1

INTRODUCTION Community is a group of people with diverse characteristics who are linked by social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical locations or settings.( MacQueen, McLellan 2001). Basically, the community is composed of people that signify its deep essence. Brought about by individual differences and commonalities of these persons, they share interests and perspectives which will eventually mold their respective views and principles. Furthermore, the environment also affects the overall stability of a community for that is where frequent interaction occur which greatly indicates the health of a community. Establishing community participation through community case study is vital for identifying the strengths, specifically its weaknesses to provide immediate action. To reach its main goals and objectives, a community case study formally establishes group individuals who take part in the research at all stages of the study. This group must ensure that the research responds to community needs and expectations, provides accesses to research benefits and involves informed consent. The goal of this community case study is to significantly obtain baseline information from the community in order to construct a systematic and effective ways of addressing the main health needs of the community. Consequently, this case study will enable the community people to realize and assume their responsibilities in expanding their knowledge and skills in terms of attaining optimum health into a certain degree.

STATEMENT OF OBJECTIVES Having realized the current situation of the community, the student nurses came up to organized the following objectives: GENERAL OBJECTIVES: To be able to recognize the needs of the community, plan suitable action and provide nursing intervention for the eradication of the health problems and for the residents to acquire knowledge and gain consciousness on their present health status. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: 1. Gather data and facts within the community through survey, interview and observation. 2. Identify the actual and potential health risk problems of the community in order to predict the harmful effects that can be prevented. 3. Disseminate information on their health needs. 4. Formulate suggestions and recommendations that will improve the health status of the community. 5. Implement plans that will answer the prioritized problems that will improve and enhance their current health status.
6. Discuss information that could be of use for future purposes. 7. To implement cooperation between the barangay officials and the community. 8. To be able to develop self reliance among the people of the community.

METHODOLOGY AND TOOL USED The methods that the student nurses used to gather data and information were observation, interview and survey. The survey form was adapted from the College of Nursing in UPHSD. The student nurses also gather data from what they see and hear. They utilized cameras to take pictures to emphasize certain topics for the health teaching. And to locate the specific areas such as the houses interviewed and resources present in the community, the student nurses used Spot Map. Another is the use of the Vicinity Map which was used for locating the proper location of the community area with a detail description on the boundaries of the said community. Lastly, the student nurses used Location Map to determine the route from the university to the assigned community.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The community study was conducted over the entire 40-45sq m land of Maliksi III. There are 39 households interviewed for the community study. The surveyed households represent the entire community. Important information like history of the barangay, mission and vision and the 10 leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the area was collected from the Barangay Hall and the Barangay Health Center respectively. The study intended to determine the needs of the community and to provide independent nursing intervention for the actual and potential health problems that are found in the community.

COMMUNITY PROFILE

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BACOOR, CAVITE Some accounts indicate that the town of Bacoor, also named Bakood or Bakoor (named after a species of bamboo), was founded in 1671. When the Spaniard troops arrived in "Bacoor", they met some local inhabitants in the process of building a fence around their house. The Spaniards ask the men what is the city's name, but because of the difficulties in understanding each other, the local inhabitants thought that the Spaniards were asking what they are doing. The men answered "Bakood". It was then pronounced Spanish which is "Bacoor" by the Spaniards soldiers and was soon officially called "Bacoor". Bacoor was also the site of the Battle of Zapote Bridge in 1899 which involved Philippine and American troops. It was in this battle where Gen. Edilberto Evangelista was killed. In the aftermath of the Philippine Revolution which coincided with the declaration of the first Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, Bacoor was designated as the first capital of the Philippine Revolutionary government by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo until it was transferred to Malolos, Bulacan. "Gargano" was then the revolutionary name assigned to Bacoor by Aguinaldo's henchmen.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MALIKSI III Before, Maliksi is only considered as one barangay, situated in between Barangay Talaba and Barangay Kaingin, but when the plebiscite of 1990 was implemented for the separation of each barangay, Maliksi was one of the many that were included. Thus, Maliksi was separated into three barangays: Maliksi I, Maliksi II, and Maliksi III. Barangay Maliksi III can be found north of Bacoor Bay, south of Maliksi II, east of Maliksi I, and west of Barangay Kaingin. Barangay Maliksi III currently has a total population of more than eight thousand (8,000) people and more than three thousand (3,000) of this said population is considered as legal voters with fifteen (15) precints solely available for the process of election. Almost fifty percent (50%) of the residents is living near the seaside of Bacoor Bay, thus declaring Barangay Maliksi III as one of the most depressed areas in the city of Bacoor. Barangay Maliksi III has an area of forty to forty-five (40-45) meter hectares. The community falls under the rurban category. Barangay Maliksi III has no other means for its residents livelihood and source of income except for a few fishponds and salt production available in their community. The are covers two (2) public cemeteries but no educational institutions are bordered except for one (1) private school that is attended by only a few students. There are no huge establishments dedicated for the peoples source of revenue aside from small sarisari stores. There are no covered courts available for the players of basketball and for many other sports, as well.

