Professional Documents
Culture Documents
9260 B.
Rather than a specific protocol for Salmonella detection in water, a brief summary of methods suitable for recovery of these organisms is given. Methods currently available have been used in numerous field investigations to demonstrate Salmonella in both fresh and marine water environments. The occurrence of Salmonella in water is highly variable; there are limitations and variations in both the sensitivity and selectivity of accepted Salmonella isolation procedures for the detection of the more than 2300 Salmonella serotypes currently recognized. Thus, a negative result by any of these methods does not imply the absence of salmonellae, nor does it imply the absence of other pathogens. 1. Concentration Techniques Salmonella are ubiquitous in the environment and can be detected at low concentrations in most surface waters. These organisms are usually present in small numbers compared to coliforms; therefore, it is necessary to examine a relatively large sample to isolate the organisms.1 a. Swab technique: Prepare swabs from cheesecloth 23 cm wide, folded five times at 36-cm lengths, and cut lengthwise to within 10 cm from the head into strips approximately 4.5 cm wide. Securely wrap the uncut or folded end of each swab with 16-gauge wire for use in suspending the swab in water. Place the swabs in kraft-type bags and sterilize at 121C for 15 min. Place swab just below the surface of the sampling location for 1 to 3 d.2,3 (Longer swab exposure will not increase entrapment of pathogens.) Gauze pads of similar thickness may be substituted. During sampling, particulate matter and microorganisms are concentrated from the water passing through or over the swab. After exposure, retrieve the swab, place it in a sterile plastic bag, ice, and send to the laboratory. Maximum storage-transit time allowable is 6 h. Do not transport swabs in enrichment media; ambient transport temperature may cause sufficient proliferation of competitive organisms to mask salmonellae. In the laboratory, place pad or portions of it in enrichment media. When flasks of enrichment medium containing iced swabs are to be incubated at 40 to 41C, place flasks in a 44.5C water bath for 5 min before incubation in an air incubator. b. Diatomaceous earth technique: Place an absorbent pad (not a membrane filter) on a membrane filter funnel receptacle, assemble funnel, and add 2.5 g sterile diatomaceous earth*#(1) to pack the funnel neck loosely. Apply vacuum and filter 2 L of sample. After filtration, disassemble funnel, divide resulting plug of diatomaceous earth and absorbent pad in half aseptically with a knife-edged, sterile spatula, and add to suitable enrichment media. Alternatively, place entire plug in enrichment medium. c. Large-volume sampler: Use a filter composed of borosilicate glass microfibers bonded with epoxy resin to examine several liters or more of sample, provided that sample turbidity does not limit filtration.4 The filter apparatus consists of a 2.5- 6.4-cm cartridge filter and a filter holder.#(2) Sterilize by autoclaving at 121C for 15 min. Place sterile filter apparatus
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Fermentation pattern: H2S production Lysine decarboxylase activity, H2S production Urease production
Conformance to the typical biochemical patterns of the Salmonella determines whether to process cultures further (Phase3). Aberrant cultures may be encountered that do not conform to all the classical reactions attributed to each pathogenic group. In all cases, therefore, review reactions as a whole and do not discard cultures on the basis of a small number of apparent anomalies. Phase 3Fermentation reactions: Test fermentation reactions in dextrose, mannitol, maltose, dulcitol, xylose, rhamnose, and inositol broths to characterize further the biochemical capabilities of the isolates. This additional sorting reduces the possible number of positive cultures to be processed for serological confirmation. If the testing laboratory is equipped for serological confirmation (see 9260B.5.), this series of biochemical tests may be eliminated. 5. Genus Identification by Serological Techniques Upon completion of the recommended biochemical tests, inoculate the suspected Salmonella pure culture onto a brain-heart infusion agar slant and incubate for 18 to 24 h at 35 to 37C. With wax pencil (china marker), divide an alcohol-cleaned glass slide into four sections. Prepare a dense suspension of test organism by suspending growth from an 18- to 24-h agar slant in 0.5 mL 0.85% NaCl solution. Place a drop of Salmonella O polyvalent antiserum in the first section and antiserum plus 0.85% NaCl in the second section. Using a clean inoculating loop, transfer a loopful of bacterial suspension to the third section containing 0.85% NaCl solution and to the fourth section containing 0.85% NaCl solution plus antiserum. Gently rock slide back and forth. If agglutination is not apparent in the fourth section at the end of 1 min, the test is negative. All other sections should remain clear. When biochemical reactions are characteristic of S. typhi and the culture reacts with O polyvalent antiserum, check other colonies from the same plate for Vi antigen reaction. If there is no agglutination with Salmonella Vi antiserum, the culture is not S. typhi. Identification of Salmonella serotypes requires determination of H antigens and phase of the organism as described by Edwards and Ewing.10 Isolates yielding biochemical reactions consistent for Salmonella and positive with polyvalent O antiserum may be identified as Salmonella sp., serotype or bioserotype undetermined. If species identification is necessary, send isolates confirmed as Salmonella by biochemical tests and polyvalent O antisera to reference laboratories for further analysis. 6. References
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
1993. Laboratory study of several enrichment broths for the detection of Salmonella spp. particularly in relation to water samples. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 74:330. U.S. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. 1995. Bacteriological and Analytical Manual, 8th ed. Assoc. Official Analytical Chemists International, Gaithersburg, Md.
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation
Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation