Seismic Detailing Presentation

Seismic Connections Seminar
Detailing High Seismic Projects
Introduction Background
Ductility Seismic Design
AISC Seismic Provisions

Seismic Load Resisting System (SLRS) Structural Requirements Drawing Requirements
American Institute of Steel Construction
I.1
Ductility
Ductility
I.2
Ductility
Ductility The ability of a material to deform without fracture Dependent on:

Material Properties Geometry Temperature Constraint Etc
I.3
Ductility
Toughness: resistance to unstable crack propagation in the presence of a notch Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test measures toughness
Ductility Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

Impact test performed on a notched specimen according to ASTM A370 Specimen is machined from member to be tested
I.4

Specimen is struck and broken in a single blow in a specially designed testing machine

Energy absorbed in breaking the specimen is measured Results given in ft-lbs at a certain temperature Example: Welds shall use filler metal with a minimum CVN toughness of 20 ft-lbs at 0o F
I.5
Ductility
Ductility
I.6
Ductility
Ductility Unrestrained necking down of the material
I.7
Ductility
Ductility Potential for cracking can increase if the material is constrained in a way that keeps the material from necking down
Free to yield
Restrained
I.8
Ductility
Ductility
I.9
Ductility Ductile:
Yielding Bearing deformation at bolt holes
Ductility
I.10
Ductility
Ductility Less desirable

Tension or shear rupture Bolt shear Block shear
I.11
Ductility
Ductility
I.12
Ductility
Seismic Design
I.13
Seismic Design
Why are there special seismic requirements? System Ductility
Seismic Design System Ductility is the Ability of a System to Maintain Stability After Yielding/Overload of Some Elements
Ability of Yielding/Overloaded Elements to Deform Ability of Non-yielding Elements to Withstand Forces Redistributed by Yielding Ability of Non-yielding Elements to Withstand Deformations Caused by Yielding
I.14
Seismic Design Conventional Building Code Philosophy Objective: Prevent collapse in extreme earthquakes Objectives are not necessarily to:
limit damage maintain function provide for easy repair
Seismic Design
V
Ductility = Inelastic Deformation Earthquake Load, V
Failure (rupture or instability) Deformation,
I.15
Seismic Design
As required elastic strength reduces (i.e. larger Rfactor) required inelastic deformation increases
Completely elastic response
Velastic 0.75Velastic 0. 5Velastic 0.25Velastic
Earthquake Load, V
As elastic design load decreases, required inelastic deformation increases
yield
Deformation,
max
Seismic Design
Table 12.2-1 ASCE 7-05
I.16
Response Modification Factor, R

Elastic Response of Structure VElastic
Lateral Seismic Force, V
VYield
Fully Yielded Strength
Yielding VDesign Design Force Level
Cd xe x e
Lateral Deflection,
Seismic Design
How does seismic design provide ductility?
I.17
Seismic Design
Choose frame elements ("fuses") that will yield in an earthquake Fuses must be ductile
Seismic Design
I.18
Seismic Design
Designed for the expected flexural yield strength of the beam, qualify through testing
Ensure beams can rotate inelastically to expected strength
Fuse: flexural yielding of beam ends
Seismic Design
I.19
Seismic Design
Designed for the expected tensile and compressive strengths of the brace Ensure braces can deform inelastically to expected strength of brace
Fuse: tension yielding of braces
Seismic Design
I.20
Seismic Design
Link
Ensure links can deform inelastically to expected shear strength
Fuse: Shear yielding of links
Seismic Design
I.21
Seismic Design
Fuse: Web Element
Seismic Design
I.22
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings, ANSI/AISC 341, Part I:

General 1: Scope 2: Referenced Standards 3: General Seismic Design 4: Loads, Load Combinations, Strengths 5: Contract Documents 6: Materials 7: Connections 8: Members 9-17: Structural Systems 18: Quality Assurance Plan (App. Q) Appendices P, R, S, T, W, X
All Frame Members Each system type All Projects Special information and procedures
I.23
AISC Seismic Provisions Scope

Design Fabrication Erection Structural Steel Members in the SLRS Connections in the SLRS All Column Splices R>3
I.24
Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS)
Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS) Assembly of structural elements in the building that resists seismic loads.
I.25
Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS) Moment Frames Special Moment Frames (SMF) Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF) Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
Seismic Load Resisting Systems (SLRS) Braced Frames Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF) Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF) Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)
I.26
Part 4 Moment Frames

Special Moment Frames (SMF) Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF) Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
Special Moment Frames (SMF)
Expected to withstand significant inelastic deformations (R = 8)
I.27
Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF) Expected to withstand limited inelastic deformations (R = 4.5) Requirements are less stringent than SMF
Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)
Expected to withstand minimal inelastic deformations (R = 3.5)
I.28
Part 3 Braced Frames Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frame Systems (OCBF) Special Concentrically Braced Frame Systems (SCBF) Eccentrically Braced Frame Systems (EBF)
Concentric Braced Frames
I.29
Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)
Expected to withstand limited inelastic deformation (R = 3.25)
Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)
I.30
>2t
I.31
Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)
I.32
Part 5 Other Systems

Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF) Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW) Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
I.33
Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)
Expected to withstand significant inelastic deformations (R = 7 to 8)

Encasing Encasing mortar mortar
Unbonded Brace Type
Yielding steel Yielding steel core core
Decoupling
Debonding material Debonding material between steel core and between steel core and mortar mortar
Buckling Restraint
Steel tube Steel tube
I.34
I.35
Courtesy of STAR Seismic
Courtesy of K.C. Tsai
Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)
I.36
Horizontal and Vertical Boundary Elements: Ensure web can deform inelastically to expected shear strength of webs
Fuse: Web Element

Connections designed for the expected shear strength of the web
I.37

Steel plate Horizontal boundary element (HBE) Vertical boundary element (HBE)
Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)
I.38
Structural Requirements
AISC Seismic Provisions Demand Critical Welds Protected Zones Gusset Plate Details (SCBF only) Weld Access Holes (OMF only) Prequalified Connections (SMF and IMF only) k-area Continuity Plates
I.39
AISC Seismic Provisions Backing Bars Weld Tabs Column Splices Bolted Joints
Demand Critical Welds
I.40
Demand Critical Welds Demand Critical Weld: Weld so designated by the Seismic Provisions Special CVN requirements for enhanced ductility
Demand Critical Welds All welds in members and connections within SLRS shall use filler metal with minimum CVN of 20 ft-lbs at 0o F
I.41
Demand Critical Welds
CVN requirements for filler metal-Demand Critical Welds

20 ft-lbs at -20o F at 70o F
Where frame is normally at 50o F or higher, 40 ft-lbs
Where frame is normally less than 50o F, qualification temperature shall be 20o F above lowest anticipated service temperature (LAST)
Demand Critical Welds Although demand critical welds are identified in the Seismic Provisions, there may be other welds that warrant this designation by the designer.
Consider inelastic demand Consequence of failure CJP groove welds between columns and base plates
I.42
Demand Critical Welds Examples of demand critical welds in SMF and IMF include the following CJP groove welds:
Welds of beam flanges to columns Welds of single plate shear connections to columns Welds of beam webs to columns Columns splice welds, including column bases and tapered transitions
Example demand critical welds
Demand Critical Welds Examples of demand critical welds in OMF include the following CJP groove welds:
Welds of beam flanges to columns Welds of single plate shear connections to columns Welds of beam webs to columns
Example of demand critical welds
I.43
Demand Critical Welds Examples of demand critical welds in EBF include the following welds:
CJP groove of between link beams and columns Welds joining web plate and flange plates in built-up EBF link beams Column splice welds if made with CJP groove welds
(Designed as a fixed connection when link is between brace and column)
Example of demand critical welds
Protected Zone
I.44
Protected Zone Protected Zone: Area of members in which limitations apply to fabrication and attachments. Areas of Expected Yielding Fabrication Discontinuities Repaired Detrimental Attachments Not Permitted No welding or other attachments
Protected Zone
Fracture
Shear Stud weld
I.45
Protected Zone
db
db/2
Protected Zone
Gussets
L/ 4
L
Braces at expected hinge locations
I.46
Protected Zone
Link Length e
Protected Zone In protected zone, tack welds for attaching backing and weld tabs shall be placed where they will be incorporated into final weld
I.47
Gusset Plate Details
Gusset Plate Details Special details required for SCBF Option 1: Connection is strong enough to restrain buckling Option 2: Connection is ductile enough to allow the brace to buckle. Gusset plates are detailed to accommodate inelastic rotation
I.48
Gusset Plate Details-Option 1
(Courtesy of Fred Niemeier and Gary Broccard of J. S. Alberici Construction Co., Inc.)
I.49
I.50
I.51
>2t
I.52
Weld Access Holes
I.53
Weld Access Holes