Official Seal of Barangay Maliksi III Brief explanation: As early 2007, the Sangguniang Barangay conceptualized the official seal of this barangay. After some discussions and deliberations, it was decided and approved to adopt the three(3) persons, the sea and the fastest shadow of the wind, as the official seal of the Barangay. It symbolizes the three(3) persons running faster than the wind for the fastest improvement of the barangay. They run towards the land and the sea where this barangay is located. The color black at the back of the three persons symbolizes the shadow of the fast running or fast improvements of the barangay. The color blue under the line of the persons symbolizes the sea where some of its products like seashells and seafoods came from. The color blue and red in the logo symbolizes the color of the sea and braveness of the barangay. Vision Maliksi III as one of the peaceful and prosperous community who has faith in God, obeyed the law that exists and trust in the strength of unity and intercessory in nature Mission Raise the level of living of the citizens and maintain a peaceful community. Objectives

8 To have an equal opportunity in attaining basic needs through efficient governance and to have an economic program dedicated for livelihood purposes.

MAPS

LOCATION MAP

10 SPOT MAP

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VICINITY MAP

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EIGHT SUBSYSTEMS

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Housing Every person has the right to have a dwelling place in order to achieve a sense of security-- the family home is where the basic foundation of a good citizenship develops through interaction that takes place within the family. The community of Maliksi III consists of families dwelling in different types of houses. The houses in the community are built close to each other. Some are makeshift houses or what we call barong-barong which is usually made of used wood or lumber and rusty galvanized iron sheets. There are also light houses made of galvanized iron and lumber. Mixed houses which are made of wood or concrete materials are also present in the community. The housing situation in the community is a health threat as the houses are built closely to each other which are prone to cross infection of diseases. Also, the materials used to build the houses are not safe and sturdy as it can cause accidents for the people. The people in the community do not practice tapat mo, linis mo instead they practice tapat mo, tapon mo which only increase the presence of garbage and pests in the community.

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Recreation The residents of Maliksi III engage in different recreational activities that help refresh their mind and body after work. The popular recreational activities in Maliksi III include basketball, billiards, and karaoke. The children enjoy playing the battle/adventure games at the mini arcades while most of the elderly unwind themselves by playing bingo and card games which are forms of gambling.

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Politics and Government Each municipality or city is composed of a number of villages or barangays. The barangay is the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines. It is governed by the Barrio Charter. The elective officials of the barangay include the Barangay Captain and the Barangay Councilors. The barangay council of Maliksi III is primarily composed of an organization of people that make and enforce laws for the betterment of the community. The barangay captain is recognized as the leader with his councils. The council gathers twice a month to discuss existing problems and future programs that concern the community. They make decisions through the process of voting. The existing political ordinances are the implementation of curfew hours which is from 10pm to 4am. This curfew is for those people 18 years old and below. The consequences of offenses are as follows warning (1st offense), cleaning of the surroundings (2nd offense) and cutting of hair (3rd offense) respectively. Their future political projects include having their own barangay hall, covered court, health center and Day Care Center. They also have basketball league programs every summer wherein they encourage and invite basketball players from all over the community to gather and participate in tournaments.

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Fire and Safety Fire is one of the most preventable accidents. It can be prevented if people in the community are aware of the fire safety measures and regulations. On the other hand, safety and security of individuals in the workplace and in their everyday living should also be given the most priority to achieve a healthy community. In Maliksi III, the nearest fire station available is located at Talaba VII, a neighboring barangay approximately 1.5 kilometers and about three minutes ride away via fire truck. The fire station is composed of 14 firefighters headed by SFO1 Pablito T. De Castro. They have five fire trucks but only three of them are functioning. This fire station serves the whole municipality of Bacoor, Cavite. They also have programs like the Fire Awareness Month every March where they promote fire awareness and prevention to the citizens of Cavite. During this month, fire officers will conduct lectures, briefings, information campaign and drills to drumbeat fire prevention and safety in the

