GIVING REFERENCES AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY

WHAT IS REFERENCING AND WHY DO WE DO IT?

When you tackle an assignment, you will derive many ideas from other people=s work. It is important to acknowledge your sources, so that anyone who is interested can track them down your tutors will know that you have Aread round@ the subject you will not be accused of Aacademic theft@ or plagiarism!

For the reasons above, it is usual to give references and a bibliography.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES

What is the difference? A reference list contains those titles to which you have directly referred, or which you have quoted. A bibliography lists titles which have influenced your work (background reading) -you need not have actually mentioned them. Although it is usual to include both, if you are using the Harvard referencing style (see below) you may be able to combine them. You should ask your lecturers for guidance on this point.

METHODS YOU CAN USE

Many styles of referencing exist, but two widely favoured ones are the Harvard and Vancouver styles. Both are recognised by the British Standards Institution. Some departments have their own house style, and may even have produced written guides -ask your lecturers about this.

THE HARVARD STYLE

An example of referencing using the Harvard style is given below:Theoretical assumptions are often viewed with suspicion by nurses, but as Chapman (1985) says, nursing cannot only be a practical activity, a viewpoint supported by McFarlane (1986) who states that A practice without theoretical basis becomes a ritualised performance, unrelated to the health needs of individuals and society@ . @ References CHAPMAN, C. (1985) Theory of nursing:practical application. London: Harper & Row. McFARLANE, J. (1986) The value of models for care, chapter 1.in KERSHAW, B. & SALVAGE, J. (eds). (1986) Models for nursing. Chichester: John Wiley, p.1.

THE VANCOUVER STYLE

The same passage, using the Vancouver style: Theoretical assumptions are often viewed with suspicion by nurses, but as Chapman (1) says, nursing cannot only be a practical activity, a viewpoint supported by McFarlane (2) who states that A practice without theoretical basis becomes a ritualised performance, unrelated to the health needs of individuals and society@ . @ References (1) CHAPMAN, C. Theory of nursing:practical application London: Harper & Row, 1985. (2) McFARLANE, J. The value of models for care, chapter 1. in KERSHAW, B. & SALVAGE, J. (eds). Models for nursing. Chichester: John Wiley, 1986, p.1.

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HARVARD AND VANCOUVER STYLES

As you can see, in the Harvard style, the author=s surname and the year of publication are included in the text, and to find the full reference the reader looks at the list arranged in alphabetical order of author=s surname at the end of the text. The year becomes important when there are two items by the same author, when the earlier one is listed first. If both were written in the same year, they would be numbered a and b, (for example) :(1986a) and (1986b), with (1986a) coming first. In the Vancouver style, references are given a running number as they occur in the text, and the reader can again find the full references at the end, this time in numerical order. As the year is not needed to distinguish between 2 works by the same author it comes at the end of the references instead of after the author=s name. If a bibliography was included, it would however be in alphabetical author order as with the Harvard style, as it is difficult for the reader to check whether a particular author has been included if the list is in numerical order. References and bibliographies often duplicate one another to some extent, which means that the inclusion of both, if the Harvard style is used, leads to two very similar alphabetical lists. This is why some advocates of the Harvard style allow both to be covered in one alphabetical list. Check with your department before doing so however!

INFORMATION TO INCLUDE AND HOW TO ARRANGE IT

Whether you are using the Harvard or the Vancouver style, it is important to include enough information about your sources to prevent confusion with other, similar publications. It is also important that the information should always be in a standard order, so that the reader knows which part is which. Rules have been formulated to help you do so-it makes sense to follow them!

The rules are slightly different depending on the form of publication involved and depending on whether the Harvard or the Vancouver style is used. Again, different Ahouse styles@ may have different rules- consult your lecturers if in doubt.

