropriate support structure in place to deliver on its service-level obligations, and to support enhancing existing services strictly for the benefit of others. This is typically quite foreign to business leaders. 5. Each business unit consuming services accepts the apparent risk of reusing services outside their own control, with the attendant external project dependencies, etc. 6. An innovative funding model is needed as incentive to drive these behaviors above. Business units normally pay the IT Organization to assist during projects, and then to operate the environment. Corporate incentives should discount these costs to service providers, and create internal revenue-streams from consuming business units to the service provider. These streams should be less than the costs of a consumer simply building it the old-fashioned way. This is where SOA deployments can benefit from the SaaS monetization architecture
4.
Collaboration
COLLABORATIVE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT

LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1 INTRODUCTION
HOW TO MEASURE TECHNOLOGY 2 ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY 4 THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESENTATION 4 FACING THE LEGACY 5
PLANNING AND BUDGETTING

PLANNING 6 BUDGETING 6 PLANNING AND BUDGETING 6 WHY COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY 7 BENEFITS OF COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY 8
INVESTOR RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT

INTERNATIONAL INVESTOR RELATION ORGANISATIONS BUSINESS SCENARIO PROCESS 10 10
Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page140
Collaboration
SOFTWARES AND TOOLS 11
FINANCIAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

PERSPECTIVES 15 VALUE PROPOSITION 15 RISK MANAGEMENT 16 TAX 16 EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT 16 GROWING IMPORTANCE 17 DRIVING COSTS OUT 17
TAX MANAGEMENT
PLANNING 19 COMPLIANCE 19 PROCESSING 19 HELPS MANAGERS IN DAY TO DAY ACTIVITIES 20
SUMMARY
21
REVIEW QUESTIONS
22
REFERENCES
23
Collaboration
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
Collaborative Financial Management is a connectivity platform which acts as an integration layer allowing suppliers, buyers, banks, vendors, data providers and other external stakeholders to improve cash velocity and response time. This acts as the backbone for financial supply chain management. Effective use of this technology can mean increased cash flow, stronger forecasting, lower borrowing costs, reduced bad debt expense, decreased fraud and reduced operating costs. Corporations become more efficient, gain visibility and can embed best practices to drive standardization and compliance.
Collaboration
INTRODUCTION
Measuring profit today is highly challenging due to the nature of differing and complex transactions, involving costs that can be difficult to quantify. Teamwork, however, particularly where technology and accounting teams work together, can produce real results. In any business, at a simple level we have a series of costs people, space, training, infrastructure, and so on effectively our cost of sales, and on the right hand of that equation we have fees coming in revenue from sales. Many transactions also involve less easy-to-quantify costs a complex transaction that consumes endless hours of meeting-room time and all the associated ancillary staff may well, in real terms, be less profitable than a transaction where, although the meeting time is just as great, the support time is minimal. Such data is not always directly trapped and may never be analysed, often being regarded as just a fixed cost of doing business. However, trapping these costs for internal analysis may well show a different level of profitability than that originally anticipated. In an increasingly competitive market, understanding the value of the work as well as the quantum by volume becomes an imperative for a successful business.
HOW TO MEASURE: A TECHNOLOGY/ACCOUNTING TEAM EFFORT

In measuring financial performance and analysing the results it is sometimes not the raw data that is hard to identify and access but the mechanism for presentation that requires much more effort than might seem to be the case at first glance. This is where the technology team and accounting team need to work alongside the business units not just identifying what information is required but very importantly also Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page143
Collaboration
identifying where the resulting information may be applied. Different outputs lend themselves more readily to different styles of presentation .
THE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES

Technology produces a plethora of potential solutions for instance, there are many number of business-intelligence tools on the market. They are relatively easy to sell because they appear to produce at the flick of a switch or two exactly the information that may be needed. The sales smoke behind these products suggests that no technical skills are required to re-slice and dice the raw data to produce the information streams the business needs at any snapshot in time. In part this is true although most users of business-intelligence tools will probably admit that there is a reasonable degree of skill required to manipulate these products and produce these one-off reports required. Accounting and marketing teams worry when they ask for one-off bespoke reports: there is delay in getting the answer; the request might have been misinterpreted by the report writer; and when the report does arrive it really does not answer the questions raised although it may well be exactly the report that was requested.
POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
So what is the solution to this dilemma? Do firms need more expensive reporting tools and highly paid report writers, or should they accept that they can never quite get the information they need? Maybe there is somewhere in between these two extreme positions where both sides can be relatively happy, and the results deliver real business benefit. This is where the working-together piece comes into the frame. REFERRAL TRACKING It is a sort of Holy Grail for any business to identify its sources of business and the internal rainmakers. Much allegorical information will exist in any firm about who refers what sort of work and to whom. For instance, to track referrals under three categories: Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page144
Collaboration
28. Internal referrals between practice groups; 29. Inward referrals where a third party refers work to the firm; 30. External referrals where the firm refers work on to a third party. Behind those three primary categories there were further refinements of information: for instance, with internal referrals was the referrer a partner, lawyer, etc.? Was the work referred to a practice group who had previously acted for the client, or was it the first time that client had used that group? Was the work referred by a practice group who had fostered the client relationship but not as yet worked for the client? Was the work as a result of a specific pitch or tender? Behind that detail were a series of financial parameters rates, billing regimes, team composition, and so on.
HOW THE TEAMS WORKED TOGETHER

All the teams, be it the international team, the marketing team or the accounts department, work closely together always with a member of the technical team available. Defining the categories and agreeing the information flow out to the users of these services. Behind the scenes, IT checked the mapping of these categories against existing categories to avoid unnecessary duplication of information and also to ensure that key categories had unique identification. Of course, the technology team has to do quite a lot of work behind the scenes, looking at validation criteria, ensuring that the data maps to the correct fields and, of course, ensuring that the resulting output format matches the specifications of the receiving teams.
BEYOND RAW DATA

Measurement is a really interesting feature. This is not just about capturing raw data how many matters and of what business types but much more about measuring both the profitability of those matters and also measuring the real value of the flow. That close collaboration between groups is not always easy to achieve. The referral tracking is started with a project-initiation document not a real technical Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page145
Collaboration
specification, but an operational outline of what is needed, the business drivers behind it and the hope-for benefits. Of course the finance team are also involved seeking to measure and manage the value of referrals into the business and also to understand referrals out from the business and the drivers behind those referrals.
PROJECT MONITORING
The project is to be measured and monitored against both the initiation document and also the anticipated benefits section. Formal reporting and monitoring back to the project team against these criteria help everyone understand where the firm is during the development phase and what they had achieved when they got to the first milestone in the enterprise wide roll-out.
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Often technology is just the facilitator and delivery mechanism. Sometimes, however, new developments in technology help in the recognition of unforeseen benefits. Using web-based technology allow the technical team to develop input forms, which require the absolute minimum of training. That is essential if a new system is to get early and successful adoption from the users. The resulting system allows the matter inceptor by a few additional keystrokes to provide marketing, business development and the international teams with a wealth of data. Further it provides the management team with good quantitative as well as qualitative data flows on work sources.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PRESENTATION

Getting the users to input the necessary information is perceived as one of the key potential obstacles to the success of a project. However, by making the data capture as straightforward as possible, and by closely integrating it with already existing information streams this obstacle is Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page146
Collaboration
diminished to an acceptable level for the user group. For ease of consumption much of the resulting report information is presented initially in graphical form so that a user can at a glance see the types of work referred from different sources. Collaborative Financial Management brings together Treasury, Receivables and Payments for a single view of cash and risk and then optimizing business processes for improved liquidity management connectivity platform acts as an integration layer allowing suppliers, buyers, banks, vendors, data providers and other external stakeholders to improve cash velocity and response time. This acts as the backbone for financial supply chain management. Effective use of this technology can mean increased cash flow, stronger forecasting, lower borrowing costs, reduced bad debt expense, decreased fraud and reduced operating costs. Corporations become more efficient, gain visibility and can embed best practices to drive standardization and compliance. Gain visibility for improved cash forecasting Leverage decision support for hedging, borrowing, investments Increase cash flow, reduce past due A/R Lower operational & transaction costs Improve productivity
PAYMENTS
A solution to help streamline the processing of payments and improve connectivity and integration, which helps reduce transactional costs, mitigate fraud and improve the management of cash out-flows.
RECEIVABLES
A suite of credit and collections software that drives automation, workflow and collaboration across the Order-to-Cash cycle, helping organizations improve liquidity management.
Collaboration
TREASURY
Solutions for corporate treasury, cash and risk management to help increase cash flow, reduce operating costs and standardize processes. While on the one hand the Internet and new technologies have transformed almost every market there are a few key processes that have remained relatively untouched. "It's a bit odd that we can move physical goods cheaper then we can move money." commented David Blair, Head of Treasury for Nokia in a panel discussing the impact of regulations. This fact has not gone unnoticed. All signs indicate that it is set to change rapidly. "We have a set of rules and regulations that were designed for financial marketing that were largely isolated. They are now inconsistent with a market that needs to be integrated, The consensus is that the often quiet pace of change in the European payments landscape is set to become a loud roar as changes get underway.
FACING THE LEGACY

Current systems were just not designed to handle the required interconnectedness to deal effectively with the changes in the payments landscape. "With payments originating from multiple systems it is impossible to have an organisational view of activity "Even when the changes come, many companies are not facing up to the challenges of improving their payments processing. Leading organisations are assessing their operations and creating payment factories within their European organisations, collaborative financial management will give organisations improved control and visibility over their entire payments process. With every change there are institutions that lead the pack and turn what is often seen as a compliance measure into a competitive advantage and this change is no different. Many organisations will continue processing payments within organisational silos but many are looking to re-engineer the process and reap significant benefits. Centralising payments processing within an organisation has tremendous benefits and supports many of the stated goals of Treasurers. The benefits that the customers are driving towards are integrating multiple distributed accounts payable processes into one, centrally-controlled, process while creating a more efficient payment process through payment aggregation Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page148
Collaboration
and netting. These benefits only materialise when payments flow though one central hub." "The unique thing about collaborative financial management is that the benefits dont just stop there. Once this work is done, the people are able to reduce the cost of payment execution by applying 'least-cost routing' logic and meeting ever stricter control requirements over the payment process with a single audit source for the payment flow," With the ability to touch cash coming into and out of an organization, the CFO has unprecedented information to derive the maximum value from working capital. The entire process of financial collaborative management starts with making plans and forecasting, i.e., Planning and estimating the amount of money which is to be spent, i.e., Budgeting.
PLANNING AND BUDGETING

PLANNING
Collaboration
A plan is basically a scheme, program, or method worked out beforehand for the accomplishment of an objective. The act or process of making a plan or plans is called planning.
BUDGETING
Budgeting relates to planning how much money you will spend on something. These definitions show that the process of planning and budgeting are inter-related and should therefore go hand in hand .

The enterprise planning processplanning, budgeting, forecasting and reportingpresents a formidable challenge to most companies, regardless of size or industry. Enterprise planning is a crucial component of financial management that contributes greatly to a companys overall success or failure, especially in these uncertain economic times. Despite its importance, planning is often seen as burdensome and timeconsuming. Yet forwardthinking organizations see planning as offering enormous opportunities. Leading companies address planning obstacles and improve processes. They take advantage of new technologies and employ planning and forecasting best practices. They are quickly rewarded with more accurate plans, more timely re-forecasts and more effective decision-making. Overall, these tools and practices save time, reduce errors, promote enterprise-wide collaboration and foster a disciplined financial management culture that delivers true competitive advantage often accompanied by a leading or stable market position. Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page150
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PROCESS PROBLEMS
Corporate decision-makers typically voice similar concerns about planning, budgeting and forecasting. Processes are tedious and time-consuming. Data integrity is questionable. The explanation of variances is difficult. Existing tools are inflexible and do not support a dynamic environment
COMPANIES THAT OFFER ERP SOLUTIONS

Many companies offer ERP solutions for business depending upon their capital investment, size, and nature of business. ERP solutions have been a boon for businesses because it reduces the time spent on preparing budgets manually, and sharing budgets and plans have become more easier through the use of ERP and technology, which gets the work done easier and decisions can be made much quickly which saves cost and helps in reducing risks. Some of the companies that offer ERP solutions are: Microsoft Dynamics Dimensional Technologies Oracle
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WHY SHOULD ORGANIZATIONS USE COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PLANNING AND BUDGETING?

Today, with ever changing market conditions and the increasing velocity of business, budget preparers are under pressure to ensure that strategic plans and operational budgets remain aligned. Yet historically, the planning and budgeting process has been a highly iterative and resourceintensive effort that often yields results that are obsolete as soon as they are published. The emerging concept of using collaborative technology in planning and budgeting offers an unparalleled solution for implementing, monitoring, and adjusting financial objectives and deploying these objectives to all levels of the organization in real time. Users receive continuous feedback of actual results against department-level and companywide business goals that can be used to dynamically assess and immediately respond to rapidly changing business conditions. Web-based budgeting and planning solution drives collaborative, integrated, event-based planning processes throughout the enterprise for a wide range of financial and operational needs. It provides a comprehensive approach for the complete planning process that drives continuous profit improvement. Decision-makers and front-line managers can communicate which course of action to take and get budget holders to collaborate so that all profitability improvements can be identified and acted upon.
KEY FEATURES
11. Collaborative planning capability includes all front-line

decision-makers and consistently communicates changes in Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page152
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direction for all aspects of planning, including target setting, strategy and tactics. 12. Powerful process and workflow management including e-mail notification and alerts empowers users to track the progress of their budget, create and validate plans and respond quickly to changes. 13. Integrated planning processes enable companies to create multidimensional plans that feed into enterprise-wide operational target-setting scenarios that are set with cascading targets and objectives containing annotations that allow managers to set topdown performance targets that close the gap with operational plans. 14. Flexible business rules functionality enables employees to have a heightened understanding of the story behind the numbers and buy-in to corporately maintained rules and assumptions. End users write, update and maintain their own specific business rules and complex calculations without IT assistance. 15. Integration with effective Business Modeling allows users to plan for true customer and product profitability. Decision-makers create operational and financial budgets to analyze and manage scarce resources for maximum profitability. 16. Robust Data Integration reduces the time and expense of data collection, integration and verification and speed delivery of critical business information. Bi-directional data exchange becomes possible with legacy applications, data warehouses, ERP and CRM systems and more. 17. Powerful production reporting high-volume, highly formatted production reporting across the enterprise becomes possible. Dynamic scheduling of reports provides for automated reporting, that ensure that stakeholders have timelier and easier access to critical business information that is relevant, consistent and complete.
BENEFITS OF USING COLLABORATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN PLANNING AND BUDGETTING

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INTEGRATED END-TO-END SOLUTION
Prepare and analyze plans in real time without having to move data between applications. Compare strategic plans with detailed budgets by using online variance analyses and reports. Create dynamic relationships between target and budget scenarios for tightly interrelated modeling.
FLEXIBLE MODEL DESIGN
Create strategic plans and detailed budgets that span various time periods. Create summary-level strategic targets as well as detailed bottom-up budgets, all within a single model. Develop detailed budgets based on prior years' historical data, current-year actuals, previous budgets, higher-level strategic plans, or zero-based methodologies.
FLEXIBLE AND ROBUST FORMULA METHODOLOGIES
Leverage the predelivered functions, such as if-then, financial, depreciation, and data functions. Create formulas quickly and efficiently with delivered methods such as economic drivers, head count, and detailed itemizations. Dynamically recalculate plans as underlying assumptions and supporting details vary during the planning cycle.
COLLABORATIVE, ROLE-BASED PROCESS Prepare, review, and approve plans and budgets in a personalized, role-based workspace. Automatically generate personalized work lists and grant secure data access to provide users with visibility into budget status. Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page154
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Streamline the planning and budgeting process with e-mail notifications and online notations.
INTUITIVE USER INTERFACE
Establish control and oversight of the planning and budgeting cycle through the Administrator Console. Create complex formula methods in an easy-to-use, three-step wizard that provides guidance and online help for novice users. Leverage the power and familiarity of your spreadsheet application to upload new data into PeopleSoft Planning and Budgeting or edit existing data.
DYNAMIC REPORTING AND ANALYSIS Analyze business plans and line-item budgets with online reporting, including variance and trend analysis across multiple scenarios, versions, positions, and asset data. Customize views of data with real-time, interactive drag-anddrop functionality.
With a single click, filter the online analysis to display only the rows and columns of data you are interested in and then simply return to the original analysis view
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Once the process is planned and estimates are prepared, a systematized approach is required for communication of information between management and investors. Thus, Investor Relationship Management is required.

Investor Relations (IR) is a strategic management responsibility that integrates finance, communication, marketing and securities law compliance to enable the most effective two-way communication between a company, the financial community, and other Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page156
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constituencies, which ultimately contribute to a company's securities achieving fair valuation. -Adopted by the National Investor Relations Institute (U.S.) Board of Directors, March 2003. The Investor Relations blueprint describes the information exchange between an IR department and shareholders. The term describes the department of a company devoted to handling inquiries from shareholders and investors, as well as others who might be interested in a company's stock or financial stability.
INTERNATIONAL INVESTOR RELATIONS ORGANIZATIONS.

7. 8. 9. 10. AIRA : Australasian Investor Relations Association (AIRA), AIRP: Association of Investor Relations Professionals (Russia), CIRA: Cercle Investor Relations Austria, CIRI: Canadian Investor Relations Institute
BUSINESS SCENARIO PROCESS

Investor relations department Shareholders Create investor relations websites -The investor relations assistant creates and updates the IR Websites on a regular basis Browse an investor relations website-Interested shareholders, such as analysts and investors, browse through the Websites and look for the financial statements and the actual strategy 3. Register as investor/analyst with master data and profile-Each shareholder has the opportunity to register as an investor or an analyst with their Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page157
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5.
6.
3. 4.
5.
6.
address and profile on that Website. The profile describes which information they would like to receive regularly Maintain master data and profile -master data and profile are transferred to the investor relations department and are stored directly in the database. E-mail push service to shareholder- On that basis, the investor relations assistant can automatically send out e-mails with the requested press releases, announcements, strategy information, and user-specific reports. Furthermore, the shareholders receive e-mails containing a link and a password to access a special IR Website Read through reports Online access to online scorecard- They can read through the reports and have direct online access through a browser to a Balanced Scorecard for shareholders Personal meeting with shareholders in the management cockpit -The shareholders are regularly invited into the Management Cockpit Room at the IR department to discuss the strategy in more detail. Personal meeting with IR manager in the management cockpit Maintain contact data and profile for further communicationthe IR manager maintains the contact data and profile. This gives him/her a good overview of the previous results for future meetings.
SOFTWARES AND TOOLS
DATAART
DataArt has developed an Open Investor Relationship Management System for a New York-based asset management firm. The system provides classic CRM functions as well as features specific to the Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page158
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operations of a financial services company. The following functional areas are supported by the system: Contact management Investment tracking Fund performance management Front-office research support Investor reporting THE SOLUTION The system is entirely web-based, built on Microsoft's .NET technology platform. It is implemented in classic 3-tier architecture, providing good support for scalability and maintainability. SQL Server 2000 is used as the data storage layer, which communicates with the Data Management and Business Logic layers through ADO.NET. The data Management and Business Logic layers are organized as a set of Class Libraries written in C#, operating under the control of Application Server (IIS+.NET Framework). The top level, the User Interface, is based on the Microsoft IE 6.0/HTML/JavaScript platform to combine mobility gained through fully web-based interface with the advanced controls and user interaction methods provided by the IE 6.0 environment. COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE USER INTERFACE AND APPLICATION SERVER IS ORGANIZED IN TWO WAYS: Standard HTTP form-based data exchange is based on requestresponse roundtrips A Web Services-based protocol, utilizing IE's Web Services scenarios (.HTC behavior script). This option eliminates extra roundtrips to the server and thus intensifies the user experience The system maintains Web Services-based interfaces with a number of external systems, including the corporate website and the Microsoft Exchange server.
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The .NET framework has brought a number of important technological benefits to the solution: Web Server Controls are used to increase reusability of the code Built-in support for caching is utilized extensively to minimize system response times and optimize load. The .NET-based system proves to be exceptionally reliable and robust. Throughout a series of intensive tests, the number of system failures, memory leaks and the like appeared to be drastically less than in systems built on older platforms. Within this system, only 'safe' code is used, which has become possible only in the .NET environment. .NET's control over impersonation allows the system to utilize different approaches for secure access rights control. For example, application-level access rights are used for normal user operations, while object-based restrictions, previously only typical for thick client architectures, are used for system administration tasks.
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES MS SQL Server, ASP.NET, C#, XML, Microsoft HTC, Web Services
PRODUCTS & SERVICES OF SS&C TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATION
FUND RUNNER MARATHON Is an advanced Investor Relationship Management (IRM) & Due Diligence Management (DDM) customer relationship management software for alternative investments firms. Find out why over 80 alternative investment firms use Fund Runner Marathon. FUN RUNNER INVESTOR SITE Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page160
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A comprehensive turnkey web presence for alternative funds. Investor Site gives the fund manager a custom designed site, comprehensive investor reports, end-to-end security, and a complete online management toolkit all designed specifically for alternative funds. TNR SOLUTION Is state of the art enterprise software available for Private Equity and Alternative Investment communities today? Build around Microsofts .NET platform, the solution gives end users the flexibility to manage all aspects of their operations from Contact Management (CRM), Fund Raising/Investor Relations, Deal, Fund and Portfolio Management, General Ledger and Reporting
DYNAMO INVESTOR RELATIONS FOR PROFESSIONALS

Dynamo Hedge Fund Edition is vertical CRM software with rich capabilities for investor relationship management. Tightly integrated with Outlook, Dynamo allows you to work in a familiar interface, and quickly capture and send correspondence. And with mobile access via BlackBerry, this hedge fund CRM software provides a seamless Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page161
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experience regardless of whether youre in the office, at home, or on the road. Netages hedge fund CRM software can help you: Centralize investor data, including keysubscriptions, redemptions, Generateletters transactions, including contacts, roles, and Track investor and transfers correspondence history automated statements, performance estimates, and investor marquisis due and consultants with tools to tier Focus on and rollup accounts through the crackswhen flags and Identify activities from investors high-value activities; avoid long hours with correspondence clientsfalling Prevent of a button follow-up reminders reporting solution, Dynamo Online Netages online(e.g. investor profile, redemption schedule, etc.) with Runpush clients and their interested parties canto a branded the reports investor documents and reports securely access With portal that Reporting, you can investor around-the-clock. instantly post
HEDGE FUND CRM AND INVESTOR RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION Investor Dynamo Enterprise (IDE) is the only Outlook-based, hedge fund CRM and Investor Relationship Management software that runs on a scalable, relational database. FEATURE HIGHLIGHTS Outlook-based CRM software is intuitive and easy to use. Tools for tracking investments and commitments across active and prospective clients, and recording capital changes and NAVs across different share classes and series. Investor relations mail merge wizard to save time and reduce human error when generating investor correspondence and reports. Data import tools for easily leveraging legacy data (from CRM and contact management systems) and external data sources. Dozens of hedge fund-specific reports and dashboards. Powerful query tools to instantly create ad-hoc reports and access relevant data. Built from the ground up on the latest .NET architecture, and runs on Microsoft SQL Server for the highest scalability and performance.
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Integrated online investor reporting with Investor Dynamo Online Reporting.
VISUAL IR: INVESTOR RELATIONS MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

Visual IR has been designed to equip multi-entity organisations with a simple, customisable and user-friendly tool to help optimise their investor relations. The Investor Relations teams can therefore optimise the operational and financial aspects of their relations with key investors. MORE EFFICIENCY FOR IR TEAMS Benefits for Investor Relation teams: Visual IR lets you generate up-todate information that is reliable, secure, qualitative and immediately useable by executive management. For executive management: Visual IR makes it easier to anticipate shareholder movements, providing a complete map of the shareholder population and its habits. This allows you to encourage their commitment to your group's long term strategy. FEATURES Optimise financial and operational relations with key investors Access to directories of financial institutions and individuals Identify investors, contacts, financial intermediaries (brokers, asset managers, analysts, etc.). Segregate investors by centre of interest Maintain dynamic relations with financial information providers View logs, instantly monitor positions held and changes in share ownership, Build loyalty and manage public events (invitations to road shows, investors' days, AGMs, sporting events, etc.). Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page163
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Investor meeting roadmap for CEO
Substantial benefits for groups Fully-dedicated investor relations application Complete mapping of share ownership structure Simple and optimised management of dedicated events Ergonomic aspects designed by users for rapid familiarization
Operations of an organization are numerous and complex and a record of each is required to be maintained at various levels. Financial Supply Chain Management facilitates in synchronizing the operations, tracking glitches and taking corrective actions periodically.
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In a dynamic market environment, shaped by globalization and continuous technical developments, an innovative Supply Chain Management is paramount. According to recent studies huge amounts of working capital are tied up in the Supply Chain. Financial Supply Chain Management is the key to release that working capital. According to Killen & Associates (2002) The Financial Supply Chain parallels the physical or materials supply chain and represents all transaction activities related to the owe of cash from the customers initial order through reconciliation and payment to the seller.
Perspectives of FSCM
The functional perspective examines particularly finance, investment and accounting whereas the institutional perspective deals with the actors in the FSC. The various process-oriented activities in FSCM are qualification, invoice and claim.
Value Proposition of Financial Supply Chain Management

FSCM is basically divided into Financial Chain Management and Supply Chain Finance where FCM refers to process-oriented and SCF to financeoriented approaches. Successful companies realize that managing their supply chains effectively is a great source of competitive advantage. Ensuring that partners in supply chains have access to sufficient, steady financing on competitive terms is a critical responsibility. However, this needs to be balanced against corporate objectives of reducing working capital, balance sheet improvement and risk management. Supply Chain Finance is thus a new approach to financing. SCF is a partnership with selected corporate clients (Anchor) to provide working capital support for their chosen Suppliers and Buyers. The strength of the Anchors supply chain linkage (i.e. the commercial arrangements and relationships between buyer and seller) is given due consideration in evaluating credit quality of suppliers/buyers. This is very different from the traditional practice of standalone risk evaluation which was focused Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page165
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only on suppliers/buyers financial strength and historic financial performance. To understand more clearly, FSC is simply the flow of cash between businesses along the supply chain, be it in the form of a payment between buyer, broker, carrier, 3PL, agent and suppliers, or in the form of finance, either from a bank, financial institution or a supply chain partner willing to lend in the form of an early or extended payment. An important cornerstone of effective FSCM is the migration of paper flows to a more efficient electronic environment. Electronic invoice presentation and payment (EIPP) processes and broader purchase-to-pay dematerialization projects can be regarded as key enablers within a broader FSCM program. Indeed, FSCM is better understood within some organizations as the management of purchase-to-pay (P2P) or source-tosettlement (S2S) processes within buying organizations and the management of order-to-cash (O2C) processes in a supplier organization. There are two other important dimensions to financial supply chain management (FSCM) that need to be considered when discussing the
evolution of the supply chain. The first relates to risk management and the second to tax.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk management is a critical part of SCM as low-cost sourcing, contract manufacturing, off-shoring, managed services and outsourcing have all increased the complexities involved along the chain. The risk of Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page166
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bottlenecks and disruption and incurring unforeseen cost are greater in cross continent and global supply chains. The growing incidence of natural disasters resulting from climate change, terrorist acts, embargoes, fraud, money laundering and economic volatility all adds to the risk profile of a global supply chain. Coordinating the different facets of risk management within an overarching FSC program is seen as a key priority within a number of organizations. Compliance requirements are getting tougher for both importers and exporters alike. OFAC, Green-lane status in the US, Sarbanes- Oxley, Basel II for banks are all examples of compliance related initiatives that need to be taken seriously and require investment. An investment that will yield greater returns if it is integrated into a broader program of dematerialization, that is, the migration to electronic document and data exchange. Compliance and the compliance team should be an integral part of the FSCM program. FSCM is not a new concept. It has been recognized as an important element of the broader SCM discipline for at least a decade. What has changed in the last 18 months is the determination by a number of large corporate to convert the conceptual opportunities into deliverable benefits.
TAX
A number of large multinationals with sourcing and production activities across the globe want to better manage their tax liabilities by reengineering SCM processes and responsibilities to optimise customs duty, corporate and value added tax liabilities. Tax efficient supply chain management (TESCM) is an important offering for a number of accounting and management consultancies and may be considered part of a broader FSCM program.
EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF THE FSC