Allows for access for welding or backing OMF only See contract documents for IMF and SMF
Weld Access Holes

Special weld access hole geometry for OMF
I.54
Weld Access Holes Surface roughness

Not to exceed 500 micro in. AWS C41-77 Comparator: Sample 4
Prequalified Connections
I.55
Prequalified Connections Prequalified Connection: Connection that complies with the requirements of Appendix P or ANSI/AISC 358
Prequalified Connections
I.56
k-area
k-area k-area: The region of the web that extends from the k dimension a distance of 1 in. into the web beyond the k dimension.
(1.5)
Toe of fillet
I.57
k-area
Rotary straightening of W-shapes creates zone of higher yield and tensile strength but lowers notch toughness and ductility Welding or thermal cutting in k-area can lead to cracking
k-area
Try to avoid welding or cutting in this area If welding or cutting is performed in k-area, NDT should be performed to confirm that cracking has not occurred
(1 to 1.5)
Toe of fillet
I.58
k-area Welding doubler plates to flanges with fillet welds and use of generous continuity plate corner clips may reduce cracking potential
Doubler plate
Generous continuity plate corner clips
Continuity Plates
I.59
Continuity Plates Corners shall be clipped

Curved clips shall have a minimum radius of 0.5 in.
Continuity Plates
Along web, clip extends a distance of at least 1.5 in. beyond published k detail dimension Along flange, clip shall not exceed 0.5 in. beyond published k1 detail dimension
Not more than (k1 + 0.5)
Clip in continuity plate to avoid column fillet
Not less than (k + 1.5) to avoid welding in k-region
I.60
Continuity Plates SMF and IMF Continuity plates shall be consistent with Prequalified Connection Standard (ANSI/AISC 358) or testing per Seismic Provisions Appendix P or S
Continuity plate
Backing Bars
I.61
Backing Bars Steel backing can create stress concentrations
Potential point of brittle fracture initiation Tension force in flange
Unfused Backing
Backing Bars At bottom flange, backing shall be removed Following removal, reinforce with a 5/16 in. fillet weld
Backing removed and reinforced with fillet weld
I.62
Backing Bars At top flange only: Backing may remain in place if it is attached with 5/16 in. fillet weld
Backing may remain Backing need not be removed, but if it is not, attach backing to column flange with reinforcing fillet
Backing Bars
Root opening and land Bevel of bottom flange Backing Bottom flange weld preparation note bevel of bottom flange, backing (back-up bar), land and root opening for first weld pass
I.63
Backing Bars
Weld tab Backing (back-up bar)
Weld tab and backing at top flange
Weld tab and backing at bottom flange
First pass (root pass) of weld
Weld completed but prior to removal of weld tab and backing
Backing Bars
Backing fillet weld to column flange at beam top flange
Reinforcing fillet weld
Bottom flange of beam showing removal of backing and weld tab. A reinforcing fillet has been added where the backing has been removed.
I.64
Weld Tabs
Weld tabs
Weld Tabs
Weld tabs (runoff tabs) are extensions of the parts being welded that allow the weld to be started and stopped outside of the joint Provide for similar geometry as the preparation Generally required to be removed after welding
Weld tab and backing
Weld tab and backing at frame girder bottom flange
I.65
Weld Tabs Not the same as end dams (which should not be used)
Weld dam improperly substituted for weld tab
Weld Tabs
Weld tab
The function of the weld tab can be seen clearly in the photograph. The weld can stop and start outside of the joint.
I.66
Weld Tabs
Bottom flange backing and weld tabs to be removed
Top flange backing left in place with reinforcing fillet Weld tabs removed and weld ground to smooth transition
Column Splices
I.67
Column Splices
Splices in SLRS made with fillet or PJP welds
4 ft or more from connection or at column midheight
Column splice
Column Splices Beveled transitions at CJP groove welds Structural design drawings must show when they are required
1 2.5
I.68
Column Splices Beveled transitions at PJP groove welds Seismic Provisions specifically indicate that column splices made with PJP groove welds do not require beveled transitions
1 2.5
Column Splices Non-SLRS Splices
I.69
Column Splices Column splices in columns not in SLRS:
4 ft or more from connection or at column midheight
Column splice
Bolted Joints
I.70
Bolted Joints Bolts in SLRS shall be pretensioned high-strength ASTM A325 or A490 bolts Twist-off type tension control bolt assemblies of equivalent mechanical properties may be substituted for A325 or A490 fastener assemblies
Bolted Joints
Faying surfaces shall be prepared as slipcritical with a Class A surface Bearing strength shall be provided using either standard holes or short-slotted holes with slot perpendicular to line of force
I.71
Bolted Joints For brace diagonals, oversized holes are permitted if connection is designed as slip-critical and oversized hole is in one ply Alternative hole type is permitted if designated in Connection Prequalification Standard or justified by testing (Appendix P or T)
Bolted Joints Bolts and welds shall not be designed to share force in a joint or same force component in a connection
Bolts
Line of action of vertical force
Vertical force from brace and beam shear (and possibly the horizontal force) is resisted by bolts and welds, but designed so that either welds or bolts take total load
Welds
I.72
Drawing Requirements
AISC Seismic Provisions Structural Design Drawings