BOOKS AND REPORTS

The following examples all use the Harvard style. If you are using the Vancouver style the principles given below still apply: only the order in which the information appears will be different. Follow the example on page 2 for Vancouver style. Books with one author Unless the book is a reprint, follow example below:1) Author 2) Date 3) Title

4) Edition

(a) BALFOUR, C. (1972) Industrial relations in the Common Market, 3rd ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp.61-2. 5) Place of 6) Publisher publication 7) Page Nos.

Notes (numbers refer to numbers in example above) 1) The author=s family name or surname should appear first followed by the given name. If you are using the Harvard Style, initials may be used instead of the given name. The date of publication is the year when this particular edition was published - ignore any previous edition dates. It is important to distinguish here between Anew edition@ (where the contents have changed) and Areprint@ (where the contents haven=t changed, only the page numbers). Follow example b) below if the book is a reprint. Information about edition and reprint dates will generally appear on the reverse of the title page.

2)

3)

The title should be worded as it is on the title page of the book, but must be underlined. Don=t use capitals except for the first word or for proper names.

4)

If there has been more than one edition, you should state the edition number. 5) & 6)If several places of publication are mentioned but only one publisher is given, use the first-named place of publication only. If the work has been published by two different publishers in two different places, give the first-named place and publisher followed by the second-named place and publisher, separating the two with a semicolon. If you are referring to a particular part of the book, it may help the reader if you give page numbers, and you should always do so if you are quoting directly. Use p. for one page and pp. for pages. (You will not, of course, have to give page number in a bibliography). Follow this example if the book is a reprint:Author Date of reprint Title

7)

(b)

HARRIS, Neil (1982) The artist in American society: the formative years, 1790-1860. New York: George Braziller, 1966; reprint, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, Phoenix Books Publisher of reprint Publisher of orig ed Date of orig. ed.

Books with an editor rather than an author Follow the rules for books with one author but add Aed@ :WISEMAN, s. ed. (1967) Intelligence and ability. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Books with more than one author Include all the authors= names unless there are more than 3 , in which case you only have to mention the first-named one followed by Aand others@ or the Latin equivalent Aet al.@:-

REID, N.G. and BOORE, J.P.R. (1987) Research methods and statistics in health care. London: Edward Arnold. GREENBERGER, Martin and others (1974) Networks for research and education: sharing of computer and information resources nationwide. Cambridge: MIT Press. When the author is an organisation Be sure to give enough information to identify the organisation properly. In this example, AYoung adult services division@ would not be enough:AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, YOUNG ADULT SERVICES DIVISION, SERVICES STATEMENT DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE (1978) Directions for library service to young adults. Chicago: American Library Association. If the organisation is a government department, you should identify the country as well as the department:GREAT BRITAIN, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1989) Introduction to the Children Act 1989. London: H.M.S.O. When there is no author or it is not clear whether any organisations associated with the work have actually written it, begin with the title. Where the work is associated with a committee, you will sometimes see the chairman of the committee given as the author, but this is not strictly speaking correct. You should, however, include the chairman=s name. Report of the committee on financial institutions to the President of the United States (1963) Walter W.Heller, Chairman. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Reports Follow the guidelines on authors above and remember to give all report numbers that appear on the document:GREAT BRITAIN, DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY (1972) Metrication. Cmnd. 4880. London: H.M.S.O.

CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Follow the example below:AKAZAWA, S. (1983) The scope of the Japanese information industry in the 1980s . In The challenge of information technology: Proceedings of the fortyfirst FID (Federation Internationale of Documentation) congress held in Hong 1316 September 1982,edited by K. R. Brown, 1922.Amsterdam, New York, and Oxford: North-Holland Publishing Company.

UNPUBLISHED THESES
Put the title in quotation marks to show that the work is unpublished; note also, no underlining:PEMBREY, S.E.M. (1978) AThe role of the ward sister in the management of nursing: a study of the organisation of nursing on an individualised patient basis@. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh.

A CHAPTER IN AN EDITED COLLECTION OF ESSAYS

Name the chapter first, then follow it with Ain@ and the name of the collected work. The name of the collected work should be underlined:McFARLANE, J. (1986) The value of models for care, Chapter 1 in KERSHAW, B. and SALVAGE, J. eds. (1986) Models for nursing. Chichester: John Wiley.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES
Follow the examples below:-

Harvard style 1) Author Date 3) Title of article 4) Title of journal

WOOD, R. (1975) Check your weights-next stop Europe. Chemical Aerosol News 46(7), 25-9. 5) Volume and part number of journal Vancouver style WOOD, R. Check your weights-next stop Europe. Chemical Aerosol News 46(7), 1975, 25-9. Notes (numbers refer to numbers in Harvard style example) 1) 2) 3) The same rules apply as for books. Only one date is possible in the case of periodicals. Book rules on capitalisation apply. Note, however, that the title is not underlined. The title of the periodical is underlined instead of the title of the article. All significant words of the periodical title should be given in capitals. It is best to identify the particular issue of the periodical to which you are referring by giving volume and part number, rather than the month of publication. 6) Page numbers

4)

5)

6)

Page numbers should always be given to distinguish this article from others in the same volume; however p and pp are optional here - you need only give the actual numbers. Note that the punctuation is slightly different than it is for books.

MULTIMEDIA MATERIALS
A Film or Videorecording Author (if known) Date Title

PERLMAN, I (1986) Itzak Petlman: In my case music. Produced and directed by Tony de Nonno. 10 min. De Nonno Pix. Videocassette Producer/Director Duration Publisher Medium

(If there is no author, give the title first as per the example in the "Books and Reports" section.) A Television Programme Series Title Television Company

L.A. Law: Justice Served (NBC television broadcast, Mar 29, 1990) Date

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
No standard method for citing electronic sources of information has yet been agreed upon; however the method advocated by Phil Cross and Karen Towle (1), based on the book "Electronic Styles"(2), seems to be easy to use and to give all relevant information. It works slightly differently for Internet and non-Internet information sources.

Internet Sources Where the source being cited has been found on the Internet, the key unit of information used is the URL or Internet address. Citations following the Harvard Style would conform to one of the patterns below, depending on the type of source being cited (remember the date goes at the end if you are using the Vancouver Style): 1. a) Individual Works Where author is given Year Title Place of Publication

Author

HOLLAND, M. (1996) Harvard System (online). Poole: Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/servicedepts/lis/LIS_Pub/harvardsyst.html (Accessed 15 June 1997) Publisher (if given) URL b) Accessed date

Where no author is given

Ascribe authorship to the smallest identifiable organisational unit. LIBRARY SERVICES (1995) Internet User Glossary (online). North Carolina: North Carolina State University. Available from: gopher://dewey.lib.ncsu.edu:70/7waissrc%3A/.wais/Internet-user-glossary (Accessed 16 Jun. 1997). 2. Online journals Journal Title Vol No. Accessed date

Author UR Year Title of Article L

KORB,K.B. (1995) Persons and things: book review of Bringsjord on RobotConsciousness. Psychology (online), 6(15). pp 5-21. Available from: gopher://wachau.ai.univie.ac.at:70/00/archives/psycoloquy/95.V6/0162 (Accessed 17 Jun 1997). Location within. eg. page/screen/paragraph

3.

Messages from E-mail discussion lists Day/Month/Year Subject Name of discussion list

Author/ sender

BRACK, E.V., (2 May 1995.) Re: Computing short courses. Lis-link (online). Available from: mailbase@mailbase.ac.uk (Accessed 17 Apr 1996) List E-mail address 4. Personal E-mail messages Sender's e-mail address Day/Month/Year Subject of message Accessed date

Sender

TILLEY,E. (iss069@bangor.ac.uk), 13 Jun 1997. Re: IT in health libraries. E-mail

to health team (hlth@bangor.ac.uk). Recipient Recipient's E-mail address

Non-Internet Sources Citations to information found using electronic sources such as encyclopedias or other reference works on CD-ROM or disk would follow the example below if the Harvard style were used. This does not apply to journal articles found on a CDROM or on-line database - these should be cited in the same way as other periodical articles.