The focus to date for many organisations has been the physical supply chain. Supply chain managers have worked hard to build cross-functional teams bringing together managers from sales and marketing, operations, procurement and logistics. Internal and external collaboration with suppliers and supply chain partners, particularly around logistics, has been Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page167
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the business priority. Typically, finance and treasury have only tended to get involved either at the very beginning of the process around risk mitigation and at the end around the payments. As performance improvement around the supply chain extends into information and financial flows, the need for the CPO or the treasurer to get more directly involved in end-to-end SCM has been recognised. For many supply chain managers, they simply have not got the bandwidth or resources to drive FSC related initiatives and are increasingly looking for finance and treasury to take a leadership role.
GROWING IMPORTANCE OF FSCM

The lines of demarcation between financial and physical supply chain management (PSCM) are becoming more and more blurred, particularly around the management of the increasingly digital information integral to both. FSCM cannot and should not be regarded as a pure science or as a standalone discipline. The common assertion that PSCM focuses on the profit and loss account (P&L) and FSCM on the balance sheet, is also a little nave. Both disciplines seek to reduce the cost of goods sold, to better manage risk and to improve both customer service and supplier relationships. It would be counter-productive and damaging to shareholder value if both chains were treated as separate processes and managed independently. Our experience suggests that organisations that manage physical and financial supply chains as an integrated program and jointly help shape global information systems strategy, stand the best chance of sustainable improvement going forward.
DRIVING COSTS OUT OF THE SUPPLY CHAIN

The cost-down approach has many of the features associated with a more adversarial relationship between buyer and supplier. The focus has been to reduce the costs for the buyer, typically at the expense of the supplier or the service provider. This approach is still prevalent but increasingly SCM and FSCM teams are choosing a different method. The current mantra for sustainable performance improvement is to focus less on pushing cost down the chain onto weaker parties, and more on driving costs and Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page168
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inefficiencies out of the chain and for the benefit of all partners - creating that illusive win-win-win scenario. Another increasingly important business priority, namely improving working capital, is also being considered from a different perspective. As per the collaborative ethos outlined above, the new challenge is less about just reducing the cost of finance within the buying organisation and more about reducing the cost of finance across the supply chain for all players. This is not simply an altruistic gesture from the buyer; if they can help suppliers get cheaper finance then there is a negotiating lever for unit cost reduction. FINANCIAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IS THE WHOLE PROCESS ASSOCIATED WITH FLOW OF GOODS FROM MANUFACTURER TO END CONSUMER. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: 1. PHYSICAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT :Physical supply chain management deals with the movement of goods from manufacturer to end supplier FINANCIAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: Financial supply chain management deals with the whole transfer of money during the transfer of goods. Financial supply chain integrates with physical supply chain in multiple places with activities
2.
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largely around payments and loans. Generally banks provide these services some time other agencies also provide. SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IS CONCERNED WITH THE EFFICIENT INTEGRATION OF SUPPLIERS, FACTORIES, WAREHOUSES AND STORES SO THAT MERCHANDISE IS PRODUCED AND DISTRIBUTED. In the right quantities To the right location At the right time
In order to Minimize total system cost Satisfy customer service requirements
THERE ARE VARIOUS KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS THAT ARE RELEVANT FOR MEASUREMENT IN FINANCIAL SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT. One key metric is the cash flow cycle, which defines the period from delivery by suppliers until the cash collection of receivables from customers.
Cash flow cycles can differentiate into following parameters Days in inventory: This is the length of time between the delivery of the goods and the invoice from the supplier, and the sale of the goods and the invoice to the customer. It describes the average number of days the goods of a company remain in inventory before being sold. Days in payables: is the length of time between delivery of the goods and the invoice from the supplier, and the actual payment for the inventory. This figure describes the average time it takes to pay a supplier. Days sales outstanding: This is the length of time between the sale of the goods and the invoice to the customer, and the actual
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payment date of the customer. This metric measures the average number of days companies need to collect revenue after a sale has been made. A high DSO number means that an enterprise is selling to its customers on credit and taking longer to collect money. The figure is an important figure for creditors, to optimize the order-to-cash cycle Days in receivables: This is the length of time between the sale of the goods and the invoice to the customer, and the expected payment date.
All financial activities are to be accounted for and taxes are to be paid to the government authorities. For proper calculations of taxes and compliance with the rules and formats, Tax Management is essential.
TAX MANAGEMENT
Tax management for companies has become a complex issue. Companies need to calculate their direct and indirect taxes (like VAT, service tax, etc.) appropriately, which increases proportionately with increase in company size. Tax related issues become more complex when the company operates in more than one country. Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page171
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For successful planning of tax management, one needs to operate in teams for sharing data, documents and be in contact with your team mates. Hence collaboration is very important both outside the organisation (e.g. with the tax department) and within the different departments of the organisation like finance, marketing, operations, etc. for proper compliance of law and to avoid duplication of work, thus, increasing the productivity. Collaboration Technology offer various solutions in different steps of tax management.
TAX PLANNING
For proper planning of tax, a Manager needs to be aware of all the tax rules and make sure every Tax rule is complied by and there are no hidden costs involved (which, if later discovered, could harm the whole purpose of planning).Using collaborative tax solution the company can estimate the tax it will pay, choose a way in which it will pay least tax and will also help in creation of accurate provisions for the Taxes The emerging issue in tax planning these days is Transfer Pricing. Collaboration Technology helps to analyse the transfer pricing risk and make sure all the transfer pricing which a company does, are legal and accurate.
TAX COMPLIANCE
As mentioned earlier for Tax solution provides real time updates for the changing tax norms. A Tax professional need to make sure not only direct tax which is being filled is correct but also have to make sure that all the indirect tax like sales tax, value added tax (VAT), property tax, etc. is also appropriately computed. If the company is operational in other than home economy, then the tax rules of the host economies should also be known. Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page172
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Since lots of complex rules are involved for successful compliance, it also requires knowledge of all the information rules governing different states (provinces) and countries. Collaborative technology provides the perfect solution to such complexities which helps to integrate your system (MSExcel, Tally) with different tax systems followed around the world.
TAX PROCESSING
For successful implementation of filling tax, you need to get all the data organised from various departments. There is also need to get everything in the format as prescribed by the tax authority, and the data need to be organised for proper audit. Collaborative technology helps to organise data effectively and efficiently. The tax authority can automatically generate forms(in format asked by authorities, suppliers, customers etc) for all the transactions. In addition, audit also becomes much simpler as all the data is organised and hence helps in saving cost.
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HELPS MANAGER IN DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES LIKE Reminder for non filing of return Recording sales and purchases Classifying goods (capital goods, perishable goods) according to
tax rules (helping in knowing the amount of cash spent on taxes of a particular items)
Classification of suppliers normal, composition, dealer with tax

incentives
Easy management of audit evidence Security of tax documents Auto generation of balance sheet in format as required Receipt/ Challan as required by tax authority or customer Track changes made during the audit
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SUMMARY
In measuring financial performance and analyzing the results raw data and the mechanism of presentation both are equally difficult. To solve the dilemma of combining the suggestions of the makers, business-intelligence tools, track referrals are used, which work in three categories: internal, inward and external. The accounts department, marketing team, technology team all work in its respective domain, IT works behind the scene. Beyond the raw data both the profitability of the matter and also the real value of the flow should be measured. Formal reporting and monitoring back to the project team helps everyone understand where the firm is during the development phase and what they had achieved when they got to the first milestone in the enterprise wide roll-out. Collaborative Financial Management gives a single view of cash and risk and then optimizes business processes for improved liquidity management. The area of Investor Relationship Management deals with information exchange between the IR department and the shareholders. This helps the shareholders to have access to the financial statements and actual strategy by browsing through the website. The tools and technologies used in this area are MS SQL Server, ASP.NET, C#, XML, Microsoft HTC, Web Services. Investor relation is thus a strategic managements responsibility which is used to integrate finance, communication and marketing between a company and the financial community.
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The planning, budgeting and reporting techniques are being used by the enterprises these days for timely forecasts and effective decision making. This are helps in proving a disciplined financial management culture that helps the companies in having competitive advantage. Some of the companies offering ERP solutions are- Microsoft dynamics, Dimensional Technologies and Oracle. Financial Supply Chain Management is whole process associated with flow of goods from manufacturer to end consumer. It is the key to release that working capital and is divided into Financial Chain Management which refers to the process-oriented perspective and Supply Chain Finance which is the financeoriented approach. Supply Chain Finance deals with the movement of goods from manufacturer to end supplier. Financial Supply Chain deals with the whole transfer of money during the transfer of goods and is simply the flow of cash between businesses along the supply chain. Risk management :- Coordinating the different facets of risk management within an overarching FSC program. Tax :- Tax Efficient Supply Chain Management (TESCM) is an important offering for a number of accounting and management consultancies and may be considered part of a broader FSCM program. The current mantra for sustainable performance improvement is to focus less on pushing cost down the chain onto weaker parties, and more on driving costs and inefficiencies out of the chain and for the benefit of all partners - creating that illusive win-winwin scenario. Key performance indicators of FSCM is the cash flow cycle, which defines the period from delivery by suppliers until the cash collection of receivables from customers. Tax planning , compliance and processing .Help to managers in day-to-day activities.
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. How IRM can be an asset to an organisation? In which way, Collaborative Technologies help improve performance of IRM? Briefly explain the most commonly used softwares for IRM which u think will be the most beneficial for your organisation? How Collaboration helps in Planning and Budgeting? What is FSCM? How is it different from Physical Supply Chain Management? How Collaboration in FSCM can improve efficiency of an organisation? What is Tax Management? What are the three steps in Tax Management and how can Collaboration help in it? What are the uses of Tax Management? What are the solutions available to a manager?
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REFERENCESR
INTRODUCTION
1) http://www.the-financedirector.com/projects/sungard/ 2)http://www.mpmagazine.com/xq/asp/txtSearch.Financial+management/e xactphrase.1/sid.0/articleid.8DB7CE8A-42CE-4A87-898AD8D3CD37260F/qx/display.htm

1) visual ir-www.eqiuty.fr/en/solution/7/investor-relations-software.html 2) SS&C Tech-ssctech.com/product services/investor-relations.asp copyright 2010 SS&C Technologies Holdings,Inc. 3) intl. IR org.-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor_relations 4) Netage hedge fundwww.netagesolutions.com/page/7/Dynamo_Hedge_Fund_Edition 5) Hedge Fund CRM- www.netagevc.com/ide 6) meaning and processhttp://help.sap.com/bp_autov1600/Auto_Global/Automotive%20OEM_Fil es/50CA682E093911D486F70 000E81D646F.htm 7) Example-http://www.russoft.org/success/?story=143D

1) http://www.oracle.com/us/products/applications/peoplesoft-
enterprise/financial- management/053727.html 2) http://www.dimensionaltech.com/solution_planbudget.htm Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page178
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1. 2. 3. 4. wholesalebanking.standardchartered.com http://www.worldtrademag.com/Articles/Feature_Article/25cf40a1e2 d98010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ http://epub.wu-wien.ac.at/dyn/virlib/wp/eng/mediate/epub-wu01_1088.pdf?ID=epub-wu-01_1088 http://www.freelanceblogging.easyonlinejobsreview.com/financialsupply-chain-management
TAX MANAGEMENT
http://www.sinewave.co.in/TaxServiceProvider/Default.aspx corptax.com
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Collaborative Marketing
OBJECTIVE : In this chapter we will learn how different Internet tools can help marketing managers and companies to market their products better.
Introduction to Collaborative Marketing
Accessing Internet has become a common phenomenon because innovative technologies like mobile Internet devices, Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routers allow users to connect to it anywhere and anytime. Due to e-commerce ,efficient and low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, many companies have started growing at a faster rate . It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast number of people simultaneously. Shopping has been revolutionized to a great extentfor
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example; a person can order any electronic device online and receive it in a couple of days. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more effectively than any other advertising medium. MySpace, Friendster, Facebook, Twitter and Orkut are some of the online communities which allow personalized marketing for thousands of Internet users through online advertisment and also help them in making friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise their interests and hobbies, online marketing companies use it as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own products. Instantaneous sharing of ideas, knowledge, and skills and that too at a low cost has made collaborative work much easier, with the help of collaborative software. Internet allows not only cheap communication , but a wide reach also allowing collaborating teams to work on shared sets of documents without either accidentally overwriting each other's work or having members wait until they get "sent" documents to be able to make their contributions. Business and project teams can share calendars as well as documents and other information. Such collaboration occurs in a wide variety of areas including scientific research, software development, conference planning, political activism and creative writing. Social and political collaboration is also becoming more widespread as both Internet access and computer literacy grow. From the flash mob 'events' of the early 2000s to the use of social networking in the 2009 Iranian
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election protests, the Internet allows people to work together more effectively and in many more ways than was possible without it.
Customer Communities
INTRODUCTION
The advent of web based customer communities has been one of the most significant trends in Web 2.0 businesses where groups of individuals have similar ideas come together and interact about a brand or set of product and services. The existence of Communities is not only in neighborhoods or friends but also in Marketplace. Be it service establishments, Food industry or Health clubs, Communities bring about social interaction which becomes the driver of consumption.
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Far from the cynical marketing ploy that it can sometimes seem, customer communities often sprout up on the initiative of passionate customers. Successful examples of this include XMFan around XM Radio, HDTalking for Harley Davidson, and IKEAFANS on IKEA products. The above mentioned communities are active and not affiliated with the businesses that the communities are focused on. Consequently, businesses are realizing that they can bring about more benefits if they attempt to promote these communities themselves, rather than waiting for public to create a group on their own.
BENEFITS OF CUSTOMER COMMUNITIES

