Internationa.

1 Rice Research Institute

The Imcmational Rice Research Institute (I R RI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today I R RI is one of 13 nonprofit inrernational research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group for I nternational Agricultural Research (CGlAR). The CG IA Ris sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Sa nk), and the United Nations Development Programme (U N DP) The COl A R consists of SO d 0110r countries, lmernationa I and regiona I organizations, and private foundations. I RH J receives support, through the CG IA R, from II number of d anon including: the Asian Development Bank the European Economic Community the Ford Foundation the lrnernational Development Research Centre the International Fund for Agricultural Development the OPEC Special Fund the Rockefeller Foundation the United Nations Development Programme the World Bank and the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia Belgium Brazil Canada

Denmark
Fed. Rep. Germany India Japan Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Philippines Saudi Arabia Spain Sweden S wi tzer land United Kingdom United Stales The responsibility for this publication restswith the I ntemational Rice Research Institute.

Inlernalional Rice IleseaRb Institute

1984
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE
LOS BANOS. LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES P,O. BOX 933, MANILA. PHILIPPINES

Contents
TRUSTEES PERSONNEL A BOUT TH [S REPORT RESEARCH GENETlC HIGHLIGHTS AND UTILIZATION (GEU) PROGRAM EVALUATION

vi vii

xiii
1 7 7

Genetic resources program Agronomic and physiological characteristics Grain quality Disease resistance Insect resistance Nutritional value Drought resistance Adverse soils tolerance Adverse temperature tolerance Innovative breeding methods Computerized data management International Rice Testing Program Integrated GEU program
CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF RICE PESTS

13 29 35
45

61 67 93 107 II7
133 139

Diseases Insects Weeds

IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT SOIL AND CROP MANAGEMENT

151 165 165 205 227 237 237 243 267

181

Soil characterization Management of soil and fertilizer nitrogen Nitrogen fixation for wetland rice

Management of organic manures Management of other nutrients International Network on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice (INSFFER) Rice crop culture practices Tillage and management of soil physical condition
CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT AND RICE CONSTRAINTS CONSEQUENCES CROPPING ON RICE YIELDS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY

275 285 299 309 315 325 329 343 353 353 359 367 389 397 403 427 435 441
455

SYSTEMS PROGRAM

Analysis of the physical and biological environment Analysis of the social and economic environment Pest control in rice-based cropping patterns Design and evaluation of cropping patterns Selectilng'and testing varieties for rice-based cropping patterns Agronomic management in rice-based cropping systems Preproduction testing and technology transfer Asian: Rice Farming Systems Network
MACHINERY ASSOCIATED INFORMATION LABORATORIES PUBLICATIONS FINANCES STAFF CHANGES CROP WEATHER AND SEMINARS DEVELOPMENT TRAINING ACfIVITIES RESOURCES, EXPERIMENTAL FARM, AND SERVICE AND TESTING PROGRAMS

INTERNATIONAL

471 474 479 490 491 493

"i

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

fOR

1<)11)

Trustees
DR. FORREST F. HILL Chairman of the Board Emeritus 701 The Parkway Ithaca, New York 14850, USA DR. CLARE CE C. GRAY III Chairman of the Board The Rockefeller Foundation 1133 Avenue of the Americas ew York. ew York 10036, USA MIN. ARTURO R. TANCO, JR. Vice Chairman c/o Ministry of Agriculture EllipticaL Road, Quezon City Metro Manila, PhiLippines MR_ SADIKIN, S. W. Director General Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Jalan Ragunan 29, Pasar Minggu Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia DR. HA S W. SCHARPE SEEL Soils lnstitut Universitat Hamburg Ordinariat fur Bodenkunde der Universitas Von Melle Park .. 10 0-2000, Hamburg 13 Federal Republic of Germany DR. MUSTAFA M. ELGABALY No.6 Nabatat Street Garden City. Cairo. Egypt DR. i HWAN KIM President Korean Seed Association Room 10[4, Songnam Building 4-1 San, Seucho-Dong, Kangnarn-Ku Seoul, Korea DR. ROBERT K. CUNNINGHAM Ministry of Overseas Development Eland House, Stag Place London, SWI, United Kingdom DR. MAP J. HARDON Directie Landbouwkundig Onderzoek Bureau of Wageningen Mansholtlaan 4 Postbus 59 6700 AN Wageningen The Netherlands DR, KE ZO HEM MI Professor Department of Agricultural Economics University of Tokyo
Bunkyo-ku

Members DR. M. S. $WAMINATHAN Director General International Rice Research Institute Los Banos. Laguna, Philippines DR. ORMA R. COLLINS Program Officer-in-Charge The Ford Foundation 320 East 43rd Street ew York, New York 10019, USA ATfY. EDGARDO J. ANGARA President University of the Philippines System Diliman. Quezon City, Philippines MR. ALBAN GURNElT-SMITH Honorary Fellow enter for International Cooperation (CSIRO) P,O. Box 260, Civic Square ACT 2608. Canberra, Australia DR. M. AMIRUL ISLAM 69, Tejkunipara Tejkaon, Dhaka,Bangladesh MR. LIN SHIH-CHENG Plant Breeder Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China

Tokyo, Japan

I R R I A:\.\UAI.

REI'OR I HlR

I~X.l

"i

Personnel
OFFICE OF THE DIRECroR GENERAl. M. S. Swaminathan, Ph D. dirertur general Marcos R, Vega. Ph D. del!UI,I' director genera! Dennis J. Greenland. IJ. Phil: deputy director genera! Mano D. Pathak. Ph D. director. research and training Hugh T. Murphy. MBA. director, administration Faustino M. Salacup, BS. CPA .. director. pruturnl and liaison Paul A. Cooper. BA. director. budze: and OC(·'WfI(.\· ADMINISTRATIVE AND PROFESSIO ALSTAFF Rebecca C Pascua I. MS. manager.food will housing .wn·!c('.I·· Zosirno O. Pizarro, LLB . senior admlnistrative associate=" Pedro G. Banzon, Ll.B. administrative associate Purita M. Legaspi. BBA. CPA .. speciat a.\',I'isIGI1I to die director grneral A ugUS!O P. Corpuz .•BS M E. manager. Buildings and Properties Unidu C. Tclesforo, BBA. CPA. internal auditor William B, Barsana, 8SA. senior administrative assistant Victoria M. Segovia. A 8. BS .. wnior administrative assislUI'll****

I.ATIN AMERICA Manuel R osero, I>h D. I R HI hili.I'OIl scientist PHILlPPI:"ES Rober! E. Stickney. Ph I>. ugriruhura! (·t(~h",,',. Dennis M. Wood. Ph 1>. eWf' fIT"dlli'li(lIl.I{I<,<,iali.,/·"· THAILAND Ben R, Jackson. Ph n.l'/ani/lfI'e'/,·'· (Rod.:('/i,l/"r /'(",mlwirm.
.•

sl'f\'iIlR 11,\ R 10 r('/!fI'.\I·I1I1//iI~·)' 1

Donald W. Puck ridge. Ph 1>. /I.~r"'1IJI!li.I·1 H. David Carling. Ph D. "I11""l(,/"gi.,/ Raymond C. Fischer. ,11BA. assoriau: agrirutuou! Bi lly .J. Cochra n. Ph I), IJgricullJif(J/I'i~ginl'<'r. 0"

rnginrrr"

COOPERATIVE

RESEARCH

STAFF

AFRICA Ka ung Zan. Ph D. I R RI liaison scientist BANGLADESH Frank W. Sheppard.Tr .. 0 Ed. research systems anal ....IIIRRI ' representative C. Thomas Brackney. MS. rice production specialist Dwight G. Kanter, Ph D. assockue plant breeder Clarence J. Miller, Ph D. agriculture! economist BURMA Malcolm M. Hammond. Dip. Agr. E.. agricultural engineer .... Rosendo K. Palis. Ph D. agrononust Pedro 8. Escuro, Ph D. plaru breeder CHI A Dicscoro L. Umali. Ph D. IRRI liaison scientist (ronsul-

wm)""
EGYPT Marvin M. Parker. MS. agricultural engineer" Ebrahimali A, Siddiq, Ph D. plant hreeder"" LCD Dale Haws. Ph D. rice production trOillil1g J7]eciali.I·/u** IJ DIA

B. P. Ghildyal. Ph D. acting. IRRlliaison

A. P. Haran, administrative associate

scientist

l. 'DONESIA J, Ritchie Cowan. Ph D. IRRlliai.l·on scientist" Walter C. Tappan. BS. IRRf liaison scientist .... Jerry L. Mcintosh, Ph D. agronomist Venkat R. Reddy. MS. agricultural engineer JAPAN Yasuo Takahashi. 0 Agr. IRRI representative

AGRICUI.Tt:RAL ECONOMICS Rober! W. Herdt. Ph t), agricultura! eronomist and head' .lohn C. Flinn. Ph D. agril'll/lIIml economist and Il('ad Edwin C. Price. J r .. Ph D. agricultural economist Cristina C David. Ph D. agrirulnua! ",'0/10111;,1·,·,0* Leonardo A ..Gonzales. Ph D. agriculturul economis: (fR/V IFP!?I) Marlin G. Van Dcr Vecn. Ph D. network (·,.",11""1.,/···· M asao Kik uchi. Ph D. 1I.U(}";/JI" agricultura! eccmomist" Albert Polak. Ph D. I·i.\'ili,(~.I('/e11li.,·/un Robert E, Huke, Ph D, l'i.,ilillll scientist ...... Lauria n J. nnevehr, Ph D. research associate Violeta Cordova •. MS. a,~,i.\({J1II .Il'iemis/**** Abraham Mandac, MS. as,1'iS101/I scientist Angelito Bernardo. BS .. senior research a,'.Ii.I/OIIIPied ad Moya. MS . senior researcl, assi.I'/IJ11I icostrato Perez. f>.4 .. senior research a,I.,·",II01l/' 0" .. S Thelma Paris. MS . senior research assistant Anita Frio. BS. research 11.'.,i.\'IOI1l Ricardo Guino. MS. research a.,s/s/(JIII Adelita Palacpac, 8S, research assistant Est rella Antonio. BS. research assistum Raymundo Gonzaga, BS. research assistant Julius Ferarcn, 8S. research assistam Vivencio Marfori. BS. research assistant""'Constancia Maranan. ,145. resear ..h as.I'i.want**-· Leonida Yarnbao, BS. research assistant Cecille Yaptcnco, BS. research 0.1:1-1.51<1111·"·' . Linda Castillo, M5. research assistam" Luisa Barnbo, BS. research assistant Vivcncio Marciano. 8S, research assistant Gloria Umali. MS. reseorch assistant Policarpio Masicat, BS. research assistant Fe Gascon. 85. research assistant Lourdes Velasco. 85. research assistant icanor Roxas, MS. research assistant Cresencia Bantilan, 8S. research assistant Leticia Pua, BS. re earch ossis((Jm**"T~ Lolita Garcia, 8S. research aide"? Esther Marciano. BS. research aide

viii

IKRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

Aida Papag, 8S. research aide Milagros Obusan, BS. research aide
Vcnancio Acebedo, BS. research ailieH Celia Opeba, 8S. research olde++ Gloria Maiioza. BS, research aide Macario Gcnesila, 8S. research aide++ Napoleon Viado, BS. research aide .... ++

AGRICULTURAL

ENGINEERING

Clarence W. Bockhop, Ph D. agricultural engineer Makoto Ariyoshi, MS, agricultural engineer Amir U. Khan, Ph D. agricuhural engineer Robert E. Stickney. Ph D. agricultural engineer MalcoLm M. Hammond, MS. agriCulturalengineer+*"* Vcnkat R. Reddy. MS, agricultural engineer+ Marvin M. Parker, MS, agriiultural engineer'? J. Ban Duff. MS. associate agricultural economist John A. Wicks, Ph D. associate agricultural economist" Raymond C. Fischer, MBA. associate agricultural engineer" * Billy J. Cochran, Ph D. agricultural engineer+ .... Ignacio Manalili, BS assistant engineer Simeon Gutierrez, BS. senior research assistant +* Salvador C. Labro, BS. senior research assistant emelito Langam. BS, senior research assistant Pilar Lim, MS. senior research assistam Godofredo Salazar, MS. senior research assistant Marnerto Aban, BS. research assistant Alejandro Caballes, BS. research assistant Edwin CaliJung . .8S. research assistant .... Edith Camacho, BS, research assistant Inigo Camacho. BS. research assistant Gcrtrudes Castillo. BS research assistant" Miguclito Diestro, BS. research assistant Leonarda Ebron. BS. research assistant Fleurdeliz Juarez, AB. research assistant Lawrence Kiamco, BS. research assist~m Herbert Ma naligod, BS, research assistant=" Celerina Maranan, BS. research assistam Alfredo Mazaredo. BS. research assistant Myra Gina Palacpac, BS. research assiSlant"''' Agnes Saloma, BS. research assislam Valentino Tiangco, MS. research assistant" Anemio Vasallo, BS. research assistant Yolanda Tan, MS. research assislOw++ Alice Lucas, BS research aide +

Wilma N. Obcernea, MS; senior research assistant" Paul C. Bernasor, MS. senior research assistant Ofelia S. Namuco, MS. research assistant" Serafin T Amarante, MS. research assistant Jaime 1.. Padilla. MS, research assistant Eufrocino V. Laureles, MS, research assistam Elizabeth B. Yarnbao, MS. research assistam Rolando T. Cruz. MS. research assistant Rowena C. Evangelista, MS. research assistant .... Jenny C. Calabio. MS, research assistant Rogelio T. Rosales, MS. research assistant Paquito P. Pablico, MS. research assistant Teodoro R. Migo BS, research assistant Marianne l. Samson, 8S. research assistant Jovencio M. Alcantara, BS. research assi.wam+ Eduardo M. Castin, 8S. research assistant Maxima O. Mabbayad, 8S. research assistant Rosario T. Lubigan, 8S. research assistant Bernabe S. Cia. BS, research assistant Corazon A. Menguito. BS. research assistant" Ricardo P. Novero, 8S. research assistant Rebecca Salome C. Chavez. BS. research assistant Domingo C. Navarez, BS, research assistant Josue P. Descalsota, BS. research assistant Patricio C. Elliot, MS. research-asslstan/t=" Manolo A, Maguling, as. research assistant Joel D. Janiya, 8S, research assistant Leopolda E. Estorninos, Jr., BS. research assistant Cristoti A. Red ulla, BS. research assislam*·u Rodolfo R. Villapando, BS. research aide++ Marian A. l.lagas, as. research aide·"++ Marilyn B. Sobreviiias, BS. research aidet" Rodrigo M. GUSIO,8S, research alde*u*++ CEREAL. CHEMlSTRY Bienvenido O. JUliano, Ph D, cereal chemtsts» Consuelo M. Perez. MS. assistant seiemist Ma. Gracia B. lbabao, MS. research assislam"" Milagros R. Momongan, MS. research assistan: Corazon P. Villareal, MS, researchassistant PEST1CIDE RESID E LABORATORY RedentorA. R. Natividad, BS. research assistant
Aurora M. Argente, MS. research assistant Jocelyn V. Uichanco. BS, research assistaru

AGRONOMY Surajit K. De Datta. Ph D. agronomist Keith Moody. Ph D. agronomist John C. O'Toole, Ph D. agronomist Cezar P. Marnaril, Ph D, agronomist
dinator

and INSFF£R

coor-

Ray B. Diamond, Ph D. visiting' s",enlist" Donald W. Puck ridge. Ph D. agronomist+ Neil C. Turner, Ph D, visiting scientist ~ Jose A. Malabuyoc, MS. assistant scientist Emesto L. Aragon, MS, assistant scientist Felipe V. Garcia. MS, senior research assistant+ Wenceslao P. Abilay, Jr., MS, ~enior research assistant"

COMMUNICATION AND PUBLICATIONS Thomas R. Hargrove, Ph D. editor William H. Smith. BS. editor Edwin A. Tout. MA, associate editor Eugene P. ·Hettel. MA. visiting associate editor" Rarniro C. Cabrera, BFA. assistant manager Corazon V. Mendoza, MS. assistant ediu» Gloria S. Argosino, MA, asststant edltor Urbito T. Ongleo, BS. photography supervisor Edito S. Rufon, senior priming supervisor Efren V. Oro, audiovisual supervisor Fidelito E. Mania, graphics supervisor Arturo V. Africa, graphics supervisor (I)'peseuingj

tRRl ANNUALR

E?ORT FOR t983

;.

Victoria L Cabanilla, BS, research assistant Emerita P. Cervantes, BS. editorial assistant" Benjamin F. Cruz" BFA. senior graphics assistant Conrado G, Regala, senior graphics assistant (typesetting) Benedict P. Nadal, 8F A. senior graphics assistantv":" Melita C Quilloy, AB, senior graphics assistant Edgardo M, Delfino, as. senior illustrator Oscar M. Figuracion, Jr., senior illustraror Cecilio L. Palacpac, Jr., senior primer Rogelio M, Alfonso, senior primer Rowena F. Dagang, BMC graphics assistant Erlie A. Escalona, BS. graphics assistant (typeseuing} Joselito N. Villero, 85. audiovisual assistant" Philip Ch. Flores, audiovisual assistant (PErH John S_ Figarola, i/lUS{r(lIor++ Mariano M. Amongo, iIlUSlrator++ Jose F. Reyes, Jr. photographer Simeon N_ Lapiz, senior photographer Lin_gkod C. Sayo, BS, senior photographer Bartolome B. Vibal, photographer Danilo N. Antonio, senior primer Eduardo E_ Palisoc, prima Justiniano R. Acosta, primer

Maria Austria, B~",research aide Elisa Ca ina nag, BS: research aide Bernard Canapi, BS. research aide++ Myrth Velasco-Soriano, BS, research aide++ Rodolfo Apostol, research aide Danilo Dimaano, BS. research aide++

EXPERIM ENT AL FARM Federico V. Ramos, MS,farm superintendent Orlando G. Santos, MS. associate farm superintendent Juan M_ Lapis, MS. assistant farm superintendent Filomeno O. Laming, MS ..sell/or farm supervisor Reynaldo C. Aranda, BS,farm supervisor Celso C. Salamatin, as. farm supervisor Edwin B. Nuevo, BS.farm supervisor Zacarias D. Dacula, BSJarm supervisor Jose R_ Tagaro, Jr. BS. farm supervisor Loreto B. Aclan, BS. junior farm supervisor INTERNATIONAL RICE GERMPLASM Te-Tzu Chang, Ph D. geneticist and head
Mercedes B. Parker, MS assistant scientist Rizalino Portes, BS. research assistant Carina Zufio, BS. research assistant Ma. Socorro Almazan. BS. research aide Tomas p_ Clerneno, BS, research aide Flora R. Credo, BS; research aide Marcelo Espiritu. BS. research aide .. Renata Reano, as, research aide .. Verena Tolentino, BS. research aide

CENTER

ENTOMOLOGY
Elvis A. Heinrichs, Ph D. entomologist James A. Litsinger, Ph D. entomologist Osarnu Mochida, Ph D. entomologist Rarnesh C. Saxena, Ph D. associate entomologist H. David Carling, Ph D, entomologist" J. John Perfect. MS. "isiling scientist Anthea. G_ Coole Ph D. visiting' scientist Filorneno Medrano, MS. assistant scientist Gerardo Aquino, MS. assistant scientist Remedios Aguda, MS. senior research assistant Carlos Vega, MS. senior research assistant Herminia Rapusas, MS. senior research assistant Edralina Baldos-Medina, MS. senior research assistant Angelina M Romena. MS. senior research assistant Gertrude Arida, MS. senior research ass/Slant Ponciano Epino, MS, senior research assis/Qnt++ Alberto Banion, MS, senior research assistans Jovito Bandong, MS. senior research assistant Vicente Viajante, MS. senior research assistant Cesar Mujer, MS. research assistantt " Parrocinio Pantua, MS, research assistant Lilia Fabellar, MS. research assistant Felicitos Palis, MS. research assistant Lourdes Sunio, BS. research assistant Alfonso Dulay, BS, research assistant Crispin deLa Cruz, BS. research assistant R uperto Basilio, 8S. research assiuant Nora Pefia, BS. research assistant Abraham Alviola, BS. research assiston/'?" Hilario Justo, BS. research assistantr" Salvador Valencia, BS. research assistant lsaias Domingo, 8S. research assistant Serapio de Sagun, BS. research assistant" Jose Soriano, J r.. BS. research assistant

INTERNATIONAL

RICE TESTING PROGRAM

V_ Seshu Durvasula, Ph D, plant breeder and coordinatot=" Dennis Philip Garrity, Ph D, associate agronomist Foster Cady, Ph D, visiting' scieruists+" Judith B. Wood, cOllsultant·"* Toribio T. Ebron, Jr .. BS. senior research assistant Rosario B. Dychangco, BS. research assistant Paul T. Maturan, BS. research assistant Frisco M_ Malabanan, 8S. research assistant Evelyn A. Torres, 85. research assistant Mario M, Movillon, MS, researchassistants+s" Imelda P. Malabanan, BS. research aide

WATER MANAGEMENT Ph D. agricultural engineer Alan C. Early, Ph D. associate agricultural engineer" Domingo F. Tabbal, MS. assistant scientist Tolentino B. Moya, MS, senior research assistant Geronimo E. Dozina, Jr., MS. senior research assistant Manuel M_ Alagcan, BS. research assistant Ambrosio Castaneda, BS, research assistant Danilo M Cablayan, MS, research assistant Valeria na Li nd a B. Gloria. BS. research assista 111 Abel Surnayao, BS, research assistant Alejandro L. Galang, BS. research assisumt Wenceslao dew Vina, BS. research assistant Marius Agua, MS, research assistant Mariquita L Sipin, MS. research assistant"
Sadiqul [_ Bhuiyan,

IRRIGATION

IRR.I ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

Gloria Solres, MS, research assistant Oliver Coroza, BS. research assistant·"· Maximina Lantican, BS; research aide++ Marilyn Cabalquinto, BS., researchaide'" LlB,RARY AND DOCUMENTATION CENTER Una Manalo-Vergara, MS. librarian Milagros C. Zamora. MS. assistant Ilbrarian Mila M. Ramos. MS. assistant Iibrarian Carrnelita S_ Austria. BLS. library supervisor Elaine H, Enriquez, BLS.lihrarysupi'/visor Editha S, La ntican, BS: library supervisor Kazuko Morooka, BA" indexer (in Japan) YU.KO Sasajirna, 8S, indexer (in Japan) MULTIPLE CROPPING Richard A. Morris. Ph D. agronomist and head Virgilio R. Carangal, Ph D. agronomist and cropping systems network coordinator Jerry L. Mcintosh, Ph D. agronomist" Rosendo K. Palis. Ph Deagronomist" Leonard R. Oldeman, Ph D. visiting scieruist Frank D Whisler. Ph D. visiting scientist" Wilhelrnino A.T. Herrera, MS, assistant scientist Hermenegildo C. Gines, MS. senior research assistant Manuel M, Tamisin, MS, senior research assistant Antonio C. Morales, MS. senior research assistant Roberto T. Bantilan, MS. senior research assistant Benigno T. Samson, MS. senior research assistant Teresita S. Lauder, MS. senior re..earch assistant" .. • Rogelio D. Magbanua, MS: senior research assistant
Romulo E_ Furoc,

Michel Arraudeau, MS. visiting scientist Gun Sik Chung, Ph D, vi.liting scientist· Tsugufumi Ogawa, Ph D. visiting scientist Rodolfo C. Aquino, MS. assistant plant breeder Eleuterio M. Mendoza. MS. assistant scientist Genoveva C. Loresro, MS, assistant scientist Jose C. de Jesus, Jr .. MS.assi.llani scientlst Rizal M. Herrera, 8S. senior research assistant Oscar 0 Tagurnpay, BS, senior research assistant Vicente T l.ibrojo, Jr., MS. senior research assistant Regina D. Dalrnacio, MS. Sf'III<)r research assistant Esperanza H, Bacalangco. BS. research ossistam Normita M. dela Cruz, BS. research assistant Felipe B. Lasala. BS. research assistant Presquiio A. Aurin, MS. research assistant Alicia A, Capiral, BS. research assistant Nestor A. Baraoidan, BS. research assistant Benito U. Romena, BS, research assistant Enrique R. Angeles. MS, research assistant Antonio A. Evangelista, BS. research asslstant Manuel. S. Alejar, 8S. research assistant Modesto M. Amante .. BS. research assistant Alma Librojo, BS. research assistant Julie J. Godilano, BS. research a/de RogeLio P. Parrefio, 85. research aide Carlos L casal. Jr., 8S, research aide Alvaro M_ Parnplona, BS, research a/de Norvie L Manigbas, BS, research a/de George A. Busto, Jr., BS. research aide Paulino D. Tenorio, Jr ... BS. research aide David G, Bustamante, 85. research aide PLANT PATHOLOGY Twng-Wah Mew. Ph D. ptant pathologist Hiroyuki Hibino, Ph D. plant virologist John Michael Bonrnan, Ph D, assodateplant pathologist Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Ph D. visiting scientist Seung-Chan Lee, Ph D, lIisiling scientist Fausto L. Nuque, MS. assistant scientist Jose M, Bandong, MS.. assistant scientist Bienvenido A. Estrada. MS.assiSlant scientist Francisco A. Elazegui, MS. senior researchassistant Emmanuel R. Tiongco, MS. senior research assistant Silvino D_ Merca, MS, senior research assistant Vladirnarte M. Aguiero, MS. senior research assistam Rogelio C Cabunagan, MS, research assistant Claro Q. Torres, MS, research ass/Siam Renato C. Reyes, MS. research ass/Siam Marietta R. Baraoidan, MS, research assistant Teresita I. Vergel de Dios, MS. research assistaru Pepito Q. Cabauatan, MS. research ass/SIam

MS. research assistant

Samuel P_ Liboon, BS, research assistant Esteban C. Godilano .. BS. research assistant Rolando 0, Torres. MS. research assistant A.lfredo N. Calendacion, MS. research asststao: Cecilia H. Reyes. BS,research assisiaru Anacoriia N. Villegas, BS. research aide Maridelle A. Dizon, BS. research aide Zenaida L. Punzalan, BS. research aide Rogelio G. Pernito, BS. research aide++ Narciso Edillo, BS, research aide++ Anastaeia P. Aclari, BS, research aide Helen Grace Centeno .. BS. research aide"u e. .PHYTOTRON Shouichi Yoshida, D Agr. plant physiologist. officer-in-charge Celestino T. Rivera, MS. assistant scientist Bienvenido B. Manimtim, BS. research assistant PLANT BREEDING Gurdev S. Khush, Ph D. plant breeder Sam. S. Virrnani, Ph D ..plant breeder Derk HilleRisLambers, Ph D, plQ/II breeder David J. Mackin, Ph D. associate plant breeder Pedro R Escuro, Ph D, plant breeder+ Ben R. Jackson, Ph D, plant breeder+++· Dwight G. Kanter, Ph D..associate plant breeder+ Ebrahirnali A. Siddiqi, Ph D. plant breederu .. t-

Emertito S. Borromeo, US, research assistant"''''' Guillermo Z. Salarnat, Jr., BS. researchassistant Ricardo D. Daquioag, BS, research assistaru Castana M_ Vera Cruz, BS. research assistant Sonia P. Ebron, BS. research assistant Teodoro C. Aballa, BS, research assistant Nestor G. Fabellar, 8S. research assistam Avelita M. Rosales .. BS, research assistant

IRRI ASXUAL

REPORT FOR 19~.1 ~i

Alita O. Mackill. 8S. research aide Zenaida M. Flores. BS. research aide Manchu M. Alvenda, 8S. research aide·· .. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Shouichi Yoshida, 0 Agr. plant physiologist Benito S. Vergara. Ph 0, plant phvsiologist Francisco J. Zapata, Ph D. associate plant physiologist Francisco T. Parao, MS. assistant scientist Romeo M. Visperas, MS, senior research assistant Victoria P. Coronel. MS. senior research assistant Aurora M. Mazaredo, MS. research assistant Gloria S. Cabuslay, 8S. research assistant Librada Blanco, 8S. research assistant George Patena. BS. research assistant Evangelina Salcedo, MS. researchassistant .... F. Sherwin S Lopez, BS. research aide Annabelle U. Novero, 8S, research aide SOIL CHEMISTRY/PHYSICS Felix . Ponnamperuma. Ph D, principal soil chemists" Terence Woodhead, Ph D. physicis/···· Ian Robert P. Fillery, Ph D. visiting associate soil chemist + Heinz-Ulrich Neue. Ph D. associate soil cht'mislGerhild Boje-Klein, Ph D. visiting associate soil ..hemlsts" .. + Ruby U. Castro, MS. assistant scientist Rhoda S. Lantin. MS. assistant scientist Can nta C. Quijano, M S, assistant scientist Evelyn V. Flordeliz, MS. senior research assistant"? Bernardita E. Mandac, MS. senior research assistant Myrna R. Orticio, BS. research assistant Ma. Theresa C. Cayton, MS. research assistant Alma Ma. B. Capati, MS. research assistant Rodolfo Y, Reyes. MS. research ass/stan! Nida B. Uy, 8S. research assistant Josefina L Salivas. BS. research assistants" Victor A. Quimsing, MS. research assistant Ernesro G. Castillo. BS. research assistantt" Marilou S. del Rosario, BS. research assistant + Virgilio Q. Gaddi, BS. research assistant Roberto P. Bautista, BS. research assistant Ricardo F. Capistrano, 8S. research assistant Ma. Carrnelita G, Robielos, 8S. research assistonts .. • Josefina Argete, BS, research assistaruss" Susana G. Maghari, BS. research assistant .. •• Cecilia G. Ante. 8S. research assistant .. •• Nancy D. Hrriza, BS, research assi.HantUn + Jocelyn Ballesteros, 8S. research assistant .... Delfina Valencia, BS, research assistant= .. Cynthia M. Chavez, BS, research assistant .. •• Celeste C. Carrancho. 8S. research aide Adonna A. Medrana, BS. research aide Roberto Ofieial, 8S. resear ..h aide" I SOIL MICROBIOLOGY lwao Watanabe, D Agr, soil microbiologist Jagdish K. Ladha, Ph D, associate soil microbiologist Pierre A. Roger, D Pedologie. visiting scientist [an F. Grant, Ph D. visiting aSSOCiOle scientist