Author/Editor

Date

Title

HAWKING, S.W. (1994) A brief history of time: an interactive adventure (CDROM). Crunch Media. Type of medium Publisher

SECONDARY REFERENCES
@Primary@ and Asecondary@ references frequently cause confusion. A primary source is simply one that you have personally seen, whereas a secondary source is one that you have not seen but which has been cited by a source which you have. This might include sources which are mentioned in the abstracts printed out as a result of a CD Rom search. Some departments prefer their students to have seen all the sources that they quote - you should check with your lecturers on this point. If you are allowed to give secondary references, follow the example below:JOHNSTON, M. (1977) How to do research, 2nd ed. London: McMillan in SEAMAN, C.H.C. (1987) Research methods: principles, practice and theory for nursing, 3rd ed. Connecticut: Appleton and Lange. ASeaman@ is the one which has been seen,@Johnston@ the one which has not been seen.

A NOTE ON PUNCTUATION
Many different conventions are used; you do not necessarily have to follow the examples given here if your department has its own style or if you have found one that you like elsewhere. The most important thing is to be consistent - you cannot use a comma in one place and a full stop in another reference following the same pattern. Find an example of the referencing style you are going to use and model your own practice exactly on it, remembering that the patterns will be different for different types of publication.

LATIN ABBREVIATIONS
The Latin abbreviation Aet al.@ (and others) has already been mentioned. You may also come across:ibid. = in the same work. Use when you are referring again to the same source you have just used and no other works have been mentioned in between op cit.= in the work previously quoted. Use when you are referring again to a source you used earlier but several other works have been mentioned in between. for example: ibid. (1) (2) WALEY, Arthur (1938) The anelects of Confucius. London: George Allen & Unwin, p.33. ibid., p.45.

op cit. (1) (2) (3) WALEY, Arthur (1938) The analects of Confucius. London: George Allen & Unwin, p.33. PLOWMAN, Max (1952) An introduction to the study of Blake. London: Gollancz, p.32. WALEY, Arthur op.cit., p.45.

REFERENCES
(1) CROSS,P. & TOWLE,K. (1996) A guide to citing Internet sources (online). Poole: Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using the library/html/guide to citing internet sourc.html (2) LI,X. & CRANE,N.B. (1995) Electronic style: a guide to citing electronic information, 2nd ed. Mecklermedia

WHERE TO FIND MORE INFORMATION (BIBLIOGRAPHY)

Much more could be said about referencing which cannot be included in a brief guide. Many books have been written on the subject. You may find these particularly helpful:BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION (1978) British standard recommendation for citing publications by bibliographical references. BS 5605: 1978. London: British Standards Institution. (Call No. TA368.B7 DEINIOL REFERENCE) CROSS,P. & TOWLE,K. (1996) A guide to citing Internet sources (online). Poole: Bournemouth University. Available from: http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/using the library/html/guide to citing internet sourc.html GIBALDI, J. (1984) MLA handbook for writers of research papers, 2nd ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America. (Call No. P61478.M57 1984 MAIN REFERENCE) LI,X. & CRANE,N.B. (1995) Electronic style: a guide to citing electronic information, 2nd ed. Mecklermedia O=CONNOR, M. (1991) Writing successfully in science. London: Harper Collins. (Call No. T11.033 1981 DEINIOL, WOLFSON, DEAN) PRICE, Colin (1988) The style and presentation of written work. Bangor: School of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, University College of North Wales. (Call No. T11.P7 1989 DEINIOL LARGE PAMPHLETS)

TURABIAN, K.L. (1987) A manual for writers of term papers, theses, and dissertations, 5th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Call No.Reference LB 2369.78 1987 HEULOG, MAELOR)

Compiled by Eileen Tilley - July 1997 Revised July 2000 With thanks to Bournemouth University for permission to adapt and reproduce part of their 'Guide to citing Internet Sources'