Customer Communities can be beneficial both to the firms as well as the customers in many ways.
To Customers:
The customers get a platform to communicate with each other. 32. They are given the opportunity to share their experiences. The customers gain knowledge and experience about the product/ organization from existing customers 33. Customers are able to Learn for leaders 34. Customers are also encouraged to respond directly to the concerns.
31.
To Businesses:
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The 2001 McKinsey-Jupiter Media Metrix - customers of web community features generate two-thirds of sales despite accounting for only one-third of a sites visitors
It is been seen that over a quarter of community initiatives increased sales even while most businesssponsored customer communities struggled to achieve critical mass in terms of users. Customers provide feedback for strategic planning which is very crucial for any business. It also helps in building trust and loyalty of the customers. The ultimate customer loyalty lies in an organization creating, facilitating and encouraging customer-to-customer relationship. It also encourages positive word of mouth. The Businesses also get an opportunity to learn from its customers.
TYPES OF ONLINE COMMUNITIES
Consumer social networks Grassroots Customer communities Business-initiated customer communities
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Fig : 8.1The figure above shows the different kind of online communities It is essential to have an understanding of motivations, expectations, participation styles, conversational modes and desired user experience to know what our customers are really looking from online communities.
WHAT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A SUCCESSFUL CUSTOMER COMMUNITY?

One good example is Dells online community which is famously used for a corporate image turnaround last year and remains one of the most highly regarded and highly trafficked customer community properties. Another is SAPs various customer communities, with over a million registered business and technical users and a high degree of
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participation.A couple of recent examples that demonstrate the kind of customer community initiatives that are emerging include Hyatts new Yattit community for frequent travelers and the decidedly back-from-near-death Members Project by American Express. Both are highly produced and attractivelooking communities, especially compared with the three successful grassroots communities.
WHY SHOULD THESE GROUPS MATTER TO OTHER TYPES OF BUSINESSES?

Customer Communities offer loyalty benefits to the businesses and therefore businesses have started creating corporate-sponsored communities of their own. Exclusive customer communities are created by several companies like Harley Davidson, Jeep, Winnebago and Neiman Marcus. One who owns a Harley can belong to H.O.G Club. Customers of Neiman Marcus are encouraged to join their Community: In Circle after they have spent a certain amount at the store. This encourages social relationships with other customers around product ownership to a great extent.
WHAT IF THE FIRMS DONT UNDERSTAND OR DEVELOP CUSTOMER COMMUNITIES?

It is recommended to the companies to create their own customer communities or else Market will create these communities on their own. For Example, United.com was created as a result of dissatisfaction with United Airlines. If communities sprout anyway, it becomes necessary for the businesses to have some control and be a part of it to avoid negative experiences on its site. Otherwise, the customer communities can sometimes take over and change the aura of
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the company or establishment. This is particularly true with online communities when negative comments can take over a forum or blog. In some service firms, it is possible that a group of regulars can exclude new customers.
WHAT ARE WAYS TO SUCCESSFULLY INCORPORATE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS INTO THE MARKETING PLAN?
18. Put the needs of the community first.
Communities exist to serve the needs of their members, and in customer communities businesses can elect to become close-knit participants in good standing or keep the community at arms length. It is essential for the community to thrive through open conversation, honesty, trust, and candor.
19. Active community management is essential.
Customer communities lack proper management. Communities are indeed self-organizing, but like community of any kind they require active administration, management, and moderation or the community will devolve into a least common denominator environment where abuse, spam, neglect, inactivity, and poor behavior of a few go unaddressed and drive away productive participants. Wellresourced community management is apparent in every one of the successful online communities.
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20. Measuring success with community requires new
yardsticks. Unique visitors are one often cited community metric that Ive come across numerous times. Experience share is another, probably more relevant measurement that cited more often these days. But communities offer much better benefits far beyond the sheer visitor count or community size. Often the most influential members of an organizations customer base will be active in online communities, both forming a draw for other members but also shaping community and public opinion in a forum that is mutually vouched for by the community and its sponsoring organization.
21. Customer communities do work as a marketing
channel, just not in the traditional way. Its probably safe to say that customer communities are a solid marketing channel for an organization. But the benefits often come in unexpected ways include the community becoming a place where the latest unofficial news is exchanged or leaked, where visitors can expect to have non-hierarchical contact with an organizations employee, with the attendant increased flow of oft-unapproved information, and other communication is conducted, both subversive and otherwise. Customer communities tend to project customer influence and demands deeper into an
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organization and create more sustained contact. And the reverse is also true, with the result being outcomes which dont appear so much as marketing but as cooperation, mutual brainstorming, and codevelopment of ideas and outcomes.
22. The more the business is integrated, the better the
community will work. Customer communities in reality are joint communities of the business and the customer both. Deep involvement by both as early as possible and from many parts of the organization will create the early critical mass that can avoid the low-levels of participation seen in many organization-initiated customer communities.
Social Media Marketing Facebook Marketing

Today Facebook has become one of the most preferable social networking site, than any other channel and media for the most valuable demographics. Not only college students and teenagers, but adults, professionals, and people from
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around the world constitute a substantial portion of the Facebook userbase. However,it is difficult for most of the marketers to understand the vast array of explicit and implicit marketing channels which Facebook offers,especially the viral marketing Facebook offers many ways to get the word out and bring the people in. Heres how to get started.
TOOLS FOR GUERILLA MARKETERS:

1. Profile Page 2. Groups 3. Pages 4. Events 5. Notes and Photos 6. Messages 7. Marketplace 8. Share / Posted Items 9. Networks 10. Mini Feed and News Feed
TOOLS FOR ADVERTISERS:

11. Social Ads 12. Integrated Opportunities 13. Beacon 14. Polls 15. Facebook Platform Ad Networks
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I. Tools for Guerilla Marketers:
Facebook offers variety of viral channels to get the word out to your friends and creatively reach your target audience. The best part about these guerilla tactics is their cost: $free. Everyone on Facebook can use these strategies to recruit and evangelize their causes. 1. The starting point for your presence on Facebook is your profile page. Your profile pageis basically a landing page that you design in order to convert your friends to engage with certain parts of your identity. Here you can authentically express your passion for the brand, company, or product you want to promote. 2. Facebook Groups are the oldest and simplest way to build community around your brand or company on Facebook. Through a group, you create a central place for customers, partners, and friends to participate in conversations around your brand. Facebook Inbox. And the best part about Groups is you can create as many as you like for free. 3. Facebook Pages were launched by Facebook in November 2007 to easily establish a brand presence on Facebook. Pages are a lot like groups, with some important differences: Pages are more customizable than groups. You can add
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HTML, Flash, or even Facebook applications to your pages to extend their functionality. Pages get more prominent Bumper Stickers real estate than groups on the profile pages of your fans. There is no limitation to the number of fans in your group that you can message. Facebook has taken an active role in cracking down on Pages not created by authorized agents. 4. Facebook Events is a free application developed by Facebook that anyone can use to promote marketing events, sponsored parties, or even product launches, transactions. Like groups, theyre another easy way to do viral marketing. 5. Facebook notes and Photos are two Facebook applications that allow you to share blog posts and pictures with your friends. 6. Facebook allows you to send messages to users you have no connection with. 7. In Facebook Marketplace you can post a for-sale ad or wanted ad in any of your networks for free. However, if you want to post your ad in multiple networks, you have to pay $1 per network per listing. 8.Facebook Share is a Facebook application that lets you promote any Group, Event, Photo,Link, or Application you come across by a) giving it real estate in your Posted Items list onyour profile page, or b) sending it directly to your
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friends Inbox. By posting it on your profile page, you can direct some clicks to the shared item. 9. Facebook Networks are like group pages for everyone whos a member of an Educational, Work, or Geographical network. 10. When Facebook users join your group, RSVP to your event, become fans of your page, share your photos, or further engage with your brand in any of these channels, Facebook automatically adds a feed item to their Mini Feed. That feed item exists for all to see, and is often in a prominent location on Facebook profile pages. Facebooks News Feed, which occupies most of the login landing page, then amalgamates each users friends Mini Feeds into one unified stream of recent news. Its possible that one Mini Feed item generated by a Facebook user could be seen in hundreds of their friends News Feeds.
II. Tools for Advertisers:
For marketers with a budget, Facebook offers both integrated and self-serve solutions to reach broader slices of the Facebook audience. Depending on your budget, you can get started as an advertiser on Facebook. 11. Social Ads replaced Facebook Flyers in November 2007 at the same time Facebook launched Pages. With Social Ads, Facebook offers advertisers the option to pay on a CPC or
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CPM basis, whichever they prefer. Social Ads offers very powerful targeting capabilities. 12. Integrated Opportunities If you represent a large account, Facebook has partnered with Microsoft to serve advertisers with higher campaign budgets (above around $50,000). Just contact Facebook, and a sales rep will work with you to explore more integrated advertising opportunities than are available via the self-serve Social Ads service. 13. Beacon is Facebooks new program (launched in November 2007) that allows partners to send Facebook information about the activities Facebook users do on partner websites, in order to be published inside Facebook via the Mini Feed and News Feed. 14. Polls Polls offer an easy way for marketers to quickly conduct research within their targeted audience. Results are streamed in real time to a dashboard that allows marketers to break down results by gender and age. Based on your targeting preferences, you can get hundreds of responses within an hour. 15. Facebook Platform Ad Networks When Facebook launched the Facebook Platform in May 2007. Besides these tools there are some application developer tools which include profile box, news feed, mini feed, invitations and email notifications.
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WHY MARKETING ON FACEBOOK?

Initially built for college and university students in 2004, Facebook has since grown into a popular social networking website that is open to all. With over 30 million members worldwide, Facebook is 7th most visited site in the United States and sees over 15 billion pageviews every month. In May 2007, Facebook took a big step forward by launching the Facebook Platform, which allows developers to build thirdparty applications for use within Facebooks user interface. This gave marketers and companies a viral and effective means of promoting their website to the Facebook
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audience.The platform, along with a rapidly growing member base has made Facebook into viable means to get exposure for your brand, product or website.
New Studies Show Facebook a Mareting Powerhouse
#1: Average American Spent 7 hours on Facebook in January. According to recent findings by Nielson Company, Facebook has officially become a favorite pastime for many. However, the findings are pretty astounding when you really break it down. The average time users spend on Facebook is 7 hours per month (a 10% increase #2: 44% of Social Sharing on the Web Is Driven by Facebook With the surge of social networking over the past year, we have seen social traffic begin to rival search trafficand the major players, including Google, are paying close attention to this trend.Based on Gigyas data, heres the distribution of shared items on the web:

Facebook: 44% Twitter: 29% Yahoo: 18% MySpace: 9%
For share of authentication via news sites, Facebook took 31% while Google was close behind with 30% and Yahoo at 25%. With entertainment sites, Facebook was the major leader with 52% (Google was second with 17%, Yahoo with 15% and Twitter at 11%). #3: Facebook Yanks Number 2 Spot From Yahoo According to a Compete.com report, there has been a changing of the guard in the online world. Facebook has surpassed Yahoo,
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now taking its place as thenumber-two most popular site in the U.S. Facebook drew nearly 134 million unique visitors in January 2010. #4: Faking It on Facebook Is Rarer Than Previously Imagined A largely held assumption suggests online profiles are less than truthful when looking at true personalities of the users, and the researchers in this study set out to test that hypothesis. There has been no research on the most fundamental question about OSN (online social networking sites) profiles, notes the report. Do they convey accurate impressions of profile owners? The conclusion of the report was very surprising to most. The report states, These results suggest that people are not using their OSN profiles to promote an idealized virtual identity. Instead, OSNs might be an efficient medium for expressing and communicating real personality, which may help explain their popularity. #5: Facebook Boosts Sales and Customer Loyalty The Harvard Business Review recently featured a new study from Utpal Dholakia and Emily Durham of Rice University. For their study, they asked the question, How much do businesses really influence consumers when they launch pages on the site to attract fans and pepper them with messages and offers? To gauge the effectiveness of Facebook fan pages, the study used one companys page to measure the effect on customer behavior. For the experiment, the researchers partnered with Dessert Gallery (DG), a popular Houston-based bakery and caf chain. They first emailed over 13,000 customers from their mailing list to gather store evaluations and information on shopping
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behavior. Then they launched the fan page and invited the mailing list to the page. Over the course of three months, the company updated its page several times a week with pictures of goodies, news about contests and promotions, links to favorable reviews, and introductions to DG employees. Three months after that, they resurveyed the fans and heres the overall result: Facebook changed customer behavior for the better. Those who had replied to both surveys and had become fans stood out as their best customers.
Social Media Marketing YouTube Marketing HISTORY OF YOUTUBE