Wilbur Ventura. MS. assistant scientist Wilfreda L. Barraquio, MS . senior research assistant Benjamin C Padre, research assistant Corazon R. Espinas, MS, research assistant Agnes C. Tirol, MS. research assistant .... Cresenciana C. Daez, MS. research assistants Teresita A. Ventura, BS. research assistant Susan Ardales, BS. research assistant Reynatdo T Oliveros, MS. research assistant Ma. Luisa G. Daroy, BS. research assistant Grace Buenaventura, BS. research asslstant Rosano Rernulla, BS. research assistant Ma. Theresa Lapis, BS. research assiStant···· STATISTICS Kwanchai A. Gomez, Ph D. statistician Mariano B. de Ramos. Ph D .. senior researrh fellow Zenaida U. Abanro, ftfs. research assistant Violeta 1. Bartolome. BS, research assistant Urbana B. Cadiz. 8S. research assistant Annabella B. Cruz. BS. research assistant Romel E. Fcridn, BS. research assistant Annabelle Teresita B. Fernandez, MS. research Q.I'.I'i,walllu" leonard 0 P. Lopez, BS. research assistant Victoria C. Lopez, 8S. research assistant Adelina enette C. Mendoza, BS. research assistant Nora Epifania N. Nano, BS. research assistant Mary Jane G. Novenano. BS. research assistant" Thelma H. Parad o, BS, research assiSIOIII""·· Priscilla A. Piguing, 8S. research assistant Grace L. Reyes, BS, research assistant Heraldina R. Salonga. BS. research assistant Julie D. Zamora. BS. research assistant Lynn Corazon M. M ulirnbayan, 8S, research aide TISSUE C LT RE

Shouichi Yoshida. D Agr, plant physiologist. officer-in-charge F ra ncisco J. Zapa La, Ph D, associ ole plant physiologist Lina Torrizo. MS. research assistant Gemma D. Encarnacion, BS. research assistant Editha M. Abrigo, BS. resear ..h assistant Leonardo Magaling, BS. research assistont .. • .. Rhodora Aldernita, BS. research aide.
TRAINING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Howard H. Hagerman. Ph D. visiting communication cialists Dan R. Minnick, Ph D. training specialist Glenn L. Denning, MS. visiting associate field specialist Dennis M. Wood, Ph D. crop production specialist"·· Bansh Raj Tripathi, Ph D. senior researchfellow .... Rizalino T. Dilag, Jr., 8S. senior research assistant Alfredo A. Domingo. MS. senior research assistant Emerito V. Tipa. MS. senior research assistant Regalado M. Aseron, BS. research assistant Rebecca H. Hernandez. BS, research assistant + Enrique L avarro, BS, research assistant Romarico S. Necesario, BS. research assistant"? Jose S, Nicolas, MS. research assistant

spe-

xii

IRR[ ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

Ernesro G_ Perez. 8S: research ass/sian! Arsenio R. Samiano, BS. research assis/an(H Oscar A. Garcia. 8S. trainingassistant Josefa L Gonzales, MS. training assistant Catherine C. Quijano. AB. training assistant Rodolfo R. Salcedo. MS. training assistant Salvador l. Yabes, MS. Iraining o.ISiS/Q1lI Noerni M. Yapit, MS, Iraining assistant Alberto C. Aduna, BS. training (Jssisram*u. Cristina M. Bajct, MS. lraining assiuaru .... German O. Turija, BS. research ,aide++

• Left during the year nOn study leave

... Joined and left during the year .... Joined during the year .... =Transferred during the year "Outreach ++On project appointment +++ On part-time basis -H--+t-Died during the year

[RR[ ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1983

xiii

About this report

This 22d annual report includes research reported during 1983. The department or departments that performed the research are identified in italics below the topic heading. For example:
NATURE OF RESISTANCE

Entomology

Department

In colla bora tive work, the department that did one phase of the research is identified in italics in parentheses following the SUbtopic. For example, the Plant Breed ing and Cereal Chemistry Departments cooperate in the section BREEDING PROG RAM. Because the Cereal Chemistry Department bears responsibility for one phase of that work, its name follows the heading: Milling quality studies (Cereal Chemistry). This report refers to three fundamental types of rice culture. Upland culture means rice grown without irrigation in unbunded fields. Rainfed culture means rice grown without irrigation but in fields that are bunded to impound water. Irrigated culture means rice grown with irrigation in bunded fields. The adjectives upland and lowland describe rice and rice-growing soils. Pedigrees are indicated by a slant bar (/) rather than by the multiplication sign (X). For example, PTB3) X IR30 is written PTB33/ IR30. The sequence of crosses is indicated by the number of slant bars. (PTB33 X IR30) X IR36 is written PTB33/ IR30/ / IR36. The fourth and further crosses are designated /4/, /51, and so on. Backcrosses are indicated by a superscript numeral. Scoring of morphological characters and of damage attri bu ted to rice pests and physiochemical stresses is based on scales in Standard Evaluation System/or Rice (SES), 2d ed., 1980. Copies are available from the International Rice Testing Program,IRRI. This report is on a metric basis and uses the International System of Units (SI) abbreviations. AU monetary units are as U.S. dollars ($). Unless otherwise stated, control or check means an untreated control, grain yield is calculated as rough rice at 14% moisture, a nd protein content is calculated as a percentage of brown rice at 14% moisture. A single asterisk (*) means different at the 5% level of significance, and a double asterisk (**) means significantly different at the 1% level. Unless otherwise noted, separation of means in table columns is by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. Names and terms often repeated within sections and throughout the publication are abbreviated, e.g. BPH (brown planthopper), GLH (green leafhopper), DT (days after transplanting), OAT (days after treatment), etc. A list of abbreviations is on pages XIV-XV. The report uses generic names instead of brand names for chemicals. Use of a commercial or brand name when the generic name is unobtainable does not constitute an endorsement of the product. A thumb index on the back cover provides access to each section. To use it, bend the book slightly and follow the margin index to the page with the black-edge marker.

.iv

IRRI ANNUAL REPORT

FOR 1983

Acronyms and abbreviations used in this report

A AC == amylose content ace no. = accession number ai active ingredient ARFSN Asian Rice Farming Systems AS = ammonium sulfate

etwork

G HC = green hairy caterpillar GLH = green leafhopper GM = gall midge GSV = grassy stunt virus H HAl hours after inoculation or infestation HI = harvest index HR = highly resistant HS = highly susceptible HT= hour after treatment HW = hand weeding (hand weeded)

B 8&1

BB bacterial blight B:C = benefit-cost ratio BG A = blue-green algae 81 = blast B LB bacterial leaf blight

broadcast

and incorporation

(incorporated)

BLS = bacterial leaf streak BPH = brown planthopper BR P brown-rice protein BS = brown spot

I = intermediate IBPGR International Board for Plant Genetic Resources ICRISAT = International Crops Research Institute for the

CEC cation exchange capacity CIMMYT"" lnrernauonal Maize and Wheat Improvement Center ems = cytoplasmic male sterile : = carbon-nitrogen ratio CW caseworm

D DA I = days after inoculation DAPI = days after panicle initiation DAS = days after seeding. sowing DAT= days after treatment DBE = days before emergence DBH == days before harvest DBPI = days before panicle initiation DBS = days before seeding. sowing DBT= days before transplanting DE = days after emergence 01 = days after infection. infestation OM = dry matter .oS dry season OS R = d ry-seeded rice OT = days after transplanting

Semi-Arid Tropics liT A = lntemauonal lnstitute of Tropical Agriculture lNSFFER = International etwork on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice INTSOY = International Soybean Program IPE = isopropyl ester IPM = integrated pest management I RAT lnstitut de Recherches Agrcnorniques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres IRCTN = International Rice Cold Tolerance ursery IRGC = International Rice Germplasrn Center IRON = International Rice Observational Nursery lRRSWYN= International Rainfed Rice Shallow Water Yield

Nursery IRSATON = International Rice Salinity and Alkalinity Tolerance Observational ursery IRTIP= Imernational Rice Testing and Improvement Program IRTP International Rice Testing Program IRYN-M = International Rice Yield Nursery-Medium I URO = International Upland Rice Observational Nursery IURY International Upland Rice Yield ursery

E EC = em ulsifiable concentra Ie EE ethyl ester ET'" evapotranspiration

L LAI = leaf area index LER. = leaf elongation rate LF= leaffolder L WP leaf water potential

M
MC = MR = MS = MY = N moisture content moderately resistant moderately susceptible modern variety

F= flowable
fb followed by FSm = false smut

G
G = granular GEU = genetic evaluation and utilization

BI = neck blast NBLS = narrow brown leaf spot NPU = net protein utilization

IRRI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 198.' xv

OM = organic mailer P PE prcernergence PI = panicle initiation PR = phosphate rock P = prilled urea

ShR = sheath rot

S MT

SR = stem rot SSB = striped stem borer

SSp"" T

= soil

moisture

tension

single superphosphate

ToPR =: transplanted
R R resista nt RB= rice bug RGA = rapid generation advance R GS = rice green semilocper RH = relative humidity RS V = rice ragged stunt virus RTBV = rice tungro bacilliform virus RTSV = rice tungro spherical virus RTV = rice tungro virus RWM = rice whorl maggot

nee

UPLB = University of the Philippines USG = urea supergranules

at Los Banos

w
W Al = weeks after inoculation WAS = weeks after seeding, sowing WBPH = whitebacked plarnhopper W P = wettable powder WS = wet season WSR wet-seeded nee WT= weeks after transplanting

S = susceptible 5B = stem borer SCU = sulfur-coated urea 5 ES Sta nda rd Evaluation ShB = sheath blight

y System for Rice YO = yellow dwarf YSB = yeUow stem borer

R esearc_ hiehli ht S earch . Ig_lg .

BUILDING NATIONAL PROGRAMS

Indonesia

74_7Z6-7~ao80-82
Trends in real world rice price endin real rice price 10 consumers in selected. formerly rice imporling.counlries.

World rice production in 1983 was about 435 million t, 3% more than in 1982 and more than the FAO long-run trend. Production increased in most of Asia, especially in Bangladesh. Burma, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Thailand, Such Increases continue the longterm trend of growth in rice production ahead of population. Yields have become the major source of growth, as the 1970s saw further improvements in the M Vs first introduced in the mid-1960s. Many traditional rice importing countries have become self-sufficient in rice, and the real price of rice in those countries and the world market has declined. In Latin America production increased slightly, but it declined in Africa. When Premier Zhao Ziyang of China presented the 1982 Third World Prize to IRRI in April 1983, he described IRRI's role in increasing rice production: J R R I has developed many good strains to help developing countries increase rice yield and improve quality. Those strains not only can increase the yield markedly, but also can resist plant diseases and insect pests, shorten the maturing period, and save water. IR R I has made important advances in rice genetics, physiology, a nd soil science. Its achieveme nts ha ve spread far and wide in the Third World. In [983 IRRI worked to strengthen collaborative research with national research systems and other international agricultural research centers, and to magnify the impact of the International Rice Testing Program, the International Network on Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Evaluation for Rice, and the Asian Rice Farming Systems Network. We also organized collaborative research planning meetings with scientists and institutions in Bangladesh, Burma, China, Egypt, India,

JhirrJ «J orI~frtlt

1982
Premier Ztiso Ziyang of the People's Republic of China preeents the 1982 Th'-rd World Pnie scroll 10 Dr. M S Swsmtnetnsn; IRRldireclOr general.

IRgl/\\'\:UAI

ItEI'OI( I HlR IYHJ

IRRI scientists

joined rice scienusts

from

IITA. Zambia. Zim.babwe. Tanzania. Kenya. and Madagascar 10 observe rice growing areas 01 soutnem and ,eaSlem Atrice. Here. Illey are examintng rice grown III hydiomorphic areas near ttie t.suout« Agricullural Research tnsutot«. Mansa. Zamb/il. Propor/ional area 01 rice grown ill ditlerent CUll ural systems. !.RRI is tntensilying ettorts 10 oalegorize envlfonmenls and Inven/ory Ihe world. rice growing areas around

Ind 0 nesia, Korea, Pa kista n, and Thaila nd. Wit h the Ph iIippi ne Ministry of Agriculture. we sponsored two technology transfer workshops for extension workers from the 12 agricultural regions of that country. Collaborative research with national scientists is the foundation for many major research projects. IR R I staff work with national scientists a 1 selected agrocl irna tic sires where (hey cond uct in dept h research usi ng similar methodology, and frequently exchange research results and materials. For example, by comparing the interactions of local BPH populations on 10 selected rice varieties, entomologists in China, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and IRRI established that there are at least 4 distinct BPH biotypes. Cultivation of BPH resistant varieties has

Irrigated

Europe, N()f'fll America Oceania, Japan, Korea

~ond

AAi'/CA

Riceareo Irrigated _ Upland

_ INDIA

Roinfed Iowlond

50-100 em - deeowcter -tidol wetlonds

RESEARCH

HIGHI IGIITS

_I

Deepwater rice workers take otsmsempies in Th~iland_ The Thai Deperuneru 01 Agricullure and IRRI have a long history 01 cooperetion ,n deepwater and other rice proiects.

In 1983 .lRRI signed

memorandum

01

ag~eemem wilh Bhutan 10 train Bhutan· ese sctenusts. Site visits and discussions
with local farmers are important in all cooperative projects wI/h neuonet programs_

become the pri ncipal method of coni roiling that insect. In 19tU, in addition to Los Banos staff, IRRI supported 22 scientists in 8 countries. We laid the fou ndations for a new cooperative program with the Malagasy Republic, brought our team In Egypt up 10 full strength. and developed closer ties with CI AT, liT A. and WAR DA for rice research inA frica and La ti n A rnerica. In October 1983 the 1R RJ Board of Trustees visited Malagasy and Tanzania and mel in Egypt, where they visited the Rice Research and Training Project, which is a cooperative venture with the Universities of California and Arka nsas, A memorand u m of agreement was signed by C IAT, liT A, IRAT, IR R l, and WAR 0 A tha testa blished an intercen ter coo rd inat ing committee for upland rice research. The committee, to be chaired by each center in turn, will promote communication among cooperators by publishing an upland rice newsletter in English with French and Spanish translations. EM BRAPA, a national agricultural research center in Brazil, is also participating. At the 1.983 International Rice Research Conference, we agreed to use an operational classification of rice growing environments that lists major environments as irrigated, rainfed lowland, deepwater, upland. and tidal wetla nd. Within those five categories are 20 subca tegories, Ou r goal. is to sharpen the precision of that system through continued environmental research and cooperation with rice scientists around the world. At the request of the Chinese Ministry of Agricu Iture and the Chi nese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, IR R [ is assisting In the development of the Chinese National Rice Research Institute at Hangzhou. OUf long-term cooperation with the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Thai Department of Agriculture, and the indonesian Central Research Institute for Food Crops continued to yield substantial returns. ln 1983 we signed a memorandum of agreement with Bhutan for training of Bhutanese scientists at IR R I, exchange of genetic materials and research information, collaboration on research projects, and exchange of visits of Bhutanese and IRRI scientists. As we develop collaborative relationships in more rice growing co untries, we conti nua lJycolla bora te in the collection of rice va rieties for conservation in the IRRI germplasm bank (renamed in 1983 as the International Rice Gerrnplasrn Center). In cooperation with the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources and major national research systems, we developed and immediately implemented a second 5~year plan for gerrnplasrn collection, conservation, and utilization

(l983~87).
We also strengthened collaborative work with research organizations in developed countries ..Joint research. particularly in biotechnology, was initiated with universities and institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, United Kingdom, and the United States. Social science research was intensifie-d in association with the Agricultural University of Wageningen, Netherlands. Among several seminars, workshops, and conferences sponsored during 1983, two deserve special attention. The Conference on Women in Rice Farming Systems examined the impact of new technologies on

IRRI A

NUAL. REPo.RT FOR 19~.l

The Conference on Women in Rice Farming Syslems examined the role Of women in rice farming and stressed their ,mporlance m tne /echnology devetopmen! and trsnster process.

IRRI uetreee are instructed how 10 use,a knapsack sprayer 10 apply herbicides

women-specific operations and sought to identify where and how women can playa greater role in technology development and transfer. The Workshop on Copublication: Strategies for Multilanguage Publication in Agriculture brought together communication specialists from international, national, and commercial. organizations to discuss publication and dissemination of agricultural information in the many languages of the developing world. OUf training programs are extremely important in our role of institution building. About 3,500 lRRI-trained scientists work as members of national rice research and development teams. Since IR R I was founded" we have collaborated with the graduate education program of the University of the Philippines at Los Banos. To strengthen training in national programs, we now have similar collaborative arrangements with Cairo University, Egypt; lnstitut Pertanian Bogar, Indonesia; Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Malaysia; Central Luzon Slate University, Philippines; Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, Sri Lanka; Faizalabad Agricultural University, Pakistan; Kasetsart University, Thailand; Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand; and Cornell University, United States. We are discussing similar agreements with seven other universities. In addition to graduate training, we conduct several annual short courses. In 1983 we added an Upland Rice Training Course. There are special courses in multilocation testing and varietal screening for upland

I{ FS

EARC' H H 1(;1-1Lit; WI S

The IRRI Communicalion and Pu~blicalions Department. m sssoctetton wilh G TZ and CGIAR. organized the firs I book exnit»! ot tne totemtuione: agriculturet research centers et the 1983 Frank· turt Book Fair. Ihe world·s largest' out» I,cation righlS marker. CGIAR and otner mtemeuonet agfJcl.1Uvral research' cen-

ters osrttcioetea,

crops. To maintain high standards of relevance and excellence in our educational programs, we formed, in 1983, an IRRI Academic Council com posed of I R R I staff and ou tside experts. Rice scientists and scholars around the world depend on the IRRI communications program and library for current information on rice science. In 1983 the Information Services Department was redesignated the Communication and Publications Department. This change reflects an increasing mandate not only in publishingand provid ing information support for I R R I scientists but also in institution-building and development of agricult ural communication capabilities in national programs. JRRI released 15 new books III 1983 and distributed about 70,000 copies of major books. Book publishing is self-sustaining; new titles are funded by sales. I R Rl and the German Agency for Technical Cooperation organized the fi rst boo k exhi bit of the inte mat iona J agri cu IIu ra I rcsea rch centers at the 1983 Frankfurt Book Fair. Seventeen centers displayed about LOOO titles. The fair attracted more tha n 500,000 visitors. mostly librarians and book buyers. III 1983 the Library and Documentation Center published the 1982 supplementto the lnrernational Bibliography ofRice Research. as-year cumulative index 10 the Bibliography, The International Directorv of Rice Workers. 3 nd the 1983 Supplement to Theses and Dissenations On Rice A \-ailable in {he Librarv 01" the Intemaiionat Rice Research lnstitute.

IRRI A:-INlJAL

REPORT

FOR 19x3

The number of books and journals borrowed from the library increased markedly and, as in previous years, requests for copies of Japanese literature on genetics and breeding exceeded those for literature on all other topics. We acq uired 4, 106 new vol urnes, bri ngi ng the collection to 66.528 monogra phs, 196 seria I titles, rna ps, translations, a nd microfilm. The libra ry continued 10 pu rchase and distri bu te boo ks to I R R I resea rch scholars and other trainees.

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Genetic resources program
International Rice Germplasm Center and Statistics Department
CONSERVATION WORKSHOP

RICEGERMPLASM FIELD COLLECTION INTERNATlONAL INVENTORY. PROCESSING ENZYMATIC TRAINING SEED INCREASE, COMPUTERIZED

8
8
AND DATA PROCESSING

EXCHANGES REJUVENATION, DATA

CHARACTERIZATION.

9 9 10

.AND DISTRIBUTION

9
STORAGE

SEED FOR M ED1UM- AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT POLYMORPHISM IN RICE GERMPLASM

AND DISSEMINATION

10

GENETIC

STOCK OFFICERS

1I

IRRI A

liAr. REPORT FOR 19HJ

In 1983, the IR RI Genetic Resources Program was reorganized as the International Rice Germplasm Center (I RGC), a global research service, to emphasize its international dimensions. An advisory committee will guide the center's worldwide acti vities.
RICE GERMPLASM CO SERVATION WORKSHOP

International

Rice Germplasm Center

A 2-d workshop on the conservation of rice germplasm was cosponsored by IRRI and IBPGR on 25-26 April. Thirty-five scientists from 21 countries 9 staff members from 6 other international agricultural research centers and international agencies. and IRRI staff participated. Progress in field collection from 1977 to 1982 was reviewed and papers on conservation methodology, the wild Orvza species. and seed storage equipment for national centers were presented. Interinstitutional collaboration between the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Institute of Agrobiological Resources of Japan, and lRRI was assessed. The following areas will receive priority: • completion of land race collection, • conservation of wild species, • systematic evaluation and characterization, • seed storage (primarily medium-term), • documentation at national centers, • personnel development, • security of seed stock under long-term storage, and • free germplasrn exchange. Participants from South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa drafted a 5-yr collection plan and estimated funding requirements. IRRI will continue to coordinate field operations and provide an advisor or field collector. Small-scale collection in Latin America and Oceania will be separately developed. Copies of the published workshop proceedings were distributed at the XV International Congress of Genetics to celebrate the theme: Genetic conservation - microbes 10 man.
FIELD COLLECTION

program directors of participating countries and heads of international and regional centers to begin action on the 1983 plan. Most countries and centers responded positively. Thel BPG R provided IR R ( with an advisor who joined field operations in Bangladesh and Bhutan to participate in national germ plasm collection. They assembled 91 varieties from 5 districts of Bangladesh. Canvassing in the high-altitude belt of Bhutan netted 84 varieties, 23 of which grew above 2,000 rn. During the second half of 1983, Burmese cooperators expanded their collections, and three agencies in Thailand concentrated on collecting upland hill rices. Since the first 5-yr plan, formulated at the 1977 Workshop, 12,657 seed samples have been added to IRGC with lRRI participating in field canvassing and collection of 3,038. Workers in 10 Asian countries gathered 9.619 samples, often with financial and technical aid from lRRI and IBPGR (Table I).
I NTERNATI ON AL EXCH ANGES

International

Rice Germplasm Center

Many countries continue to deposit their old and new rice germplasm in the IRGC seed vaults for safekeeping and use. During 1983, IRGC received 3,873 samples from these major donors: National and Slate centers • Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 97 varieties. • Bhutan Department of Agriculture 88 varieties. • Fujian Province, China - 541 varieties. • Fiji - 22 varieties. • Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, India - 68 varieties. • Indonesia - 68 samples collected by anthropologists and missionary and service volunteers. • Zimbabwe - 83 varieties collected by the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, UK. • Philippines - 62 varieties. • Thailand Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives - 1,184 varieties.

Intemational

Rice Germplasm Center IRRI contacted national

After the workshop,

GEKL

nc

EVA I_UA

no:"-J 1\:0-: o

U 11/.1ZA .II()~ T'ROGRA M

Table 1. Indigenous rice varieties collected wi.th direct or ind irect I R'RI participation in 14 collaborating cou ntries, 1978 to 1983. Indigenous varieties collected (no.l with IRRI's Direct pan ici pari 0 n 703 185 561 738 Ind,irect participation 306

sions were completely characterized because of shortage in laboratory personnel. Computerized files now contain data on 59,343 accessions of 0. saliva.
SEED INCR·EASE. DISTR I BUTIOJ REJuvENATIO:-l. A:\D

Country

Years

Bangladesh Bhutan Burma India Indonesia Kampuchea Laos Malavsia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam

1978-83 1981-83 1981,1983 1981-83 1978-83

5
21 1939

lnternat ional Rice Germplasm Center I nOS .. 4, 104 plots were grown for initial seed increase and 7,868 accessions were rejuvenated 1O provide seed for canning. In the WS. 4.090 plots were planted for characterization and 6,447 access ions were rejuvenated. About 60% of the planti ngs d u ri ng 1983 were moved to a 5.I-ha Tented farm in Barrio Masapang, Victoria, Laguna Province. The farm produced more and cleaner seeds because it has less insect and d isease pressure than the I R R I farm. As one of its primary functions. IROCcontinued to supply seed to rice researchers throughout the world. In response to 150 requests, it sent 3,756 seed samples of 0. sativa to foreign researchers. In response to 287 requests wit hin I R R I, it furnished 28,443 samples for OEU tests. It distributed 814 samples of African rices and wild species in response to 58 requests. The total number of seed samples supplied in 1983 was slightly less than the average of the last 5 yT although the number of requests was comparable (Table 2). National center and I R RI field collectors have asse mbled a large co I lection of traditional eu It i va rs locally known to have special characteristics. IR Rl's 0 EU scientists receive seeds for eva luation soon after completion of the initial cycle of seed multiplication, During 1983, the total number of special types rose to 9,464.
PROCESSING SEED FOR MEDIUM· TERM STORAGE AND LONG-

632
538 1042 4 1710 146 3276 9619

1979-82 1978-82 1982 1978.:83 1978-80, 1982 1979-83 Total

238 613

3038

Other international or regional centers • lIT A. Nigeria - 1080. glaberrima accessions. • IRAT. France - 14 varieties. The IRT P furnished 451 promising international nursery entries from 20 countries. Replacement samples also were obtained for 835 accessions which had become nonviable during storage before the projected longevity expired.
INVENTORY, CHARACTERIZATION, PROCESSING AND DATA

International Rice Germplasm Center and Statistics Department At the end of 1983, the IROC had registered 63,490 accessions of 0. sa tiva, 2,826 accessions of 0. glaberrima, 1,200 populations of wild species, and 691 genetic testers and mutants. About 5,038 recently received seed sam pies a wait initial planting and seed increase. During the past 12 yr, more than 14,780 additional seed samples were not counted as registered accessions because the seeds either did not germinate or were obvious duplicates. During 1983, IRGC systematically described morphoagronornic traits of 4,090 accessions in the field and completed laboratory measurements of panicle and grain characters on 2,322 accessions. By the end of the year, field records of 62,998 accessions had been made, but only 47,421 acces-

Internasional Rice Germplasm Center and Statistics Department Vacuum-packing rice seeds in aluminum cans for medium- and long-term storage began in mid1980. By the end of 1983, 14,458 of the 48,758 accessions grown for this purpose had been packed. In 1983.5,125 accessions were canned, 2,087 more than in 1982.

10

IRRI

1\1\UAI.

REPOR I FOR 19x)

Table 2. Progress in the preservation and distribution of seed of Orvz« sativa cuttivars at the International Rice Germplasm Center, 1973 to 1983. Distinct accessions In germplasm bank 24,162 26,818 30,332 34,229 36,956 40,768 47,743 53,431 57,027 60,181 63,49aa Requests received (nc.) from IRRI 66 108 151 194 196 182 268 337 319 279 287 Nationat programs 95 83 150 137 148 142 157 156 206 154 150 Samples supplied (nc.) to IRRI 8,275 20,498 22,155 40,200 50,354 31,941 26,694 29,734 29,053 33,975 28,443 National programs 9,777 2,603 4,043 4,819 4,126 7,316 3,260 3,659 4,376 11,075 3,756

Year

1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983

aAbout 5,038 recen!Iy received seed sampies are still to be grown and registered: 9,831 duplicate accessions and 4,950 nonviable seed samples were removed from the regist sv du ri n9 1973·83,

When an accession has produced sufficient seed for canning, a second 30-g seed lot is sealed in aluminum-foil envelope and sent to the U.S. National Seed Storage Laboratory in Ft. Collins, Colorado. This duplicate storage increases the collectio n's secu rity. Duri ng 1983, 3,891 duplicates were processed. Records on seed rejuvenation and canning were entered in the computerized files.
COMPUTERIZED DISSEM INA nON DATA MANAGEME TAD

Statistics Department and International Germplasm Center

Rice

This procedure facilitates seed preparation by IRGC staff, data gathering by GEU staff. and encoding the computerized data. More importantly. it ensures data: accuracy, especiaUy of accession number and name entered in the IRGC master file. In the last quarter of 1983, the Interactive Germplasm Bank Information Retrieval system was installed at the newly established lRRl Computer Center (IB M 4331). The system provides speedier information retrieval and allows IRRI researchers wider access to the system.
ENZYMATIC POLYMORPHISM GERM PLASM I RICE

The year 1983 saw a significant rise in the use of the computerized data retrieval system in locating a p pro priate accessio ns by rice resea rc hers at lR R I and from national and international research organizations. Most frequently requested traits are early maturity resistance to blast, tolerance to cool temperatures, flood tolerance, drought resistance and tolerance to acid soils. Frequently, a clear specification of desired traits does not accompany the request for seeds. In such cases, one or more lists of retrieved accessions, with their associated information, were sent to the requesting scientist. For each seed request for screening purposes received from IRR rs G EU scientists, a computergenerated data sheet is produced. The data sheet contains accession number, name, and origin as well as column headings for traits to be screened.

International

Rice Germplasm Center

Isozymes provide convenient marker genes to study the genetic structure of a species and have potential in breeding programs, A simple method to analyze the enzymatic polymorphism of Asian cultivars was developed. Two to five plants of a given variety were individually analyzed. Proteic extracts were prepared from the plumule and coleoptile of seedlings a few days after germination. The proteins were separated by electrophoresis in starch gels and 10 enzymes were studied. Fifteen polymorphic genes having two to eight alleles per locus were identified (Table
3).

To represent

Asian diversity,

1,161 varieties

G E'll'TIC

EVA I.UATI()N

AND U I'II.IZATION

PROG RA M

II

were chosen from 2 [ countries (Table 4). with particular attention to local varietal groups and crop environments. Simple data analysis produced a discriminant axis that accounts for the main part of the variability. The distribution of the varieties along the axis (Fig. I) shows two major groups with few intermediates. The fi rst group. ha ving nega tive scores, em braces tropical varieties, such as the hsien rices from China, the cere rices from Indonesia, and themnan rices from Bangladesh and northeastern India. It coincides with the indiN/group. The second group, having positive scores, comprises temperate varieties such as those from Japan

\/0. '!!Iies (no.)

~&. Fom i Iy 01 the aus .ices

• Family or the bosm,,!i rir;es

2QO

100

-3
Tablo 3. Enzymo$ A sian cu Itiv ars. Enzyme studiod and marker ganes identifiod

in

i-----Indico

'2

+4 -I 0 +1+2 +3 ~~----I---JopQnicrt ----I

OiscrimifllJ1ll score

Lad
(no.!

