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Electronic Nose Development for Various Applications

by Dr. Ravishankar Dudhe Ph.D (IIT Bombay)

What is an Electronic Nose?

An Electronic Nose is a system that uses the pattern of responses from an array of gas sensors to examine and identify a gaseous sample.

Motivation

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Limitations with Dogs


To achieve optimal performance, each dog requires an assigned handler, which increases costs because the canine detector is really a doghandler team. Dogs also show behavioral variations and changing moods, which are difficult to monitor in a quantifiable way. When performing a search task, dogs become tired after 30120 min, which suggests the need for two or more dogs at each location

Emerging Interdisciplinary Challenges

Organic Chemistry

Electronic Olfactory Physiology Nose

Signal Processing

. . . . .

Chemical Sensors / Pattern Recognition Analytical Chemistry

Computational Learning

Motivation for Enose

Electronic Nose Systems


Odorant Molecules
Chemical Information

Poly Coated Sensor


Raw electrical signal

Sensor Processor
Processed Electrical signal

Signal Processor
Denoised Electrical signal

Feature Extractor
Relevant features

Knowledge Base
Training & Testing

Pattern Recognition Identification

Various Electronic Noses


Amplifying chromophore quenching Fiber optics and beads Polymeric thin films Gold nanoclusters SAW MEMS

Polymer amplification mechanism.

(a) Traditional chemosensor. (b) Receptors wired in series. Green is the emissive polymer, blue the quenched, and red is the analyte; h is the light at the excitation wavelength, h at the emission wavelength [20].

ADB

ADB

OC14H29

ADB + TNT

+ MNT

C14H29O

Pentiptycene Polymer

Figure: Schematic of sensor design.


The

light emitted by the LED passes through a lens and a filter, allowing only a narrow-wavelength band of light centered at 430 nm to impinge on the polymer film, which is coated on two thin glass sheets.
A pump

pulls in air samples across the coated glass sheets. If the air sample contains explosive vapors, the photomultiplier detector will sense a decrease in light intensity and trigger an alarm.

MEMS

microelectromechanical systems

It is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate by microfabrication. It is based on microfabricated nanomechanical cantilever sensors.

The cantilevers are silicon beams, a few hundred micrometers long and 1 m thick.
Each cantilever sensor in an array is coated with a different sensor layer.

MEMS Contd

When the sensor is exposed to an analyte, the analyte molecules adsorb on the cantilevers surface, which leads to interfacial stress between the sensor and adsorbing layer that bends the cantilever. Each cantilever bends in a characteristic way typical for each analyte. From the magnitude of the cantilevers bending response function of time, a fingerprint pattern for each analyte can be obtained. It showed detection sensitivities in the parts-per-billion range

During the sampling, the molecules of explosive vapor adsorb on the cantilever surface, which is heated to a high temperature by a piezoresistive track implanted in the cantilever. As the cantilever is heated, the adsorbed explosive molecules undergo combustion, producing a large and sudden deflection of the cantilever.

Resonance curves of the cantilever before and after loading with TNT. With TNT loading, the resonance frequency shifted to a lower value due to the increased mass. After deflagration, the resonance frequency returned to the original value [7].

Organic Field Effect Transistor Fabrication

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Fabrication of OFETs

RCA
RCA1(organic impurity removal)
DI H2O + NH4OH @ 348k for 5min Add H2O2 & wait for bubbles Place wafer in sol. & heat for 6-8 min

RCA2 (ionic impurity removal)


DI H2O + HCl Add H2O2 & wait for bubbles Place wafer in sol. & heat for 3-6 min

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Oxidation
Temperature of chamber set to 1323k (1050C)

Oxygen passed in inner tube for 1hr 20min


SiO2 layer of 100nm thickness grown
SiO2 n+ Si

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Oxidized Si wafer

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Lithography
Dehydration at 393k for 10 min Rinse with N2(g) Spin PPR at 1500 rpm for 30 sec (2m) Bake at 343k for 15 min UV exposure for 90 sec Place in 0.01% NaOH sol. To remove developed PPR Dry with N2(g)
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PPR
n+ Si SiO2

UV Light

MASK PPR
n+ Si

PPR
n+ Si
VIT University 24

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Fig 4. Structure of shadow mask

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RF Sputtering
60sec Ti deposition (5nm) 90sec Au deposition (80nm)

Ti/Au

PPR
n+ Si
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SiO2

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Liftoff
Sonicate wafer in acetone in order to remove unwanted Au and PPR

Ti/Au
n+ Si

SiO2

Removal of Back Si02


Clean back side of wafer with buffered HF
SiO2

Ti/Au
n+ Si
n+ Si
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Spinning of polymer
P type polymer N+ Si Au/Ti

N+ Si

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Length : 30m to 70 m Width : 17,050m to 24,850m

OFET device
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OFET device after spinning


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For Sensor Application

Basic Key requirements for any Sensor

Selectivity

Sensitivity

(To avoid false positive)

(To avoid false negative)

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Array based approach to improve selectivity


Sensitivity to a wider range of analytes. Better selectivity. Multi component analysis and Analyte recognitionrather than mere detection. Sensor arrays are more analogous to olfaction systems containing multiple receptors. The main advantage of array sensors resides in the fact that there is no need to design chemical specificity.

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System for OFET Array Characterization

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OFET Characterization for P3HT/SXFA composite


TNT Vapor TNT Vapor

RDX Vapor RDX Vapor

DNB Vapor DNB Vapor

Water Vapor

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OFET Characterization for P3HT/SXFA composite


TNT Vapor

RDX Vapor

DNB Vapor

Water Vapor

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%ION , %IOFF , %gm and % ratio all parameters

For Application works

-Movable robot, Bomb detector, rescue robot ,etc

-Environment monitoring : e.g Aqueous sensor Network

To use analyses of freshness of product e.g. Beverage, food product

Mobile Robot Noses

QUESTIONS??????

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