YouTube, founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim (all early employees of PayPal) was activated on February 15, 2005, and the website was developed over the subsequent months. The creators offered the public a preview of the site in May 2005, six months before YouTube made its official debut. "Me at the Zoo" -- 19 seconds of Karim in front of the elephants at the San Diego Zoo -- was the first video posted to the site. In November 2005, venture firm Sequoia Capital invested an initial $3.5 million and later in April 2006, Sequoia put an additional $8 million into the company, which had experienced huge popular growth within its first few
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months. A day after the funding, "The Evolution of Dance," a six-minute mashup of 50 years of dance crazes, was uploaded and it becomes the most popular clip in YouTube history, with 131 million -- plus views. During the summer of 2006, YouTube was one of the fastest growing websites on the Web, and according to a survey, 100 million video clips are viewed daily on YouTube, with an additional 65,000 new videos uploaded every 24 hours. The website averages nearly 20 million visitors per month, according to Nielsen/NetRatings, where around 44% are female, 56% male, and the 12- to 17-year-old age group is dominant. According to the website Hitwise.com, YouTube commands up to 64% of the UK online video market. In November 2006, YouTube, LLC was bought by Google Inc. for $1.65 billion, and is now operated as a subsidiary of Google. In five years, YouTube has completely reshaped the Internet, media, and political landscapes. In July 2007, YouTube and CNN host their first presidential debate, featuring citizensubmitted video questions. In the 2008 election cycle, 7 of the 16 presidential candidates announced their campaigns via YouTube. In October 2009, YouTube passes 1 billion videos a day but remains unprofitable. Analysts estimated 2009 revenue of $240 million, but YouTube spent more than $700 million storing and serving all that video.
YOU TUBE TO HELP SITES GATHER NEWS

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YouTube signed up NPR, Politico, The Huffington Post and The San Francisco Chronicle for YouTube Direct, a new method for managing video submissions from readers. The new feature is a tool to make it easy for YouTube users to submit clips that news media companies can choose to highlight. With the tool, YouTube, a unit of Google, seeks to further portray itself as an ally of media companies and other news gatherers. YouTube Direct could also bolster the Web sites status as a source for citizen journalism video. The site has offered newsworthy clips during political crises, as in Irans disputed election this year, and after other breaking news events. The tool could become a challenger to existing citizen journalism sites like iReport on CNN, where eyewitnesses can upload video of news events as well as their own opinions. When users go to the Web sites of Politico or The Chronicle, for instance, they will be able to upload to YouTube and flag their video for review by the publications editors, who will have the ability to approve or reject the submissions. It would also allow news organizations to control their experience with users while tapping into the community where that activity is taking place. NPR said it would solicit YouTube videos for WonderScope, a new, occasional scientific series on NPR.org that will invite users to bring the abstract to life. Time as in, how do you measure time? and how does time fly? will be the first subject for the series. YouTube also envisions uses beyond the days news. The site suggested in a blog post that businesses could use the tool to
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solicit endorsements and that politicians could ask for usergenerated political commercials. YouTube said two television stations in Boston had also signed up as partners.
YOUTUBE AS A TOOL FOR MARKETING
Many online business owners have been turning more and more to social bookmarking websites in order to get the job done when they want to market their website. Social bookmarking websites have essentially created a revolution for businesses across the world that have literally come out of the woodwork after many people have experienced the positive effects of some of these social bookmarking websites. The possibilities are endless when you are doing website marketing in the online world and they have been made even greater with the inception of social networking and bookmarking websites, such as Myspace, YouTube, Digg.com, along with a host of others that have been created in order to create a fun and unique world for internet users. However, the main purpose of
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these websites was to create a social network for friends and family who enjoy having a fun environment to see what others have in common. However, many of these tools are very useful to online businesses, such as ecommerce stores, organizations, and other business owners to obtain a great reputation through the traffic that they receive daily to their websites.
How Youtube can be used for a companys promotion?
Businesses constantly advertise to the consumers throughout the world, so why wouldn't a business love free advertising? Free advertising is great for any kind of business and these tools are there for use at their disposal. YouTube is a great tool that landed on the internet just a few years ago and has literally taken part of the internet by storm. YouTube is a place where users are able to create and upload videos, vote for their favorite ones, and they can even bookmark them on social bookmarking websites.But using YouTube doesn't just have to be limited to social groups on facebook and other. Large businesses and those organizations and business ventures just starting out are also able to take advantage of the YouTube video networking service. For example a company like Airtel is able to upload it websites about the latest advertisments with its link promoted on the social networking websites like facebook , orkut etc. One way for business owners to use YouTube is to simply create a video or a presentation and to upload it to the YouTube network! However, there are also a number of other ways to successfully use YouTube for website marketing for your business. Since YouTube is not a social bookmarking website then you are certainly allowed to combine YouTube
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with Linkroll, Digg, reddit, as well as blinklist and many of the other social bookmarking websites that are available out there for these purposes. To Connect this video the people all you have to do is bookmark the YouTube video that you created and list the URL within the social bookmarking community that you've chosen. Once you do that, then other internet users are able to see the bookmark and video that you added.However, one tip to using these websites is that one should be very careful about what category they place their bookmark in. Other categories are certainly more popular than others. For example, the category "free" would certainly generate more views and visitors than a "science" or other category. Because the word "free" appeals to many people then choosing a word that fits your video, but also appeals to internet users, is the key to using these types of websites for website marketing purposes. And while on the subject of adding your video or bookmark to the right category, you may just want to think about the title that you've created for the bookmark as well! While a title like "New Ecommerce Store" might be accurate to what you're bookmarking, great titles consist of action words and words that appeal. For example, instead of using the "New Ecommerce Store" phrase then you may want to try "Wow! Awesome E-store with Super Low Prices!" Just making an attractive and catchy title is one of the most important things to successfully bookmarking your site!
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All of these elements of website marketing through using YouTube are a great way to actually drive traffic and business to the new website that you've created! Not only will YouTube help tremendously, but many business owners have already experienced the power of what this social networking website can do for them!
Permission Marketing
Here, consumers provide marketers with the permission to send them certain types of promotional messages. This is seen as reducing clutter and search costs for the consumer while improving targeting precision for marketers. Permission marketing (also called invitational marketing) envisions every customer shaping the targeting behavior of marketers (Godin, 1999). Consumers empower a marketer to send them promotional messages in certain interest categories.
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The general idea of customer permission in direct marketing had surfaced earlier in the marketing literature, mainly in the context of privacy issues in direct marketing. For example, Milne and Gordon (1993) discuss the role of customer permission along with volume, targeting and compensation in the context of direct mail. However, their reference is to an individual's providing a direct marketer the permission to share his or her personal information with others. In other words, they see permission as a tool to establish privacy rights rather than to enhance targeting. Moreover, the privacy issue is different now since an infomediary (Hagel & Singer, 1999) retains all the personal information and supplies ads based on that information; the advertisers never see the information. This form of marketing requires that the prospective customer has either given explicit permission for the marketer to send their promotional message (e.g. an email or catalog request) or implicit permission (e.g. querying a search engine). This can be either via an online email opt-in form or by using search engines, which implies a request for information which can include that of a commercial nature. Opt-in e-mail, where Internet users sign up in advance for information about certain product categories, is a good example of permission marketing. Advocates of permission marketing argue that it is effective because the prospect is more receptive to a message that has been requested in advance and more cost-efficient because the prospect is already identified and targetted. In a world of information overload, automated telemarketing, and spam, most people welcome the idea of permission marketin
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Permission marketing saves time, effort, resources, money & annoyance. For example you say this is my product are you interested? If the answer is yes youre clearly a winner and if the answer no, youve just saved yourself a lot of time, effort, resources & money by not marketing to someone who's simply not interested. Similarly, you have also saved time, interruption & ongoing annoyance for the person or business that declined permission. And who knows, sometime in the future theyll call because you were good enough to stop annoying them when they asked you to. Permission marketing must grab the consumers attention and then offer specific information as to how the product or service will make their life much easier. These can be the two models for it :
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Fig 8.2 This figure depicts the first kind of model fo permission marketing
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Viral Marketing
Viral Marketing is a marketing technique that uses preexisting social networks for producing awareness of brands through self-replicating processes. Viral marketing promotions take the form of video, E-books, brandable software , images or text messages.It can be word of mouth delivered through internet.Viral media critic Douglous Rushkoff was the first one to write about viral marketing on the internet in his book Media Virus: Hidden Agenda in Popular Cultural in 1994.
VIRAL EXPANSION LOOP

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It is similar to viral marketing with a small difference that it can be replicated indefinitely. Companies that utillize viral loops include social network engines like Ning. Viral loops may power web2.0 icons like twitter, orkut, youtube,facebook and many others.
VIRAL MAKETING SERVICES

Viral marketing services include full service marketing , advertising and media brokerage.the job of VMS company is to create impressions for a specific market as defined by a client. They have expertise in Guerilla Marketing Strategies, advanced internet and mobility technique in order to make more sales and profit.
ELEMENTS OF VIRAL MARKETING STRATEGIES

An effective viral marketing strategy:

Gives away products or services. Provides for effortless transfer to others. Scales easily from small to large. Exploits common motivations and behaviours.
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Utillizes existing communication networks. Takes advantage of other resources.
1. Gives away valuable products or services Most viral marketing programs give away valuable products or services to attract attension. The word FREE is the most powerful word in marketers vocabulary. Cheap or inexpensive may generate a wave of interest but free will usually do it much faster. For example free email services,free information, free cool buttons perform powerful functions. 2. Provides for effortless transfers to others. Viruses spread when they are easy to transmit. The medium that carries your marketing message must be easy to transfer and replicate : email, website, graphic, software download. Viral marketing works famously on the internet because instant communication has become so easy and inexpensive. 3. Scales easily from small to large. The weakness of the Hotmail model is that a free email service requires its own mail servers to transmit the message. If the strategy is wildly successful, Mail servers must be added very quickly or the rapid growth
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will wog and die. There must be scalability in the viral model.
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4. Exploits common motivation and behaviour. Clever viral marketing plans take advantage of common human motivations. The urge to be popular and loved produces millions of websites and billions of email messages. Design a marketing strategy that builds on common motivations and behaviours for its transmission. 5. Utilizes existing communication networks. Network marketers understand the power of human networks both strong, close networks as well as weaker network relationships. People on the internet develop networks of relationships.They collect email addresses and favourite website URLs. Affiliate programs exploit such networks as do permission email lists. 6. Takes advantage of others resources. The most creative viral marketing plans use others resources to get the word out. Affiliate programs place text or graphic links on others website.
THE DYNAMICS OF VIRAL MARKETING

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A number of interesting insights have been obtained about how viral marketing works that challenges common assumptions made in epidemic and rumor propagation modelling. It is frequently assumed in epidemic models that individuals have an equal probability of being infected everytime they interact. But it is also observed that the probability of infection decreases with repeated interaction. Marketers have found that providing excessive incentives for customers to recommend products could counterattack by weakening the credibility of the very same links they try to take advantage of. An increasing number of infected contacts results in an increased likelihood of infection. The probabilty of purchasing a product increases with a number of recommendations received but it quickly saturates to a constant and relatively low probability. Viral Marketing was found not as epidemic as one might have hoped, marketers who want to develop normative strategies for word to mouth advertising should analyze the topology and interest of the social network of the customers.
EXAMPLES OF VIRAL MARKETING

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1. Hotmail- Hotmail is one of the most classic examples of successful viral marketing. They offered free e-mail to the masses, and simply attached a signature at the bottom of each e-mail message that promoted their free service. Every single e-mail sent by a Hotmail user contained this message, thus spreading it like a virus. Recipients would see the ad, and as a result, they too signed up for Hotmail. 2. Subservient Chicken- Burger Kings 2004 viral marketing campaign for their chicken sandwiches shows just how fun going viral can be. The Subservient Chicken was a man dressed in a chicken outfit who would perform whatever action you commanded him to. Just one day after the sites launch, one million people had already given their commands to the subservient chicken. 3. Watchmen- One of the most recent examples on this list, Watchmens viral campaign has consisted of fake newscasts and mock PSAs. Judging from the buzz online, these videos are doing their job. Fans are pumped up, and anxiously awaiting the movies release.
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4. Jack in the Box- The latest Jack in the Box campaign is another new example of viral marketing. During the Super Bowl, Jack in the Box ran a commercial (in some regions) that featured Jack getting hit by a bus. The commercial urged people to visit www.hangingtherejack.com. Unfortunately, the site wasnt ready for the surge in traffic, and it crashed during its biggest chance to go hot. 5. Dark Knight- The Dark Knight viral campaign was one of the most widespread of its kind. It included everything from websites for Gotham Cab company to a real life campaign for Harvey Dent. The point is thisthe campaign engaged people on a different level. And you cant argue with the results. The Dark Knight made ridiculous amounts of money at the box office and on DVD. Of course, there were other factors involved (Heath Ledgers death, and just how great the film looked,) but the viral campaign succeeded in creating unprecedented amounts of hype. 6. Transport for London- This is one of my favorite examples on the list, because I can say from personal experience that I helped spread their
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virus. In this video, youre asked to count how many times the white team passes the basketball. Of course, theres an unexpected surprise that accomplishes two thingsit makes the video highly share-worthy and it promotes their message without shoving it down your throat.
Summary
The Internet is accesible anywhere, anytime mainly because innovative technologies like mobile Internet devices. The Internet has also become a large market for companies; some of the biggest companies today have grown by taking advantage of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet, also known as e-commerce. The Internet has facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium Communities above are vibrant, active, and absolutely not affiliated with the businesses that the communities are focused on. As a result, business are increasingly realizing they can reap benefits by attempting to foster these
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communities themselves, rather than hoping that a group of users will do it on their own. While this can be a risky proposition garnering an active community of users successfully is still more art than science at the moment the rewards are increasingly clear for those that are successful. For the aggressive guerilla marketer, Facebook offers a bevy of viral channels to get the word out to your friends and creatively reach your target audience. The best part about these guerilla tactics is their cost: $free. Everyone on Facebook can use these strategies to recruit and evangelize their causes. Large businesses and those organizations and business ventures just starting out are also able to take advantage of the YouTube video networking service. Viral Marketing is a marketing technique that uses preexisting social networks for producing awareness of brands through self-replicating processes.
Review Questions

