Genetics and Probability Rules SB13U Biology Grade 11 Lisa Thompson

Overall Expectation: (D2) By the end of this course, students will

investigate genetic processes, including those that occur during meiosis, and analyse data to solve basic genetics problems involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

Specific Expectation: (D2.4) By the end of this course, students

will investigate probability rules to analyse the qualitative and quantitative data and determine the parent genotype [PR, AI, C].

For the following crosses, determine the probability of obtaining the indicated genotype in an offspring given the parental generation.

Cross

Offsprin g AAbb x AaBb AAbb AaBB x AaBb aaBB AaBb x AaBb aabb

Probabilit y 1. 2. 3.

1. AAbb x AaBb = AAbb Students must first look at parent one (AA) which has a 100% chance of giving an A to their offspring, while the second parent (Aa) has only a 1/2 or 50% chance of passing an A. Therefore using the rule of multiplication because each event is independent of the other: 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 for AA Looking at parent one (bb), they also have a 100% of passing on a b. Parent two Bb, they have a 1/2 or 50% chance of passing on a b. Therefore using the rule of multiplication because each event is independent of the other: 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 Now, there is one more step. Because each of the traits are independent of each other we will once again use the rule of multiplication. [1/2 (to get AA) x 1/2 (bb)] is equal to 1/4. Therefore, there is a 1/4 (or 1 in 4) chance of having the offspring AAbb 2. AaBB x AaBb = aaBB Students must first look at parent one (Aa) which has a 50% (1/2) chance of giving an (a) to their offspring, while the second parent

(Aa) also has a 1/2 or 50% chance of passing an a. Therefore using the rule of multiplication because each event is independent of the other: 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 for aa outcome Looking at parent one (BB), they have a 100% of passing on a B. Parent two Bb, has only a 1/2 or 50% chance of passing on a B. Therefore using the rule of multiplication because each event is independent of the other: 1 x 1/2 = 1/2 Now, there is one more step. Because each of the traits are independent of each other we will once again use the rule of multiplication. [1/4 (to get aa) x 1/2 (BB)] is equal to 1/8. Therefore, there is a 1/8 (or 1 in 8) chance of having the offspring aaBB

3. AaBb x AaBb = aabb Students must first look at parent one (Aa) which has a 50% (1/2) chance of giving an (a) to their offspring, while the second parent (Aa) also has a 1/2 or 50% chance of passing an a. Therefore using the rule of multiplication because each event is independent of the other: 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 for aa outcome Looking at parent one (Bb), they have a (1/2) 50% chance of passing on a b. Parent two Bb, also has a 1/2 or 50% chance of passing on a b. Therefore using the rule of multiplication because each event is independent of the other: 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4 Now, there is one more step. Because each of the traits are independent of each other we will once again use the rule of multiplication. [1/4 (to get aa) x 1/4 (bb)] is equal to 1/16. Therefore, there is a 1/16 (or 1 in 16) chance of having the offspring aabb