Designation of the SLRS Designation of the members and connections that are part of the SLRS Connection configurations Connection material and sizes Lowest Anticipated Service Temperature (LAST) if < 50o F
I.73

Location of demand critical welds Locations and dimensions of protected zones Locations where gusset plates are to be detailed to accommodate inelastic rotation

Welding requirements as specified in Appendix W, Section W2.1 Locations where backup bars are removed Locations where supplemental fillet welds are required when backing is permitted to remain Locations where fillet welds are used to reinforce groove welds
I.74

Welding requirements as specified in Appendix W, Section W2.1 Locations where weld tabs are removed Splice locations where tapered transitions are required Shape of the weld access hole if a special shape is required
AISC Seismic Provisions Shop Drawings

Designation of the members and connections that are part of the SLRS Connection material specifications Location of demand critical shop welds Locations and dimensions of protected zones Gusset plates drawn to scale when they are detailed to accommodate inelastic rotation
I.75
AISC Seismic Provisions Shop Drawings

Welding requirements as specified in Appendix W, Section W2.2 Access hole dimensions, surface profile and finish requirements Locations where backup bars are removed Locations where weld tabs are removed NDT to be performed by the fabricator, if any (See Appendix Q)
AISC Seismic Provisions Erection Drawings

Designation of the members and connections that are part of the SLRS Field connection material specifications and sizes Location of demand critical field welds Locations and dimensions of protected zones Locations of pretensioned bolts
I.76
AISC Seismic Provisions Erection Drawings

Welding requirements as specified in Appendix W, Section W2.3 Locations where backup bars are removed Locations where supplemental fillet welds are required when backing is permitted to remain Locations where weld tabs are removed
Questions?
I.77

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Seismic Connections Seminar

Detailing High Seismic Projects

AISC Seismic Provisions

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ductility The ability of a material to deform without fracture Dependent on:

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ductility Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ductility Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

Ductility Charpy V-Notch (CVN) test

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ductility Unrestrained necking down of the material

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ductility Less desirable

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Why are there special seismic requirements? System Ductility

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ductility = Inelastic Deformation Earthquake Load, V

Failure (rupture or instability) Deformation,

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

As elastic design load decreases, required inelastic deformation increases

Table 12.2-1 ASCE 7-05

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Response Modification Factor, R

Lateral Seismic Force, V

Fully Yielded Strength

Yielding VDesign Design Force Level

How does seismic design provide ductility?

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ensure beams can rotate inelastically to expected strength

Fuse: flexural yielding of beam ends

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Fuse: tension yielding of braces

American Institute of Steel Construction

Seismic Connections Seminar

Ensure links can deform inelastically to expected shear strength