What is collaborative marketing ? What is customer community and its benefits ? What are ways to successfully incorporate social relationships into the marketing plan? What type of marketer is facebook?Support your answer with help of examples. What is permission marketing? Explain with example
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What are the elements of viral marketing strategy?
References
Introduction 1.
http://www.nsf.gov/about/history/nsf0050/internet/internet.htm
Customer Communities:
Smart Business Network Inc. (2009). Customer communities.
Available: http://www.cob.niu.edu/highlights/NIU_CHI_0409.pdf. Last accessed 29 July 2010. Dion Hinchcliffe. (2008). Enterprize Web 2.0. Available: http://www.zdnet.com/blog/hinchcliffe/twelve-best-practicesfor-online-customer-communities/190. Last accessed 29 July 2010. Social Media Marketing: Facebook Marketing:1.
-- 1.h 1. 1.http://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/5-new-studiesshow-facebook-a-marketing-powerhouse/ 2.http://www.doshdosh.com/facebook-marketing-resources/ 3.http://www.insidefacebook.com/2007/12/09/inside-facebookmarketing-bible-24-ways-to-market-your-brand-companyproduct-or-service-in-faceboo 4.http://www.insidefacebook.com/2007/12/09/inside-facebookmarketing-bible-24-ways-to-market-your-brand-companyproduct-or-service-in-facebook/
Social Media Marketing: YouTube Marketing: 1.http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/17/business/media/
17youtube.html?_r=1
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2.http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/142/it-had-to-beyou.html
3.http://www.londonwebsitesdesign.com/website_articles/search
_engines.html
Permission Marketing: 1.http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue2/krishnamurthy.html 2.http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2008/01/permissio n-mark.html\ 3.http://www.dtriplers.com/permission-marketing-with-tipsheets.html Viral Marketing: 1.http://www-cs.stanford.edu/people/jure/pubs/viral-tweb.pdf

2.http://www.crmodyssey.com/Documentation/Documentation_P DF/Principles_viral_marketing.PDF
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Collaboration f Citizens in Government

Learning Objectives:
35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.
How activism is taking place in modern society How technology is changing the way of social activism How social networking affects social activism What a Democracy means What E-Democracy is UID and NREGA Social Media
Social Activism
Activism consists of actions to bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change. This action is either in support of, or in opposition to, any of the arguments. The word "activism" is used synonymously with protest or dissent, but activism can also come from political orientations and it includes various things such as writing letters to newspapers or politicians, political campaigning, economic activism such as boycotts, rallies, street marches, strikes, both work stoppages and hunger strikes and other things. In some cases, activism has nothing to do with protest or confrontation. Some activists try to make people believe to change their behaviour directly, rather than making governments believe to change the laws. The
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cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not protest politically.
Interface Between Society And Technology

The digital technology approach which often emphasized people getting connected anyway they could at all cost so that they wouldnt be left behind reflected the general spirits of the time, which were based on the superficial understanding of the internets relation to social and economic changes. At the social level the hottest idea was the cyberspace, supposedly an entirely different plane of existence. This perspective reflected the errant view that information and communication technology (ICT) was creating the parallel reality and that it was thus necessary for the people to make the leap across from the old reality to the new one in order to succeed. Although the proliferation of the Internet in mainstream society only happened after the introduction of the World Wide Web in 1994, there have been several commentators, researchers and activists who had discussed electronic communications as a means of enhancing public action on political and social issues prior to that time. Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne Hiltz, in 1978, first sparked people's imaginations with their visionary scenarios of the social uses of computer messaging system .
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As the popularity of the Internet increased, the genre of writing moved from the theoretical to the descriptive to the practical. It has been studied that how the Internet changes the way people participate in political affairs. The Net Activism shows the readers how to use the functionalities of online networks to revitalize communities and engage in political activism. In regard the Net activism many articles and documents were published some were: "An Activists' Strategy for Using Email and the World Wide Web", which was published online by the One Northwest (One Northwest, 1997) organization. This was followed in 1998 by another online document, "The Virtual Activist", in which the authors stated their beliefs in the effectiveness of the Internet for enhancing change efforts. A lot of help is provided by the technology in activism. Figure: 1 The Internet helps the activists to expand their networks by identifying and contacting activists in other communities who have similar interests and concerns. If you're a root level activist, chances are you already know the people in your own community who identify and communicate with activists in other communities
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who are working on similar issues. By sharing information, strategies, and/or advice, you may be able to enhance the effectiveness of your efforts. Even the activists who have the resources to broaden their networks by attending conferences and meetings outside their own community can do so with the help of additional networking opportunities provided by the Internet. The Internet is becoming the common platform for digital communications, with the Web browser the common user interface. These platforms support many different types of software tools for information manipulation, such as hypertext links on web pages, online databases, e-mail, sound and video clips, chat rooms, and virtual reality modeling. Many of these tools are in common use by change activists, eager to get their message out to the public, engage people in their cause, and improve their organizational communications. This shows that with the help of collaborative technology, social activism can be accomplished. What is social networking? A social network is a social structure made up of individuals or organizations called "nodes", which are tied connected by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige.
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Significance of social networkingSocial network analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and ties. Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph -based structures are often very complex. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals. In its simplest form, a social network is a map of all of the relevant ties between all the nodes being studied. The network can also be used to measure social capital- the value that an individual gets from the social network. These concepts are often displayed in a social network diagram, where nodes are the points and ties are the lines.
Few advantages of social networkKeeping in Touch Social networking provides a great way for you to stay in touch with people who may have moved away. Normally, people try to stay in touch with friends via phone calls and the occasional letter or e-mail, but busy lives make it difficult to maintain contact. However, social networking is such a regularly used medium that
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it's easy to stay in touch with people even when they move away. Get Feedback You can use social networking to get feedback on ideas immediately, or to ask questions and get answers quickly. If you're developing a product or even just an idea, you can bounce it off your friends and social networking contacts and find out what they think about it. You can also ask questions and receive answers in near-real-time, if your contacts know the answer or if you're a student in touch with teachers. Share Multiple Points of View Sheltered individuals may not understand how many different points of view people have, and that it's possible for people to hold drastically different beliefs. Social networking helps you to learn about diversity and get exposure to multiple points of view. Ultimately, this exposure can help you to learn to look at things from different angles, and be more tolerant of other people's opinions, things that go a long way in the working world. Talking to Other Students Many student organizations have specific social networks designed to help students connect. Social networking tools can be a great way for students to get in touch with other students in the same school, or when they're considering a college or new school. Check with student organizations to see if they have a particular social networking tool, or type the school into your favorite social networking Web site and see what you find.
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Stay in Touch Anywhere Mobile social networking is becoming increasingly popular as more and more people have cell phones capable of running social networking applications. People can use mobile social networking tools to stay in touch with friends, and make plans on the fly. Mobile social networking tools are also great if you've got a long train or subway commute and want to stay in touch with friends and find out what they're doing.
Disadvantages:
Kids do need to learn to keep social networking under control. Some people get hooked on social networking, to the point that it interferes with getting things done. Teach your child when it is and isn't appropriate to use mobile social networking, and set a strict time limit for communicating at home.
SOCIAL ACTIVISM WITH SOCIAL NETWORK :

In todays time Collaborative technologies is like a new mantra for success, better productivity. Basically these collaborative technologies are used when employees
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from different business units work together on a common task. The research found that countries like India and China are most progressive in adopting collaborative technologies. Globally 95% of ITDMs and end users feel that collaboration tools have a role to play in the future success of their business. Social collaborative technologies enhance customer interactions, speed transactions, and build personalized communities. This innovative approach engages your contact centre to benefit from improved knowledge sharing one team building via these immediate and collaborative tools. Private social collaboration technologies enable your contact centre to: Allow people to subscribe to information about particular contacts, clients, and products .Sales people, customer service managers, QC staff, or any team member can gain real-time insight into elements that are relevant to their job within the organization. Promote and share tribal knowledge easily via collaborative group settings. Integrate new employees into the company quicker, shortening training periods and creating networking opportunities between new and seasoned employees. Increase personal connectivity between employees, boosting job satisfaction and retention, and speeding problem resolution via community building.
Public social collaboration technologies enable our contact centre to:

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Access social networking sites directly, and automatically monitor them for key words and phrases that are important to your organization. Keep employees up-to-date with the latest information available on the web via integrated RSS feeds. These feeds can originate from internal sites within your organization, or via public sites.
Web 2.0
It is commonly associated with web applications that facilitate interactive information sharing, interoperability, user centered design and most importantly collaboration between the users throughout the world. Examples of web 2.0 include social networking sites , blogs , wikis, video sharing, hosted services, web applications, mashups. Role of information technology and how it is important for home service agencies: Social media tools, such as Twitter, Facebook, Wikis and Linkedin make possible the previously unimaginable. Today, administrators do not create content. Instead, information is community-generated and consumed by anybody willing to reach out and engage. This new model changes the way information is communicated and enables the development of widespread communities. Technology choices, for better or worse, affect how we work together to deliver human services to those in need; promoting collaboration, openness and transparency or propagating
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information silos, inefficiencies and disengagement. These decisions cannot be made purely based on technical dialogue. Instead, the designs of systems need to permeate discussions on the strategies and missions of agencies across stakeholders. Technology is merely a tool. Used effectively, it can enhance engagement, collaboration and empower those who need help the most. Used ineffectively, hard to navigate web sites, siloed staff applications and binary capture input screens remove the human element from assessing a case and hinder the true mission of the agency. Three key concepts which helps staff, communities, government, citizens to work together to best serve those who are in need. These are: Transparency Participation Collaboration First to embrace transparency in service delivery we must ensure that citizen can easily find, use and trust the information that is communicated. Secondly technology can help induce participation through intuitive and engaging experience. Finally, todays technologies provide rich opportunities to enhance collaboration regardless of time and place with the help of web- chats, and social networks.
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Understanding Democracy
Understanding a democracy completely is as difficult a task as understanding the behaviour of its creators. Democracy is a political form of government where governing power is derived from the people, either by direct referendum (direct democracy) or by means of elected representatives of the people (representative democracy). That a person has right to freedom and equality are the two basic criteria of any democracy since ancient times. Every citizen in a democracy has the right to vote and participate in creating public policy. There are several varieties of democracy, some of which provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than others. However, if any democracy is not carefully legislated through the use of balances to avoid an uneven distribution of political power, such as the separation of powers, then a branch of the system of rule could accumulate power and become undemocratic. Figure: 2 Since many years, any social, political or economic problem developed in any part of the world has been solved with the direct or indirect help of the government of that country or sometimes other countries too. The political history of the 20th century is the story of evergreater and more direct political participation. And success kept expanding democracys scope. Whatever the ailment was, more democracy became the cure. The regulation of capitalism had gone overboard by the 1970s, resulting in heavy tax rates and Byzantine government controls. In democracies, it has resulted in
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solution with enhancement in the democratic quotient of the governments and in other countries it resulted in revolutions that ultimately brought democracy to them. The most important components of a democracy are the people who formed that democracy. Its not only because they have the power to select the government but also because they influence the decisions of that government in their own way or at least by the fact that they would be the same people who would re-elect their government after a certain period of time. However, democracy has not been welcomed in every country in the same way. While some countries adopted the democracy model by being inspired from some powerful democracies like United States of America, others had to adopt it as there was no individual power to rule them. In his book named The Future of Freedom, Fareed Zakaria states an important observation that countries which earn through their potential have been able to form successful democracies as compared to those where the GDP depends on mere selling of the resources of the country. A direct comparison between U.S. and Saudi Arabia would simplify things for that matter.
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Most problems faced by most democracies during the 20th century were addressed by broadening the franchise, eliminating indirect elections, reducing the strength of elite groups and empowering more and more people in more and more ways. The results were thrilling. In America that meant blacks and women got the right to vote, senators were directly elected, parties chose their candidates on the basis of popular votes and clubs changed their character and rules. The religion that dominates a certain country also determines the countrys adaptability towards democracy. Scholars and theoreticians have long argued about the compatibility of Islam and democracy. Bush administration support for export of democracy to the Middle East has brought the debate to the forefront of policy circles. As the discussion continues, statistical models can be useful to interpret the historical record. While recent studies have reached contradictory conclusions, as more data is considered, a nuanced relationship between Islam and democracy emerges: In all but the poorest countries, Islam is associated with fewer political rights. In 2002, the Bush administration launched its Middle East Partnership Initiative, an effort to bolster reform movements in the Middle East. But it was the invasion of Iraq and the establishment of a democratic electoral system in 2003 that Bush argued would kindle democratic fire in the rest of the Middle East. In the many years since the start of the Iraq war, a number of countries in the region, and Muslim countries
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outside the Middle East, have taken tentative steps toward democratic politics.
Social Networking affecting Democratic elections