Alleles

(nc.l/rccus 3
5

I. Histogram showing {he score distribution for l , J.6Jvarieties on an axis given by the analY"i< of allelic combinauons of 15 genes coded for 10
enzymes,

Catalase
Shiklrnate dehydrogenase Phosphogl uoose isomerase Alanine aminopeptidase Arginine aminopeptidase Leucine aminopeptidase Alcohol dehydrogenase Esterase Acid phosphatase I soci Irate dehyd roqenase

1 1 2
'I

2,6
5 5 8,4

1 2 1 4 1 1

3 2,2,2.,3 2
3

Table 4. Origin divarsity. Origin Afghani,Slan Bangladesh Bhutan Burma China India Indonesia Iran Japan Kampuchea Korea Laos Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Vietnam

of varieties

chosen to represent

Asi.an

Varieties (no.]

17 59

34
B8

142 234
102 34 33

a nd Ko rea, the Ch inese k eng rices, and most high elevation rices in the Himalayas. It also includes tropical rices such as the Indonesian bulu and most Southeast Asian upland rices. Two rice families, each defined by the presence of a pa rt icu lar a llele, are noteworthy (Fig. I). The first family includes the GUS rices from Bangladesh and northeastern India and some others from Nepal, Pakistan, Afghanistan. and Iran. Withinthis distribution. the aU.I' rices have the lowest scores on the discriminant axis while the others have scores near zero. The second family covers most of the aromatic rices from northwestern India, Pakistan. and Iran. includ ing Basmati rices. Many of these fall into the second overall classification group, but some are intermediate.
rRAI'\Jl"1G (jEKETIC STOCK Ol-'F.ICERS

13 31

30 48 42 47

lnternationai

Rice Germplasm Center

26 33 57
49

42

IR R r continued to provide short-term trai ning on rice genet ie resell rces rna nageme nt. The t ra inees were responsible for maintaining local rice collections at their home stations. One scientist from Senega Ispe nt 6 mo wi th t he staff of the ge rm plasm bank to learn about different aspects of genetic

(2

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1'I!!.1

conservation. Two staff members from the Rice Research institute of Thailand stayed I mo to observe the laboratory management of conserved

accessions. Two Vietnamese scientists spent the last 2 mo of 1983 studying seed technology and production techniques.

IJ

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Agronomic and physiological characteristics

Agronomy and Plant Physiology Departments Germplasm Center
MAXIMUM YIELD SELECTIONS YIELD EXPERIMENT

and lnternational

Rice

14
RESPONSE OF VARIETIES AND

PERFORMANCE

AND NITROGEN

14

Irrigated rice 14 IRRI 14 Farmer's field 16 BPI stations 16

Rainfed rice 16

IRRI 16 IR42 17
SOURCES OF SEMIDWARFISM PREPARATION MICROSCOPE SCREENING

17
FOR THE SCANNING ELECTRON

OF OR YZA POLLEN GRAINS

17
FOR SHADE TOLERANCE IN RICE SEEDLINGS

21

Dry weight 21

Plant height 21 Leaf area and specific leaf weight 21 Submergence tolerance vs dark tolerance
EVALUATION OF HYBRID CONFIGURATION DETERMINING SPIKELET Of THE RICE MICROSPORE THE REDUCT[VE

22
ABILITY

RICES FOR RATOONING

22
PROCESS

IN THE FORMATIVE

24

STAGE OF RICE USING A REPRESENTATIVE

25 Spikelet designation 25 General morphology of IR36 and IR42 panicles 27 Most representative spikelet 27 Correlation of floret length with reductive division stage 27
[N R[CE ~ GRAIN YIELD REDUCT[ON AND MEASUREMENT

LODGING TECHNIQUE

27 Grain yield reduction 28 Resistance to bending 28

I"'

IRRIA:,(NIIAI.

REPORT

I'OR 191\J

MAXIMUM

YIELD

EXPERIMENT

Agronomy

Department

coordinating

5.5,--------------------------------,
0--0 Old sae

Groin yield (I/ho)

Ten varieties representing three maturity groups received corresponding N rates. The first N application was deep-placed USG with subsequent PU topdressings as required. Planting dates were staggered fora uniform ripening period at two IRRI sites. In DS. IR2IS20-154- 3-2-2-3 yielded highest (8.88 t/ha) at the lowest rate m Its maturity group at the new site (Fig. I). significantly higher than others tested. N rate increase did no! increase yield significantly in either site except for IR58 at the old site. Most maximum yields came from the lowest N rates. The mean yield for the old site was higher (6.45 vs 5.92 tj ha). IR 13540-56-3-2-1 and IR21820154-3-2-2-3 were most susceptible to lodging at higher N rates, especially at the new site. Here, hopperbu rn lowered IR8 yield. During WS. late maturing IR29723-143-J-2-J consistently yielded highest at both sites at the lowest rate (Fig. 2). IR58 yielded highest among early varieties and IR2 I0 15-80-3-3-1-2 among the med i urn- ma t u ri ng va rieties. E xcept fo r IR4 2, which yielded more at 88 kg than at 59 kg Nj ha at both sites. varieties had either negative or nat

5.0 4.5
'1.0

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iii
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'!

Eorly

Med4n>

l.D/~

Variety 00. 2. Higheslyieldsal21RRlsiles.IRRI

ws,

maximumyiddexperimCnt.1983

response to . Each variety yielded equally at both sites, but RTV was moderately severe in IR42 and severe in IRS.
YIEI.D I'ERI-"ORMAl"(T AND NITROGEN OF VARIETIES A 'D SEI.ECTIONS RESPONSE

Agronomy
Groin yield (flhe)

Department

9r-----------------~--------------,
0--0 Old site

.. - ... New site

"'

..

Irrigated rice, Yield performance of IR varieties and promising lines were evaluated at IRRI. in a farmer's field in Laguna Province, and at Philippi ne Bureau of Plant Industry (8 PI) stations in Bicol, lloilo, and Nueva Ecija. Rices were tested at different N levels with WS application lower than

DS.
6

Variety no. I. High"sl yields allmv~SI ,1<»" <>I" N tcxccpt for IRS8 where yield al Ihe highesl dose was used) al2 IR RI <;tes.1RRI maximum >'ield experiment, I<)~.\ DS.

I R RI. Table I shows the response of 42 rices to 5 N levels. In OS. IRI3540-56-J-2-1 and IR2812845-2 produced the highest yields at high N rate and also at low rate. Without fertilizer . 5 promising lines yielded 4.0 tjha or more while most early-maturing lines yielded below 3.0 t/ ha. IR2812845-2 out yielded all test va rieties and lines. AU yields during WS were low compared to those in DS (Table J), IR13525-43-2-3-1-3-2 gave the highest WS yield of4.8 t/ ha. IR 19672-140-2-32-2 and IR25604-99-[ -3-2-2 yielded 3.2 t/ ha without fertilizer.

GENETIC

EVAI.\Ii\

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Mill

UTII.IZATION

PROGRAM

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Among early-maturing varieties, IR25588-7-3-,1 yielded 4.6 1/ ha at 90 N. Farmer's field. With low insect and disease infestation, IRS can yield more than other MVs. During DS, IRS yielded 6.S t/ ha, more than all other varieties in all N levels. Yield was 4.2 t/ ha without N fertilizer (Table 2). In WS, IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 gave the highest yield, but I R42 out yielded it and other M Vs without N. Most entries show minimal yield response to increasing N levels. BPI simians. Four varieties and 13 promising breeding lines were evaluated at BPI stations lt1 Maligaya, Bicol, and Visayas. At Maligaya during OS, all entries except IR9729-67-3 and Peta yielded 7.0 tl ha or more at one or more N levels (Table 3).IRS had the highest, 8.2 II ha at 90 kg N I ha. I R2IS20-154-3-2-2-3 and I R22082--4! -2 yielded 8.0 tf ha. I R21820-154-3-22-3 appeared outstanding compared with other prom isi ng lines a nd had bet te r N respo nse at lower rates. In WS, yi eld increase for most varieties a nd lines was from 30 to 60 kg N I ha. Only IR !96 72~ 140-2~32-2 yielded 6.0 tf ha. Six prornisi ng lines and! R42 had comparable yields at zero N. At Bicol during DS, promising lines had comparable or better yields than named IR varieties at zero N (Table 4). Five lines yielded more than 7.0 t/ha. IR2J820~154~3-2-2-3 yielded highest at 7.9 t/ha with 150 kg N/ha. During WS, heavy rainfall caused severe lodging in plots with applied N, and BLB affected most entries. Therefore, yield response to applied N was low. Breeding lines I R 13525--43-2~3~1-3~2, IR2815084-3-3-2, IR29708--4 J -2. IR29723-88-2-J-3, and I R 9729-67-3-85 yielded more than named varieties at zero N. The experiment in the Visayas began in DS but was a band oned at PI because of lac k of irrigation water. In WS, yield at zero N was high (Table 5) . Most varieties and Jines increased yield with 30 kg Njha. Rainfed rice. I R RI. Four I R varieties and eight promising lines were evaluated at five N levels. IR42 was eliminated during maximum tillering because of severe infestation of RTV and GSV, RSV and ShR reduced IR46 yields. A promising new line, IR32809-26-3-J, yielded 4.9 Ifha at 90 kg N/ha, the highest recorded yield in

o E.-':ETIC

EVA I.U,\ liON AX D U I II.IV\

IIO~" PROGRII:'14

11

Table 2. Yields of I R varieties and promising farm. Laguna, Philippines, 1983.'''

lines at 4 N levels «()'150 kg/halon

ani rrigated

OS yield (t1hal Varietv or lme 0 IRS IA36 IH42 IR 13429-299-2·1·3·1 IA1352S43·2.3·1-3·2 IR19672·140·2·3-2·2 IR 19672·155-2-1-1-3 IR21820-154-3-2-2-3 IR 21848-65-3:-2·7 IR2208241'2 4.2 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.8 3.7 50 5.6 3.5 4.8 5.0 4.7 5.1 100 5.S 3.6 5.7 5.3 5.7 5.6 150 6.8 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.0 6.0 0 3.9 3.1 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.5

WS yield (t/hal 40 4.2 4.0 4.1 4.6 4 .. 6 4.8 4.8 3.9 80 5.0 4.2 5 ..0 4.6 4.3 4.8 5.0 4.4 120 5.1 4.5 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 5.5 5.2

3.2 treatrnen

4.4
t

5.2

5.2 DB PI in both seasons.

a Av

of 3 replicati ons.Each

incl udes 20 kg N /h a. topdressadSv?

the same plot for the last 5 yr. The same line out yielded all MVs tested except at zero N (Table
6).

Yields of early-maturing line IR9729-67-3-85 were low compared to those of medium-maturing lines. IR42. In the last 8 yr, IR42 without N fertilizer yielded higher than other MVs in OS and WS in 4 ex peri men tal sites.
SOU RCES OF SEM !DWAR FISM

International

Rice Germplasm Center

New sources of semidwarfing genes among recent IROC accessions were evaluated to determine whether they have an identical gene for semidwarfism, and to identify new promising sources to broaden the genetic. base of MVs. Every new sernidwarf was crossed with one of the IR varieties ca rryi ng sd I , t he gene derived from Dee-gee-woogen. Sources identified were Chai-yeh-ching, Tungting-wan-hsien I, Kwang-er-ai 5, and China 1039 mutant from PROC; M401, M302,.and Calmbchi 202 from California; Pulut Unggu Ifrom Indonesia; and Dwarf B. Theega, Dwarf J _Sanna, and Dwarf Jenugudu from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
PREPARATION OF ORY?/! POLLEN GRAINS THE SCANNING El.ECrRON MICROSCOPE FOR

Plan! Phvsiology

Department

Orvza pollen grains have almost uniform morpho-

logical fea t UTes. They are usually spheroid or ovoid having a single aperture with a conspicuous operculum at or near its center. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to resolve different descri pitons of the rice pollen grain surface. Different tests used pollen grains of six Oryza species to ascertain the best sample preparation for SEM to show surface sculpture well. These treatments were used: A. Pollen collection and preservation. A 1. Anthers and pollen grains air-d ried. A2. Anthers and pollen grains fixed In Carney's fluid 2-3 h and transferred to 70% ethanol. A3. Samples fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde for 16 h (O-4° C) then washed with phosphate buffer I or 2 times and stored in the same solution. A4_ Pollen grains placed in vial and refrigerated. B, Pollen grain cleaning or dehydrating after treatment A. BI. Sample placed in acetolysis mixture (9 pa rts acetic an hydride a nd I part sulfuric acid) and heated in water bath (100"C) for I min, then washed with distilled water 3-4 times and air-dried. B2. Sample washed with glacial acetic acid, then with distilled water 3 times, and air-dried. B3. Sample dehydrated serially by different concentrations of ethanol, B4_ Untreated pollen grains were spread on double sticky tape directly from anthers.

IH

IRKI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 19~.J

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Table 5. Yields of IRR,I varieties and promising lines at 6 N ;Ievels" 10-180 kg/hal in irrigated plots. Visavas Experiment Station" JaTO., loilo, Philippines, 1983 WS. I Yield Itlh a} Variety or line IR8 IR20 IR36 IR42 IR9729·67 -3·85 IR 1352543·2"3,'·3·2 IR 13540·56·3·2·1 IR 19672 ·140-2.3-2-2 IH19672~155"2-1.1-3 IR210 15·80·3·3·1·2 IR21820·154-3·2-2·3 IR21848-65·3"2·2 IH25588·7·3·' IR28150·84·3·3·2 IR29692·65-2·3.-3 IH2970841-2 IR29723.88·2-3-3 Pe ta (traditional check}
il

Dura lion !d} 0 124 112 103 126 94 110 110 118 122 110 118 118 103 118 94 94 124 132 5.8 4.7 5.9 5.7 4.5 6.9 5.2 4.,9 4.5 5.7 5 .. 8 4.9 6.7 6.3 3 .. 6 5.6 6.5 3.6 30 6.2 5.2 6.6 5.9 4.7 7.2 4.9 5.1 5.2 6.2 6.3 5.2 6.8 6.3 3.9 6.0 5.5 3.6 5-7 DBPI. 60 5.9 4.7 6,6 5.3 4.2 5.7 4.0 5.1 4.5 4.7 5.0 4.6 6.,5 6.7 3.3 5.9 5.7 2.9 90 5.8 3.3 6.3 4.1 4.0 5.7 3.9 5.4 3.8 3.9 3.9 4.3 6.6 5.4 3.4 5.4 3.9 2.9 120 5.0 3.2 5.9 3.5 2.8 4.5 3.8 5.4 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.0 5.7 4.8 2.4 5.2 3.4 2.9 150 4.0 2,7 5.4 6.1 3.3 4.6 3.9 4.6 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.0 5.2 5.2
21

5.4 3.7 2.5

Each treatment

included 20 kg Nlha topdressed

Table 6. Yield of I R. varieties and promising lines at 5 N levels {O·120 kglha} on rainfedfarms}1
I RRI, 1983 WS,

Yield Variety or line 0 IH36 IA42 IA46 IA58 IR9729·67 ·3-85 I A 21015·80·3·3·1·2 IH21820·154·3-2-2·3 IR21848·65·3-2·2 IR24637 ·207 ·3·2.3·2·2 IR 29506·60~3-3·2 IR32809·.26··3·3 I R32819"37·3"2
<I Av

It/ha)

30 2.2 2.8
3.1

60 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.4 3,.8 4.5 4.3 3.5 3.8 4.7 3.5

90 2.7 2.6 3..5 2.6 4.0 3.7 4.5 3.2 3.4 4.9 3.7

120 2.9 3.2 4.0 2.3 3.6 3.6 3.8 3.1 3.3 4.4 3.5

1.8 2.5 1.9 1.9 3..4 3.4 3.5 2.5 2,.8 3.5 2.9
i net uded

2.0 3.3 3.2 3.4 3,1 3.5 4.1 3 ..0

of 3 (epHCaliens. Each treatment Iy damaged by RTV.

20 kg N Iha, tcpdressed

5-7 D BPI. ~ .. complete-

C. Critical point drying after treatments A and 13. Cil. Critical point dryer not used .. C. Critical point dryer used. All pollen collection and preservation methods can he used depending on convenience. S I can be used to clean specimens; critical point dryi ng is unnecessary. The samples did not collapse under the SEM even at 12.5 k V or higher. The

2000X to IOOOOX.photomicrographs showed surlace sculpt ure very clearly (Fig. 3) but all opercula were lost. 133can be used (particularly after A2 or A3) but critical point drying is necessary. Pollen grains including opercula can be observed with clear surface Sculpture at 7000X (Fig. 4). When rnagnified JOOOOX, clarity was less than that ofacetolyzed samples (BI). It is possible thai the matrix was not

(;E:-IF lit'

I·\'AI

IIA 110'- 1\\'1)

1'111 I,IA 110:\ 1'1(( )(iRi\M

21

J. I'(lll"n~mi"
wn~ acctolyzcd

"I Or_'-;/J I1/JrI/rii,h"w;ngSIHCHCC wlthout critical point drying,

texture (7IXlQX). S. I11p Ie

removed and it affected clarity. Granules B3 seem to be shallower than those of BI. To compare surface texture, however, 4500X magnification is sufficient. Without critical point drying, pollen grains from 132and B4 collapse and crack easily when exposed to vacuum and the EM electron beam except at IOOOX for a very short time. Howe er, the surface texture is unclear. To compare surface textures of different Orvza species, acetolysis with magnification ranging from 2000 to 4500X is preferable.
SCREENING FOR SHADE TO ERANCE IN RICE

or

frame covered with various layers of fish net. T compare shade-tolerant with submergence-tolerant varieties, one set of plants was placed in the darkroom for 7 or 14 d. Another was submerged in 30 cm water for 6 d with continuous light intensity of 60 lux. Control plants were unshaded. Dry weight. As solar radiation decreased, total OM also decreased in shaded seedlings. IR20. I R42 .. and I R 1529-680-2-20, which produced less OM at all levels. lacked shade tolerance. At 55'?{ shading Kurkaruppan had highest OM and one of the highest relative growth rates. Plant height. With 5591 shading, most seedlings were Slightly taller than the control. As light inten ities decreased to 28, 14. and or:i , height also decreased Crable 7). Only ROI9. Kurkaruppan, and Thavalu grew in complete darkness. Decreasing solar radiation gradually reduced leaf number per seedling. and the number of leaves did not increase during the dark treatment. Leaf area and specific leaf weight. Lower light intensities greatly reduced leaf area. The varieties which had high OM weight also had high leaf area. except Thavalu which had high DM because or thicker leaves. Lear area was positively correlated (1'= 0.965**) with total DM in all levels of shading (Fig. 5) indicating its importance in OM production in shade. Lea yes become t hi n ne r wi t h shadi ng. Th in lea ves

SEEDLINGS

Plant Phvsiologv Department In the shade of coconut trees, in forest clearings. and in mixed cropping with cassava or banana, rice may suffer from insufficient solar radiation. Varieties in these areas need some shade tolera nee to improve yield. To screen for shade tolerance. I() pregerrninated seeds of 10 varieties and lines from earlier trials were sown in a row in a plastic tray filled 6 ern deep with Iine soil. In the greenhouse, 10 varieties were randomly grown in each tray with three replications per treatment. Ten-d-old seedlings were transferred into 3 grades of shade: 45, 28, and 14% of normal light for 14 d. The trays were shaded by wooden

4. Pullen grain of Ory:« longistaminata showing intact operculum after gluuirnldchyde fixation and serial dehydration in ethanol (7000X). Critical point drying was used.

22

IRRI i\I\NUAI._

REPORT

r'OR I~X_l

Table 7. Effect of 14-d shading

and 7·d darkness

on seedl.ing height .. I RRI, 1983.

Seedling h t (em)
Variety

Before treatment 0 16 18 15 23 20 21 22 22 18 15 19 37 39 40 63 59 58 57 56 36 36 48

Shading (%1
55 72

Darkness (d) 86 24 31 29 40 42 42 39 39 27 23
34

7 16 17 20 24 22
25

14

IA 1529·680·3c2 IR52 RD19 Thavalu (Ace. 15314) Leb Mue Nahng111

Kurkaruppan

39 42 42
59

Nam Sagui FR13.A IA42 IA20

Mean

63 60 63 60 41 34 50

32 37 37 53 52 52 52 47 31 30 42

23 22 16 16 20

15 17 21 25 22 25 24
22

16 16 20

are characteristic of varieties suitable for low solar radiation such as FR13A, IR52, and RDI9. FR [3A had large thin [eaves in all shade treatments while Thavalu had thick leaves at all levels. Leaf area and thickness at later growth stages need evaluation as they can serve as important selection criteria. Submergence tolerance vs dark tolerance. The performance of RDI9, Kurkaruppan, Thavalu (Acc. 153(4), and FR I3A shows tha t pla nt survival at 7 d of darkness is positively correlated with

Or ymo Iter production

(mglplMt

500 • 100% light

I)

400

45%lighl V 28%liQhI .~.!4% ligllt

• •

survival at 6 d of submergence (r = 0.780**). In testing to see if submergence tolerance can be determined by complete darkness, IR52 showed higher survival in darkness for 7 d but not when submerged. Almost all seedlings died after 14 d dark treatment. Varieties tolerant of shade and submergence have some common characteristics. Screening for shade to le ra nee can be conducted at seedling stage using a 7-d dark treatment but needs testing with a large number of entries. Similarly, varieties should be tested for su bmergence tolerance to find 0 U1 the degree of correlation between dark tolerance and submergence tolerance .
EVALUATION ABILITY OF HYBRID RICES FOR RATOONING

• •

Plan! Physiology and Plant Breeding Departments China currently plants about 6 million ha to Fl hybrids which yield 20-30% higher than the best semidwarf nonhybrid varieties ..A successful ratoon from the hybrid rice crop would be advantageous. It would also help compensate for the hybrid seed cost which is three to four times more than that of conventional varieties. To investigate the possibility of ratooning hybrid rice in the tropics, 57 rice hybrids and 5 check varieties were evaluated at IRRI during 1983 DS. At maturity, stalks were cut 15 em above ground and entries were rated for ratooning ability 3 wk later.

~oo

•
I)

2.00
I)

100

r= 55682x- 58.0236

30 5. Rd. I ions hip be I wee n

IRRI. 1983.
IOta

40

50

60
(cm:!)

70

80

90

Totol fOOl areolplanl

I 100f a rcalp lam and 0 M prod ucr ion.

GENETIC EVAl.UATION

A 'I) UTILIZATION

PROGRAM

2,\

Table 8. Plant characters of rice hybrids screened for ratooning ability!.! I RRI. 1983 OS. Regene· ration
(%)

Hybrid and variety

Plant hi (em) 65 62 65 60 64 68 55 70 60 65 56

Total tillers Ino./m' ) 279 284 515 389 485 301 349 353 348 378 348

Tillers (na.Jhill) 11 10 15 14 15 10 12 12 11 14 11

Total panicles (na'/m') 189 179 423 145 420 246 231 274 294 307 307

Panicles InO,/hill) 8 6 12 6 13 8 8 10 9 9 9

Viral

disease rating 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

I R 19657 ·34·2-2-3.3A/I R5sb IR56 (check) IR 19657-34-2-2-3-3A/1 R3sb IR 19657-34-2-2-3-3AII R48c I R 19657-34-2-2-3-3A/1 R19735-5-2-3-2-1b I R 19657-34-2-2-3-3A/1 R 19729-67-3 I R 19799-17 ·3-'-1 All R 13420-6-3-3-1 I R19799-17-3-1-1 A/!R2797-125-3-2-2 I R56 (check) MR365A/I R48 IAS6 (check)

70 81 97 81 93 83 83 81 93 80 93

a Av of 3 replications. b In one replication plants were mostly vegetative; flowering started. cBased on two replications. In third replication. flowering did not occur.

A'

C
0'

6_ Effects of different treatmerus on the anthers from the same spikelet {eycpie"" 6.7X. objective 40X,l. A-O' distilled water or aeeto-carmiue for fresh anther squash: A'-O'; J% glutaraldehyde; C" and Do>;Carney's fluid. A. B. C. 0 are different spikelet!_ A and A', etc. are different anthers from the same spikelet,

.~'B'

The ratoonlng ability of the hybrids and check varieties varied widely. A total of 14 hybrids and I.R56 were selected. Mean regeneration for hybrids varied from 62 to 97%. but 8 showed regeneration 70(10 or more Crable 8). IR56 had few missing hills .. but in some hybrids with poor regeneration, missing hills were compensated by (he high number of tillers a nd panicle.'> pcr hill. Hybrid raioons were more vigorous than those of I R56. Hybrid J R I9657-34-2-2-3-3A/ I R36 had the most tillers and panicles/ met. Hybrids with [R 19657-342-2-3-JA as a parent line showed high regeneration and vigorous ratoons. Varied hybrid response in replications suggests cultural management might. be as important as genetic factors in controlling ratooning. Subsequent studies will evaluate parents and F~ populations of the selected hybrids.

or

CO:-.'FIGURATIO. ' OF nll~ RIO: M ICROSPOIU, I nil, FORMATIVE PROCESS

Plan: Physiolog« Department

Studies of rice microspores showed configurations different from those previously reported. To learn t hci r real struct u re du ri ng f erma Iion. six I R3 6

anthers from the same spikelet were treated with: L distilled water or phosphate buffer for fresh anther sq uash slide prepa ra t ion. 2. aceto-carmi ne for fresh a nther squash slide preparation. J, Carney's Iluid as fixative for 24 h and transIerred to 70% alcohol for preservation or for 15 min before (Ising acero-oarrnine to make the anther squash slide, or 4. J% glutaraldehyde as fixative for I h and then rinsing Iwice (20 min each) with phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) before making (he anther squash slide. The first and second contractive stages by Kiha ra and H irayoshi's classification in rice microspore formation were not evident in the few rnicrospores in treatments I and 2. As tetrads matured into pollen grains. they grew larger and changed from a fan-like to a global shape. Cell wall thickness increased. and the pore became more visible (Fig. 6). As the rnicrospore grows, the number of vacuoles decrease bu t t hei I' size increases. Fi na tly a cent ral la rgc vacu 0 le forms d II ri ng the u ni n uclea te stage but gradually disappears as nutrients accumulate. Filled pollen grains are opaque and sperm nuclei

7, 0 Iher d illcrc Iu feature" or COlli rae ,cd microspo re (eye piece 6·.7X. u hjcel; I'C 4OXl. i\. II. a nd C fro rn )% gh""ral,lcilrd.¢; I) and E from 0\ rnoys nuid.

GENETIC

I'VAI.IIATIO:\'

ANL> 111"I1.lll\.

no" PROGRAM

.25

are invisible if dyed with acero-carrnine, The chemicals ca used different shaped contractions with Carney's fluid showing fewer contractions at the tetrad stage and glutaraldehyde showing fewer at the young rnicrospore stage (Fig. 7). There were fewer uncontracted rnicrospores in treatments J and 4. Regardless of the I-h or 3-d fixing ti me, or whether fixed anthers were serially dehydrated or rehydrated to 70% alcohol before staining with aceto-carrnine, rnicrospore contract ions were evident throughout growth until vacuoles almost disappeared. Sometimes normal and contracted rnicrospores appeared on the same slide showing that contraction cannot identify growth stage sequence. The fi rst a nd second contraction reported by Kihara and Hi rayoshi are not actually development stages or the rn icrospore. Th e fi rst a nd second "recoveri ng phase" reported by Satake is also Irrelevant. All contracted configurations result from fixative act ing a n you ng ru icrospores wi t h va ri 0 us cell wa II thickness, sizes, and numbers of vacuoles. Instead of the long, expensive, and tedious pa raffi n sect i oni ng process to check m icrospo re development stages, fresh anther (or Carney's fluid fixed anther) aceto-carrnine squash technique can he used. It is a lso chea per tha n the glurarald ehyde method. Treatments rand 2 show the shape of the cells better while 3 and 4 reveal the cell contents. These t rea! men Is s hou Id be re-exa rni ned for study of other cereal crop rnicrospore contractions.
DL n,RM I ~.IN(j '1 II E R EDUC \"I'V . STAGE OF R IrE VS.ING i\ REl'R[SEN rA nvt SP.IKELET
Order TOp Primary branches I II

Secondary branches

Spikelets IV, IV2 IV, 1 2 3

I,
~

II,
II,

Plan! PII.I'.I'i%gl·

Department

Si nee the reductive division stage is the most critical growth period of the rice plant, its correct identification is important in rice cultivation and in resista nee sc reen ing. All hough the anther sq uash method is precise, which and how many spikelets should be sampled IS difficult to determine. IRJ6 and IR42 panicles with nag leaf auricle distance -0.35 em to 4.0 em were sampled and fixed in Carney's fluid .. A nthers were squashed with accio-carrnine and the growth stage was identified. Spikelet designation .. The first of the two-part

j
Boltom

III

Spikelets connected di reclly 10 pMrna ry branches

or

Spikelets connected direclly to secon dary branches

1-1
1"2 1-3

11-1
11-2 11-3

1,·11,.1
1,-2 I, -3 1,-2 1,-3

11,-1
11,-2 11,-3

8. Diagram

of a panicle.

26

IRRI ANNUAl,

REI'OR

FOR I~K"\

.,
ON

Ol

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a:

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a. Q. o
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~a:a:a:a:a:a:a:a:

a:
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a:

II:

a:

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a: a::a:
0000

a:

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s: o

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EVA L U ATI ON AN Il UTI Lll.A

nON

PROt; RA M

2.7

Table 11. Length of florat in reductive div ision stage, Panicle No, Auricle distance (ern] -3,3 Length 01 paleaa Imm) Minimum and rnax irnurnl im its
(rnm)

cv

2 4 7

3,31

0.72

1,0

4:0

4.37±. 0.83 4 ..24 ± 0.76 4.75 ± 0.93

2.24.8 2.3·5.6 2.8·5.5 3.0,6,1

21.78 18.98 18.02 19.59

a Exc Iusive of rachilla,

spikelet designation indicates the primary branch bearing the spikelet (Fig. 8). Branches are numbered from top to bottom with subscripts indicating secondary branching. A spikelet directly from the fi rst primary branch is 10' That from a secondary branch on the first primary branch will be II depending upon the position of the secondary branch. The second part 0 f the designa t ion ind icates the spikelet position within a branch numbering from the top down. Thus, 10-5 is the fifth spikelet of the first (topmost) primary branch; 111-3 is the third spikelet on the first secondary branch of the second primary branch. General morphology of IR36 and IR42 panicles, Table 9 gives the general morphology of I R36 and IR42 panicles. By comparing the model with sampled panicles, abortive spikelets (as high as 20% of the total) can be separated from the normal ones. Most representative spikelet. Panicles with difIerentflag leaf-penultimate leaf auricle distances were sampled. In IR36, the auricle distance of -3,3 \0 -3.5 ern contained most spikelets in the pollen mother cell (M) and reductive division stages (R). Panicles with auricle distance of -0.5 to 1.0 em had most spikelets in the reductive division stage ..When auricle distance was 4 cm or greater, spikelets were mostly in the pollen ripening stage (Ri). Spikelet 1111-2 was the most representative spikelet: its growth and development coincided with those of 50-70% other spikelets. The pattern holds truefor IR42. with spikelets 11I1-2 and IVr I being the most representative at all stages (Table 10), Correlation of floret length with'reductive division stage. The length of 68% of spikeleis in reductive stage (from synizesis up to and including

tetrad) was 2.6 to 5.2 mm (Table II). The 2.2 to 6.1 mm range was wider than in previous reports. Si nee Ihe spi kelet can start reductive division when it is 2.2 m m to 4,0 m m long. spi kelet lengt h can 0 n Iy estimate growth stage. A panicle in reductive division has spikelets in different developmental stages: pollen mother cell, reductive division, and pollen grain ripening. It is important to know which spikelet coincides with the panicle growth stage, A crop is at its reductive division stage if examination ofllIl-2 spikelets of abo uti 0 pa nicles shows at least 50% of the pan ides are in reductive division,
LODGlNG IN RICE - GRAIN YIELD AND M EASU REM£NT TECHNIQUE REDUCTION

Agronumy

Department

Groin yield (!/ho)

.--~~~-

Supper ted

9. Y ield response IRRJ.19M3 WS.

of rice in supported

and

\J

nsupported

treatments.

28

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

5,----------------------------------,
PI
4

Bending resisltrtce (kg)

o~----~----~-----L----~------~~
10 20 30 10 20 30 t-------- Sep-----I--------Ocl-------+-Naoo-I
10. Bending resistance or plants or 3 maturity groups: late IR2 I820-1 S43-2-2-3. IR29723-143-3-2-1, IR218S0-84-J-3-2,IR42; medium IR2101580-3-)-1-2. IR29708-41-2-2-3, IR36; and early IR9729.o7-)-8S. IR58. MT= maximum tillering, PI = panicle initiation, IRRI. 198) WS.

Lodging is a maj or cause of red uced grain yield and quality and is common even in modern semidwarf varieties. Grain yield reduction. IR9729-67-3-85 and IR2IOI5-80-3-3-1-2 were used in a study to deter-

mine the degree to which lodging reduces yield in semidwarf plants. A 9-m2 steel frame support with nylon mesh to prevent crop lodging was placed in the plot adjacent to an equal sized unsupported plot. Grain yields were significantly higher in the supported treatment for both breeding lines (Fig. 9). Lodging in WS can reduce yield as much as I tfha. A rapid quantitative technique is needed to screen MVs for lodging resistance. Resistance to bending. Bending resistance is the force required to push 3 hills 30" above the water level. Another experiment in 1983 WS tested nine varieties and breeding lines for bending resistance at various growth stages (Fig. 10). Seeding dates were staggered to synchronize flowering. Actual crop lodging started between the flowering and ripening growth stages. Average bending resistance was 1.28 kg for the early-maturing group and increased to 2.78 kg in the late-maturing group. Observed crop lodging percentage and grain yield were 37% and 2.98 t/ha for the early-maturing group, 22% and 2.75 t/ha for the mediummaturing, and 14% and 4.05 tl ha for the latematuring. Bending resistance cannot presently be used to predict lodging resistance because it needs to be studied with the time and degree of actual lodging as well as other plant mechanisms and environmental varia bles.

29

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Grain quality
Cereal Chemistry,
BREEDING

Plant Breeding, and Agricultural

Economics Departments

PROGRAM 30 Cooked rice hardness of intermediate amylose rices Milling quality studies 30 Amylose analysis of defatted rice 30 GRAIN QUALITY FACTORS 31 Country samples 31 Japonica and indica/ japonica Korean rices 31 Pakistani and Vietnamese rices 32 Consumer demand for grain quality 32 Popped rice 32 ICC Working Group 2HI 32 Cooperative studies on rice starch 33

30

30 IRRI ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1983

BREEDING PROGRAM Plant Breeding and Cereal Chemistry Departments With intermediate-amylose content as a breeding objective, these types of lines continue to be evaluated.

Cooked rice hardness of interm.ediate amylose rices (Cereal Chemistry and Plant Breeding). The
rela tionship of various quality factors with cooked

rice lnstron hardness was further investigated in 32

intermediate amylose elite IR Jines in DS and 22 in WS. Besides the negative relationship with gel consistency (GC) (r::::: ...0.54**and -0.. 5"'), cooked 4 rice Instron hardness values in both seasons were positively correlated with alkali spreading value (Fig. I). This trend probably reflects the 1978 annual report observation: BPI~12l-407cooked rice was about 1 kg harder (alkali spreading value 7) than C4~3G cooked rice (alkali spreading value 3-4). Both varieties are important sources of intermediate-amylose lines. With these samples, GC values were hard to medium at 100 mg rice/2 rnl 0.2 N KOH, and soft to medium at 90 mg ricel2 ml 0.2 N KOH. Only 8 medium-gel rices out of 32 were identified in the DS crop and I hard and 6 medium-gel rices out of 22 in the WS crop. Thus selection among intermediate-amylose lines should be for interrne-

Cooked - rice lnstron ha 'dness (kg)

9- -

• dry secson
V wet season

(-~·1 ' (---1

diate alkali spreading value (3-5) and soft GC (>60 mm) to ensure soft cooked rice. Milling qua Hty studies (Cereal Chem istry). Agronomy Department elite lines continued to be screened for milling quality of aged grain to better understand factors involved and discover ways of predicting them. Because of its good milling q ualit y and high market price, IR42 remains the check variety. Although hull percentage. and total milled rice yield were not affected by season, head rice yield showed extreme variability particularly for the 1983 DS crop (Table I). Percentage of light grains removed by winnowing varied considerably and correlated positively with hull content and total milled rice yield. However, light or immature grains did not significantly affect total rice yield. A large. proportion of grain breakage during milling results from fissures already in the grain. Therefore, a study of grain fissures in different varieties under controlled stress conditions should supplement milling studies. Amylose analysis of defatted rice (Cereal Chemistry). Starch chemists have shown that refluxing with water-saturated butanol more effectively defats starch than refluxing with 95% ethanol or 85% methanol. A com parison was made of the effect of defatting using these three aq ueous alcohol solutions, on amylose content (AC) of nonwaxy mined rice and of undefatted milled rice. A 67% butanol: 33% water mixture at 92°C completely gelatinized rice starch in contrast to 85% methanol and 95% ethanol. Using an amylose/ amylopectin mixture for a. standard curve at pH 4.5-4.8, methanol and ethanol defatting increased AC bya mean of 1.1 to 1.5% for nonwaxy milled rices, but refluxing water-saturated butanol in-

Table 1. Range of mil.ling properties IRR' .• 1983. 6·

V

of aged IR elite lines.

• V.•
4

Property Samples (no.] Hull (% of rough rice) Total milled rice (% of rough rice) Head rice yield (% of rough rice) Light grains (% of rough rice) Milled rice whiteness (%)

1982WS 14 21.6-26.9 64.6-68.8 29.0·57.0 1.5- 8.3 33.3:45.5

1983 DS 17 20.8·26.6 62.2·71.0 2.3-53.3

o~
0

:3

I. Re III ionsh ip be!ween a lkali s preading va Iue a nd cooked rice Inmon I hard ness va lue among intermed ia te-am ylose I R Unes in OS and WS.

38,8-47..4

GENETIC EVAI.UATION

AND UTILIZATION

PROGRAM

31

Tabla 2. Comparison of amylose values of undefatted milled rice and millad rice flour dafatted by refluxing 85% meths.nol, 95% ethanol, and 67% butanol in water.BIRRI, 1983. Apparent AC Sample Undefatted
0.3 10.3 95%
(% dry

basis) 67% butanol 11.1 21.7 25.2 19.5

N

Defatted with ethanol 11.6

21.0 23.6

::!;

.. ..
c

.nNNWr-:MO';N ,...
III N

r--IlIN~r-CXl

IlIM

85% methanol 0.1 11.8

21.0

IR29
IR3351-38·3

...
II: II:

co (J)

IR480-5-9 IR8 Mearl'

19.4
23.2

';:
o

rl

& c:
II:

..

24.4 19.1

17.6

18.7

~ II
C

Q.

BUsing amylose/amylopectin bNonwaxy samples only.

standard curve at pH 4.5-4.8.

5 ~
~

'" '" • 'is

c:

':::'

..

.,
c:

::!;

'"

CDIII!tMCOcn-

uiNNoir-:..nC)lti~

;-0:)

III

creased AC by 2 ± 1% (Table 2). Thus, with 85% methanol, interference of milled rice lipids is still 2%, as reported in 1980 annual report. The International Standards Organization has proposed the simplified amylose test using amylose/ amylopectin standard and acetate buffer pH 4.5-4.8 as an ISO standard method for milled rice amylose.
GRAIN QUALITY FACTORS

i ...
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Cereal Chemistry and Agricultural Economics Departments

Country samples (Cereal Chemistry). Research fellows characterized representative milled rices from their own countries at IRRI as part of their training.

'c o
III

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II:

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CD

Japonica and indicaljaponica Korean rices.

Because Korean consumers continue to prefer traditional japonica nee over modern indica/ japonica crosses, the properties of these rices were examined in the 1981 and 1982 Korean crops. Japonica rices were shorter and coarser than indica! japonica rices although some overlap was evident (Table 3). Protein and AC and alkali spreading value in 1.15% potassium hydroxide overlapped; however, mean protein content tended to be lower for japonica rices. Gel consistency and cooked rice hardness and stickiness were similar. The results suggest that the major difference between japonica and indica/ japonica rices is in grain size and shape. Amylograph pasting viscosity of japonica and indica/ japonica mined nces was measured on selected samples using 12% pastes. In four samples

II:

'" .,

1::

>-

il

Ii c: .~
Cl

a o

.12

111.11.1 ANNUAL REPORT

FOR 198.1

of each from the 1981 K orean crop, A rnylograph viscosity was lower for japonica than for indicar japonica rices. Peak viscosity was 765-890 Brabender units (BU) for japonica samples and 970[,135 BU for indica J japonica. The trend was less consistent for the 1982 Korean crop samples: 7401,330 SU (mean 888 SU) for II. japonica samples and 970-1.,2 J 5 SU (mean 1,129 SU) for 13 indica/ japonica samples. IRRI-grown Korean rices in 1982 showed a similar trend in amyJograph peak viscosities: 925-995 SU (mean 945 SU) for 4 japonica rices and 1.,070-1,190 BU (mean I,149 SU) for 6 indicaJjaponica rices. This difference in amylograph viscosity was not reflected in cooked rice ha rd ness or stickiness and is the reverse of what is expected from relative protein contents of the flours. Korean researchers have also reported conflicting relative amylogra ph viscosities of starch of Korean japonica and indica/ japonica rices. Pakistani and Vietnamese rices. An examination of fine and coarse Pakistani rices from Faisalabad and Lahore confirmed that the four Basrnati rices had intermediate amylose and the two coarse varieties high amylose. All samples had hard GC and low to intermediate gelatinization temperature (GT) based on alkali spreading values. Cooked rice hardness was 0.9-1.2 kg/cmz for the fine varieties and 1.3- t.4 kg/ cm2 for the coarse. Two promising fine-grain lines and one promising coarse-grain line came close to standard varieties in properties, but the coarse line has harder GC than Mehran 59 (IR6~1 56-2). A waxy and 14 non waxy Vietnamese rices were assessed for quality characteristics. All nonwaxy samples were high amylose (27 ..0-29.5%). Protein content was 5.9-8.6%. Eleven had low GT (alkali spreading value 6-7) and 3 had intermediate GT. GC was soft for I, medium for 6, and hard for 6. Cooked rice hardness ranged from 10.5 to 13.4 kg for nonwaxy rice and was 8.0 kg for the waxy rice. The waxy variety had low GT. Consumer demand for grain quality (Agricutrural Economics and Cereal Chemistry'[. To determine the value consumers place on chemical and physical charateristics of milled rice, 108 rice samples were collected in three retail markets in the Philippines, Nepa-Q (Cubao, Metro Manila), Calamba (Laguna), and Baguio City, during the first 2 wk of June 1983. Samples included both poor and high quality rices, generally with 30-5.0%

brokens. Ninety-seven samples had high AC, indicating that they were probably lR varieties. Physical and chemica! quality characteristics together explain 70% of price variances showing that grain appearance and cooking quality influence much consumer demand. Lower AC and percent brokens were the most important price determinants, accounting for 53% of variation (Table 4). Samples with low-intermediate (18~23%) AC were mainly aromatic Azucena and Denorado; both sold above the government price support of 'P3.IO/kg .. However, even among high-amylose (26-30%) rices, AC remained a very significant price determinant. Other price-related factors are grain length, whiteness, translucency, and alkali spreading value. Popped rice (Cereal Chemistry). Three Nepalese varieties used in popped rice processing had high AC, intermediate to low GT, and soft gel. To assess for popping quality, raw rough rice of different amylose types was heated with 207" C air for 45 s. Waxy rice had the highest popping quality and also the lowest mean density of popped grains by xylene displacement (Table 5). Values overlapped among nonwaxy rices. Aged rice samples showed decreased popping percentage (also reported by Indian scientists) and the few popped grains showed poor volume expansion. In addition, dehulling .redueed the popping percentage of 5 intermediate AC rices from 51 ~88% to 2-18% with a decrease in volume expansion as indexed by popped rice density of 0.25-0.40 g/ ml in rough rice and 0.37-0.72 g/m] in brown rice. ICC Working Group .21-II (Cereal Chemistry). The International Associa tion for Cereal Chemistry
Table 4,Relationships between grain ·of milled rice.'" 1R R I, 1983. Expected
relationsh

quality

measures Estimated value !f"/kg per unit)

andprice

Grain characteristic measure Whiteness (%! Brokens (%) Length (rnrn] Chalkiness score (1 to 9) Alkali spreading value (1 to 7)

ip

to price +

0.04 -0.01 0.37 -0.04 0.24 -0.10

n.s, at the 1 % level, except

AC
iii All

(%)

GC(mm) t-statlstlcs for GC. estimates

+ significant

(iENFT1C

EVAI.UA

no»

ANI) U'I'!UZA

no~

PROGRAM

.1.1

Table 5. Popping quality of various arnvlose typas of ric::e!~ IRRI, 1982·83.

Amylose type Samples
(no.)

Popped
(%)

grains

Density of popped grains (g/ml) Range Mean

Waxy Low Intermediate High illndudes

4 4
7

65·76 47·61 41·85 46~6

0.20-0.33 0.29·0.35 0.24-0.36 0.25-0.32

0.24 0.32 0.30 0.29

only samples with more than 40% popping.

(lCC) Working Group 2Hl "Test Methods for Rice-Cooking Properties" analyzed and reported its coopera tive tests in 1982-83. This included research on grain elongation during cooking, Arnylography of rice flours, and the effect of cooking and measurement methods on texture (mainly hardness) of cooked rice with 75% water content. The methods were those used in each laboratory for measuring texture - a Texturometer, Instron, and taste panel. Viscoelastograph was not run on bulk sample since the method employs three discrete grains. Cooperative studies on rice starch (Cereal Chemistry). In a cooperative study with starch chemists at Kagoshima University in Japan, the mean chain length ± standard deviation was measured as 19.4 ± 0.6 glucose units fo r IRJ 2 and IR36 starches and 1.9.0± 0.6 glucose units for IR42

starch. Japanese waxy rice amylopectin had a mean chain length of 17.1 ± 0.2 glucose units and those of two other Japanese rices had 17.5 ± 0.6 and 18.3 ± 0.2. A low-angle laser light-scattering technique verified the presence 0«5% very high molecular weight fraction in once-recrystallized amylose. Japanese starch scientists compared highamylose milled rices with medium (IR36) and hard (IR42) GC to Amylornaize (high amylose cornstarch) for use as paste for water-resistant. corrugated fiberboard. Rice flour was inferior to Amylornaize in adhesive strength, but similar to nonwaxy cornsta rch as carrier starch. High protein content (>2-3%) may have contributed to heavy foaming of the paste, poor water-holding ability, and unstable paste viscosity against mechanical shearing.

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Disease resistance
Plant Pathology Department
EVALUATION BACTERIAL OFGERMPLASM, BLIGHT BREEDING LINES, AND IR VARIETIES 36

31 New resistance sources Adult plant resistance

BLIGHT

31 37
39

SHEATH

39

RICE TUNGRO

DISEASE

Rice tungro virus complex as influenced by insect pressure 39 Reaction of green leafhopper-resistant varieties to rice tungro virus complex 40 Resistance to tungro and green leafhopper 40 RICE YELLOW DWARF DISEASE 42 RESISTANCE TO RAGGED STUNT VIRUS AND ITS VECTOR 42 PATHOGEN VARIATION 42 Rice blast pathogen 42 Bacterial blight pathogen races 43

.\6

H(I(J I\.\' .'W i\ I. I{ E1'()Ir! 1'01{ I~8.\

EVAI.UATION OFGERMPLASM. AND IR VARIETIES

BREEDING LINES

[R R I con ti nued to evaluate rice germ plasm, breeding lines, and IR varieties for resistance to bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. In 1983, researchers

performed 85,028 tests for BB; 37,192 for Bl; and 11,026 for RTV, GSV, and RSV. Among the rice germplasm collection evaluated, 882 of 4,090 entries were resistant to BB race I; 208 of 2,435 were resistant to BI (Table I, 2); 50 of 2,701 were resistant to RTV; [10 of 1,762 were resistant to

Table 1. Summary of screening of breeding materials and varieties for SS resistance, I RRI, 1983. Total entries tested 4.090 584 584 1,050 1,050 2.827 76,209 137 137 137 137 Entries (no.) rated as Race NPb

Source

R
882 244 48 767 92 1,619 58,310 6 0 4 1 36 1 11 11 7 0 0 0 0 62,039

HR

MS

R/sa 6 5 5

Germplasm material Hybridization block Replicated yield trial Observational yield trial Pedigree nurseriesC Elite lines

IV I II III IV I I II
III

67 110 181 442 360 205 30 4 13 13

139 299 53 342 236 45 61 32 37 35 4 13 3 2 1 1 13 4 2 1,322

3,102 100 106 23 115 11 24 25 170 4 506 68 7,8909,468 40 101 83 88 4 2 4 4 18 44 32 42 42 1,417

38 29

Other materials
Genetic studies (Plant Breeding) 52 52 52 52 Chinese breeding materials 33 Cuban materials (I RTP) 46 46 46 46 85.028

5
2 1 7 1 0 0 2 1,443

7 34 34 34

IV

9,699454

BR/S = segregating.bNP = no plant. eNo available data for October, November, and December pedigree nurseries,

Table 2. Screening for BI resistance. I RRI, 1983. Total entries tested Entries (no.l rated as R (0·2) 2 139 31 69 2 3,403 35 57 208 3,946 10.6 M (34) 5 166 43 55 3 3,913 47 19 255 S (5,9) 62 1,620 903 416 68 23,370 119 210 1,972

Source

EIite breeding lines Observati anal y ield trial sB Replicated yield trialsa Hybridization blocksB Medium deepwater yield trial Pedigree nurseries I nternational Upland Rice Observational Nursery 'B3 International Rice Blast Nursery '83 Germplasm bank Total %
<12•3

69 1,925 977 540 73 30,686 201 286 2,435 37,192 100

28.740 4,506 12.1 77.3

tests.

GE

ET1C EVAI.U

TION AND UTILIZATION

PROGRAM

31

RSV; and 37 of 83 were resistant to GSV. The entries that were resistant to the three virus diseases are shown in Table 3. Of 107 elite breeding lines and IR varieties evaluated for disease resistance, 30 were intermediate or resistant to RTV or RSV (Table 4).
BAcrERIAL BLIGHT

Table 3. Entries with reststance to 3 virus diseases using th", mass-screening method in the greenhouse. I RRI, 1983. Disease Tungro Acc. no. 16684 17204 19680 21473 1 Variety or line Utr; Rajapan Balimau Putih AAC10963 AAC11554 IR13540 IA17494 IR19735 1R24637 IR27327 5207 5218 5299 Mahamawee 2 Kaharamana Suduhatfi iyal IR13524 IR13540 IR 19661 IR25603

Grassy stunt

New resistance sources. A total of 425 rice entries were tested against the 7 races of Xanthomonas campestris pv, oryzae occurring in the Philippines (Table 5). Kalirnekri 77-5, Aus303, ACI9-1-1, and Rai ta I were resistan t to all seven races. Many of the entries were moderately susceptible to race 7, presently of minor concern. Adult plant resistance. Rice seedlings are often susceptible to BB, but as they grow older, they may

Ragged stunt

15278 15307 15488

Table 4. Disease reactions of 30 GEU elite lines and I R varieties, 1983. ShB IR36 IR54 IA58 IROO IR6115·1-1-1 IR8455-78-1-3·3 IR9729-67-3-85 IR9729-67-3-B7 1R13429-299-2-1-3 IR13540-82-2-32-3-1 I R 17494-32-11-3-2 I R 18.348-36·3-2 IR18350-175-2-3 IR18818-87·2-2-2 IR19058·107-1 IR19661-131-13-1-3 I R 19670-263-3· 2-2-1 I R 19735-6-2-3-2-1 IR21015-196-3-1-3 IR21912-131-3 3-2-2 I R25572-87-3:3 I R25603-20-2 1-3-2 I R25924-51-2-3 IR2S926·87-1-2 IR27325·63-2-2 I R28118-138·2-3 I R28128-45-2 IR28143-51-3-3-1 IR29&12-812·1 IR29692-65-2-3 M-MS M M M M M M M M M MS M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M ShR MS-S A-S MR-VS M MS·VS MS R-MS R-MS MS-S MR·MS R·MS BI 5 S MR MR R·S 5 Disease reaction BLS BLB S MR-S MR·S R·S S MS·S MS-S MS-S MS-S MS-S MR-S MR-S MR-S M5·5 S 5 MS-5 5 S MS-S S MR-S MS-S MR-S MS-:> MS·S MS-S M5-5 MR-S MS-S MR MR MR MR RTV 1-5 \ I R I·S R R I GSV R R R R RSV

R MS R R MR MR M5 S MR MR R MS MR MR S MS MS R MR MS MR S

I R R A R I R I R R R R R I R I A R R R R

R R

R-MS 5 MS-S R-S MR-MS R-VS 5-1 MR-MS 5 R·MS R·S MR-VS MR-S R·MS

I I I R R R R R R R R I S R 1 I I

S S

S S

R-MS S MR·S MR·MS R-S H·MS 5 R-MS n-MP. R-MS

.IM

I,RRI ANeWA!'

REPORT

FOR IQ~.I

of Table 6. Reactiof],Q 76 selectedrice germplasm samples to 7racEts ofBB if],the Philippines, 1983. Ace, no. Reac1ion to Xanrhomonas cempestris pv. oryuJe race 2 6613 29091 32753 25915 12366 11484 17366 8555 29035 3711 26511 6594 6607 6540 32745 12346 17153 12712 12426 28878 2.5853 29075 12682 27051 5811 25862 12653 12560 12678 29014 29008 31835 29007 29025 28986 28932 28911 28999 3687 28940 28992 28995 29002 29024 29036 28945 28963 28920 28903 28936 28939 32819 Kalimekri 77·5 Aus 303 AC19·1·' Raital ARC7325 Chlnsurah Boro 2
Carner

3 1.0 1;0 1.0 1.0 1,0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0

5 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 5.0 1;0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4 ..0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.. 0 5.0 7.0 7..0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9:0

6 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 5..0 4.0
5.0

7 1..0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 9;0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.. 0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 ..0 9.0 9.0 9.. 0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Group 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.. 0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.. 0 1.0 3.0
1.0

1..0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1..0 1.0 3.0 5.0 1..0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1..0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1... 0 1.0 1..0 . 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Group 2

0278 Aus 230 8J 1 Mura Bazal Kalimekri391 Laki 462 Bazall 407 AC 10·38 ARC7260 Andel ARCll094 AAC10303 Aus 15 Gambir Aus 287 AAC10952 AsePulut Cella Ringgi
Baishbish Hirnolee

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.. 0 1.0

1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1..0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1,.0 1.0 1.0
1..0

5.0 5.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 3.0 4.0 5..0 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 9.0 9 ..0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Group 3 1..0 1 ..0

ARC10843 ARC10657 ARC10945 Aus 190 Aus 176 Kalrni Lata Aus 175 Aus 207 Aus133 Aus 69 Aus 48 Aus 1'56 PI 180060·' Aus 77 Aus143 Aus 152 Au; 168 Aus 206 Aus 233 Aus 253 Aus 104 Au; 57 Aus 40 Aus 73 Aus 76 Bazail 1187

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1..0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
1.0

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1..0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1;0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0

1.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 2..0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1,.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0

1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0

GENETIC EVALUATIO,".: i\NDU

i'lUZA'II,O:-': PIHlGRAM

.19

Table 5 continued

Reaction Ace. no. 2 29348 25916 26547 24907 15749 31803 28184 17513 31211 26975 3358 30673 16652 17350 19970 30384 30411 29406 30757 30847 31179 31296 28582 Gasmal734 Aambugil Bali Ray Dara Maman Sudu Heenati Hori Gachi Aatru 139 Djawa Sen dang Tower (A4·2) Adina Ea rly Prol ifie Sel 1028 P Cornpleh (A 4-25) Tiina Bulu Puti.h Ketan Untup Ngankhao IR28 Sailboro 385 Kortua (A2-265) LIberian Coli. Y77 Quilligama (A2c258) Ch 1111 Tnau 6484 Group 7,0 5.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 6.0 4.0 3.0 5.. 0 3.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 9.0 4 9 .. 0 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 4 ..0 5.0 7. .0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 9.0

to Xanthomonas csmpestrls pv, orvzee race 3 4 5 6 7

1.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 9.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 5.0 3 ..0 9.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 9.0 7.0 4.0 5.0 9.0 7.0 3,.0 9.0

7.0 5.0 1.0 5..0 6 .. 0 5.0 2.. 0 1.0 7.0 5.0 4.0 9.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 7.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 5.0 7.0 5.,0 3.0

6.0 5.0 9.0 5.0 9.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5 .. 0 5.0 2.0 5.0 5.0 3.0 3.0 5,0 4,0 9.0

9.0 5.0 9.0 7.0 7.0 9.0 5.0 4 .. 0 6.0 7.0 7,0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 .. 0 9.0 9.0 9 .. 0 9.0 9,0 9.0

4.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 .. 0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9 .. 0

a Group 1 ~ res istant to all 7 races; group 2 ~ moderately resistant to race 5, 6, or 7: group 3 " susceptible to race 5. 6, 0 r 7, or all 3; group 4 " with di fie renti al resistance to all races.

become resistant at flowering, This process is called adult plant resistance and is a synonym for horizontal plant resistance. The resistance gene Xa 6 of Zenith and Malagkit Sungsongconfers adult plant resistance. In tests for this resistance, TN I was susceptible to four races at all growth stages. IR J 545, which ca rries the xa 5 resistance gene. was resistan t to races I, 2, and 3 bu t susceptible to race 4 at all growth stages. However, Zenith and Malagkit Sungsong and their progeny lines IRI695 and IR944 were resistant from 11th leaf stage. Their resistance was stable in different temperature cond iti ons but TN I, infected with the fou r BB races, had lesions which appeared longer and developed faster in high temperature conditions (21-33 C). Temperature did not affect interactions between the races and varieties with adult plant resistance.
D

replicated yield trials, upland observational yield trials, and the germplasm bank were screened for ShB resistance in the field. Although no variety was highly resistant, 1.5% were moderately reststant; 98.4%, moderately susceptible; 0.03%, sus.. ceptibJe; and 0.03%, very susceptible.
RICE TUNGRO DISEASE

SHEATH

BLIGHT

In 1983, 3,092 entries from elite lines, up land

Rice tungro virus complex as influenced by insect pressure. Five lR varieties were tested for their reaction to RTV complex after inoculation with I, 5, 10, 20, or 30 viruliferous Nephotettix virescens per plant. Individual plants in mylar-enclosed clay pots were inoculated for 24 h J mo after planting. They were tested for RTBV and RTSV with the latex test I rno after inoculation. RTBV I RTSV infection increased in moderately resistant varieties IR36 and IR42 when the number of insects increased from I to 30 (Fig. 1). In the highly resistant lR50 and IR54, only RTBV infec-

ReaCllon (%) 100

80

60

40

20

Heallhy @i RTBV infeCled

m.

RTSV infected RT,BV+ RTSV infecled

I. Reaction of I.Rvarieties 10 RTV complex wheninoculated with [, 5.10. 20. or 30 viruliferous insects per plant. IRRI. 1983.

lion increased. However, these plants are not a virus source for the spread of the disease, because the virus cannot be recovered by the vector insect. lR56 had an almost equal infection of RTBV + RTSV and RTBV alone. The lest varieties. however, may not be immune to RTSV because preliminary results using RTSV alone resulted in infection (Table 6). Reaction of green leafhopper-resistant varieties to rice tungro virus complex. GLH-susceptible variety Habiganj DW8 and resistant varieties Ptb 18, Palasithari, Gam Pai 30-12-25, Gam Pai 30-1230, ASD7, Jingasail, and ARCI 1554 were tested for their reaction to RTV complex. Test varieties were planted individually in clay pots and enclosed in mylar cages. One mo after transplanting, the pia nts were inoculated for 24 h with I. 5, 10, 20, or 30 RTV N. virescens per plant. The latex test was done I rno after inoculation to determine the presence of RTV com plex in the inocula ted plants .. Habiganj DW8, Ptb 18, and ARC[ 1554showed stable resistance to RTV complex by their low infection rate from RTBV + RTSV or RTBV alone, regardless of number of insects per plant (Fig. 2). However, RTBV infection alone in Palasithari, Gam Pai [5, Gam Pai 30, and ASD7 increased as the number of insects per plant increased from I to 30, Jingasail had mild symp-

toms but a high RTBV + RTSV infection rate, while ASD7 exhibited severe symptoms but had a high infection of RTBV alone. Res ults revealed two types of resistance to R TV: • high resistance to complex RTSV + RTBV and to RTBV alone, even with high insect pressure as in Ptb 18., Habigan] DW8, and ARC11554,and • increased RTBVinfection with increased insect pr-essure as in Palasithari, Gam Pai 15, Gam Pai 30, and ASD7. When the latter varieties are infected, they do not serve as a virus source for the disease, because RTBV is not transmitted without RTSV. Resistance totungro and green leafhopper. Resistance of 8 rice varieties to RTV infection was

Table 6.Pe.rcentage infection oflR varieties wheninocula1ed with RTSV at 1 insect per seedling_ I RR I, 1983. Variety Inoculated seedlings (no.) 36 Infected seedlings No. 21 15 6

% 58.3
39.4 15.7 21,0 82.0 83.3

1.R36 IR42 IR.50 IR.54 IR56 TNl

38 38 38
39 102

8
32 85

UF. ETIC EVAI,UA 110

AND UTILIZATION

PROGRAM

41

51020:30
Polasithor; Healthy ~ RTBV infected ofGLH-resistan. • RTSV infected S'm RTBV + RTSV Infected varieties to RTV complex when inoculated with I. 5,10.20. Or 30 viruliferous ASD7

J lnqosoil

2. Reaction

insects per plant. IRRL 19113.

determined by mass and test tube inoculation 'with I, J, and 5 G LH per seedling. Percentage seedling infection in test tube inoculation was higher than in mass inoculation. The percentage increased as the number of insects increased from I to 5 regardless of variety (Table 7). ARC11554, Basrnati, Ptb 18, and IR28 showed resistance at one insect per seedling; however, IR28 and Ptb 18 changed from resistant to susceptible at J and 5 insects per seedling. A RC I 1554 and Basrnati showed sta ble resistance in both methods of inoculation. Studies of GLH feeding behavior. mortality, and population growth on the selected varieties

showed that they did not prefer the four varieties with lower seedling infection. Although GLH fed on the xylem, no population growth occurred. 1R28 and Ptb 18 resist RTV infection because they resist the vector insect. The latex test determined the presence of RTBV and RTSV in R Vvinfected plants of the eight varieties. A low percentage of ARCI1554 and Ptb 18 plants reacted to both RTBVand RTSV (Table Ill. and virus retention was shorter and GLH infective capacity was lower on ARCl1554 and JR2!l. ARCI1554 should be a good source for RTV resistance.

Table 7. Reaction of 8 selected varieties to RTV when inoculated with 1, 3, or 5 GLH per seedling using the mass and test tube methods of inoculation. IRRI, 1983. Seedling Variety Mass inoculation reaction Test tube 5 3 R R S S R S R I 5 R I

Table fected 1983.

8. Presence

of

RTBV

and by

RTSV the

in 8 varieties latex lest.

in-

with

RTV

as detected

IRRI,

Plants Variety tested (no.) 25 6 31 31

PlantS (no.) reacting presence of RTBV +RTSV 1 RTBV 12

to

Plants with no infection

3
ARCl1554 Basmati Latisail Peta Ptb 18 TKM6 IR28 TN1 R R I I R R R

~TSV

Ino.)
12 1

R R

ARCl1554

S
I I

S
S
I

S
S S S
R

S S
S

Basrnati Latisall
Peta Ptb 18 TKM6 IR28

0
18 15 2 4 5

5
10 11

0 0
1

2
0

3
12 4
4

S
R

S
R

S
I

S
S

17 33 30
29

3
25 21 9

0
0

TNl

19

42

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1983

RICE YELLOW OW ARlo' DISEASE

IR varieties were tested for their response to YO disease by artificial inoculation of7-d-old plants in test tubes for 24 h with viruliferous GLH at 2 insects per seedling, They were transplanted into

clay pots, and kept in screened metal trays for symptom development. Diseased plants were counted 40 d later. Results showed that IR5, IRS, IR24, IR26, IR29, IR30, IR43, and IR58 had low infection percentages and were rated resistant (Table 9).
RESISTANCE VECTOR TO RAGGED STUNT VIRUS AND ITS

Table 9. Reaction of IR varieties to rice YO in the test tube inoculation using 2 viruliferous GLH per seedling.
IRAI,1983.

Variety
IR5 IR8

Infection
(%)

Ratingi'
A R

20
17

IR20
IR22

76
55 20 13

S
I R R I R A I

IR24
IR26 IR28 IR29 IR30 IR32 IR34 IRJa IR40 IR42 IR43 IR44 IR45

49 19
18 42

IR36

74 67
60 45

S S
I I I R I I

54
16 45 38

IR46
IR4S IR50 IR52 IA54 IA5S IR58 IAOO

43
34

73 57

S
I I I I

The resistance of eight rice varieties to RSV and its BPH vector was studied (Table 10). Varieties showing resistance in the mass screening test were less preferred by BPH. The insects probed more per day, had shorter lifespans, produced fewer nymphs, and had lower nympha] survival rates on the resistant varieties. Reactions of eight varieties to RSV infection with three BPH biotypes were tested. Some correlation exists between a variety's resistance to BPH biotypes and its resistance to RSV. Both resistant and susceptible varieties infected with RSV showed no recognizable difference in symptom severity and no significant difference in arnou nt of virus in the tissues. The results indicate that resistant varieties were resistant to RSV infection but not to virus multiplication.
PATHOGEN VARIATION

46 66 43 95
19

S
R I

TN1 (check)
aR = 0-30%,1

= 31-60%,

and S

= 61-100%.

Rice blast pathogen. In the 1983 Korea-IRRI collaborative project, parallel experiments were cond ucted on the pathogenic variability of Pyricularia oryzae in both locations. In Korea, single

Table 10. Reaction of 8 selected varieties to 3 BPH biotypes and RSV transmitted by 3 biotypes.IRRI. 1983. Reaction to BPH biotypesB Variety
2 Ptb 21 3 S 2 1 R A R R I R S

Reaction to RSV transmined by biotYpesb 3 S

I A

Murungakayan Mawee Balaratawee

Hathlll IR22 IRSO

S R
R

S
R R

S
R

R R
S

R
S

TN1
<'1Data

MR A S A S

S A S MR
S

R
I I I I S

S
I

S
I

MR S

from Entomol09Y Department, IRRI. bResults of mass inoculation based on ()"20% infection = A, 31·60% lntectlon= 1, 61·100% infection" S.

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND U1ILlZATION

PROGRAM

43

Table 11. Reaction of Philippine differential YBrieties to SSI of Pyricu/aria orvzee in Korea and IRRI.1983. Varietal reaction= Oi Ue renti al variety Korea lesjonsb M23·3 Kataktar a OA·2 CI5309 Chokoto C025 Wagwag Pal-ken-tao Peta Raminad 5tr. 3 Taichung T. C. W. C. lacrosse 5ha-tiao·tsao (5) Khao-tah-h seng 17 No. of 551 R A R R R R S A 5 5 R R 19 M23·2 SS AS AR RR RR RR SS AA SS S5 SS 5S 17 1 IR·l A R R S R R S A 5 S A R R S R R 5 R S 5 IR-2 R S 5 S R R 5 A S S R R 25 I RRI lesionsc IR·3 R R R S R R S A S IM23-2 R R R S R R S A S S R R 23 A R A 5 R R S S S S R R R R R R R R S R S 5 R A IM23·3 R A R S R R S A 5 5 A R 25

RR

5A 22 3

R A

24

8Aeaction was considered susceptible if more than 20% of the plants exhibited type 4 lesions (SES scale), bThe experiment was conducted at Suweon, Korea, with isolates from Milyang 23, replicated 3 times. cThe experiment was conducted at IRRI with isolates from Milyang 23 (M23) and IR442-2·58 OR). replicated three times. Variant isolates were retested.

Table 12. Race frequency of Xenthomones cempestris pv. oryzae population in the .Phil.ippine5 with spacific virulence to a SlBt of differential varieties. I RRI, 1980-83. Race groupa Reaction to differential varietiesb FrequencyC (%) 1980 (55) 1.8 75.9 14.9 0 0 1.8 5.6 1981 (33) 0 84.8 6.1 3.0 6.1 0 0 1982 (123) 0.8 85.4 9.8 0.8 1.6 1.6 0 1983d 166) 0 92.4 7.6 0 0 0 0

1 2

3
4 A B C

5RR5R SSRRR SSRSA SASSR SRARA 5S5SR 5SSSMS

aletters represent one from that to the known pattern of each race: isolates tested each year

or more isolates causing reaction combination different races. bOifferenti~1 varieties corresponding to the reaction IRS, IA20, IR 1545-339, CA5209, OV85. cNumber of are in parentheses. dCoUection from one locality only.

spore isolates (SSI) from two single lesions on Milyang23 (M23-3 and M23-2) were tested against the Philippine differential variety set. Based on pathogenicity patterns, all 19 SS! from lesion M233 were identical and only I of the 18 SSl from lesion M23-2 produced a different reaction (Table II). Moreover, the variant SSI from lesion M23-3 was identical to the other isolates except fora more pathogenic reaction on CI 5309.

Experiments at IRRI showed similar results (Table lJ). Since there were no variant isolates among the SSI from lesions IR2, IR3, and IM23-3, they were all classified as one race. Although more than one race was found among SS! from lesions lRl and IM23-3, the variant SSl were few. Bacterial blight pathogen races. A 1980-83 survey of the natural BB population determined frequency of race occurrence and distribution in the

44

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19KI

Philippines. A total of 276 isolates were collected from naturally infected native or IR varieties carrying the X a 4 gene for BB resista nee and tested for their reactions to BB differential varieties. Race 2, virulent to rices with Xa 4 gene for resistance, was the most predominant group in the population, probably because of continuous commercial planting with the same genetic background since mid1970s (Table 12). The large difference in race 2 could come from selection pressure on the pathogen population by the resistant varieties. Previously

undescribed races also had a low frequency rate. Further study compared variability of the BB population pathogen for 3 yr. Variability was measured by the pathogen's virulence: variance of lesions induced on IRS, IR20, IR1545-339, and DV85. On IR8 and IR20, variance values were higher and increased each year, indicating the tendency of the bacterial population to become more heterogeneous. Variance values of IR1545339 and DV85 were low but increased proportionally with mean lesion length.

45

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Insect resistance
Entomology, Plant Breeding, and Chemistry Departments

SOURCES OF RESISTANCE

46 Greenhouse screening for resistance to rice thrips 46 Leaffolder 46 NATU RE OF RESISTANCE 46 Thrips 46 Whorl maggot resistance in wild rices 47 Resistance of Indonesian radiated mutant lines to the brown planthopper 47 Green leafhopper feeding and rice tungro virus infection 47 Leaffolder 48 Yield losses to striped. stem borer compared to resistance level 48 SSB resistance in traditional and modern varieties 49 Plant age effect on yellow stem borer resistance 51 Technique for demonstrating phloem or xylem feeding by leafhoppers SI Electronically recorded waveforms associated with feeding behavior of white backed planthopper S3
CHEMICAL BASES OF RESISTANCE

53

Brown plant hopper Striped stem borer Green leafhopper

.53 54 54 54

COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS

Whitebaeked planthopper
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE

55 SS
55

A new gene for resistance to white backed planthopper

CYTOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AMONG BPH BIOTYPES 1,2, AND 3, AND A GRASS· INFESTING BIOTYPE 55

Comparative cytology of field populations grass and rice 57

of brown planthopper

Infesting

INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN RICE AND GRASS·INFESTING BROWN PLANTHOPPER BIOTYPES 57 ENZYME POLYMORPHISM AMONG BROWN PLANTHOPPER BIOTYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES 58

Phosphoglucose isomerase (POl) 58 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 59 Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) 59

CYTOGENETICS OF THE WHITEBACKED PLANTHOPPER 59 INTEGRATION OF VA.RIETAL RESISTANCE AND INSECTICIDES FOR GREEN LEAF· HOPPER CONTROL S9

46

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

SOURCES OF RESISTANCE

Entomology

and Plant Breeding Departments

Greenhouse screening for resistance to rice thrips. To evaluate rice varieties for resistance to thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis, a greenhouse technique providing sufficient insects for screening was developed (Fig. 1). A work schedule of 2 hid produced 400 adult thrips daily. Rice varieties were evaluated by a new rating scale (Table I). Eleven of 79 traditional varieties and J 2 of 85 wild rices were selected for resistance (Table 2). Leaffolder ..With a new LF rearing and screening

method for identifying resistan t varieties (Fig. 2),5 of 5,908 germ plasm accessions were selected as moderately resistant to LF and I as resistant (Table 3). Of 17,914 accessions screened through 1981, 116 were resistant or moderately resistant to LF.
NATURE OF RESISTANCE

Entomology

Department

Thrips. Studies of resistance mechanisms show that thrips usually did not prefer resistant varieties for feeding and oviposition (Fig. 3). Fewer larvae survived (Table 4) and adult life-spans were shorter on resistant than on susceptible varieties (Table 5).

OVlf'OsmON
Fieil· awl.,:!e<! odult\

CAGE

REARING

Mvla, film

rrtKhcrJi'Sms of ft'SfS toeca

SCREENING

Mylarfij",

I. Greenhouse rearing and so:",.ning technique for pia nl resista nee to rice thrips. IR RI .. 19MJ.

45

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Insect resistance
Entomology, Plant Breeding, and Chemistry Departments

SOURCES OF RESISTANCE

46 Greenhouse screening for resistance to rice thrips 46 Leaffolder 46 NATU RE OF RESISTANCE 46 Thrips 46 Whorl maggot resistance in wild rices 47 Resistance of Indonesian radiated mutant lines to the brown planthopper 47 Green leafhopper feeding and rice tungro virus infection 47 Leaffolder 48 Yield losses to striped. stem borer compared to resistance level 48 SSB resistance in traditional and modern varieties 49 Plant age effect on yellow stem borer resistance 51 Technique for demonstrating phloem or xylem feeding by leafhoppers SI Electronically recorded waveforms associated with feeding behavior of white backed planthopper S3
CHEMICAL BASES OF RESISTANCE

53

Brown plant hopper Striped stem borer Green leafhopper

.53 54 54 54

COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS

Whitebaeked planthopper
INHERITANCE OF RESISTANCE

55 SS
55

A new gene for resistance to white backed planthopper

CYTOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AMONG BPH BIOTYPES 1,2, AND 3, AND A GRASS· INFESTING BIOTYPE 55

Comparative cytology of field populations grass and rice 57

of brown planthopper

Infesting

INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN RICE AND GRASS·INFESTING BROWN PLANTHOPPER BIOTYPES 57 ENZYME POLYMORPHISM AMONG BROWN PLANTHOPPER BIOTYPES IN THE PHILIPPINES 58

Phosphoglucose isomerase (POl) 58 Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 59 Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) 59

CYTOGENETICS OF THE WHITEBACKED PLANTHOPPER 59 INTEGRATION OF VA.RIETAL RESISTANCE AND INSECTICIDES FOR GREEN LEAF· HOPPER CONTROL S9

48

IRRI ANNUAL REPORT H)R 19~:1

OVIPOSITION CAGE

~~~~~;
ADIJLTS

I
1. I',o"cdmc

~OOLrs

sr\JOIES· ON M ECt<AMSM OF" RESIST~NCE

.....

r", rearing

I. F for' va ric III I resistance screening studies <>11 mechanismofresistance .. 1R R 1. 19~.l. and

RTV was low. This indicates that feeding must occur in tbe phloem, not the xylem, for R TV to occur. Feeding is restricted to the xylem on resistant varieties.
Table 3.. Ca'ta on getmpla:;m eoltactien to LF. IRRI,1983 .. IRAI accession no. Name A.cheh 62 Hema lIari.etie$Ror Origin Malaysia Malaysia India India India Malaysia MR

Rating 5

54369 54440
54645

CH5
ADT8 Kighuwela Itan Empati

55059 55111 54444

3 5 5 5 5

LeaffoJde.r. Varieties with different levels of resistance to LF, based on damage ratings in greenhouse screening, were studied to determine their resistance mechanisms. Females did not prefer resistant varieties for oviposition, and larvae had antibiosis as indicated by pupal weight (Table 9). Yield losses to striped stem borer compared to resistance level. SSB resistance level is based on percent deadhearts in screenhouse tests when plants are infested at 30 DT. On a 0-9 scale varieties with ratings 0-3 are considered resistant; 5, moderately resistant; and 7-9, susceptible. The value of resistance levels' in preventing yield loss had not

Table 4. Survival of thrips larvae on Rand wild spec.ie.s.Q IRR! insectary, 1983. Species, cul tivars O. setive Dahanala BJI
Suduru

S varieties

and

IRRI Damage accessi on no. rating

Larval survival (%1

2220

Samba HBJ Boro 6 TNt O. officinalis O. eichingrJri O. ouncsste

50730 00256 11671 06439 101117 101424 1.00954 101094 103836 with

HR R MR

S
HS HR R MR

O. minute
O. nivara

S HS
6 subsarnples

e 9.33 7.33 c 20.70 b 27.30 b 32.00 a 6.67 c 4.67 c 4,67 c 11.30 c 19.30 b each and 150

QAv 015 replications larvae/treatment.

:3

:3

ResislunCB rotinq ~\. Prcferr nee, hH SI,;"d: '~11 the P'" rcc n t!. gJ.:' ~1'[ insccts l h:i t :-.cl[Ted ~!n each entry ill 48 HA I,. ~Jf adult ~hrlp. .. fnl" varicuus iJ ud wihl ~1X'cLe=-- ith w dilTcrcn(esistance l<.Iamugc) ru rings, I R R I. 19X.l. r

been previously tested. In 1983, va rieties with different resistance levels to SSB were evaluated for yield loss at various populations 30 DT. Resistant varieties lR36 and IR40, moderately resistant I R52 and IR54, and susceptible IR29 and IR46 were infested with three levels of SSB larvae. Percent deadhearts was highest in the susceptible varieties (Ta ble 10). Yield loss increased as number
Table 5. Longevity, fecundity, oviposition, and hatchability

of larvae per hill increased (Table J I). Yield losses were highest in susceptible varieties followed by the moderately resistant. At the high rate or20 larvae/ hill, yield decreased only 34% in resistant IR36, but 87% in susceptible IR46. Yield [ass was related to screenhouse ratings for SSB resistance. SSB resistance in traditional and modern varieties. Resistant va rieties IR20, IR36, a nd IR50 were compared with traditional varieties Peta and Inta n for level of SS B resistance. Dead hearts on IR varieties were one-half that on Peta and Intan (Ta ble 12). Insect su rviva 1,pupal and la rval weight, and egg production were lowest on IR varieties, indicating that as food they were less suitable than traditional varieties. More males than females were produced on IR varieties, which greatly influences population size over several generations.
of thrips On Rand S Oryza 5PP. I'RRlinsectary,. Oviposl ti on (egg,/5 ternal es per 3 d) 1983. H atchebi Ii tyb
{%)

Lorogevity (d) Species. cui tlvar I RR I accession no. Male Female

FecurodityQ (eggs! female)

O.

sestve

OijhaMla 2220 BJI Suduru Samba HBJ Boro 6 TNt O. olficinalis O. flichinged

50730 00256 11671 06439 101117 101424 100954 101094 103836

O. punctste O. minute O. niver«

(HR) (R) (MR) {SI {HSI (HRI (R) (MR) (S) (HS)

2.4 c 4 .. b 0 3.8 b 5.6 a 5.6 a 4.0 b 4.2 b 4.0 b 3.8 b 5.0ab

4.2 6.6 7.4 7.2 7.8 3.8 6.0 6.4 6,4 6.8

c b a a a c b b b ab

2.. 6 c 3.1 c 7.1 b 9.1 ab 11.4 a 0.6 d 1.5 cd 2.6 c 4.0 c 3.. 8 c

6.0 9.8 11.8 13.8 15.4 7.8 6.8 5.4 8.4 7.6

cd abcc abc ab a cd cd d bcd cd

84.9 85.5 94.0 87.4 94.1 93.3 91.8 92.7 82.1 86.0

a a a a a a a a a a

aAv of 10 repl ications and 10 adult pairs/treatment.

b Av of 5 repl ications and 25 adul t pairsftreatmen t.

GE 'fTIC

EVIILUIITIO~

II"I[) U IIUZIIIIO~

PROGRIIM

59

Table 19•.A Ilele frequenc ies in 3 protein loci of BPH biotype 1 and biotype 3. I R RI, 1983. Allele frequency Locus BiotYpe 2 Pgi·2 ldh Mdh 1 3. 1 3 1 3 Hete rozvqos) tvil

3 0.398 0.128 0.043 0.003

[H)

Om8 0.005 0.037 0.003

0.583 0.868 0.963 0.997 0.957 0.997

0.38 017 0.07 0.006 0..09 0.006 R1 '" 0.068

R3 = 0.023

ilThe

5 other invariant loci were included in the calculation of

R.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IOU). The IDH locus contained two alternative alleles, Idhs3 designated as I and IdhloO designated as 2. The banding pattern indicated that IOH is a dimer and heterozygotes formed a hybrid band in addition to the homodimer bands (Fig. 9b). Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) ..MDH had alternative allele 2, Mdh1oo, and allele 3, Mdh109. This hybrid was noted in heterozygotes, indicating that MDH is a dimer (Fig. 9c). The allelic frequencies and heterozygosity of each of the three protein loci are presented in Table 19. Biotype I had a slightly higher mean heterozygosity of 0.068 than biotype 3 (0.023). This was due to the higher number of heterozygotes in Pgi than in Idh and Mdh, The last two were almost monomorphic in biotype 3.. Biotype I exhibits more genetic variation than biotype 3.
CYTOGENETICS PLANTHOPPER OFTHE WHITEBACKED

10. Complete genome .in male WBPH !2n 14 II A+X). chromosome is indic;u,co.d by an urrow, I It R I. 198.1.

Sex

INTEGRATION INSECTICIDES CONTROL

OF VARIETAL RESISTANCE FOR GREEN LEAFHOPPER

AND

Entomology

Department

Entomology

Department

WBPH chromosomes were holocentric; the kinetochores were diffused along the entire length of both autosomes and sex chromosomes. The diploid numberin males was 2n = 29 while females had 2n = 30. The sex chromosome in each testicular cell was a univalent X body, 2/.!long and I to 1.5/.!wide. The oogonial cells had XX bivalents each measuring about ]p. long. The sex-determining mechanism was XX-XO type with males being heterogametic and females homogametic. The complete genome in males comprised 14 bivalent autosomes plus an X chromosome (Fig. 10), but females had 14 bivalent autosomes plus XX sex chromosomes,

Two WSexperiments in a farmer's field in Victoria, Laguna, and at IRRI tested GLH-susceptible IR22, moderately resistant IR36, and resistant IR28. In the Victoria test, 3 rates of carbofuran (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg ail ha) were soil incorporated before transplanting. Even with high insecticide rates, GLH populations were high in the susceptible variety, intermediate in the moderately resistant, and low in the resistant. As a result, RTV infection was high on both untreated and treated plots of IR22 ..Gross profit was highest on IR28 and IRJ6. At the GLH population level in the study, there was no benefit from applying insecticide on the moderately resistant and resistant varieties. Net

GE~EII(_"

EV.'I.I.. II '" 1'10:-,;A.'ll)

II 1"I1.IZi\

J 10:"; PltOGR/\M

51

Table 8..GLH feeding activity and RTV infection on S, MR, and R rice varieties. I RRI,1983. Feeding punctures Ino.) 82 c 45 d 12511 88 be 110 ab Area of honeydew spots Imm') 188 228 179 197 b a Basic honeydew spots
(%)

Variety

Tunqro in fection
(%)

IRS (MRJ IR22 (5) IR24 (MR.I IR29 (R) IR40 IMRI

b ab 172 b

49 100 52 10 43

b a b c b

75.7 b 99.0 a 71.0 b 14.4 d 42.9 c

Table 9. Varietal resistance to L F. IRRI, 1983. Varterv ARC10560 ARC6650 ASD5 ASD11 BKN BR.·1008·21 TKM6 IR36 Ptb 33 TN1 (susceptible check) Damage rating 7.411 7.4 a 3.4 b 3.4 b 4.6 b 3.4 b 9.0 a 3.4 b 9.0 a Eggs (no.lpot) 350 341 218 480 427 277 539 211 876 bed bed d abc bed cd ab d a
Preference

(larvaeIplaflt I 2.8 a 2.5ab 1.4 cd 1.0 d 2.9 a 1.4 bed 1.5 bed 2.0 abc 2.9 a

Pupal wtlmg) 20.05 18.84 17.13 19.05 16.57 15.22 19.79 17.13 20.06 a
ab

be ab c c a be
a

Table 10. Percent deadhearts in rice varieties with different resistance levels and various populations of SSB at 30 DT. I R RI greenhouse, 1983. t.arvaa/ hill 0 5 10 20 aletters Oeadheartsa (%) IR36 (R) 0.0 cia) 27.5 b (bl 29.6 b (e) 38.0 a lei IR40 (AI O.Od ial 25.1 c (b) 29.9 b ie) 35.3 a lei IR52 (MRj 0.0 cia') 28,4 c (b) 39.2 b (b) 47.9 a (b) IR54 (MR) 0.0 c (a) 28.8 bib) 34.1 b (be) 45.0 alb) IR29 (5) 0.0 c (a) 45.4 b (;,I 48.4 bla) 67.4 a (.al IR46 (51 0.0 d {"I 43.7 cia) 50.5 b lal 632a lal

in parentheses indicate separation of means in a raw.

Table 11. G rain weight loss of rice varieties with d iffe·'ent resistance levels when infested with various populations of SSB.I R R I screenhouse, 1983. Grain WI loss (%) Variety 5 larvae! hill 1Olarvae/ hill 24.5 28.6 65.8 57 .. 3 84.7 72.8 20 larvae! hill 33.5 31.9 67.0 63.5 90.2 87.4 Mean 22.0 26.1 62.5 55 .. 7 81,3 74.6 c c
b

IR36 IR40 IR52 IR54 IR29 IR46

(R) (RI (MRI (MRI (5) IS)

B.O
17.7 54.5 46.2 69.1 63 .. 7

b a a

Plant age effect on yellow stem borer resistance .. IR46 is considered susceptible based on screenhouse evaluation where plants are infested with YSB larvae at 30 DT. When plants were infested with 5 YSB larvae at 39,54,69,. and 84 DT, most significant yield losses occurred at 39 and 84 DT (Fig. 4). There was no yield loss at 54 DT, even at 800 YSB larvae/ 36 hills. Yield losses at 69 DTwere low. Yield loss a I 39 and 84 DT was pa rtially due to the high percentage of unfilled grains. Technique for demonstrating phloem or xylem feeding by leafhoppers, To monitor the feeding

'Q

II(HI A '_,IIAI

[(EPOI{ I HlIll'JX.;

Table 12, Percent deadhearts and response of 5SB reared on I R. varieties and traditional varieties. Variety IR20 IR36 IR50 Pe ia Inlan
II •• _

I RRlscreenhouse,

1983.

Deadhear ts 1%) 30.6 c c 33.3 31.4 c 62.8 b 66_9 a

Survival

Pupal wt
Img)

(%) 748 78 a 70 b 87 II 88 a
1%

Larval WI Img) 45_0 c 47.9 b 43.3 c 50_2 a 50.5 a

Egg

masses (no _/
female) 2.9 b 3.48 2.7 b 3.9 a 3.. 8 8

ess

Eggs (.no.! mass) 40.2 b 41.3 b c 3O.' 49.6 a 49.4 a

Males/! (%) SO.S"· a SO.3·· 11 S2,9"' a 49,lns b 45.5ns b

52.8 be 53_5 b 50.. 2c 63.7 a 64.6 a

s'gnilicanlly

diff aren I from 50% at

level, ns - notsiqnificantlv different from 50% at 5% level.

behavior ofGLH, BPH. and WBPH in susceptible a nd resistan I Iice varieties. a sim ple techniq ue using a lignin-specific dye that selectively translocates in xylem vessels was tested. Roots TN I, a variety susceptible to all three hopper species: ASD7. resistant to GLH and BPH; and IR2035-l17-3. resistant to WBPH, were immersed in an aqueous solution of 0.2% safranine "0" for about 6 h. The translocated dye colored the seedling xylem vessels red. Ten hoppers of each

or

species were then released in mylar cages on the seedlings. The honeydew they excreted dropped onto filter paper discs and was readily absorbed. Red honeydew spots indicated xylem feeding by hoppers on the safranine-treated seedlings. When filter paper discs from untreated seedlings were treated with a 0. I % ninhydrin-acetone solution, bluish amino acid spots indicated phloem feeding. G L H proved to be primari Iy a ph loem feeder on suscepti ble TN I., although occasionally it sucked

J00r-~==========~--~----~------------------------~~
•
•

Damaqe (%)

Deadheorl

80

Whitehead

60
40 20

Yield (g/m2) 600

400

lOO3Xl4<Xl800

o
lewis

]00 2C04OO 000 54 DT

100 200400800
69 DT

100200400800
840T

390T
4. 1{"(lCli()11 ()f I R46 m differentgrowlh

ofinfeslQlion (no. of IsHnstar 'larvae/3S·hlll ptot)

It,

-<131l1'·'whenexposed

diffe",,,, YSn populations, I R RI. 1983 WS.

'iL\'E [1(' EV,\I.U.'\110\

"I) 1'111

17..1\

r Ill\

I'R()(;I{,\M

5.1

(-)

Strip charI recorder

~. Diagram of circuit IRRI. 19~.1

and equipment

for recording

WI3PH

feeding.

small amounts of xylem sap. On resistant ASD7, the hopper switched to xylem feeding but also did some phloem feeding, evidenced by amino acid traces in the honeydew. BPH and WBPH were only phloem feeders on both susceptible and resistant varieties and consumed less on resistant than on susceptible plants. Electronically recorded waveforms associated with feeding behavior of white backed planthopper. To determine WBPH feeding activity on susceptible and resistant varieties, a IO-cm, fine (20,u) copper wire was attached to the dorsum of an 8- to IO-h-old brachypterous female by Ouco cement and a small quanti ty of EK G electrolyte paste. The insect was starved for 2 h and then placed on the leaf sheath of 45-<l-0Id plants of susceptible TN I or resistant lR2035-117-3. The copper wire was connected to the negative input terminal of a transis-

torized, automatic, and null-balancing DC chart recorder. The voltage source consisted of two 1.5 penlight batteries connected in a series. The positive terminal of the battery was connected with the leaf sheath substrate through aluminum foil and moistened filter paper (Fig. 5). The recorder pen was adjusted to the base line of the chart and the insect's feeding activity was monitored for 60 min. Probing, salivation, and ingestion registered distinct sequences of waveforms during feeding 011 the two varieties (Fig. 6). eeding patterns suggest that WBPH ingests mainly phloem sap of both susceptible and resistant varieties. The waveforms showed that insects probed readily and fed longer on tbe susceptible variety but made brief repeated probes on the resistant variety, reducing effective feeding time.
CHEMICAL BASES OF RESISTANCE

Entomology

and Chemistry Departments

Brown planthopper. The seedling dip bioassay technique was used to monitor factors for BPH resistance in ex tracts of rice seed lings at rna xi m urn tillering, Extraction and solubility fractionation of fresh or frozen rice plants and their steam distillates confirmed the presence of resistance factors in all susceptible and resistant rice samples in the relatively nonpolar fractions eluted by hexane and diethyl ether. Crude oils obtained by steam distillating leaf sheaths from plants 45-60 OT of 3 susceptible and 7 resistant rices showed the same trend.

6. Wavefcrms recorded with an electronic and resistant 1R20.15-1 17-.1. IR R 1, 1983.

monitoring

device during W BPH feed ing on susceptible TN I

~~

IRRII\NNUi\1_

REPORI

fOR 19X)

Striped stem borer. Gas chromatography of plan! extracts can estimate the oviposition deterrent Compound A in TK M6 plants. Variable levels have been observed on TKM6 and Rexoro plants of the same age but sown at various dates. To find out what influences the Compound A level, four rices d ifferi ng in SS B resistance were grown in pots in the phytotron. At 50 DT, only resistant TK M6 showed significantly higher Compound A level at 12 h daylength and 50 klux light intensity than at IO-and l4-h daylength and 25 klux light intensity. T KM 6 a nd, 10 a Iim ited ex tent, IR20 had a higher Compound A level 60 DTat26° Cday/ J SoC night temperatures than at 29° (21°C and 35° /27°C. Th is was not true of Rexoro and IR 15l4A- E666. Compound A contents of whole TKM6 and Taitung 16 plants were estimated at .10-<1ntervals i from 10 DT to maturity at 90 DT. Compound A level decreased sharply up to 40 DT, coinciding
Table

with maximum tillering. TKM6 had a higher level of Compound A than Taitung 16, but both varieties showed identical trends.
COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS

Entomology

and Plant Breeding Departments

Green leafhopper. Gl.Hsresistant varieties were evaluated against local GLH populations at I RRI, and in India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. Population virulence was based on damage ratings in the seedbox screening test and on percentage of insect survival. Most varieties responded similarly in the seed box. test in different locations (Table 13). However, Pankhari 203 having the Glh I gene was susceptible in India and Malaysia but resistant or moderately resistant at other locations. IRS was susceptible in Malaysia and moderately resistant at other sites. Moddai Karuppan was moderately
10r GLH resistance, GLH Collaborative
at Malaysia Thailancfl

13. Damage .a.t'n95

(If seedlings

in seedbox

screening

Project,

1.983.

Reaction

Variatv

Gene

IARI

India

Indonesia

2
Pankh ar; 203

AS07
IRS

Plb 8

AS08
TAPL

#796
ble check)

MOddai Karuppan IR29 lrests tant check) TN' a, (scscepti

Glh 1 Glh2 GlbJ glh 4 Gth 5 Glh 6 Glh 7

S
MA MR A MR MR R R S Division.

A
MR

R R MR MR R MA

S
R

MR A MR

MR A MR A MR M'R R R

MR
R MA MR R

S R A R
A MR

R
MR

R R
S

'R R
MR S

S
and Zoology

_ Aice Division,

2 - Entornoloqv

Table 14. Survival of GLH at different

locations.

GLH Collabo.ativ

.. Project.

1983.
Survivai'" (% I Malaysi.a Thallancjb

Varie rv

Gene IRAI Indonesia

Pankhari

203

ASD7
IR8

PlbB ASD8
TAPL #796
Karuppan I R29 (resis tan t check) TN 1 (suscepti ble cheek) Moddai

Gth 2 Glh J glh 4 GI115 G/h6 Glh 7

cu. 1

c be 24 b 76 a

0
32
42

40
2

14 28

be

74 a

80 a

32 34 0
74 a

c b b b c b b c.

4 c 6 be
28 a

2 c 2 e 1:2 abc 6 be 4 c
28 a

66 40 78 58 72

be
cd ab
bed

b
cd d

38
32

80ab 94 a

a Av of

5 replications.

ORic·e Division.

GE:-IETIC E\'AI.UATION

A;\I)

I: IILlZA

1'10'\ I'ROliR":--1

55

Table

15. Damage

ratings of varieties

in seedling screening

for WBPH resistance.

WBPH Collaborative Reaction at Korea R R R R MR

Project,

1983.

Variety

Gene IRRI India R R

R R R

Indonesia R R
R

Thailand R R R
R

Vietnam MR

N22 ARC 10239 WC1240 Colombo IR2035·117·3 TNl

Wbph 1 Wbph2 Wbph 1 + 1 recessive Wbph 2 + , recessive Wbph 1 + Wbph 2 None

R R
R

S
MR MR MR

R
R

R
R

resistant at IRRI and resistant at other locations. In the insect survival test, Pankhari 203 appeared resistant in Malaysia (Table 14). Survival was high on Moddai Karuppan at IR RI and low at the other locations. Survival on the resistant check lR29 was high in Thailand and low at other locations. GLH populations differ in virulence on resistant varieties depending on the country. Whitebacked planthopper. Seedbox reactions of varieties with genes for WBPH resistance were similar at all locations in South and Southeast Asia. However, ARCI0239 was resistant in all locations except Vietnam although insect survival there was low (Table IS).
I 'HERITANCE

second gene in ARCS752 is allelic to Wbph 2. The second gene of Chaia Anaser, Katuyhar Ohan. and Dhera Dun Basmati is allelic to Wbph 3, The dominant genes of 'Diang Marie and Manggar segregated independently of Wbph I, Wbph 2, and Wbph J. The dominant gene of . 'Diang Marie was designated Wbph 5. The allelic relationships of the dominant gene of Manggar to Wbph 5 are not known.
CYTOLOGICAL VARIATIONS AMO. 'G BPH BIOTYPES 1,2, A 'D 3, A 'D A GRASS-INFESTING B.IOTYPE

Entomology

Department

Or RESISTANCE

Plant Breeding and Entomology

Departments

A new gene for resistance to whitebacked planthopper. The ongoing program studying inheritance of resistance to WBPH investigated 15 additional resistant varieties. Susceptibility to WBPH was studied in Ft and F~ populations and F3 progenies from their Crosses with susceptible TN I. Results showed that single dominant genes confer resistance in Boegi Boera, DD4, PI 18467S-7, Siam Garden, Rening, N'Diang Marie, Manggar, Oha, Gokhue Saier, Tjempo Tolo, and emai. Two independent dominant genes govern resistance in ARCS752, Chaia Anaser, Katuyhar Dhan and Dhera Dun Basmati. Tests for allelism with known WBPH resistance genes revealed that the single dominant genes in Boegi Boera, 004, PI 18467S-6, Siam Garden, Rening, Oba, Gokhue Saier, Tjempo Tolo, and emai, and one of the two independent dominant genes in ARCS752, Chaia Anaser, Katuyhar Ohan, and Dhera Dun Basrnati are allelic to Wbph I. The

Studies were made of the cytological-cytogenetic aspect of BP H biotypes 1,2, and 3 that are specific to rice and another biotype specific to L. hexandra grass. Specificity of populations to their host variety or species is strong. and individual die soon when caged on nonhosts. The cytology of the rice and the grass biotypes showed that they shared a prereductional meiosis. The first and second meiotic divisions Were reductional and equational for all components the species' genome. The male diploid number was constant among the four biotypes, 2n 30. consisting of 14 bivalent autosomal pairs and XY sex chromosomes. Thus, BPH has an XY sexdetermining mechanism. Males are heterogametic (14 II A X V), producing two types of secondary sperrnatccytes, 141 A + X and 141 A + Y. Females are homogametic (14 II A +XX), producing a single type of secondary oocyte, 14 I A X. Likewise, chromosomal behavior (orientation. broad spindle attachment, parallel anaphasic disjunction, and normal segregation of X and Y chromosomes) indicates that BPH chromosomes

or

56

tRRII\N:\UAI.

REPORT

FOR t9x,1

Table 16 .. Variation" in nuclear infesting biotype during prophase

Prophase

and chromosome I. IRRI, 1981·83.

Biotype 1

measerements

of 'BPH biotype

1, biotype

2, biotype

3., and a grass-

I (subs tages)

Biotype

Biotype

Grass-l n festi ng
biotYpe 3S.2Q,u and30.6Q,u highest No difference 15.50. mm, highest 7.00 mm, intermediate Negatively pycnotic

Leptonema (Nuclel:aml

and amw)

ns

31.75.u and 26.50"

in terrnedi ate N 0 dj Heren ce 11,11 mm,lowest 6.50

29.901-1 and
lowest No difference

24.00"

30.50". and 24.75# intermediate No difference 13.17 mm, inter· inter-

Zvgonema
(Autosomes.)

(Sex

chromosomes)

Pachynema (Autosomes rml) (Sex chromosomes Dlplonerna (Autosomes Diakinesis (Chromosomes aDiffe~ences nificantly analysis infesting bi otype

'2.43

mm.Jowesr
lowest

mm, intermediate 9,00 mm, highest

mediate
7.00 mm, mediate

rrnt] ns 5.92", 7.50# ami) 4.35#, h ighes! 8,OSj.L, highest 5.0QIJ

7.0S.",

inter-

amtjb

mediate, 5.00.u
3.39/J., intermediate and relative mean length (rml).

(Sax chromosomes

3,77j.L, intermediate

3.25,u,
bSiotype

lowest

amllc in absolute from mean length biotypes (ami), absolute mean width (arnw]

1 was sig'

di Herent

2 and 3; biotYpes

2 and 3 di d not $;9n ifican tly dfffe r from

each other

at the 5% level by

of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. cBiotype 1 significan,tly differed from biotype but not from biotype 2; biotype 2 did not signif.icantly differ from biotype at the 5% level. ns = not siqni ficant at the 5% level.

biotype 3 and the grass3 and the grass-infesting

during gonial meiosis are holokinetic or possess the typical diffuse centrorneres. Salient variations were detected in nuclear chromosome measurements during different stages of prophase I (Table (6), Despite numerical variations among populations, statistically significant differences were observed only during diplonema a nd diakinesis. During pachynema, which provides the most favorable material for characterizing chromosome lengths, the karyotypes and idiograms of 15 bivalent chromosomes varied in length (Table 16, Fig. 7). The following observations were noteworthy in the four biotypes: I. The most metaphase 1 cells were detected in biotype 1, foJlowed by biotype 3 and biotype 2; the grass-specific biotype had the fewest, 2, Biotype 1, biotype 3, and the grass-specific biotype revealed two types of metaphase I cells: those with sex chromosomes isolated from aurosomes and cel!s with both chromosome types together. Biotype 2 showed only the first type of cells. 3, The average distance of the sex chromosomes from autosomal grouping was highest in biotype 2, almost twice that of biotype I. Biotype 3 and the grass-specific biotype ranked next.

4. Biotype I had more cells with combined autosomes and sex chromosomes than biotype) or the grass-infesting biotype did. Intraand interchiasrnatic connections were higher in homologues of biotype I than of biotype 3 or the grass-infesting biotype. S. The sex chromosomes of the four biotypes varied in. length and width with biotype 2 having the longest chromosomes followed by biotype 3 and the grass-infesting biotype, Biotype I and biotype 3 had almost equal

Biotype 1
&.56.5 7

II

II

~07;I I I I I I I I II II
6.9

II 9 9

II

till n 99
IQ5

13 14 15.516 22"""

111J

I
J

1 7.6 6

9 95

II

11.5:14 15 17 IS 19 2J

Biotype 3

t
6

,II
3.5 6 7

9 10 12.5!2.5 13 13 135:rl5 '21 22 29

II
I

IIII

II .
IIIII

III'

Gross-in~~~
6.8

brnype

II

tiz t

II

7.2 7.213313.50.70.8 2020 20205200<'72

of the bivalent pachytene
S1!X

I II I I

7. Karyotyll"S andidiograms

BPH biotype s, Arrow, indicate

chrorncsomes.

IRRI, 1981-83.

en rom osomes or

GENETIC EVi\UJATION

i\~D UTILlZAflON

PROGRAM

51

girth, and the grass-specific biotype had the narrowest X and Y chromosomes. The four biotypes can be ranked in genetic versatility: biotype I > biotype 3 > biotype 2 > grass-specific biotype. In genetic stability they would be grass-specific biotype > biotype 2 > biotype 3 > biotype I. Considerable genetic variation exists in BPH biotypes which are apparently morphologically alike. The cytological variations among the biotypes indicate that they are generating de novo genetic isolating mechanisms. Those variations further support the observed subtle differences in BPH behavior, physiology, and morphology.

Comparative cytology of field populations of

brown planthopper infesting grass and rice .. BPH were observed thriving on grass weed L. hexandra along irrigation canals at IRRI. The population was unique in its strong preference for the weed host and individuals died when caged on rice plants. It was considered a primitive, nonvirulent B P H biotype. To ascertain its taxonomic status, its cytology was studied and compared with that of the rice-infesting field population. Testicular cells of brachypters from grass and rice hosts were examined using the standard cytological techniques.
Tabl" 17 .. Variations io'erativil ,me,n I"nuth of paehytane chromosomes of BPH biotype! inmting field rice and gral$ host.. IRRI, 1982·83. Relative chromosome I~ngth !mm) Autosome no.

The two populations varied substantially during the pachytene stage (Table 17). Karyotypes and idiograms of the two populations show clear ind ividual chromosomes of different relative mean lengths (rml). For instance, the chromosome with the nucleolus organizing region (site of ribosomal RNA synthesis) measured 47.20 mm for the rice BPH and 20.75 mm for the grass BPH. The rice insects had longer chromosomes than the grass insects. The nucleolar organelle in rice BPH was either a darkly stained body or two fused nucleoli, but in the grass BPH, it was a densely stained ovoid body. Chromosomal behavior was similar for both populations, except that the intensive coiling of chromosomes during diakinesis resulted in shorter and more heterochromatic chromosomes in rice BPH than. in the grass BPH. These cytological criteria may help characterize and differentiate the grass BPH from the rice BPH. The study also confirms that the grass BPH is unique and justifies its categorization as an additional BPH biotype.
INTRASPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN RICE AND GRASS·INFESTING BROWN PLANTHOPPER BIOTYPES

Entomology

Department

BPH
j(

(grass) SEM

BPH

(ri.ce) SEM

o ,i fferen eea

x
18.0 22.3 25.3 2B.2 29.5 30.7 32.7 35.3 38.4 40.3 42.1 47.5 51.2 54.5 64.2

3
4 5 6 7

8 9 10
11

12
13

14
15
8 •• ~

10.0 10.3 10.4 10.4 11.0 20.0 20.3 20.5 21.0 30.0 30.0 30.2 30.8 40.0 40.7
siqnif'lcant
03.1.

0.00 0.21 0.27 0.27 0.36 0.00 0.21 0.22 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.00 0.21

1.61 1.26
1.11

1.B9 1.56 1.43 1.84 O.BO 1.87 1.B2 2.20 2.33 2.79 2.31
1.71

8.0** -12.0' • -14.9" • -17.8" -18.5" • -10.7 -12.4" -14 .. " 8 -17.4*' -10.3*" -12.1" -17.3u -20.4' • -14.5" • -23.'5"
H

the 1.%level, av of 6 samples.

Hybridization trials were conducted between grass and rice BPH to determine biological and evolutionary relationships of the parental biotypes and to understand how host specificity could be transrnitted to their progenies. Genetic crosses between grass and rice BPH populations were made on the grass host and the respective rice plants (TN ( for biotype I. Mudgo for biotype 2, and ASD7 for biotype 3) enclosed together in mylar cages. The cross between biotype I (BI) and the grass-specific (BL) produced three generations of offspring and backcross progenies. The cross of a BL female and a Bl male had low successful rna ti ng freq ue ncy and low percentage of egg hatcha bilit y (Ta ble 18). The reci procal cross of a Bl female and a BL male had a high mating frequency and egg hatchability, but the survival of F, hybrids remained low. Some prernating and postrnating barriers exist between the two populations. Host specificity was controlled by a single major

58

IRK! ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 198.1

Table 18. Successful matings and oviposition gra55-infest.ing biotype (BLl.'" I ARI, 1983.

and egg hatchability

in crosses between

and within

biotype

1 (B1I and the

Mating frequency Cross

Successful

(no.l Eggs laid Ino.)

Uns u ecess ful

Nymphs that emerged (no.)

Hatch abi Ii IV

1%)

Female
B1

Male 81

BL
B1

BL

BL BL
81

10 10
9 4

o
1 6

588a

160 b 506 a
108 b

520a 154 a

436a 56 b

94 a 95 a
81 a

27 b

a Av of 10 replications.

autosomal gene. Tests showed that the ability of the FJ progenies to feed and survive on rice was dominant over that on grass. This dominance was observed up to generation 3 of the genetic cross and generation I of the backcross progenies (Fig. 8).
ENZYME POLYMORPHISM AMONG BROWN PLANTHOPPER BIOTY PES IN TH E PH ru PP! NES

Entomology

Department

Among the three BPH biotype populations, 18 enzymes were surveyed. Polymorphism was noted in 6 of II enzymes for which activity was detected. For all three biotypes, the variant enzymes indicated a high proportion of polymorphic loci (P), equal to 0.54. An enzyme was considered polymorphic when the most common allele had a frequency not greater than 0.99. The polymorphic enzymes were catalase, esterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehyd rogenase, malic enzyme, and phosphoglucose isomerase. Acid phosphatase,

glucose kinase, glucose-o-phosphate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were an monomorphic. Phosphoglucose isomerase (PCI) .. Based on the zymogram pattern, PGI appears to be coded by two gene loci: Pgi-I and Pgi-Z (Fig. 9). Both were polymorphic, but the analysis was restricted to the more anodal Pgi-2 because of the poor banding pattern of Pgi-I. Pgi- 2 had three alleles designa ted as Pgi95, Pgi100, and PgiJ05, designated as 1,2, and 3, respectively (Table 19). The banding pattern indicated that PGI is a dimer and heterozygotes formed a hybrid band in addition to the homozygote bands. +
I" ~-v~-~~ ,,~
"I.

·:_-4
,

Origin
I 2 :3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 1415 161718 19 2021

.:...
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 131415 16 17 18 19202) 22

Origin

Q generallon
TN)

TNl

I L (died! TN1
1

.s.
TNl

L (died)

(died!

Origin
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
,]I

12 13 1415

1718

~. Scheme of direct. reciprocal, and backcross", involving BP H biotype I (HII a nd [he grass-infesting biotype (Bl.]. HI' H were maintained 0<> rice variety TN 1. i..J,,'(!r:'i.ia h~~_wmdl'u(L). 'Orii mixture of TN I and L hexamtra (TN 1+ L).

9. Electrophoretic phenotypestleft I." nghtj of a) PGI·2: 1·1>.9. IS. 11>. 1M. 19 (1001105): 7, 12. IJ. 17. 21 (1001100): x. 10 (951 UK)): II. 14. 20 (105/105); b) 1DH: 1..(,. ~·14, 16·211100/100): 7. 15. 22. (9.1 100): c) MDH: 14.6.8,10.13.15·1711001100):5.7.9.1411001 IOQ).IRRI. 198.1.

GEr-;ETIC EV,,\UIi\

nor-; i\~1) 1I111.liA 110,\' PROGRAM

59

Table

19. A Ilele frequencies

in 3 protein

loci of BPH biotype,

1 and biotype Allele frequency

3. I R RI, 1983.

Locus Pgi-2
ldh Mdh

BiotYpe
2

3 0.398 0.128 0.043 0,003

Hate rozv gos;tva (HI 0.38 0.17 0.07 0.006 0.09 0.00.6 Rl ""0.068 R3 ""0.,0.23

1 3 1
3

1
3

0... 18 0 0.00.5 0 .. 37 0 0..003

0.583 0.868 0.963 0.997 0.957 0.997

aThe 5 other

invariant

loci were included

in the calculation

of

R.

Isoeitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). The IDH locus contained two alternative alleles, Idh93 designated as I and IdhloO designated as 2. The banding pattern indicated that IDH is a dimer and heterozygotes formed a hybrid band in addition to. the homodimer bands (Fig. 9b). Malate dehydrogenase (MD H). MDH had alternative allele 2, Mdh'?'', and allele 3, Mdh109• This hybrid was noted in heterozygotes, indicating that MDH is a dirner (Fig. 9c). The allelic frequencies and heterozygosity of each of'the three protein loci are presented in Table 19. Biotype I had a slightly higher mean heterozygosity of 0.068 than biotype .3 (0.023). This was due to the higher number of heterozygotes in Pgi than in Idh and Mdh. The last two were almost monomorphic in biotype 3. Biotype I exhibits more genetic variation than biotype 3.
CYTOGENETICS PLANTHOPPER OFTHE WHlTEBACKED

10, C"mplc<c genome in mal" W BPH (2n ;; '14 II A+ X], Sex chromosome i, indicated by a n arrow, IRR I. 198.1.

!NTEGRA TlON OF VA RI ETA L RESIST ANCE AN D INSECfICIDES FOR GREEN LEAFHOPPER CONTROL

Entomology

Department

Entomology

Department

WBPH chromosomes were holocentric: the kinetochores were diffused along the entire length of both autosomes and sex chromosomes. The diploid number in males was 2n = 29 while females had 2n = 30. The sex chromosome in each testicular cell was a univalent X body, 2/.1long and I to. I. 5p.wide. The oogonial cells had XX bivalents each meas uring about 3p. long. The sex-determining mechanism was XX~XO type with males being heterogametic and females homogametic, The complete genome in males comprised 14 bivalent autosomes plus an X chromosome (Fig. 10), but females had 14 bivalent autosornes plus XX sex chromosomes.

Two. WS experiments in a farmer's field in Victoria, Laguna, and at. IRRI tested Gl.Ii-susceptible IR22, moderately resistant IR36, and resistant IR28. In the Victoria test, 3 rates of carbofuran (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg ail hal were soil incorporated before transplanting. Even with high insecticide rates, GLH populations were high in the susceptible variety, intermediate in the moderately resistant, and Io.Win the resistant. As a result, RTV infection was high on both untreated and treated plots of IR22. Gross profit was highest on IR28 and I R36. At the GLH population level in the study, there was no. benefit from applying insecticide on the moderately resistant and resistant varieties. Net

60

IRRI A, :\'UAL REPORT fOR

19l!J

Table 20. Rice Vield and economics" 1983.

Diazinon appl i cationsb Yield (t/ha)

of diezinon

applic,8tions on rices with different

levels of resistance

to GLH. I RRI, WS

Gross profit:C

Cost of i nsactici de ilPplicationd

Net gaine

(no.I

($)

($)

Gain from lnsecticl del (%)

Benefitl cost9

IR22 (S) 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 0.06 0.09 0.22 0.27 0.16

a a a

9 14 35 42 25 108 86 143 199 210 416 452 471 462 452

20 40 60 80 IR36 (MR) 0 20 40 60 80 IR28 (R) 0 20 40 60 80

9 -6 -5 -18 -55 108 66 103 139 130 415 432 431 402 372

a
0 0 0

<1 <1 <1 <1

3
4 0
1

0.69 bc 0.55 c 0.91 b 1.27 a 1.34 a 2.64 2.88 3.00 2.94 2.88
b

-42 -6 31 22

<1 <1 <1 <1

ab
a

2 3 4

ab
ab

17 16 -13 -43

<1 <1 <1 <1

sBased on an exchange rate of 1 US$ P14 in December 1983. bGranules broadcast made at 1 DT, two applications at 1 and 11 DT, three all, 11, and 21 DT, and four rough rice price of US$ 157/t. dCoSI of insecticide application = COS! 01 insecucice + ci de appl icati on. 'Gain from insecticide = net gai n of treatrnen t mi nus net gain of con i nsecticl de application.

at 1.5 kg ai/ha. One application was at 1, 11,21, and 31 DT. cBased on a labor. IINet gain = gross from insect!trol , 9Gain from insecticlde e- cos t of

RTV infection ("/0)

(RZ2{SJ 100 1R36(MR) IR28(R}

80

60

20

o I ;: 3 4 Oia;';non cppIicction (,..,J

J J. Percent RTV infection a 160 DT of varieties S. MR. and R to G LH when treated with dial; non a pplieations broadcast at 1.5 kg ui, ha, at I. 11.21. and 31 01'. IRRI. 1983 WS.

gain increased when insecticide was applied on IR22. RTV infection was higher on the IRRI farm (Fig. II). None of the treatments controlled RTV on IR22. RTV decreased on IR36 as the number of insecticide applications increased. Insecticide was not needed on IR28 as RTV was only 3% in the untreated check due to the high level of GLH resistance. Gross profit and net gain were highest in IR28 and intermediate in IR36. When RTV pressure was low (Victoria test), there was some benefit from applying carbofuran on susceptible varieties. However, when RTV pressure was high (lRRI farm test), there was no benefit in applying diazinon on resistant, rnoderately resistant, or susceptible varieties (Table 20). More effective insecticides and application methods are needed to increase their profitability for controlling GLH and RTV.

61

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Nutritional value
Cereal Chemistry, Plant Breeding, and Statistics Departments
E v A LV A T10N TRIALS

62 Protein screening of replicated yield trials 62 Protein loss during milling 62 PROTEIN AND ENERGY unLiZA nON 62 Effect of heat treatment on lysine content 62 Energy and nitrogen balance in rats 62 Protein requirements for rice-based weaning foods 64 Protein-energy interrelationship in preschool children 65 BY-PRODUCTS STUDIES 65 Oil content of bran-polish of IR lines 65 Fat deterioration in rice bran 65 Straw and hull properties 66

6.2

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1'9!I.!

EV.ALU.ATION

TRIALS

Cereal Chemistry, Plant Breeding, and Suuistics Departments Since rice is the major protein source (30-80%) in the Asian diet, all promising lines have been monitored for brown rice protein (BRP) content to maintain their nutritional value. Protein screening of replicated yield trials (Cereal Chemistry, Plant Breeding, and Stoiisticsi. Continued screening of the replicated yield trials for BRP monitored nutritional value of the promising lines. The correlation coefficient between rough rice yield and BRP was -0.44** (n =: 456) for the 1982 WS crop and -0.33** (n =: 462) for the 1983 OS crop. BRPand yield values for check varieties in WS wert: 8.9% and 4.6 tlha for IR42, and 9.8% and 3.6 t] ha for IR36. In OS, BRP and yield values were 7.7% and 6.4 tl ha for 1R42 and 8.4% and 6.2 t/ha for IR36. IR58 had 10.2% BRP and 3.4 t yield/ha in WS and 7.8% and 5.9 t/ha in OS. Only IRI8350-229-3 had yield (4.64 t/ha) and BRP (9.3%) comparable to those of IR42 in WS. The yield and protein content of many lines were comparable to those of the check varieties and IR58 in the 1983 DS. IR [8350-229-3 yielded 7.1 I t/ha and 9.2% BRP in DS, comparable to IR36 and better than IR42 in the same trial plot I R328 .19-37~3-2also had 7.17 t yieldj ha and 9.1 % BRP in the OS crop, comparable to IR36. However. it had more BRP than I R42 in the same trial plot. Protein loss during milling (Cereal Chemistrys. Studies on protein loss during milling using different varieties and a McGill miller showed less protein loss from brown rice as protein content increased (1971 annual report). These studies were ve rified usi ng IR3 6 and IR42 brown rice with BR P of 8-13% a nd a Sa take TM -05 abrasive m ill. The fraction of BRP retained in milled rice with 10 ± 1% bran-polish removal also tended to decrease linearly with increasing BRP. Staining milled rioe with May-Griinwald reagent for bran-polish showed that, at the same degree of milling, more bran streaks were present in milled rice with the Satake abrasive mill than with the McGill friction mill. Protein loss during milling was higher for IR42 than for IR36 particularly at the lower BR P

levels. This was verified by low protein content of IR36 bran layers compared to that of IR42.
PROTEIN AND ENERGY UTILIZATION

Cereal Chemistry Department Studies were made on the effect of traditional heat processing on the protein quality of rice based on the decomposition of its heat-sensitive amino acid, lysine. The cause of poor energy digestibility in children with high mungbean intake was also studied, Cooperative studies with the Nutritional Evaluation Laboratory (NEL) led to valuable data on protein requirements for typical rice-based weaning foods and the interrelationship between protein and energy requirements in preschool children. Effect of heat treatment on lysine content. Ea rlier studies on rice yellowing and 0 n m ungbean toasting suggested that lysine was the amino acid most sensitive to heat decomposition. Since traditiona I processes expose rice to dry and wet heat, their effect on lysine content of protein was surveyed. Accelera led rice aging and roasti ng without charring had minor effect on protein quality (Table I). To induce yellowing, high moisture milled rice was heated at 60"C for 4 d. The induced yellowing affected lysine content the same way natural yellowing did in high moisture rice .. Even lower-moisture grain which did not change color decreased in lysine content. Popping also decreased lysine content, but this could be partly caused by loss of high-lysine germ. Puffing dry cooked milled rice decreased lysine content of protein as previously reported. Energy and nitrogen balance in rats. A coofirrnatory study at the National Institute of Animal Science, Copenhagen, Denmark, on high protein IR58 milled rice for human feeding studies showed satisfactory net protein utilization (NPU = true digestibility X biological value) for its protein level (Table 2). In addition, yeJ!ow milled (ice re presenting two of the three worst samples from the National Food Authority (Manila) were analyzed again to verify 1982 data. The analysis using rats confirmed that yellow rice has lower lysine content and reduced digestibility and biological value (Table 2) ..These samples had lower NPU thanthe 62.3 and 62.7% of 1982 samples, probably because

GE ETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTIL.IZATION

PROGRAM

63

Table 1. Effect of heat treatment on the lysine content of rice grain protein. I RRt

1983.
Lvsine con!entb (g/16.8 9 N) Treatment" Check Accelerated ag.ing (100° C, 3 h., sealed container) Toasted 0 Induced yellowing (60 C, 4 d, sealed) IR42, 25% moisture I.R36, 14% moisture IR36, 26% moisture Yellow ricec (high moisture, <100° C) White Yellow Popped 1207°C, 45 s I Cooked and puffed (cornrner ciatl Cooked Puffed 3.5 4.00 0.08 Treated 3.4 3.. 3 ± 0.01 8 3.40 ± 0.02 3.16± 0,02 2.99 ±

4.00 t 0.08 3.46 ± 0.02 3A6 ± 0.02 3,8

am

3.. 8
3.6 3.6 3.8 3.8

3.08 ± 0.02 2.99 ± 0.04 3.08 ± 0.04 3.0 3,30 ± 0.10 2,45 ± 0.21

aAIl were milled rice samples except popped rice, which was brown rice. bMean ± standard-error. CMean of two samples.

Table 2. Energy and N balance ingrowing rats fed IRS8 milled rice and two yellow m illedrices from the Philipp ine National Food Au thoritv, National I nstlture of Anim al Science, Copenhagen, Denmark, and I R R I, 1983.a Yellow rices Property IR5a 2 Protein (% N X 6.25) LySine Ig/16 9 N) Energy can len't (kJ/g) Balance data in 5 rats Digestible energy (% of intake) True digestibility (% of N intake) Biological value (% of absorbed N) NPU (% N intake) aMean ± standsrd error, 11.9 ± 0.0 3.48 t 0.04 15.9 97.0 99.1 68.8 68.3
± 0.3

7.0 ± 0.. 0 3.04 ± 0.02 15.4 96 .. ± 0.3 0 92.1 ± 0.5 63.7 ± 0.2 58.7 ± 0.3

7.5 ± 0.0 2.96 ± 0.07 15.3 95.9 ±. 0.2 93.1 ± 0.3 64,8 ± 0.3 60.4 ± 0.4

± 0.4 ± 0,2 ± 0.1

Tab11;l3. Energy and N balancl;lin growing rats fed boiled .mungbean preparatiens, National Institute of An im af Science, C opl;lnhagf!n,Denm ark, and I R R I, 1983. Whole
rnunpbean

Property

Dehulled toasted
rnungbean

Mechanical.ly dehulled
rnunqbaan

Boiling time lrnln) Protein (% N X 6.25) Lysine3 (gJ16 g N) Cystine + math io ninea (g./16 9 N) Energy content (kJlg) Balance dara in 5 rats Digestible energy (% of intake) True digestibiJity (% of N intake) Biological value (% of absorbed N) NPU (% of N intake)

30 23.7 6.87 ± 0.02 2.10 ± 0.01 16,8 79.4 b 83.7 b 60.0a 50.. b 2 (53.0 alb

20 26.0 6.03 ± 0,00 2.16 ± 0.10 15.9 79.6 b 81.6 c 49 .. b 3 c 40.2 c)b (44.4

10 24.. 0 6,95 ± 0.09 2.01 :1:.0.06 15.8 93.68 97.1 8 60.1 8 58.3 a (50.5 btb

aMesn

standard error. bN PU of raw munqbean in 1982 annual report.

64

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

of more yellow grains. lower lysine content, and lower biological value. Rats were fed three kinds of boiled mungbeanwhole, toasted dehulled; mechanically de hulled green; and fa w - to test their effect on the nitrogen balance (1982 annual report). Results showed that only the mechanically dehulled green bean improved in NPU from increased biological value (Table 3). The poor NPU for toasted bean is probably due to lower biological value from protein decomposition shown by lysine content. The rat data suggest that mungbean's poor nutritional value is not from trypsin inhibitor but the low content of sulfur-containing amino acids, cystine, and methionine. Protein requirements for rice-based weaning foods. AID funding which established the NEL at the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI), National Science and Technology Authority (Manila), has now terminated. NEL studies on protein requirements for rice-based weaning foods in preschool children began as part of the United Nations University World Hunger Programme. Since the protein content of rice was too low for the slope ratio multilevel technique, IRRI grew the high-protein (> II %) IR58 rice in 1982 and applied fertilizer close to the flowering stage for higher protein content. Using market rice, rice-fish and rice-milk diets (1/3 of nitrogen from fish or milk) had better protein quality than rice-mungbean diets as reflected by lower protein requirements (Table 4). Based on the reported safe level of daily protein intake of 0.89 g milk protein/ kg body wt, rice-milk a pproached milk in protein quality. The rice-whole mungbean diet had poorer quality despite its better amino acid balance than high-protein IR58 rice. Toasting and dehulling the mungbean improved the quality of the diet somewhat, but it was still inferior to rice-fish. The short-term nitrogen balance index for IR58 rice estimated on the same children showed relative protein quality of 69% of rice-milk or 66% of milk. These rice diet values are similar to the amino acid score based on dietary lysine of 65% and to the 68% NPU ofIR58 rice in rats (Table 2). Thus, addition of lysine-rich animal protein to lysine-deficient milled rice improved the protein quality of rice-based weaning diets to nearly that of milk.

'6

.~
00 III

..

10

c::i
+1

c::i

...
+1

~ ...
t'!

E o

a:

M<')O

tC!

<X!"l. ......
.... U)

ID<')

..
Q

~ ...

'0
..

..

;gil:
'iii
CD

';' ..

'" o

"'.0

..
c:
<II C ::I

c::i
+1

.... ....
0
oM

en

~E

~ ~~ID U)OOO_r-

>,g
.J/l

E
D

~c
~

r?
+1

.5 in N ui
X

o II> '" c::i

a: E
(J

.. C
::I

s:.D ,en

c::i

~ O!~O IDU)O,...ID

...... moo

+I

co o c::i

+1

c::i +.

"I: ~"l;(O lDoooom

NM

c::i

to

o
+1

<P ....
0 +1 NO

r?

C"!

U) ...... co o ....

«!C!m

GENETIC

EVAI.UA'110N

ANI) U'rII.lZAIION

PROGRAM

65

In nutrition trials with rice-mungbean diets, preschool children continued to improve in nitrogen balance above [.25 g proteinj kg body wt, but energy digestibility decreased as fecal weight and volume increased. Antinutrition factors such as tannin adversely affect both protein and energy digestibility. Investigations show both whole and dehuLled toasted beans had about 4% free sugars, mainly galactose-rich. Humans cannot digest them and they can cause flatulence from microbial fermentation in the large intestine. Soaking beans in water before mechanical dehulling leached out the sugars. leaving 0.7% residual free sugar. Nitrogen bala nee stud ies at 1.50-1.56 g protei n and 418 kJ I kg body WI intake showed that Energro weaning food is similar to the milk diets in protein quality (Table 5). Energro is an extrusion cooked blend of 60% rice flour, 35% full fat Association of Southeast Asian Nations soybean flour, and 5% nonfat dry milk developed by FNRI. Protein-energy interrelationship in preschool children. Preliminary studies were undertaken at NEL on protein-energy interrelationship using rice-fish diet (113 of protein from Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commersony at the safe intake level of 1.6 g/ kg body wt daily. The energy intake varied from the recommended level of 418 kJ / kg body wt for preschool children to 95, 90, and 85% of recommended value, Energy absorption (9194%) and apparent N absorption (72-77%) were similar at all levels of energy intake, but apparent N retention was lower at 90% of recommended level. At 85% of recommended energy intake, all three test children lost weight. Al9Q%, 4 out of 5 children progressively lost weight. Even at 4]8 kJ / kg body wt energy intake, after 2 wk normal growth, the

rate slowed in 3 out of 6 test children. Results suggest that the optimum daily energy intake for a rice-fish diet providing 1.6 g protein/ kg body wt may be higher than the current recommendation of 418 kJ I kg body wt. This energy level has been adequate for 9-day balance periods with 1.56 g milk or casein protein/ kg body wt daily, but it has not been tried for longer periods.
BY-PRODUCTS STUDIES

Cereal Chemistry To in vestiga te possi ble income-genera t ing processes involving rice by-products, IRRI began screening studies to determine varietal differences in oil content of bran-polish, nutritional value of straw, and silicon content of rice hull. Oil content of bran-polish of IR lines. Preliminary studies showed significant differences in oil content of bran-polish of lR lines using a McGill mill at 10% weight removal from brown rice. Crude fat ranged from 16.7 to 20.2% wet basis (mean 18.7%, 10.6-11.8% moisture) for 3 varieties and 13 lines in the J 982 WS" For 23 lines and 3 varieties in the J 983 OS, differences in oil content were again significant and ranged [rom 17A to 25.1% wet basis (mean 22.1%, 9.8-11.3% moisture). For six samples represented in both crops, oil content also was lower in WS than in OS. This suggests that oil content of bran-polish is higher during OS (Table 6). Japanese workers have reported a positive correlation between crude oil content of brown rice and ripening temperature. Fat deterioration in rice bran. The biggest drawback to the use of rice bran as a source of edible oil is its potent lipase, the enzyme involved in

Table 6. N balance data in preschool children consuming Energro weaning fooda. NEL and IRRt.1983. Property of diet Protei n content (96N X 6.25) Lysine (g/16 9 N) Nitrogen intake (mg/kg body WI) Urinary nitrogen (mg/kg body wi) Fecal nitrogen (mgfkg body WI) Nitrogen balance (mg/kg body wil Apparent nitrogen absorption (% of intake) Apparent nitrogen retention (% of intake) Milk diet I 5.1 Energro diet 7.09 ± 0.03 5.16 ± 0.01 248 t 9 89 ± 12 68 t: 11 90 t 12 73 ± 4 36 t 4 Milk diet II

4.9
6.7 241 t 6 94 ± 19 62 ± 14 85 ± 16 74t 6 35 ± 6

7.2
240 t 10 89;t 18 59 t 13 92 ± 18

75 ± 5 39 t 8

aOaily energy intake of 418 kJ/kg body WI. Mean ± S. O.

66

IRRI AN,\!UAL REPORT FOR 19HJ

Table 6 .. Effect of SOBson on oil eoment Qged riee. I RRI, 1983. Variety or line Oiloontent 1982 WS 17.8 20 .. 0 16.7 19.8 20.2 18.6 18.9

of bran-polish

of

(% wetba·sis)

1983 OS 18..4 24.2 22.5 23,4 20.4 20.8 21.6

Peta IR19672·140·2 IR21015-80·3 IR21848·65·3 IA2208241·2 IR2812845·2 Mean

the rapid hydrolysis of its fat to fatty acids. Fat deterioration also could reduce palatability of the bran as feed. The importance of bran lipase and microbial lipase to bran deterioration was studied on lR58 bran (4% free fatty acids). Ultraviolet (UV) treatment for 6 h to disinfect and heat t rea tme nt at 94--96° C under partial vacu urn for 5 h was used to completely inactivate lipase. The dry heat treatment reduced moisture content to 10% and lipase activity per gram of bran from 0.30 mg 4-methyl umbelliferonej min to <0.1. It also kept free fatty acid level at 6% for 4 wk after which acid formation increased linearly during storage at 6075% R Hat 27-300 C. In contrast, U V-treated and control bran samples maintained high lipase activity, and free fatty acids increased to 60% in 4 wk and were 100%hydrolyzed by 16 wk. Results verified observations of others that bran lipase is the p rinci pal cause of fat hyd rolysis in stored rice bran. The increase in fat acidity of heat-treated

bran may be from residual lipase or microbial lipase. Straw and hull properties. Possible factors whicn reduce nutritional value of rice straw for ruminants include high oxalate, silica, lignin, and cellulose (fiber) content. Farmers also worry that pesticides applied during crop growth may still be present in tox ic levels in the stra w, However, pesticide resid ue analysis of selected rice stra w samples wi th d ifferent growth duration, studied for nutritive value by UPLB animal nutritionists, verified minimal pesticide levels. Animal nutritionists assessed the effect of variety on nutritional value of IR Rl-grown rice straw. H4 straw had lower mean protein content (5.6%) and in vitro DM digestibility (36%) than IR8, lR36, and IR42 straws (5.9-7.3% protein and 38-43% DM digestibility). Nitrogen fertilizer increased protein content and reduced neutral detergent fiber content of the straw. Hull feed value is much lower than that ofstraw due to higher silica, 1ign in, and cellulose levels. Rice hull may be a source of solar grade silicon for solar batteries. The rice hull silicon content of 18 IR varieties from the 1982 WS crop replicated yield trial ranged from 504 to 10.3% we! basis or 5.9[ 1.3% dry basis. For 16 IR varier ies from bot h 1982 crops, mean silicon content was 7.6% wet basis (8.3% dry basis) for DS crop and 9.6% wet basis (I O.5%dry basis) for WS crop. Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences in silicon content within each crop. But interaction between season a nd sample was also significan t, resu Iting in inconsistency in sample ranking in the two crops.

67

Geneticevalua.tion

and utilization (GEU) program

Drought resistance
Agronomy Program and Plant Breeding Departments and International Rice Tesitng

VARIETAL SCREENING

68 Field screening, 1983 dry season 68 Field screening under dryland culture 69 Screening at the reproductive phase 69 FIELD EVALUATION OF RAINFED RICES 71 Upland rice yield trial, 1983 wet season 71 Integrated performance trials for rainfed-shallow drought-prone environments 75 Yield potential of rainfed wetland breeding lines with improved nitrogen management 76 ROOT STUDIES 77 Root and shoot responses to soil mechanical impedance 77 Response of rice foot system to water stress in puddled soil 78 Genetic studies on root systems 79 Root characters of 25-day~0Id seedlings grown in a dry seedbed 80 Root systems of aus, bulu, and upland rices 81 Root development of varieties grown in aeroponic cuIture82 Root pulling force as a means of evaluating drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice 83
RELATIONSHIPS

SOllrPLANT·WATER

83

Drought tolerance under limited rooting depth 83 Response of divergent rice eeotypes at vegetative phase to a line source sprinkler irrigation gradient 84 Line source treatment and evaporative demand 84 Leaf water potential 84 Leaf rolling 85 Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance 86 Growth 86 Osmotic adjustment 87 Nitrogen and water stress interaction 87 Rice leaf elasticity 88 Effect of water stress during postanthesis 88 Development of a canopy temperature-based screening method 89

68

.IRKI ANNUAl

REPORT FOR 1~ln

VARIETAL SCREENING

Agronomy and Plant Breeding Departments

Field screening, 1983 dry season (Agronomy). Soil moist ure tension (S MT) values were 3 bars at 21 d
from start of soil moisture stress, 10 bars at 28 d, and 15 bars at 35 d. For the first time in 9 yr, scoring was up to 15 bars SMT. Scoring in the past

8 yr had been up to 10 bars, except in 1979 when early rains allowed scoring only at 2 and 5 bars. Of 3,842 tested breeding lines. varieties, and accessions, 37 scored better than the tolerant checks (Table I). KDML65 GIU-45 from Thailand and Rikuto N orin M oshl I from Japan showed 0 nly slight leaf tip drying at 15 bars SMT. At this time, KDM 1...65

Table 1. Outstanding IAAI. 1983 OS.

sslectlens

for vegetative

growth

drought

tolerance

in field screening

at

Drought score" at SMT of Designation IR52 IR3646-13-3 IR5178"-1-14 IR611S·'-1-1 IR7801-1-2·1 IR9782-111-2-1-2 IR11438·1 IR127214-1.' lR 12721-24-3-1 lRl54134 I R 19728-9c3-2-3-3 IR 19774-23~2,2·1-3 I R21 015·196-3-1·3 IA24761-35-3 [ R24 761-156-3 IR33153·5 Agsam ARC10372 Arpa Balibod I!TA1'17 1R AT 1. 4 0 lRAT113 IRAT133 IRAT144 Kabodlt KDML65 Gl U45 KU86 Magaya Me.stesa Moroberekan NCS130 NCS166 RD19 Rikuto Norin Moshi 1 Thangone TOXS04·13-NK33-NTB 1R20 (susceptible check} IRAT9 (susceptible check) I R442·2-58 (tolerant check) Salumplklt (tcterant check) Origin 3 bars 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 10 bars 3 1 15 bars 4 4

Recovery score!' 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1
3 1 1 1

3
4

3
3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3

1
1 1 1 1 1

1
1 1 1 1

1
1 2 1 1

1
Philippines India Italy Philippines Nigeria tvorv Coast lvo ry Coast Ivory Coast Ivory Coast Philippines Thailand Thailand Philippines Philippines Guinea India India Thailand Japan Laos Niger,ia lvorv Coast 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

3
4

1
1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 5 7 3 3

4
3

4
3 4 3 4 1 4 3

1
1 1 1: 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 7 3

1
1 0 0 1

3
4 3 3 4

1
1 0 l' 1

1
4 4 7 8

3
4 1

6
S

Philippines

a1980 SES scale 0-9: 0 '" no symptoms, 9 '" all plants apparently
1 '" 90·100% plants recovered. 9 " 0-19% pi an IS recovered,

dead. b 1980 SES scale 1·9:

GENFllC

I~VALlJA IIO~' ANI> trrll.lZATION

PROGR M

69

Table 2. Drought resistance" of entries at the vegetative growth phase. 1983 OS. Frequency of indica led drough t score Entries Entries Ino.) 2 I RGC accessions Thai hill rices Oryza glaberrima Advanced breeding Ii nes from dryland nurseries F4 lines from dryland nurseries Advanced lines from minfed-wetland nurseries GEU elite lines Hybridization block entries Introduced lines and varieties (TOX.IRAT, ITA, and Indoneslan lines) Total
.., = resistant, 9 = susceptible.

3 637 20 29 235 307 62

4 1037 3 22 232 233 37 0 46 25

5 682 4 19 204 155 57 10 108 11

6 382 0 12 75 36 19 21 19 2

7 29 0 0 34 3 22 26

8 1 0 0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0

2924 35 102 949 845 205 57 245 173

13 0 8 73 66 0 0 13 24

197 8 12 95

44
8 0 8 55

1 0 0 3 0

a
42 53

6
3

0
0

5535

197

427

1385

1635

1250

512

123

GI -45 was already headed and showed no visible symptoms of moisture stress. The tolerant checks Salumpikit (a Philippine traditional variety) and IR442-2-58 had only onefourth leaf tip drying 28 d from star! of soil moist ure stress (10 bars S MT). and a bou t one- ha If the leaves still green 1wk later( 15 bars SMT). The susceptible checks IR20 and IRAT9 had severe leaf desiccation. The recovery scores of the selected test rices were excellent, as were those of the tolerant checks. Field screening under dryland culture (Plant Breeding). A total of 5,535 test entries and check varieties from I RGe, breeding lines from upland and lowland nurseries. Oryza glaberrima strains, and introduced lines from outside sources were screened for field drought resistance (Table 2). Of the2,924 test varieties from the IRGe, 64.3% were resistant to moderately resistant (drought score of 1-4 where I resistant and 9 =susceptible), 23.3% were intermediate, and 12.2% were moderately susceptible to drought at the vegetative phase. Most IRGe accessions were traditional upland varieties from Asia, Latin America, and Africa. A high percentage of drought-resistant varieties came from Thai hilJ rices and African O. glaberrima. Upland nursery breeding tines also had a large percentage of progenies with high levels of drought resistance. Of the F4 lines se1ected earlier for deep and thick root systems, 77% gave drought scores between I and 4. Most IRRI hybridization block

entries had intermediate resistance while the GEU elite Linesscored from 5 La 7. Introduced lines from IITA, IRAT. and Brazil also showed high levels of drought resistance at the vegetative phase. Screening at the reproductive phase (Agronomy). A screening method to detect genetic variability in drought resistance at the reproductive phase was developed in 1981, refined in 1982, and used in 1983 DS for a mass screening. The trial included 345 entries from Agronomy, Plant Breeding, and IRTP plus some genotypes with outstanding performance in the previous 2-yr trials. Entries were seeded on five different dates based on their maturity class for simultaneous flowering. Two replications of the control (well watered) and three of the stress treatment were in the randomized complete block. Water applied by the whole plot sprinkler irrigation system was gradually increased from seeding to full canopy. Thereafter, irrigation supplied water to a depth equivalent to 1.2 X pan evaporation (Epall) except during the stress period which began on 8 Apr (day 0) with application of the las! full irrigation. Some entries flowered too early (before day 6) or too late (after day 12). Only 187 entries that experienced 50% flowering on stress days 6 to 12 were considered for sampling and observations (Fig. I). Of the 345 entries, a few genotypes with mean

70

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1983

Eotries ( oo.)

32,---------------------------------,

Table 4. EntriesB fertility percentage Genotype

with high and low estimated spikelet in the stress treatment. IRRI. 1983. Mean spikelet terti Iity
(%)

28

24 20
16

12

8 4 0

High IRAT140 M55 IRAT110 IR113 M18 Sokoni IR10025-16-2 B3007b-Tb-22-2-3-3· IR9669 ser, C991·5 Low IR25588-7·3·1 IR795D-31 -4- 1 lR17494-32,'-'-3-2 IR 10133-30-1-2 IR22082-41-2 RP1442-4-3-1-1 BPI Ri-6 (MRC 438) IR2987-13-1 IR25863-8-2-3 IR25882-32-1-3 IR 25621-94-3-2

71.2 61.0 45.0 39.2 37.2 36.5 34.8 34.0 30.8 29.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3

-1.6

-12

-8

-4 4 0 Days to 50 % flawerinq

12

16

20

stress period

I. Numberof

entries ar 50% flowering stage in relation to the start of tbe (0 on X axis). lRRI, 1983.

Table 3. EntriesB with during stress treatment. Genotype Highest yielding IR9669 ser, IRAT140 RAU4020-10 IRAT144 IR12702-10-1-1 IRAT101 IR10147-113-5-1 B201-193-1 B3007b-Tb-22-2-3-3-1 IR5873-9., IA11383-20 IR3880-10 ITAl39 IRl 0029-26-3 M18 Lowest yielding Rata 74-5 IA 25863-8·2-3 IR25898-57·2·3 B3016b-Tb-64-3-4-2-3 RPl 931·14-2-1·1 C894-21 IR 17494-32-1-1-3-2 IR3839·1 IR 19670-263-3-2·2-1 IA 19058-107-1 IR25882-32-1.3 RP 1442-4-3- 1-1 IA28 IR2987-13-1

the highest and lowest IRRI. 1983.

grain yield

Grain yield (g/m' ) 112 102 97 89 83 78 77 71 71 67 67 66 64 61 61

SOnly 11 5 entries ou t 0·1 172 were avail able fa r es ti mao ti on of spi kel at fertil i tv.

3
3

3
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1

aOI 187 entries that flowered synchronously in the control, on Iy the 172 wi th good stand in the stress treatmen t were considered.

drought tolerance scores of less than 5.0 were selected. I R9669 Sel. plus several lR AT and IR lines were among the best entries. Other genotypes that performed well were the tall entries such as M 18, M55, Azucena, and Carolina sp. 407. IR9669 Sel, was consistently outstanding in this category in the past years' tests. In the previous 2 yr, grain yield, relative yield and percent spikelet fertility were highly correlated with flowering date. This year, the relationships were not significant, an expected response because of the improvement in synchronizing flowering. Most entries flowered within a 7-<1period; flowering in previous years was at 21 and 28 d. Since the flowering date effect is removed, entries can be compared directly without computing drought indices. Tables 3, 4, and 5 show entries that ranked high or low in grain yield, spikelet fertility percentage, and relative grain yield. Among the entries that tlowered on stress days 6 to 12 IR9669 Sel. and IRATI40 were consistently outstanding in grain yield, relative yield, and spikelet fertility percentage.

(;ENETIC EVAL

ATIOK AND UTILIZATION PROGRAM

71

Table 5. Entries IRRI,1983. Genotype

with

high and low relative

grain yield. Relative grain yielda

(%)

Grain yield (91m2)

400r-------------------------------~ 350 300 66

~= 0,49~ 2.63 X r=0.85**,"=210

High IAAT140 ITAl39 IA52 B201-193-1 IR3880-10 AAU 4020-10 IA 1138-3-20 Aata 35 IA9669 Sel. IA5873-9·1 Low IAAT109 IR25898-57-2-3 I R 25863-8-2-3 IA25774-3-1 (AI RP1931-14-2-1-1 C894-21 B3016b-Tb-64-3-4-2-3 IA 17494-32-1-1-3-2 IR3839-1 RP1442-4-3-1-1 I A19058-1 07·1 I A 19670-263-3-2-2-1 I R25882-32-1-2 IR28 IR2987-13-1 ilYield in the stress treatment in relation

60
54 53 49 49 47 45 43 35

250

..

2
2 2 100
Estimated spikelet fertility (%1 2. Relationship between grain yield and visually estimated spikelet fertility of entries from both control and stress treatments. lRRl. 1983

2
1
1

1 1 1 1 0.7 0.6 0.6

OS.

o o

to the control.

International Upland Rice Yield Nursery(lU R YN) and 49-entry special group of upland rice yield trials produced higher than or similar grain yield averages as the check I R43 during [983 WS tests at IRRI and in 2 farmers' fields in Cuenca and Santo Tomas, Batangas Province (Table 6, 7). Of the six selected IU R YN entries, three were Philippine upland varieties, two of which were
Actuol spikelet fertility (%)

A positive linear relationship (r = 0.85**) resulted when grain yield was regressed against estimated percentage of spikelet fertility (Fig. 2). This confirms that grain yield and spikelet fertility are important parameters in drought studies at the reproductive phase. Actual spikelet fertility percentage regressed against estimated spikelet fertility showed a correlation coefficient value of 0.93** (Fig. 3). Therefore, visual estimates of spikelet fertility can be important in predicting grain yield in drought stud ies involving a large number of test materials at the reproductive phase.
FIELD EVALUATION OF RAINFED RICES

9Or-------------------------------~
00 70 60 50 40 30 20

. .......
It •••

: ..... ........ . .. ... ....

o
00

.. ..
• • 0

..
20
Estimated

Y=11'O.8<1X

Agronomy IRTP

and Plant Breeding Departments

and

10,

r" 0.93"l!, n =225

40
spikelet

60
fertility (%)

80

100

Upland rice yield trial, 1983 wet season (Agronomy). Twelve varieties and lines from the 2 l-entry

3. Relationship between actual and visually estimated IRRI. 1983 DS,

spikelet fertility,

72

IRRI AN 'UAL REPORT FOR 19lH

Table 6. Grain yield of selected rices seeded at different dates in IURYN at 3 Philippine sites,

1983WS.
Grain yield (t!hal Designation tRRI 14 Jun 1.4 2.1 2.4 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.5 Cuenca 29 Jun 4.1 3.6 3.9 3.3 3.2 3.7 3.1 2.6 3.0 Santo Tomas Mean 31 May 3.5 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.4 2.8 3.7 2.4 2.7 4 JUI 2.8 2.3 1.6 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.6 1.4 2.1 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.0

IR5931·110·1 BR319·1 UPL Ri·7 UPL Ri-5 BPI Ri-6 C894-21 I R43 (check) Kinandang Patong (local check) Mean of 21 entries

Table 7. Grain yield of selEH:tedrices seeded at different Philippine sites, 1983 WS. Designation IRRI 14 Jun IA9560-2-6-3-1 UPL Ai·S lR9101-37·1 IR9814-11-3 IR43 (check) UPL Ri-3 I A21 015-196-3·1·3 Mean of 49 entries 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 12 Aug 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.2

dates in upland rice yield tests at 3

Grain yiel d (t/ha) Cuenca 29 Jun 4.2 3.7 3.1 3.9 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.6 Santo Tomas Mean 31 May 2.3 3.1 3.8 2.8 2.2 3.0 2.8 2.1 4 Jul 4.0 2.9 2.0 2.4 3.1 2.5 2.9 2.0 2.8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

Table 8. Grain yield and agronomic characteristics of selected rices in IURYN at 3 Philippine sites and drought tolerance score in Ilagan, lsabela, 1983 WS. Grain yield Heading average (DE) (t/ha) 3.0 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.0 86 82 80 90 90 91 95 80 Pian! height (em)

Designation

Panicles (no./m2 )

Drought Important tolerancea' diseases

IR5931-110-1 BA319-1 UPL Ai-7 BPI Ri-6 UPL Ai-5 C894-21 I R43 (check) Kinandanq Patong Uocal check)
81980

101 101 102 99 105 106 80 135

210 214 202 209 192 215 224 160

3 5 0 3 3 5 1 0

ShB NBI. ShB BI,NBI ShB NB1, ShB ShB

SES scale 0-9: 0 = no visible effects of soil moisture stress, 9 = all plants apparently

dead.

developed by UPLB and one by the Philippine Bureau of Plant Industry; one(BR319-1) was from Bangladesh; and the other two were IRRI and U PLB breeding lines. All 6 headed earlier than lR43 by 2 to J3 d and were taller than IR43 by 19to

26 cm (Table 8). Five of the six selected entries in the special group were earlier maturing than IR43 (Table 9). The earliest entry, IR9JOl-37-J, headed 19 d earlier. UPL Ri-3 and UPL Ri-5 had intermediate

GEN ETIC" EVA LUA 1101'1 AN D UTII.lZA TION PROG RA M

73

Table

9. Grain

Philippine

yield and agronomic characterlstlcs af oolm::ted rices in upland sites and drought toleranclI score in nagao. lsabela, 1983 WS.

riCII yield test at 3

Designati on I R9560·2-6-3·' UPL Ri-5 I R91 01-37-1 IR9814·11-3 IR43 (check) urt, Ri·3 I R21 015-1.96-3·,·3

Grain yield average (tthe) 2.. 8 2.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6

Headinq (DE) 96 90 74 80 93 90 84

Plant height
(em)

Panicles

(no./m' ) 252 176 280 244 214 181 271

Drought toleranceil 3 5 1 1 3 1

Important diseases BS. ShB, SR BS, FSm, NBI NBI NBI,ShB ShB NB1.,ShB BS.ShB

78 109 83 83 80 110 80

il1980 SES scale oc9; 0 ., no visible effects Rainlal'l(mm/wk)

01 soil moisture stress, 9 ., all plants apparently dead.

:f

6 RRI

[1-Roinfull

4. Weekly r.tinfall distribution

at 5 Philippine

experimental

sites and daily SMT at, 10- and

00

20-cm soil depth in IRRJ and Batangas sites, 1983 WS. Values rainy daysper week.

the bars indlcate number of

74

II~I~I i\f\!r\UAL

R FI'OR J FOR 19x.l

Table ·10, Solar radiationinlRR'1 and 2 Ba.tangas. upland rice test si tes from .August to October 1983, Decade mean of solar radiation (g cat/em' per d) IRRI Aug 1·10 Cuenca Santo Tomas

Decade

11·20
21·31 Sep

1·10
11·20

21·30
Oct '.10

318 271 370 404 443 275

301

346 317 405 366 388 281

318

312 296
401

11·20 21·31

297 327

354 395 234 276

322

318 334

305

Field I -120

_g

-----I

Medium tel!!

40

.Q

height, whi le four other IR R I entries were simila r to semidwarf IR43. Short growth duration and intermediate height are desirable agronomic characteristics for upland rice. Rainfall was low in August and September and caused root zone S MT to rise above 0.3 barfor up to 4 wk in Cuenca (Fig. 4), A typhoon passed through southern Luzon on 15 Jul and gave 2-d rainfalls of 356 mm at IRRI, 264 mm at Cuenca. and 296 mm at Santo Tomas. The lower June to October rainfall in !lagan, Isabela, prolonged the growth duration of all Ilagan test rices by an average of 30 d. Uneven maturity prevented accurate harvest data. A 2-wk dry spell in Septem ber ca used leaf desiccati on on most entries but did not visibly affect UPL Ri-7 and K..inandang Patong, the local check (Table 8). Bl and NBI infected many entries inall sites, but was most serious in Santo Tomas. ShB was observed in Cuenca and Santo Tomas. In La Granja, Negros Occidental, an unidentified grain disease caused high sterility and highly variable grain yield. BR3 [9-1 was disease free (Table 8). So was UPL Ri-5 in IUR YN (Table 8), but in the special group it was infected with BS, FSm, and NBI. The season's highest grain yield was 4.2 1/ ha from the 31 May seeding of 1R9782-1 11-2-1-2 at Santo Tomas, and lR9560-2-6-3-1 at Cuenca, and IR [9728~9-3-2 at La Granja. The record high grain

160,-------------------,16
Field 2 120 --'./A,ve<lr,ly -----I Early ------iMedium

•• ----11

Lote

E il20
_§
15

"!:

.~ BO

~" ,,f
40 .,'

1'30 ~
do 60cm depth .~·60 -... H"lug_Sep ---+----- OcI-- -I--Nov---+- Dec___,

5. Wale, level (piezometer a I 20 a nd al 60 em), f.dd wale, depth, and

ra iufa U in 2 IRRI fields, 1983 WS.

Ii. Wale r level (piezometer a I 20 a nd at 60 em). lie Id wa te r de pi h, a n.d ra infa II at Liloan, Ce bu, [983 WS.

GEN1.TIC EVALUA"IION

A"Ill

U 111.11.A l'IO"lI'RO(iRAM

7S

yield was 6.6 Ljha with IR3260-91.-100 at Sa nt 0 Tomas and 6.3 tjha with lR937-76-2 at Cuenca in 1973. Less disease pressure and higher solar radiation (Table J 0) during the reproductive phase produced the highest grain averages in Cuenca (Table 6,7).

Integrated performance trials for rainfed-shallow drought-prone environments (Agronomy, Plan! Breeding, and I RTP). Three replicated trials during the J 983 WS assessed the yield perf orma nee of the International Rainfed Rice Shallow Water Yield Nursery (IRRSWYN). They also were used to

Table 11. Summary of grain y lel ds and pl ant characters for the top 13 entriesain each 9'oU p of the integratedperfo.rmance trial forrainfed shallow drought.p.rone erwirnnrnents, I R RI, 1983. Yield It/ha) Rank Designation Cebu I'RRI IRRI Mean Plant height (em) Days to flowering

3 10 5 2 9 11 16 1 7 8 12 13 4 6 6 7 1 5 3 4 10 2 13 8 9 12 11 10 2 11 3 1 7 9 11 4 6 5 8 12 13
<I.

IR46"* I R 15853·89· 7E·P3 C1l58-8 IR19431·72·2 IR 14875-98·5 IR18599-68-1 IR3880·10 I.R13146-45·2-3" I R2307-24 7·2-2·3 I R 14632-2··3 IR 1475349-2' IR4829·89-2 BRlO (iBR5146·5) IR10025·8·' IR36H B4242-30··2·1 I R 19274-26·2~3·1 .,. I R21 015·80-3-3-1-2' I R220824 '·2** I A21188-87·3-3-2-2 IR5931-110·1 * I R26933-16-2 .. 3 IR1.0147·1.13·5·1 I R21 015-196-3-1·3 I R3179·25·3-2 IR13759-16 I R.19058·107·1· BP.I·76 N.S.* I R19672·140·2-3·2·2* IR13754-5H I R5853-198-1-2*· I R13146·13·3-3** IR89974-18-1* I R9852-22·SIR25774·3-1·1 K K N7205-39-3KN·l-1'·1· I R21363-13~2-2·1-1 IR54'** I Rl0044-Z4-1-1 • * I R 12665~8·3-5 I R21313.36.2-2-3

Group A (fRTP entries) 5..43 ab 2.05 bede 1.87 abed 1.21 sf 1.34 d 5.38 ab 5.04 abc 1.64 bcdet 1.86 abed 5.01 abc 2.31 b 2.17abe 4.91 abc edef 1.86 abed 1.. 7 3 4.85 abc 1.64 bedef 1.35 d 2.24 b 4.70 abc 1.57 be 4.68 abc 3.05 a 2.. 6 ab 2 4.52 abc 1.57 be 2.28 b 4 .. 6 abc 2 1.77 bede 2.22 abe cdef 2.10 abc 4.16 be 1.34 cdef 4.13 be 1.36 1.64 .bed 4.00 be 2.26 b 2.38a 5.7 5.3 5.19 5.17 5.13 5.07 4.95 4.73 4.72 4.65 4.56 4 .. 6 3 4.03 3.97 Group B de a 1.28 1.72 cde ab ab 1.53 de abc 2.78 a 1.66 ede abe abe 2.03 bed abc 2.04 bed abc 1.51 de abc 2.38 abc 1_36 abc de abed' 1.43 de abcce 1.48 de bedeflA8 de bed'ef 1.72 cds Group C 1.03 de 2.3 ab ede 1.13 1.44 cde 2.63 a 1.57 cd cd 1.55 1.27 ede 1.96 be 1.69 1.14 1.37 1.83 1.58 bed ede ede bed bed 1.44 def def 1.39 c:def 1.62 2.52 ab ede 1.83 2.2 abc 2.2 abe def 1.35 2.65 a 0.95 1.95 bed 1'.78 cde 1.67 cdef 1.66 cdef 1.22 de 1.82 bcde e 1.21 2.79 a 1.95 be 1.59 bede 1.47 cde 1.68 bede 1.89 bede 1.91 2.63 2.2 1.5 1.59 bede ab ab ·e beds

3.12 2.65 2.85 3.17 2.72 2.62 2.84 3.33 2.79 2.75 2.54 2.38 2.88 2.81 2.81 2.78 3.49 2.88 3.10 3.07 2.53 3.25 2.32 2.65 2.54 2.40 2.45 2.36 2.95 2.35 2 .. 3 9 2_99 2.51 2.44 2.35 2.62 2.52 2.57 2.49 2.29 2.11

87 87 71 97 86 85

lOl
105 75 95 99 96 9.3 101 81 95 88 82 85 90 93 86 101 83 93 100 81 108 94 102 92 98 106 86 99 95 94 86 96 122 99
:it ....

92 92 81 94 94 92 92 95

84
98 94 88 92 86 82 92

84
85 90 95 89 87 97 86 89 89 80 93 96 97 93 96 96 92 94 89 98 92 92 94 104

4.83 a 4.71 ab 4.70 ab 4.54 ab 4.37 abc 4.36 abc 4.3 abc 4.1 abc 3.99 abc 3.. 6 9 3.92 3.9 3.54 3.15 abc abc abc abed' bed

" entries performed well for 2 formed well for 4 yr.

vr.

~* " en tries performed' wel;.1for 3 vr.

" entries per-

76

lRRl ANNUAL REI'OR r FOR 198.1

select advanced lines from IRRI's breeding program for drought-prone environments. Two trials were planted on a well-drained field at IRRI, and the other on a farmer's field in Liloan, Cebu, using a group balanced block design with four replications. A dry spell at lRRI (Fig. 5) during the vegetative phase, which caused the soil to crack, produced little apparent crop stress. During the growing season the IRRI field did not retain standing water except during rainfall. Low grain yields (0.2-3.011 ha) at IRR I were attributed to water stress, high weed density, and severe RTV. Among the heavily infected entries in the second planting at I R RI were BR4, Cisadane, IR 13419113-1, IR24, UPL Ri-2 lRIOI20-5-1-1, IR! 143813, IRI3761-16, IR13763-5, and IR9669 SeL The Ce bu field prod uced yield s of up to 5.7 t 1 ha with adequate rainfall throughout the growing season. The field retained impounded water until the flowering stage of the medium-maturing lines except for brief periods (Fig. 6). The water table stayed near the soil surface until harvest was completed. Table II shows the top [3 entries in each group of the integrated performance trials for rainfed shallow water drought-prone environments. Some entries produced high grain yields for 2 or more yr.

Many lines produced high average yields in Cebu but only low yields at the two IRRI fields. The IR R I site yields illust fa te the entries' response to stress while the Cebu yield shows the potential without water limitations. H ighest yieldi ng genotypes in the trial in a II three environments included .IR46, IRI9431-72~2, I R 13l46-45~2-3,. I R 19274-26~2-3-1, IR22082-41 ~2, IR2693J-!6 .. -3, and IRI3l46-l3-3 ..3. 2 Yield potential ofrainfed wetland breeding lines with improved nitrogen management (Agronomy). The yield p oten tial of 10 breed ing li nes was evaluated in Cebu and Santa Rosa, Laguna, in 1983 OS. The improved N management practices were PU (2/3 basal incorporated, 1/3 topdressed 5 DBP!), forestry-grade SCU (B&I), and USG (point place men t). Fertilizer rate was 60 kg N I ha, The rainfall was adequate in Cebu during the growing season and 9 of 10 varieties produced high grain yields (Fig. 7). Very early-maturing varieties IR9729-67~3~87 and lR58 also produced high yields, but IR9729-67·3-87 was more responsive to fertilizer. Bird damage caused JR32809-22-S-S to produce the lowest yield, which was, however, consistently low even when amended with PU, forestry-grade SCU, or USG. Yields increased with alJ N sources.

Groin yield (g/",,2.)

520

340-

7. Grain yield of rice varieties as affected by N sources, Means con nee led by the same lineare not significantly different 315% level. Cebu, 1.983WS.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AI':I1 UTII.IZATION

PI{{)(iI{AM

77

o
-20

Wate< lable[cm)

Rainfall (mm)
100

Groin yield (91m2)

8. Rainfall 1983 WS.

and

underground

water

table in Santa

Rosa.

Laguna.

PU

Forestry-grade
SCU

USG

Low rainfall caused severe water stress in most of the test cultivars in Sa nta Rosa, Laguna (Fig. 8). Although the early maturity of IR9729-6 7-3-87 and IR58 helped them escape water stress (Fig. 9), their yields were still low. During early stress, varieties fertilized with USG appeared greener than those with PU and forestry-grade SCU. As stress became severe especially in the reproductive phase. the remaining varieties could not produce panicles.
ROOTST Agronoml' DIES

9. Grain yield (X ± S.E.) of rR58 and I R9729-67-3-87 sou roes, Sa om Rosa. Laguna, 1983 W S.

from different N

Root

length

density

(cm/cm3)

Root dry

w' (mg)

1.5

lPyer A O-f2cm from /lie sad surfrlce

and Plant Breeding Departments

--IR52 ----IR36
_._._

Root and shoot responses to soil mechanical impedance (Agronomy). An impeding soil layer (high soil strength) which affects root penetration may be a constraint to rainfed rice production. A greenhouse study using clay loam soil determined the root and shoot responses of four rice varieties to four soil strengths during the vegetative phase. A 15- X 24- X 2 J -cm container grew one plant with soil moistu re at about field capacity (~0.03 M Pal and a compacted subsoil layer at 12 to 15 ern, All varieties declined in root length density and root weight at 1.05 MPa in the compacted zone (layer B) and in the layers above (layer A) and below (layer C) that zone (Fig. 10). Total root length density decreased by 62% as soil strength increased from 0.35 MPa (uncompacted) to 1.05 M Pa. As soil strength increased to 2.80 MPa, varieties did not differ significantly in root length density or in their response to the soil strength

Kincnoong

_·-IAC25

PolOng

.oLL __ ~

__ ~

40f-,

,
\ \

2.o1-~

\"-~
I I

.00.35

Control

1..05 1.7'6

2.80 Soi I slrength

.0 035 1..05 I 76 Conlrol

(M Po)

"'r--'--280

10. Effect of soil strength (layer 0) On root length density and root weigh; in clay loam soil maintained at about field capacily(eo-{I.03 MPa) for lSd. Soil strength was measured with a penetrometer before adding 12-crn

surface soil. IRRI, 1983.

18

IRRI At"N lJAI. REPORT

[COR IQ~J

Snoot dry wt / plant (g) 4r-~~~--~------------------------'

Root leng:th density (cmlcm3) 5: -Control

A" 0-5

0"11

B " 5-IOcm C "IO-15cm

o "15-20em

E =20-25cm

90

Plant Ill/plant

(em)

Sfress

Control Soil strength (MPa)

0.35

2..80

II. Effect. 0[50il strength on shoot.dry weight, tiller couru, and height. of rice All mean paLms ± 5.",. IR R I. 1983.

treatment levels in layers A, 8, and C. Variation in root length density at 0.35 MPa could relate to difference in tiller count (Fig. [I). The sa me trend occu rred in root weight excep tat 2.80 M Pa in layer A (Fig. 10) where root dry weights of most cultivars increased significantly and eq ualled or exceeded values at 0.35 M Pa, An impeding layer of greater soil strength in the subsoil strongly influenced response in layer A where 73% of the total root length density occu rred. IR36 had significantly higher root dry weight than the 3 other varieties in layer A at 2.80 MPa which indicated a corresponding increase in root diameter. Shoot dry weight of most varieties (Fig. I I) paralleled root dry weight in layer A at increased so iIstre ngth, High soi I strength increased tiller development especially in wetland varieties IR36 and lR52 by 10% at 1.76 MPa and by 40% at 2.80 M Pa (Fig. 1.1).There was no clear trend in plant height bu t upia nd varieties K j nandang Patong and IAC25 were consistently taller than the sernidwarf IR varieties. Response of rice root system to water stress in puddled soil (Agronomy). A greenhouse experiment with IR36 was conducted to understand the

.;r---....;; ........ -;.t::....._ .. 0

Ac--!:::::~--.-._..¢
o
2 10 12 6 8 Doys of!e; wi!h h oldiog Vloter
14

16

12. Effect of Water management depth. IRR! greenhouse, 1983.

00 root lengtn density over time and

response of the rice root system to water stress in puddled soil. The randomized complete block design experiment with. 4 replications involved 2 systems of water management: continuously flooded (2 em of standing water) and stress. Nine kilograms of ground , air-dried, and sieved Maahas clay soil was placed 25 em deep in 27-cm-de<;p plastic containers with an internal diameter of 23 cm at the top and 19 em at the bottom. Each container received fertilizer according to recommendations before transplanting, Two 21-d-old uniform-sized seedlings were transplanted into

Gl;:>I I'"IIC EVt\I.

A 110.'11 ANI)

lJi"II.IZA

no«

PRO<iRAM

7'1

Soil moisture ("I,,)

70

ShoOI dry I'll (g) 14 12

Percent of control

70

10

o
Days ofter withholding water 13. Soil moisture conteru of nooded greenhouse. 1983. and stress treatments. lRRI

10

12

14

16

Ooys afler will1holding water IS. Effect of water management on shoot dry weight accumulation.

IRRI greenhouse.

1983.

each container and thinned to I plant 7 d later. Watering for the stress treatment stopped 17 DT. The wei soil was frozen and later sectioned into 5-cm depths. A Root Length Scanner estimated root length density (RLO) from 0-25 em at every 5-cm-depth increment through a 16-d drying cycle. Figure 12 shows that differences in RLO between stressed

Down leaf waler potential

(MPa)

14 Days after withholding water 14. Dawn leafwaterpolentialofnoodedandslresStreatmems.IRRI greenhouse. 1983.

16

and flooded plants were negligible from day I to day 10. On day 12, stressed plants averaged ]1% less RLO than flooded plants, and on day 16,45% less. Slow root growth. old root death, reduced soil moisture (SM) (Fig. I J) and low dawn leaf water potential (DL WP) (Fig. 14) probably reduced RLD significantly after day 12. The effects of stress on plant dry weight were observable on day 6 but the decline was not dramatic (Fig. 15). By day 8, the dry weight of stressed plants was 36.5% less than that of the flooded plants and by day 16, 45.3% less. Leaf elongation rate (LER) was also reduced with moisture stress (Fig. 16). Onday 6, LER was 33% reduced Wilh49%SM and --0.09 MPa DLWP. The greatest reduction (94.0%) in LER was on day 16at 19% SM and -1.02 MPa OLWP_ Genetic studies on root systems (Plant Breeding). Genetic studies on root systems in the field were conducted to improve the selection method for deep-and-thick root characters. Seeds of two F~ bulk populations, IR20j Kinandang Patong and IR20j Moroberekan, and the parent lines were grown ina dry seedbed for 25-30 d. Root data on 500 F~ seedlings showed that in the cross IR201 Kinandang Patong the F~ distribution was continuous with transgressive segregation beyond parental limits (Fig. 17). Root length of the F;l seedlings varied from 5 to 21.5 em with mean root

RO

IR RI ANNUAL

REPORT

FO,R 19MJ

Percent ot control

Plonts (no.) 140

100

80

60

: o
2

_a. . ..'. .,..

:

,. .... ...... . ...

-"f;j••

...

•••J

40

20

10 12 14 6 8 Dc y s after wi thhol ding wale r

nl

16

Root Ienglh (em)

16. EIT or wa te r rna nag. me eCI

on LE R. IR R I greenhouse,

1983.

17. Distribution

and mean, of parent and F, plants by rootIengtn

classes in the ere ss IR20 (P 1)/ Kinandang Patong (P2) in the field. IR R l. 1983. So Iid horizo nta Iii n es show ra nges of the pa rents a bou I [he mean (circles): the arrow shows the mean ofthe F. population.

thickness of 0.65 mm ranging from 0.2 to 1.2 mm. Only L2% F2 plants transgressed the lower limit of the thin-rooted pa rent IR20 (Fig. 1"8). Root number also showed a continuous F2 distribution with slight positive skewed ness (Fig. 19). The number ranged from I to 76, having a mean of30. An F2 population of the same cross was grown in an aeroponic culture system. In both cultures, results indicated that root length, root thickness, and root number were controlled by multiple genes. IR20 had more dominant alleles for thin roots, while Kinandang Patong showed more dominant alleles for low root number and root length. In the IR20 I M oroberekao cross, the longer Moroberekan roots appeared to be governed by dominant alleles, Correlation analysis showed that root length is significantly related with root thickness (0.27**), plant height (0.96**), and tiller number (0.87**). Although there was a positive significant correlation between root length and root thickness, the value is rather low. However, it still indicates the possibility of selecting intermediate height plants with deep-and-thick root systems. This study demonstrated that it is possible to study the rice root system under field conditions when physical facilities and financial inputs of an experiment station are limited. The results also

Ptnnts (no.)

120

1.3 Root thickness (mm I

18. Distribution and mea ns or p3 rent and F, pia rus by rooi thickness classes in the cross IR20(PI)! Kinandang Palong{P2)in lher.eld.IRRI, 1983. Solid horizornallines show the range of the parerusabout
(circles): rhe arrow shows the mean of the F, populauon.

the mean

provide useful information on selecting progenies with deep and thick roots. Root characters of 25-day-old seedlings grown in a dry seedbed (Plant Breeding). A deep-and-

C E.\'ETIC EVAI.UA IIOX ,\XL) U III.IZA IIOX PRO{jRAM

81

Plants (nn)

oL-~_L

__ L--LL-L_~

__ L-_L~L-~~~

14 21 28

35 42 49 Root number

56 63

70 77

I <J. Dist ribuiion and mean" of parent and F, p.13 nts by rOOI number classes In rhe CrOSS IR20 (1'1)/ Kinandang Paiongj 1'2) in the field. IR R I. 1983. Solidhorizomal llres show the range of the parents about the mean (circles): the arrow shows the mean or the F" population.

thick-root system is useful in selecting for drought resistance. Fifteen rice varieties, including upland, aus, bulu, and semidwarf, were grown in a dry seedbed for 25 d during WS. Seedlings were gently pulled and roots were washed thoroughly before data were recorded. Kalakeri had the greatest mean root length (15.4 em) and IR20 the shortest (9.4 ern) (Table 12). The root length of traditional

upland vaneues ranged from 12.9 to 15.4 ern. Improved upland varieties had root lengths from 12.0 to 15.0 ern, Aus 61 had a mean root length of 13.4 em and the bulu variety Hawara Batu, 14.1 ern, lACs of Brazil and IT As of Nigeria had thick roots. Traditional upland varieties have thicker roots - 0.91 mm to 1.02 mm. IR20 had the thinnest roor, but the highest root number. Moroberekan and lAC25 had the lowest. Analysis of variances showed that the varieties had highly significant differences in root length, root thickness, and root number. Root systems of aus, bulu, and upland rices (Plan! Breeding). Traditional upland rices commonly have an avoidance mechanism to resist drought. Deep roots exploit the lower soil horizons for nutrients and water to meet the evaporative demand. Thick roots are important to water uptake and translocation; they allow easy flow through conducting vessels and thus prevent moisture stress. A comparative study of 6 parental varieties and 15 F, hybrids investigated rOOI system, water uptake, and similarities among the aus, bulu, and upland groups. An aeroponic culture of the root systems showed that upland varieties generally have deep and thick roots, higher root-to-shoot ratios, Lowest root numbers, and lowest root dry weight among the three varietal groups. Correlation analysis showed positive associa-

Table 12. Mean values of 3 root characters of 15 rice varieties grown in the field. I RRI, 1983 WS. Variety IR20 IR43 IR45 IRS'15·'·1·1 UPL Ri·7 ITA235 IAC25 IAC165 Black Gora Kalakeri Kinandang Patong Moroberekan 054 Aus 61 Hawara Baru Type of culture Lowland Lowland Lowland Improved upland Improved upland Improved upland Improved upland Improved upland Traditional upland Traditional upland Traditional upland Traditional upland Traditional upland Aus 8ulu Root length
(em)

Root thickness
(mm)

Root no. 32.8 24.9

9.4 11.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 14.4 15.0 14.5 15.0 15.4 13.0 12.9 13.0 13.4 14.1

0.52 0.69 0.76 0.67 0.95 1.03 1.08 1.09 0.98 , .02 0.92 0.91 0.94 0.82 0.93

17.1
21.3 21.8 18.7 14.1 15.9 23.1 23.8 15.3 12.3 12.9 16.1 17.7

Table 13. Matrix of correlations Tiller number Tiller PIani heigh t Root lengt'h 'ROOt number Root thickness Root dry weight Shoot dry weight Root·to·shoot 1.0000 -0.74719 0.42993n; 0.88373 -0.53115 0.65258 0.87586 -0.60878

among 8 traits .in6 parents and 15 Fl hybrids. JAAI, 1983. Plant height Root length Rool number Root thickness Root dry weight Shoot dry weight Hoot-toshoot

1.0000 0.66198 0.85843 -0. 17258n$ 0.75582 0.91340 -0.54887

1.0000 -0.49329 0,43303 0.91635 0.68512 0.07022ns

1.0000 -0.42911ns 0.70976 0.91417 -0.63967

1.0000 0,22769ns -0.19709n5 0.71087

1.0000 0.83225 -0.07231ns

1.0000 -0.57016

1,.0000

among eight root cha racters (Table 13). Root length was significantly and positively correlated with root thickness, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and plant height but not with the root-toshoot ratio. The correlation between root thickness and root-to-shoot ratio was positive and highly significant, but that between root thickness and tiller number was negative and significant. Root number was positively and highly significantly correlated with root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and tiller number. The unusual correla tion between plant height and root number was likely contributed by the bulu parents as they are both tal! and high in root number. However, there was a nega tive a nd highly significant correlation between root number and root-to-shoot ratio. The interrelationship of different root characters indicates that selection for one desirable root character could lead to improvement of others. A study on water uptake of three varietal groups in hydroponic culture was conducted in OS. The upJa nd group had significantly lower wa ter uptake than the drought-susceptible check IR20 (Table

Iions

14). Water uptake estimates for the aus and bulu groups were higher than for IR20. The aus and bulu groups have higher drought resistance than IR20 and also gave higher water uptake values. Therefore, the uptake data alone cannot be a criterion for drought resistance screening in hydroponic culture. Correlation coefficient values among varieties showed that the aus group is similar to upland and bulu groups in root lengt h. root thickness. and root number.

Root development of varieties grown in aeropanic culture (Plant Breeding). A preliminary study on root development of iO rice varieties in aeroponic culture included upland, aus, bulu, and two sernidwarf va rieties. Measurements at [4, 21 , and 28 D AS showed that most deep-rooted upland varieties ha ve a slower root elongation rate up to 2 1 OAS(Table r 5). From 21 to 28 DAS, however, the rate increased, with Kalakeri increasing most (13.4 cm) followed by Kinandang Patong (11.9 cm) .. The shallow-rooted IR20 rapidly incre4sed 5.4 ern at 2 r DAS, but further increase to

Table 14. Root characteristics and water uptake from sowing.a IRAI, 1983 OS. Root thickness (mm) 1.20 1.01 0.89 0.90 0.68 0.56 0.35 Root length
(em)

of 7 rice varieties measured

on the 30th day

Variatv

Root number

,Root dry weight (g) 0.59 0.60 0.83 0.86 0.85 0.89 0.45

Hoot-to-sf ratio 0.340 0.306 0.323 0.326 0.299 0.287 0.286

00 t

Water uptake/ plant (cc) 29 ..7 33,4 46.6 34.8 39.4 53.1 33.6

Moroberekan Kinandang Patong Au,61 Dular

Hawarabatu

Rodjolele IR20

27.5 21.0 26.1 24,4 22.3 25.1 19 .. . 0

38
51 39 47

74
81 87

a Average of 3 replicari ons.

(;10:-<,,'11(' EVAL'lJA :I"'IO,\;AND UITI.IZATION

I'ROGRAM

8.'

Table 15. Rootlangth of 10 cul tivars grown in aeroponic culture. I RRI .. 1'983 WS. Variety 14 DAS IR20 IR43 Black Gora
Kalakeri

Root length (em) 21 D.AS 12 .. 0 13.8 16.6 17.1 17.3 11.9 16.6 16.5 14.5 18.0 280AS 18.6 23.7 25.5 30.5 29.2 20.9 27.5 27.2 24.2 26.4

Kinandang Patonq Macuspana A 75 Moroberekan OS4 Aus 61 Hawsra Saw

6.6 7.5 12.3 12.6 11.8 8.3 11.6 12.5 10.1 16.3

Table 16. Root thickness of 1.0 eultivar$ panic culture. I RRI, 1983 WS. VarietY IA20 IA43 Black Gora
Kalakeri

grown

in aero-

Root thickness (mm) 140AS 0.53 0.57 0.63 0.62 0.77 0.58 0.65 0.62 0 .. 1 6 0.56 21 DAS 0.55 0.. 9 5 0.68 0.69 0.72 0.57 0.73 0.66 0.66 0.56 28 DAS 0.61 0.84 0 .. 6 9 0.91 1.02 0.71 0.92 0.87 0.97 0.90

20. lnsrrurnern seale Wilh heavyduty handleand clamp device used 10 measure force in kilograms required 10 pullrice plants from ihe soil.

Kinandang Patong Macuspana A 75 Moroberekan OS4 Aus 61 Hawara Satu

IRRI, 1.983.

28 DAS was almost the same {6.7 em}. Upland varieties also showed the thick root characteristic early. At 14 DA$, root diameter among the 10 varieties ranged from 0.53 rnrn of I R20 toO.77 mm of Kinandang Patong{TableI6). The thick-rooted varieties like OS4, M oroberekan, and K inandang Paiong grew 0.04 mm to 0.08 mm from 14102.1 DAS, andO.21 rnrn to 0.30 mmfrom 21 to 28 DAS. The thin-rooted IR20 and IR43 both grew 0.02 rnrn from 14 t02! DAS.IR20 grew 0.06 mm and IR43 0.25 rnrn from 21 to 28 DAS. Root pulling force as a means of evaluating drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice (Agronom)'). Earlier studies show a positive correlation between greater root pulling force and tolerance for drought possibly because deeper root systems can acquire more moisture. Since 1980 GEU elite breeding lines and the replicated yield trials (R YT) have been screened for root pulling force. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used to measure the force required to

pull the seed Iing. Two check varieties or Iines (I R20 and MGL 2 for GEU, IR36 and lR42 for RYT) were used each season. The root pulling force was measured by attaching a spring balance with maxi mum read ing indica tor to each seedling with a clamping device (Fig. 20) and raising the seedling out of the soil at a uniform rate. Ten hills per entry were pulled alternately in the center of the 2 inside rows in each 10-row plot. Varieties with insect pests and diseases were discarded and the maximum kg reading was recorded for each seedling at 25-30 DT. The test showed that IR 9729-6 7-3 and I R 19735-5~2-3-2-1 performed well for 3 or more years (Table 17). The test used transplanted seedlings and is most relevant to shallow wetland areas where water deficits decrease yield.
SOl L-P LANT·W ATER R ELA nONS HIPS

Agronomy Department Drought tolerance under limited rooting depth. A total of 105 GEU elite lines and selected varieties were evaluated in 2 seasons for drought tolerance and ability to recover from drought stress with rooting depth limited to 45 em. All entries were