When it comes to online social networking, websites are commonly used. These websites are known as social sites. Social networking websites function like an online community of internet users. Depending on the website in question, many of these online community members share common interests in hobbies, religion, or politics The Change that social networking has brought in Democratic Elections and in Citizen Awareness Social networking has shown its influence in the recent US presidential elections. According to a research done by The Pew Research Centre for People and Press ,nearly a quarter of Americans (24%) said they regularly learnt something about the campaign from the internet, almost double the percentage from a comparable point in the 2004 campaign (13%). Moreover, the internet has now become a leading source of campaign news for young people and the role of social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook is a notable part of the story. Fully 42% of those ages 18 to 29 said they regularly learnt about the campaign from the internet, the highest percentage for any news source. In January 2004, just 20% of young people said they routinely got campaign news from the internet.
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The quadrennial survey by the Pew Research Center for People & the Press and the Pew Internet & American Life Project on campaign news and political communication , conducted Dec. 19-30 among 1,430 adults, shows that the proportion of Americans who rely on traditional news sources for information about the campaign has remained static or declined slightly since the last presidential campaign. Compared with the 2000 campaign, far fewer Americans now say they regularly learn about the campaign from local TV news (down eight points), nightly network news (down 13 points) and daily newspapers (down nine points). Cable news networks are up modestly since 2000, but have shown no growth since the 2004 campaign. By contrast, the proportion of Americans who said that they regularly learn about the campaign from the internet has more than doubled since 2000 from 9% to 24%. National Public Radio is the only other news source to show significant growth since 2000; currently 18% say they regularly learn about the campaign from NPR, up from 12% eight years ago.
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Figure: 3 In this regard, substantial numbers of young people said they have gotten information on the campaign or the candidates from social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook. Overall, more than a quarter of those younger than age 30 (27%) including 37% of those ages 18-24 have gotten campaign information from social networking sites. This practice is almost exclusively limited to young people; just 4% of Americans in their 30s, and 1% of those ages 40 and older, have gotten news about the campaign in this way. Social networking sites While about one-in-five Americans overall (22%) uses an online social networking site such as MySpace or Facebook, these sites may be playing an important political role for some people, especially the young. Fully two-thirds of Americans age 18-29 say they use social networking sites, and more than a quarter in this age group (27%) say that they have gotten information about candidates and the campaign from them including 37% among those ages 18-24. Nearly one-inten of people under age 30 (8%) say that they have signed up as a "friend" of one of the candidates on a site. And the numbers are even higher for each of these activities among young registered voters. The use of social networking sites for political activity is far less common among Indian politicians but is increasing at commendable pace. Young leaders such as Rahul Gandhi and octogenarian L.K.Advani have recently started using internet to spread their political activity.
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Though not a majority of people follow leaders on their social networking sites or internet but it has generated some kind of awareness among the young educated class. This educated young class now freely expresses their views on the social networking sites or blogs of the politicians and activists. Open and transparent Government: In politics, transparency is introduced as a means of holding [official|public officials] [accountable] and fighting [political corruption|corruption]. When [government] meetings are open to the [mass media|press] and the [public], when [budgets] and [financial statements] may be reviewed by anyone, when [laws], rules and decisions are open to discussion, they are seen as transparent and there is less opportunity for the authorities to abuse the system in their own interest. Towards Participatory and Transparent Governance: Reinventing Government (i) Government innovation strategies for good governance: including redefinition of the role of government; regulatory reform, privatization and outsourcing; the establishment of performance-based management systems, human resource management, financial management and policy evaluation; expanded public participation in policy-making process through information disclosure, prior administrative notices and the incorporation of suggestions made by the general public; strengthening of partnerships with civil society; and change management.
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(ii) Trust in government and public service ethics: including promotion of public service ethics; elimination of state-business collusion; curbing corruption through institutional reform, regulations, and improved inspection systems; enhanced transparency and accountability in public service through information disclosure, transparent human resource management, accounting and procurement systems; verification of identity of policy makers, improved national archive management, online procedures enhancement for civil applications system and control in administration. (iii) Transparent and participatory e-government: including discussion on improvements to the work process through information technology applications in administrative processes, information sharing and integrated management of information resources; improvements to the public service delivery system through on-line disclosure of all service processes, increased e-services, public portal service, and one-stop e-service for the business sector; higher popular participation online; online disclosure of administrative information; adoption of online forums and e-voting systems; and the establishment of privacy protection systems.
Democratic Governance and Social Integration:

Democratic Capacity Building for Societal Partnership Democratic governance is central to participatory governance. It is expected to foster social integration
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through partnership, which requires capacity building processes and mechanisms for social cohesion and conflict resolution. The three key themes in this segment were as follows: (i) Democratic politics and governance: focusing on limitations of representative democracy and governance as an alternative; political overview of the 6th Global Forum on Reinventing Government leadership, transparency of political institutions, and power structures with checks and balances; and the reform of election systems, political parties, and parliament. (ii) Social cohesion for sustainable development with: focus on reducing disparity between the rich and the poor; participatory welfare and promoting quality of life; growth and distribution; cooperative labour-management relations; and social cohesion through reducing discrimination and strengthening the social safety nets. (iii) Resolution of social conflicts: including discussion on conflict prevention and the establishment of early warning systems; creation of a favourable environment for conflict solving through participation and cooperation; conflict settlement based on law and principles; conflict mediation in government vs. private and private vs. private scenarios, and establishment of regulatory organizations to settle conflicts within the government, including those that occur between the executive branch and the parliament. Market Economy and Corporate Governance: Fairness and Transparency for Sustainable Growth Market Economy and Corporate Governance was chosen as the third major theme for the plenary sessions. The importance of corporate
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governance has come to the forefront following the financial crisis of the late 1990s andrecent corporate scandals in the developed world. Three broad subjects were covered as follows: (i) Free and fair market order: including structural reform, market reform, regulatory reform, and financial reform; the promotion of competitiveness and investment; protection of stakeholders; and the elimination of collusions between government and business; establishment of sound business cultures; ownership reform of private corporations and Stateowned enterprises (SOEs). (ii) Transparent and accountable corporate governance: including transparency and accountability in management; transparency in financial and accounting systems; and effective internal and external audit systems. (iii) Corporate ethics and social responsibility: focusing on entrepreneurship, societal contributions of the business sector; government business partnerships; sustainable growth; corruption elimination; and multinational corporate ethics.
E-Governance
E-governance or electronic governance may be defined as delivery of government services and information to
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the public using electronic means. Use of information technology or 'IT' in government facilitates an efficient, speedy and transparent process for disseminating information to the public and other agencies, and for performing government administration activities. E-governance is a network of organizations to include government, nonprofit, and private-sector entities; in egovernance there are no distinct boundaries. The model for e-governance is a one-stop portal where citizens have access to a variety of information and services. An ideal portal would be one for employment where a citizen creates a profile and is presented with employment opportunities at the federal, state, local, non-profit, and private-sector. It makes use of a range of modern Information and Communication Technologies such as Internet, Local Area Networks, mobiles etc. by Government to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, service delivery and to promote democracy. E-Government E-Government or electronic government is creating a comfortable, transparent, and cheap interaction between government and citizens (G2C government to citizens), government and business enterprises (G2B government to business enterprises) and relationship between governments (G2G inter-agency relationship). While E-Government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS,
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wireless networks and services, Bluetooth , CCTV, tracking systems, RFID , biometric identification, road traffic management and regulatory enforcement, identity cards, smart cards and other Near Field Communication applications; polling station technology (where nononline e-voting is being considered), TV and radiobased delivery of government services, email, online community facilities, newsgroups and electronic mailing lists, online chat, and instant messaging technologies. Delivery models and activities of e-Government: Government-to-Citizen or Government-toConsumer (G2C) Government-to-Business (G2B) Government-to-Government (G2G) Government-to-Employees (G2E) Potential benefits and risks of E-Government Benefits: It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public benefits from it by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to spend time, energy and money to get it. E-government will allow citizens to communicate with government, participate in the governments' policymaking and help them to communicate with each other. The E-government will truly allow citizens to participate in the government decision-making process, reflect their true needs and welfare by utilizing egovernment as a tool. It helps simplify processes and makes access to government information more easily accessible for public sector agencies and citizens.
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Blogging and interactive surveys will allow politicians or public servants to see the views of the people they represent on any given issue. Government can transform citizen service, provide access to information to empower citizens, enable their participation in government and enhance citizen economic and social opportunities, so that they can make better lives, for themselves and for the next generation. Young people, who traditionally display minimal interest in government affairs, are drawn to e-voting procedures. The anticipated benefits of E-Government include efficiency, improved services, better accessibility of public services, and more transparency and accountability. Risks: Hyper-surveillance: Increased contact between government and its citizens could potentially lead to a lack of privacy for civilians as their government obtains more and more information on them. Cost: The outcomes and effects of trial Internetbased governments are often difficult to gauge or unsatisfactory increasing amount of money spent. Inaccessibility: An e-government site often does not offer the potential to reach many users including those who live in remote areas, are homebound, have low literacy levels, exist on poverty line incomes, suffer from chronic illness, are single parents or older adults. False sense of transparency and accountability: Opponents of e-government argue that online
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governmental transparency is dubious because it is maintained by the governments themselves. Information can be added or removed from the public eye (i.e. the Internet) with or without public notice.
E-democracy
E-democracy (a combination of the words electronic and democracy) refers to the use of information technologies and communication technologies and strategies in political and governance processes. Democratic sectors in this context include governments, elected officials, the media, political organizations, and citizens/voters. It aims for broader and more active citizen participation enabled by the Internet, mobile communications, and other technologies in today's representative democracy, as well as through more participatory or direct forms of citizen involvement in addressing public challenges. Figure: 4 Social networking is an emerging area for e-democracy, as well as related technological developments, such as argument maps and eventually, the semantic web. Those are seen as important stepping stones in the maturation of the concept of e-democracy. The social networking entry point, for example, is within the citizens' environment, and the engagement is on the citizens' terms. Proponents of e-government perceive government use of social networks as a medium to help government act more like the public it serves. Examples of state usage can be found at The Official Commonwealth of Virginia Homepage, where citizens
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can find Google tools and open social forums. Government and its agents also have the opportunity to follow citizens to monitor satisfaction with services they receive. Through ListServs, RSS feeds, mobile messaging, micro-blogging services and blogs, government and its agencies can share information to citizens who share common interests and concerns. Some government representatives are also beginning to use Twitter which provides them with an easy medium to inform their followers.
Practical issues
A number of practical issues surround e-democracy. The original source of this view is probably the relatively unfettered speech found in Internet newsgroups, mailing lists, blogs, wikis and chat rooms. Some of the practical issues of E-Democracy are as follows: 1. Effective Participation: It needs a lot of effective participation as e-democracy is a new concept and it has to be accepted by citizens. 2. Voting equality at decision stage: There is a difficulty in having equality at the time of voting. 3. Enlightened Understanding: E-democracy is Internet friendly and many people are not internet friendly so there should be a proper understanding on how to use technologies.
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Citizens' roles The Internet provides a distinctive structure of opportunities that has the potential to renew interest in civic engagement i.e. individual or collective actions designed to identify and address public concern. Civic engagement can be understood to include three distinct dimensions: political knowledge (what people learn about public affairs), political trust (the public's orientation of support for the political system), and political participation (conventional activities designed to influence government and the decision-making process).The information capacity available on the Internet allows citizens to become more knowledgeable about government and political issues, and the interactivity of the medium allows for new forms of communication with government, i.e. elected officials and/or public servants. The posting of contact information, legislation, agendas, and policies makes government more transparent, potentially enabling more informed participation both online and offline Internet as a campaign tool 1. Internet is viewed as a platform and delivery medium for tools that help to eliminate constraints in representative democracy. 2. Internet is a many-to-many communication medium and all the information about any government or political party can be gathered without any paper work. 3. Internet can be used for political campaigning as it is cheap in cost and more appealing than door to door campaigning
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4.E-mail chains and political blogs also have had a major impact with online campaigning. Views are expressed by adding comments to political blogs or web pages. The low cost and the higher reach of internet makes it a very important and attractive tool of edemocracy especially for political parties with lower budgets.
Benefits
1. Contemporary technologies, such as electronic mailing lists, peer-to-peer networks, collaborative software, wiki, Internet forums and blogs, are clues to and early potential solutions for some aspects of edemocracy. 2. A number of non-governmental sites have developed cross-jurisdiction, customer-focused applications that extract information from thousands of governmental organizations into a system that brings consistency to data across many dissimilar providers. 3.It is convenient and cost-effective for businesses, and the public benefits by getting easy access to the most current information available without having to expend tax dollars to get it. 4.E-democracy leads to a more simplified process and access to government information for public-sector agencies and citizens 5. It reduces costs and increases awareness amongst the youth which in turn would result in increase in youth voter output.
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UID and NREGA
Background
Launched in 2006, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is an attempt to transform the rural economy through legally guaranteed employment for up to 100 days per household. The scheme, run jointly by the Centre and the states, has a total budget allocation of Rs. 39,100 crores, which is 8.1% of the total plan budget for the fiscal year 20082009. The NREGS has reached several milestones towards its goal, but suffers from the same challenges like most other public projects corruption and diversion of funds. Incidents of guaranteed minimum wages being denied to workers have been reported from nearly every state where the program is currently functional. When implemented and adopted efficiently, the Unique Identification (UID) project possesses the power to eliminate financial exclusion, enhance accessibility, and uplift living standards for the majority poor. This can be achieved when the UID is effectively associated with pro poor welfare projects like the NREGS. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) aims to issue a unique identification number to all Indian residents that is (a) robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities, and (b) can be verified and reliably authenticated in an easy, cost-effective way. The ability of UID to positively establish and authenticate the identity of every individual can overcome many of the challenges faced by targeted benefit programs.
UID Ready NREGS

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To effectively leverage the UID program, the NREGS scheme will need to be modified to incorporate the UID number into beneficiary interactions. In order to accommodate UID authentication, NREGS will need to reengineer its business processes. The most basic requirement for change will be in the form of incorporating the UID method of authentication. Work sites will have to adhere to norms and procedures specified by the UIDAI for fingerprint capture and verification, and introduce a robust biometric authentication process at every point. The key areas in the NREGS process that need to be addressed are summarized below: UID in Job Cards The job cards will need to be updated with the UID numbers of all family members. This could be accomplished by issuing a new job card or by collecting and incorporating the UID numbers into the beneficiary database without reissue of the job cards. UID in Muster Rolls The muster rolls should contain a reference to the UID of the citizen who is earning wages. This should be incorporated at the time of allocation of the labor to the project (works). UID in Bank account The UID should be incorporated with the bank / post office account information of a beneficiary to which the wages are being paid. A mechanism to encourage bank / post office to incorporate the UID into their systems is being pursued. Transaction Authentication -The transaction authentication against the UID database should be implemented at different citizen touch points starting
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with the job card. The ideal situation would be the recording of attendance on a handheld system using biometric authentication. UID will also endeavor to introduce a biometrics authentication for amount withdrawal from the account into which wages are paid. The above change can be implemented in the NREGS program with minimal effort. There are also synergies with other government programs such as TPDS that can be explored that can further ease the implementation in areas such as handheld deployment. UID Powered NREGS Incorporation of UID into the NREGS program will assist in addressing some of the major challenges that impedes progress. The major areas that can be addressed and ways of addressing them are described in this section: Payment of Wages -Payment of wages remains one of the major challenges faced in NREGS. Wherever possible these payments are supposed to be automated through local bank branches or through post offices. In many areas the wages continue to be paid in the form of cash. The UID can fully replace the need to provide supporting documentation for the standard Know Your Customer (KYC) fields making opening a bank account significantly simpler. Arrangements of seamlessly opening a bank account in the name of one of the family members at the time of job card issue with embedded UID can also be explored. Theft from beneficiaries -One form of corruption in NREGS is theft from beneficiaries where officials under-paid workers for the work they have done. The responsibility of determining and authenticating the
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amount of work done lies in the hands of the official supervisors who are prone to siphoning off funds. The system of UID authentication when introduced at the site of work can ensure that there is a match between the hours of work claimed by the worker and the official supervising the site. The ability of UID to identify the presence of a specific individual also makes it much easier to centrally monitor delinquency among government servants who are authenticating the work and checking whether the allocated work was completed satisfactorily. Theft from Taxpayers -The study also threw light on another form of corruption which the researchers called theft from taxpayers wherein the officials over reported the amount of work done when they sent their reports up the hierarchy. This effort can be corroborated against the wages paid to beneficiaries establishing the execution of the project. Suspicious activity can be flagged and verified by an appropriate government official. Ghost Beneficiaries Once each citizen in a job card needs to provide his UID before claiming employment, the potential for ghost or fictitious beneficiaries is eliminated. A further reinforcement of paying only to real citizens will happen by way of opening bank accounts with UIDs. Beneficiary Misuse -UID will ensure that misuse by claiming benefits under multiple job cards is avoided. The UID de-duplication process which will assure a positive identification of every resident in the country,
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can overcome the challenge of uniquely identifying every worker. Beneficiary Management The UID system will provide an excellent platform for managing citizens who relocate or migrate from one place to another and want to seamlessly enjoy benefits of the program. Social Audit -The village level social audit committee can be selected after authentication with the UID database. The social audit reports filed by the village level committees can be authenticated by the biometrics of the committee members and the social audit coordinator. Transparency The above benefits combined with the positive beneficiary identification will ensure accurate details of benefits can be published providing greater transparency at the individual beneficiary level. UID Enrollment by NREGS The NREGS program provides an extensive reach and extensive citizen interaction opportunity. The NREGS program can be used to enroll residents into the UID program with the state machinery acting as the registrars. A resident seeking to get a job card and not having a UID can be enrolled into the UID system at the point of job card preparation. Necessary arrangements and business model for providing the necessary technology can be put in place. The enrolment into the UID program by NREGS will provide a convenient mode for procuring a UID to rural citizens and strengthen both programs. With convenient IT enabled systems, households with changes in the family structure
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due to death, birth or marriage as also relocation will update changes to their job cards which can be reflected in the UID database.
The Power of Social Media

Social Media Social media is best understood as a group of new kinds of online media, which share most or all of the following characteristics: Participation: Social media encourages contributions and feedback from everyone who is interested. It blurs the line between media and audience. Openness: Most social media services are open to feedback and participation. They encourage voting, comments and the sharing of information. There are rarely any barriers to accessing and making use of content passwordprotected content is frowned on. Conversation: Whereas traditional media is about broadcast (content transmitted or distributed to an audience) social media is better seen as a two-way
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conversation. Community: Social media allows communities to form quickly and communicate effectively .Communities share common interests, such as a love of photography, a political issue or a favourite TV show.
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Figure: 6 Connectedness:
Most kinds of social media thrive on their connectedness, making use of links to other sites, resources and people. How social networks work? Social networks on the web are like contained versions of the sprawling blog network. People joining a social network usually create a profile and then build a network by connecting to friends and contacts in the network, or by inviting real-world contacts and friends to join the social network. These communities retain the interest of their members by being useful to them and providing services that are entertaining or help them to expand their networks. MySpace, for instance, allows members to create vivid, chaotic home pages (theyve been likened to the walls of a teenagers bedroom) to which they can upload images, videos and music. MySpace
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has built a lot of its popularity around its music services. There are said to be over three million bands and musicians registered on it, trying to attract a fan base from the 200 million registered accounts. According to Hitwise, in September 2006 MySpace was the 8th largest referrer of traffic to HMV.co.uk, more even than the MSN search engine. In 2007, Facebook, a social network that originated in US colleges, became available for public use in the UK. Its popularity quickly rocketed. Part of Facebooks success is its creators decision to open up and allow anyone to develop applications and run them on Facebook - without charging them. This has seen Facebook users able to play each other at Scrabble and Chess, compare each others tastes and send virtual gifts, among any number of new ideas vying for attention. Perhaps the most grown-up of the popular networks is LinkedIn, which allows users build their business and professional contacts into an online network. It has been criticised for not being open enough and for charging for too many of its services but next to Facebook it is still the most popular online social network among people aged 25 and over. The huge success of the opening up of Facebook, as mentioned above, could be a challenge to LinkedIns closed approach in the future. Since its creation in 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Twitter has gained notability and popularity worldwide and currently has more than 100 million users worldwide. It is sometimes described as the "SMS of the Internet." The use of Twitter's application programming interface (API)
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for sending and receiving SMS from other applications often dominates the direct use of Twitter. Twitter is a social networking and microblogging service, owned and operated by Twitter Inc., that enables its users to send and read other user messages called tweets. The way in which it is affecting the society: Social media sites are a critical component in professional networking, career success, and career development going forward. Social media sites will play an increasing role in networking, career advancement, and professional success. The good: social networking technologies make it easier to keep up with a large circle of acquaintances and meet new people. They provide a venue for online socializing, as well as for coordinating in-person meetings. The bad: they devalue the meaning of friend. Our traditional notion of friendship embraces trust, support, compatible values, etc. On social network sites, a friend may simply be someone on whose link you have clicked. The ugly: for teens, who can be viciously competitive, networking sites that feature a list of ones best friends and space for everyone to comment about you can be an unpleasant venue for social humiliation and bullying. These sites can make the emotional landmines of adolescence concrete and explicit. The big picture: social networking technologies support and enable a new model of social life, in which peoples
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social circles will consist of many more, but weaker, ties. Though we will continue to have some strong ties (i.e., family and close friends), demographic changes, such as frequent household moves and the replacement of friends and family with market services for tasks such as daycare, are diminishing the role of social ties in everyday life. Weak ties (e.g., casual acquaintances, colleagues) may not be reliable for long-term support; their strength instead is in providing a wide range of perspectives, information, and opportunities. As society becomes increasingly dynamic, with access to information playing a growing role, having many diverse connections will be key. Social networking technologies provide people with a low cost (in terms of time and effort) way of making and keeping social connections, enabling a social scenario in which people have huge numbers of diverse, but not very close, acquaintances. Does this makes us better as a society? Perhaps not we can imagine this being a selfish and media-driven world in which everyone vies for attention and no one takes responsibility for one another. But perhaps it does we can also imagine this being a world in which people are far more accepting of diverse ways and beliefs, one in which people are willing to embrace the new and different. Social technologies never have predictable and absolute positive or negative effects, which is why social scientists dread questions like these. In considering the effects of social network sites, it is clear that there are many challenges to work through the increasing
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commercialization of this space, the need to construct strong privacy protections for users, and safety issues but I believe the benefits we receive as a society provided by these tools far outweigh the risks.
Summary
Collaboration of people in government: This chapter deals with firstly social activism with social networking, through this chapter we get to know how we can bring about social, political, economic, or environmental change in the social strata using collaborative technology using tools like social networking sites, blogging sites etc. Collaborative technology is like a new mantra for success and better productivity. Basically these collaborative technologies are used when employees from different business units work together on a common task. Social collaborative technologies enhance customer interactions, speed transactions, and build personalized communities. This innovative approach engages your contact centre to benefit from improved knowledge sharing one team building via these immediate and collaborative tools. Secondly how social networking affects democratic elections is covered. The definition of democracy as a government of the people, for the people and by the people variates in the amount of relevance with varying countries. Moreover, the internet has now become a leading source of campaign news for young people and the role of social networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook is a notable part of the story.
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Open and transparent government can be achieved using collaborative technology. Democratic governance is central to participatory governance. It is expected to foster social integration through partnership, which requires capacity building processes and mechanisms for social cohesion and conflict resolution. This can be made possible using social networking sites so that the masses can be a part of the decisions taken by the government. Also all the policies of the government can be readily available to the the people. E-governance is another aspect covered and is supported by the concept of e-democracy E-governance is a network of organizations to include government, nonprofit, and private-sector entities; in e-governance there are no distinct boundaries. The model for egovernance is a one-stop portal where citizens have access to a variety of information and services where the government can maintain contact with the population using collaborative technology. E-Government or electronic government is creating a comfortable, transparent, and cheap interaction between government and citizens (G2C government to citizens), government and business enterprises (G2B government to business enterprises) and relationship between governments (G2G inter-agency relationship). While E-Government is often thought of as "online government" or "Internet-based government," many non-Internet "electronic government" technologies can be used in this context. Some non-Internet forms include telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS,
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wireless networks and services, Bluetooth , CCTV, tracking systems, RFID etc. E-democracy (a combination of the words electronic and democracy) refers to the use of information technologies and communication technologies and strategies in political and governance processes. Democratic sectors in this context include governments, elected officials, the media, political organizations, and citizens/voters. It aims for broader and more active citizen participation enabled by the Internet, mobile communications, and other technologies in today's representative democracy, as well as through more participatory or direct forms of citizen involvement in addressing public challenges.
Review questions 1) What is social activism? 2) How do u develop an interface between between society and technology? 3) How does social networking bring about social activism? 4) Social Networking affecting Democratic election? 5) The change that social networking has brought in democratic elections and in citizen awareness? 6) What are open and transparent governments? 7) How does collaborative technology bring about open and transparent governance? 8) What is the role of social networking in democratic elections? 9) What is E-Governance?
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10) What is an E-Government? 11) State the meaning of E-Democracy? How can it be achieved? State the benefits of E-Democracy. 12) Write short notes on UID and NREGA.
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For details, please contact, Prof A.K. Dey or Prof Ashok Ranade at, BIMTECH, Plot 5, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, NCR, UP 203 306, India Phone: +91-120-2323001-10 Email: ak.dey@bimtech.ac.in Blog: http://colabatbimtech.blogspot.com/

PART II - Collaboration Technology Applications in Management

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PART II COLLABORATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN MANAGEMENT

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How to build a team using vision, commitment and trust:

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Essentials of team building:

Team Building Activities:

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Team Building Pitfalls:

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4. Failing to have an emergency plan.

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Cross Functional Teams:

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Need for virtual team

Types of virtual teams

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Team leaders and members exhibit competence in working in virtual environments.

CROSS FUNCTIONAL TEAM

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processes as a semi-permanent structure, or organised as a parallel and largely separate project.

How learning takes place

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Team capabilities: creating group synergy in pursuing collective goals

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Why is it necessary? Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 21

How to manage time effectively

Time Wasting Culprits

Tech Tips Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 22

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Trait Theories of Leadership

Behavioral Theories of Leadership

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Contingency Theory of Leadership

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Types of communication Part II Collaboration Technology Applications in Management Page 26

Methods to improve communication within a team.

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Types of Managerial Actions that Cause Workplace Conflicts

Key Managerial Actions / Structures to Minimize Conflicts

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How to manage and resolve conflict situations

Ways People Deal With Conflict

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value-business-presentations-financeppt%2F&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHXdkBiIO_KrIfclvy-ppWjBKC5Q Organizational Behavior by Robbins, Judge and Sanghi.

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Web search engine

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Several companies entered the market spectacularly,

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enterprise-only editions, such as Northern Light.

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