18 region. However, promoting fire awareness to Barangay Maliksi III is a health related problem since there are no accessible and available roads for the fire trucks to enter. The fire station is open 24/7. In case of emergencies, the people can contact them through their hotline number: 471-60-60 or they can visit the office at Barangay Talaba VII, which is located in front of St. Dominic College of Arts and Sciences. With regards to the safety and protection of the community, the most accessible police station available in the community is located at Talaba IV, about 1.5 kilometers from the barangay. This police station serves the whole municipality of Bacoor, Cavite. According to them, the major cases in the municipality including Maliksi III are hold-ups and robberies. PSupt. Ramil Montilla, act as the chief-of-police in the said police station. They have a total of 119 PNP officials. For wider security coverage in the community they have 4 police community precincts (PCPs) which includes; Mary Homes PCP, Soldier Hills PCP, Zapote PCP, and Panapaan PCP. Moreover, barangay Maliksi III have their own Barangay Tanod. They monitor and observe also curfew hours from 10:00 pm4:00 am for the minors aged 18 years old and below. Those found loitering past the curfew will be sent home to their guardian and will be given a warning.

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Education Every child is entitled to receive the quality education they need. It is essential to the growth and development of individuals and of societies because it helps to provide a strong foundation as it creates opportunities for a successful and productive future. A quality education equips children the knowledge, skills and attitude they need to adopt a healthy lifestyle as well as take on an active role in becoming a socially, economically and politically educated individual. The children of Maliksi I, II, and III go to the Maliksi Elementary School which is located along Evangelista Road. The school is approximately .5 kilometers away from Barangay Maliksi III. The Maliksi Elementary School contains an open area (for activities), clinic, library, guidance office/faculty room, science laboratory and 32 classrooms.

20 The ratio of teachers to students is 50:1 while the ratio of teachers to classroom is 1:1. In terms of facilities, a classroom is inclusive of 4 electric fans and 1 comfort room. The personnel of the school are composed of 50 teachers, 1 janitor and 1 guard. The schedules of the students vary depending on their year level. Grade 1 to 4 is from 6 am to 12 pm and 12 pm to 6 pm. On the other hand, Grade 5 and 6 have whole day classes. Their Association includes: 1. Parent-teacher community association 2. Maliksi Elementary School (MES) teachers association Below is the table showing the total number of enrollees per year level. Primary Primary 1 2 3 4 Total Intermediate 5 6 Total Over-all Male 277 221 195 182 875 Male 158 155 313 1501 Female 260 144 156 163 723 Female 146 163 309 1342 total 537 415 351 345 1648 Total 304 318 622 2892

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Communication Communication between the barangay council and the people of Maliksi III is an essential aspect in creating a healthy relationship. It promotes the transparency and accountability of the barangay council in their decision making and way of leading the community. To disseminate information to the entire community, barangay officials roam around the community using a megaphone. This method not only helps inform the residents but it is also effective in organizing the people in case of emergencies. Some concerned residents personally relay important information to their neighborhood. The residents use tagalog, bisaya and bicolano dialects to communicate with each other. Also, they use their mobile phones as a mode of communication. Furthermore, the barangay officals conduct general assemblies twice a month to inform everyone of the current situation of their community. In this assembly, they all discuss how to find feasible and attainable solutions to develop and improve their community.

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Health The World Health Organization (WHO) clearly defined health as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of a disease or infirmity. Thus, health must be prioritized by all as it can greatly improve and enhance our way of total living. The Local Government Units (LGU) priority is to address all the basic needs of each locality by going to different communities particularly in promoting the health of each individual. Thus, establishing health centers to remote areas is a good way to give service to those needy people. The People of Maliksi III are greatly concerned about the problem of a distant health center that will provide them with their basic health needs. The nearest health center is located in Maliksi I. The personnel in charge of the health center is composed of one rural health midwife, Lolita Domingo and two barangay health workers namely: Socorro Bornel and Connie Llanita. The ratio of health personnel to clients or patients is 1: 28. The health center extends its services to Maliksi I, II, and III. The availability of medical facilities and supplies need immediate attention as well as the number of healthcare personnel and manpower. According to the health providers, the main problem of the health center is the supply of medicines needed for common illnesses such as colds, fever and cough. They also noted that delivery of the medicines come yearly instead of quarterly which is recommended. Another problem of the health center is the lack of spacing which is needed for proper health care delivery. Below is the schedule of the health center from Monday to Friday, 8:00 am - 5:00 pm

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MONDAY Family Planning

TUESDAY Check- up Pre-Natal

WEDNESDAY E.P.I Family Planning Check-Up

THURSDAY E.P.I Check-up

FRIDAY Pre-Natal Check-up

Check-up

Check-up

Check-up

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Economics The source of income of the residents of Barangay Maliksi III comes from their micro-entrepreneurship activities such as small stores (sari sari store), eateries, and also from leisure activities of karaoke, and mini arcades. Since the barangay is situated near large bodies of water, most of the residents work as fishermen.

BARANGAY ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

25

26

HEALTH CENTER ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Mrs. Len Domingo Rural Health Midwife

Mrs. Susana Bornel Barangay Health Worker

Mrs. Susana Lianita Baranagay Health Worker

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FAMILY STRUCTURE

28 Total Estimated Population of the Barangay Barangay Maliksi III has a population of four thousand eight hundred thirty eight (4838). This is according to the National Statistics Office (NSO, last 2007) Population Density Four thousand eight hundred thirty eight (4838) of the total population of the area surveyed divided by forty-five (45) square meters, total number of square meters in the surveyed area multiplied by one hundred (100) is equal to the population density which is two hundred forty (240). Total population of the Area Surveyed There are one hundred eighty-two (182) total population from thirty-nine (39) households surveyed. Males have greater population of ninety-nine (99) or fifty-four (54%) than females which has a total of eighty-three (83) or forty-five (45%) percent. Total Families Surveyed There are forty one (41) total families from thirty nine (39) households surveyed. There is one case that there are 3 families in one household making it a total of 41 families. Most families are composed of a maximum of four (4) members which are classified as a small sized family. The rest of the families are classified as medium and large size with 5-6 and 7 and above members respectively. Majority of the families cannot afford to support their family members due to certain reasons like poverty. That scenario leads to poor health condition of the community as a whole. Total Number of Household Surveyed A total number of thirty nine (39) households were surveyed out of approximately three thousand (3000) households situated in Maliksi III. Each of the thirteen (13) student nurses have chosen three (3) households to survey. They asked questions based on the survey provided by the university. These questions were about their present family

29 structure, economic, socio cultural, housing, environment and family healthcare. Aside from the survey questionnaire method, observation was used to gather data needed for the community case study.

30 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Age and Sex of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 1
Age 0-1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65> TOTAL Male 5 22 15 10 4 13 4 11 5 3 3 0 3 0 1 99 Percentage 5.05 22.22 15.15 10.10 4.04 13.13 4.04 11.11 5.05 3.03 3.03 0.00 3.03 0.00 1.01 54.40 Female 3 13 9 8 4 14 11 6 5 5 1 1 0 1 2 83 Percentage 3.61 15.66 10.84 9.64 4.82 16.87 13.25 7.23 6.02 6.02 1.2 1.20 0.00 1.20 2.41 45.60 TOTAL 8 35 24 18 8 27 15 17 10 8 4 1 3 1 3 182 Percentage 4.40 19.2 13.19 9.8 4.40 14.84 8.24 9.3 5.49 4.40 2.20 0.55 1.65 0.55 1.65 100.00

31 Figure 1

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows the age distribution between male and female. The total surveyed population was one hundred eighty two (182), there are thirty nine (39) households and forty one (41) families, where in two (2) of the households that the researchers have interviewed and have surveyed are extended families. Based on the table and graph above, there is a high percentage of male population ages one to four (1-4) years old with twenty two percent (22%) of the total survey in male population. The lowest frequencies are between fifty to fifty four (50 - 54) and sixty to sixty four (60 64) years old with zero percent (0%) of the total surveys in male population. On the other hand, there are a high percentage of female population ages twenty to twenty four (20 24) years old with seventeen percent (17%) of the total survey in female population. The

32 lowest frequencies are between forty five to fifty four (45 - 54) and sixty to sixty four (60 - 64) years old with one percent (1%) of the total surveys in female population. Some of the male and female population falls between ages one to four (1 - 4) years old. Children within this age bracket are highly dependent on their parents. Risk of unintentional injuries among these children is highly probable and this may be prevented through constant supervision of adults at all times. Some of the female population falls between ages twenty to twenty four (20 - 24) years old. Having a higher percentage in the twenty to twenty four (20 - 24) age brackets implies that there is a possibility that the population within the barangay will increase as manifested by the number of women within the fertility years of twenty to twenty four (20 - 24) years old. Women within this age bracket are highly productive. According to their employment status, eleven (11) out of fourteen (14) females within this age bracket are unemployed. Unemployed females have more time staying at home and there is a tendency of being sexually active and thus this will result to an increase in the population of the barangay. According to a research made by demographers, and in particular population economists, there is a strong connection between falling fertility and increasing female participation in the labor market. This is because female employment and child-rearing are in competition with each other. Until the early 1980s, the association between fertility rates and female labor-force participation rates in the OECD countries was a negative one. Recent empirical studies, however, reveal the existence of a reverse pattern: a positive correlation between fertility and female employment.

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http://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/press/1058.htm Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Age and Sex Ratio of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 2

Age 0-1 1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65> TOTAL

Male 5 22 15 10 4 13 4 11 5 3 3 0 3 0 1 99

Percentage 5.05 22.22 15.15 10.10 4.04 13.13 4.04 11.11 5.05 3.03 3.03 0.00 3.03 0.00 1.01 54.40

Female 3 13 9 8 4 14 11 6 5 5 1 1 0 1 2 83

Percentage 3.61 15.66 10.84 9.64 4.82 16.87 13.25 7.23 6.02 6.02 1.20 1.20 0.00 1.20 2.41 45.60

Figure 2

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Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table and graph above shows the total frequency of males which is ninety nine (99) or fifty four percent (54%) of the total surveyed population and the total frequency of females is eighty three (83) or forty six (46%) of the total surveyed population. At present, women can now do certain jobs. According to the employment status of both male and female, forty two (42) out of ninety nine (99) in the surveyed population of male and two (2) out of eighty three (83) in the surveyed population of female are employed. This implies that most families still believe in the traditional family setting where in the male member of the family, especially the father, is the bread winner of the family. There are three key objectives and instruments of an effective population policy. First, is to reduce unwanted fertility (or to meet unmet needs for contraception) through a strong national family planning program, i.e., one that allows a choice among both traditional and modern methods of contraception. Family planning services, comprising good information and effective contraceptive means, should be made readily available to low-income couples who want such services. Second, raising the quality of basic education, reducing infant mortality, fostering womens empowerment, and increasing employment opportunities for women would result in a smaller desired family size and

35 reinforce the decline in fertility. Third, womens empowerment and job opportunities would also lead to later childbearing and wider birth spacing that slow population momentum. Slowing population momentum, like the first and second objectives, also requires fully responsive and effective family planning programs.

http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/si/si001990.htm Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Female Reproductive Age of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 3

Age 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 TOTAL Figure 3

Frequency 4 14 11 6 5 5 1 46

Percentage 9 30 24 13 11 11 2 100

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Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows a high percentage between twenty to twenty four (20 - 24) age groups which is thirty percent (30%) of the total number of female ages fifteen to forty nine (15 - 49). The womans body is fully grown at the age of twenty (20). The twenty five to twenty nine (25 - 29) age groups have eleven (11) respondents with twenty four percent (24%). Thirteen percent (13%) or six (6) respondents were under thirty to thirty four (30 - 34) age group. Pregnancy from twenty to twenty four (20 - 24) years of age produces stronger and healthier babies than it occurs at a younger age. Risk of pregnancy is in the age of fifteen to nineteen (15 19) and thirty five to forty nine (35 - 49) years old. Women of this age are at risk of pregnancy as their bodies are not fully developed. However, as the women ages thirty five (35), her pregnancy becomes difficult because her body tends to be overworked or worn out from activities and thus takes time to recover after giving birth. Other risks of pregnancy are women who are either underweight or overweight and those women who suffer illnesses during her pregnancy.

37 A research made by The Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) states that most young people begin having sex in their mid-to-late teens, about eight (8) years before they marry. Each year, almost one (1) million teenage womenten percent (10%) of all women aged fifteen to nineteen (15-19) and nineteen percent (19%) of those who have had sexual intercourse--become pregnant. Seven (7) in ten (10) teen mothers complete high school, but they are less likely than women who delay childbearing to go on to college. In part because most teen mothers come from disadvantaged backgrounds, twenty eight percent (28%) of them are poor while in their 20s and early 30s; only seven percent (7%) of women who first give birth after adolescence are poor at those ages. One third of pregnant teens receive inadequate prenatal care; babies born to young mothers are more likely to be low-birth-weight, to have childhood health problems and to be hospitalized than are those born to older mothers. Therefore, pregnancy during ages fifteen to nineteen (15 - 19) should be minimized because it may imply increase in population and increase in poverty wherein the needs of a child in terms of health may not be met. Involving oneself to recreational activities and income generating activities may help minimize teenage pregnancy.

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http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/si/si001990.htm Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Civil Status of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 4 CATEGORY Single Married Live-in Widow Total Figure 4 FREQUENCY 13 40 42 2 97 PERCENTAGE 14 41 43 2 100

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Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the civil status between male and female ages fifteen (15) and above. There is high percentage of the live-in couples with forty - three percent (43%) of the total surveyed population. Forty one percent (41%) are married, thirteen percent (14%) are single, two percent (2%) are widow and zero percent (0%) of the total surveyed population whose civil status is separated. Based on the graph, forty three (43%) of the total surveyed population are live-in couples. This implies that most couples think that marriage is very expensive and their income is not sufficient to involve oneself in marriage rites. Forty one percent, (41%) of the total surveyed population are married which implies that they value the sacrament of marriage. Thirteen percent, (13%) of the total surveyed population are single which implies that they may focus more on being productive at work. Productivity may contribute to the development in the economic system within the barangay.

40 Most of the people in Brgy. Maliksi III are married, this means that they value the sacrament of marriage. According to the Catholic teachings, we should give importance and significance in the religious dimension of marriage and the family. They cited the phenomenon of many recent matrimonial cases and observed that there is a pattern. The pattern is the diminishing awareness of the spouses of the significance of the sacramentality of the Christian marriage. Spouses do not consider anymore the transcendence of Christian marriage, its intimate meaning, its intrinsic supernatural value, its positive effects on the conjugal life and family. A person who is cut off from that religious dimension of marriage is in a quandary. The Catholic churches enjoined the audience to help the families to value the significance of the sacramentality of marriage in their own lives. They also urged them to always consider the religious dimension when dealing with sacramental marriage. We are in the position to defend and to promote the traditional values of marriage and family. The Church Magisterium is enjoining to have an integral vision of marriage, appreciate the significance of the sacramentality of Christian marriage, and put the spouses and children at the center of the law.

http://www.impactmagazine.net/v39v09/Christian%20Marriage%20and%20Family.htm Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Type of Family of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 5

CATEGORY Nuclear Extended Total

FREQUENCY 37 2 39

PERCENTAGE 95 5 100

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Figure 5

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the type of family of the total families surveyed. There is a high percentage of nuclear families with ninety five percent, (95%) of the total families surveyed. On the other hand, five percent (5%) of the total surveyed are extended families. A high number of families that were surveyed are nuclear family which implies that most of the families value their time with their family members. Married and live-in couples tend to build their own family independently from their parents. Five percent (5%) of the total families surveyed are extended family which implies that these families value close family ties between grandparents and grandchildren. Close family ties implies development of good character personality and attitude among individuals. The traditional nuclear family basically is made up of a father, mother and a couple of children or so, and hence is compact and small. The fathers role is of providing for the family as well as protecting it, while also being the familys disciplinary role model. The womans role within the traditional nuclear family consists of housework and motherhood. Children that grow up in a single-parent household have higher chances of

42 feeling a sense of loss regarding the absent parent, and miss out on the advantage of the emotional support and dual insights that both a father and a mother can provide. With both the father and the mother, children get a better sense of what is acceptable and unacceptable, as far as behavior is concerned, especially when both the parents look after their nurturing. Nuclear families usually have more physical and emotional resources with which they can reinforce the whole. Through observing their parents and by following the examples set by them, children learn how to help in the building of the family. When children grow up in an extended family, they get a sense consistency, especially when it also includes closeness with other members of the family such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, and cousins. This enables them to feel as if they are a part of a wider whole, particularly during traditional get-togethers. This provides a strong foundation to their roots, and can be a guiding principle all their lives.

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-the-traditional-nuclear-family.html Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Family Size of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 6

CATEGORY SMALL MEDIUM LARGE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 23 12 4 39

PERCENTAGE 59 31 10 100

43 Figure 6

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows the frequency and percentage distribution of the family size of the total families surveyed. There is high percentage of small sized families with fifty nine percent, (59%) of the total families surveyed. Thirty one percent, (31%) are medium-sized families and ten percent, (10%) of the total families surveyed are largesized families. Most of the families surveyed are small-sized family which implies that the monthly income per household may be enough to sustain the needs of the family. Thirty one percent (31%) are medium sized family which implies that the monthly income per household may be sufficient to attain the needs of the family. Ten percent, (10%) of the families surveyed are large-sized family which implies that the monthly income per household may be insufficient in attaining the needs of the family. Insufficient budget especially for the health needs of the family may cause death of a family member and thus increase the mortality rate within the barangay. The size of the family is a matter of great importance not only for the country as a whole but also for the welfare and health of the individual, the family and the community. Financial conditional of family is deeply related to the size of the family. A

44 living cost of large family is surely much higher than small family. Parents can easily fulfill the needs of one or two children. They can provide them best education and look after them very well whereas when there are many children to look after parents just cannot look even the basic needs of the children. Therefore, as a result, children suffer, the parents suffer and nation suffers. Parents can look after their child properly if they have one or two children. They can pay due attention to their upbringing and needs. Parents can give them their best support. Naturally, the children will grow into good citizens. Family size also affect the health, especially that of mother and child. Frequent pregnancies can cause illness to both mother and children. It can disrupt the health of the women. It puts mother and babys health at risk. So having a small family definitely leads to healthy and happy family.

http://www.uberarticles.com/home-and-family/relationships/advantages-of-small-family

45

ECONOMIC

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Employment Status of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 7

Category Employed Self-employed Unemployed

Frequency 22 36 36

Percentage 24 38 38

46 Total 94 100

Figure 7

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows the percentage of employed status of families surveyed in Barangay Maliksi III. It shows that unemployed and Self-Employed got the highest percentage with thirty eight percent (38%) and Employed with twenty four percent (24%). Employed are those individuals that have a fix income and who is earning money. Unemployed are those individuals that do not have a job and is totally dependent. Based on the data above, many individuals are unemployed due to lack of proper education. Majority of the people have completed Elementary level only. That is why they cannot get a job and only few of them had reached the college level. Therefore, those jobless

47 individuals are not earning money and cannot provide the basic necessities of their family. Self-employed individuals do not have a fix income. Because their income depends on the range of what they had sold. Significance of this, most individual in Barangay Maliksi III are totally dependent. Of the 16.4% of families whose heads were unemployed in 2000, 15.7% were poor. Of the employed household heads, poverty rates were higher among the selfemployed than the wage earners, 36.5% and 23.6% respectively.

http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Poverty-in-the-Philippines/chap6.pdf

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Types of Occupation of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 8

Type of Occupation Blue Collar Job Total

Frequency 58 58

Percentage 100% 100%

48

Figure 8

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows a total percentage of hundred percent (100%) to blue collar jobs. This is the type of occupation wherein the person did not attain a college degree resulting into a non-professional nature of employment. White Collar job got zero percent (0%) to families surveyed. Engaging into a Blue Collar Job isnt enough to a family especially if it is a big family. Basically, it gives a small amount of salary to an individual resulting to insufficiency of financial resources leading for the family to inadequately sustain all the basic requirements to maintain health. Eventually, the family would decline holistically.

49 A blue-collar worker is a member of the working class who typically

performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. What's ironic is that the laborers who made these expensive goods get only small and insignificant salaries. In most cases, these salaries are so meager that it can't even support a family and provide them with a decent and comfortable lifestyle. This is the result of poverty. Workers, especially here in the Philippines, don't get enough or equal compensation for their time and sweat. In an effort to lower production costs and make a bigger profit, the salaries of some laborers are sometimes kept below the minimum wage. They'll eventually lack the money to put food on the table and clothes on their backs.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-collar_worker http://library.thinkquest.org/25009/people/people.laborers.html Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Types Blue Collaqr Job of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 8.A Blue Collar Job Electrician Barber Manicurist Store Employee Kargador Fisherman Frequency 1 1 1 1 1 11 Percentage 2 2 2 2 2 19

50 Fish Vendor Traffic Aide Delivery man Vendor Carpenter Entertainer Driver Janitor Latero Labandera Construction worker Helper Saleslady Merchandiser Carwash boy Security guard Porter 16 2 1 6 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 27 3 2 10 3 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2

Total 58 100 Graphical Presentation of Frequency Distribution Showing the Types of Blue Collar Job of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009

51 Figure 8.A

52

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Monthly Income of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 9

53

Category

Frequency 4 10 13 6 10 8 3 3 1 58

Percentage 7 17 23 10 17 14 5 5 2 100

< 1,000 1,000-2,999 3,000-4,900 5,000-6,999 7,000-8,999 9,000-10,999 11,000-12,999 13,000-14,999 15,000-and above Total Figure 9

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

54 The tables above show the frequency and percentage distribution showing the monthly income of the surveyed families. Majority of the respondents monthly income ranges from 3,000-4,900 pesos with twenty three percent (23%). Seventeen percent (17%) of the respondents both have an income ranging from 1,000-2,999 and 7,0008,999, fourteen percent (14%) earns 9,000-10,999, ten percent (10%) earns 5,000-6,999, seven percent (7%) earns less than 1,000, five percent (5%) both earns 13,000-14,999 and11,000-12,999 while two percent (2%) earns 15,000 pesos and above on a monthly basis. Based on the data above, majority of the population only earns 3,000-4,900 a month which is not enough for their daily needs. This is because majority of the people are unemployed and self-employed. Especially if they have a large number of family and have to pay their monthly expenses like the rent of the house, electric bill, and everyday foods. But if the member has only two or just starting to have a family, it could probably have an exact budget but still it is quite low. And as a relation to the types of jobs, all of the families that we interviewed were blue collar jobs. Therefore, it shows that they earn a low salary and sometimes their salary depends on the number of fishes they had caught. The significance of this are poverty and malnutrition, because they cannot provide a nutritious food for their family due to financial status, and children are prone to sickness. Higher education is one of the most effective ways that parents can raise their families incomes. There is clear evidence that higher educational attainment is associated with higher earnings. Over the past two decades, parents with less education have been losing economic ground. Policies that support education for low-income parents and children offer them the potential for lasting economic security.

http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_685.html

55

SOCIO-CULTURAL

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Educational Attainment of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009

56

Table 10 Category No formal education Elementary level High school level High School Graduate College Level College Graduate Total Frequency 3 67 30 21 4 1 126 Percentage 2 53 24 17 3 1 100

Figure 10

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

57 The tables above show the frequency and percentage distribution showing the educational attainment of the surveyed families. Majority of the respondents educational attainment is the elementary level with fifty three percent (53%). Twenty four percent (24%) reached the high school level; seventeen percent (17%) graduated high school, three percent (3%) reached the college level, two percent (2%) have no formal education, and one percent (1%) graduated in college. The data shows most of the residents in Barangay Maliksi III have only attained the elementary level because of their financial status. And only few of them can support their studies. Therefore, we will notice that those individuals that reached the elementary level are the ones that in the blue collar jobs. So the significance of this is, it is hard for them to find a job and they will only earn a low salary. And also, because of lack of proper education, they dont have the knowledge about certain illnesses and diseases and how to prevent this. Poverty causes many Filipinos to not pursue their education. Others seem to be contented of their lives as poor. While others seem to work by labor, the economy of the country is also affected in such a way that the economic activities are too domestic in nature, and decreasing the country's ability to make a way to international economics

http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20090825012658AAnCvM3 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Religion of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite

58 As of December 2009 Table 11

Religion Roman Catholic Born Again Iglesia ni Kristo Total

Frequency 78 2 1 81

Percentage 96 3 1 100

*4 Parents and 1 widow from one extended family Figure 11

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

59 The graph shows that Roman Catholic has the highest percentage with ninety six percent (96%). Three percent (3%) are Born Again Christian while Iglesia ni Kristo has one percent (1%). Roman Catholic has the highest respond gained among the other religion presented with a great difference to the Born Again Christian and Iglesia ni Kristo. With a great population of persons, that is catholic have a significant effect on the health of people. One, for example, is that Catholics do have abstinence and fasting. They do not constraint their selves in food except when holy week comes. Despite the tremendous amount of research over the past two decades on religion, spirituality and health, the relationship between religion and health remains poorly understood today and at times controversial. Largely unknown are the pathways (mechanisms) by which religion can positively or negatively influence mental, social, and physical health. There is growing epidemiological data and some evidence from clinical trials that there is more than just an association between religion and health, and that the direction of this relationship is from religion towards health, but this has still not been empirically established and the mechanism for such a claim remains uncertain. Hundreds of cross-sectional studies show a connection between religion, better mental health and greater well-being.

http://www.spiritualityandhealth.duke.edu/resources/pdfs/RFP%20Background%20pdf.pdf

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Place of Origin of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite

60 As of December 2009 Table 11

Place of Origin Luzon Visayas Mindanao TOTAL Figure 11

Frequency 42 29 10 81

Percentage 52 36 12 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The pie shows that the highest percentage of place of origin of the total no. of families surveyed is from Luzon with (52%) fifty two percent, Next is the Visayas with

61 (36%) thirty six percent and lastly, Mindanao with the lowest percentage of place of origin with (12%) twelve percent. The data shows that (52%) fifty two percent of families surveyed are from Luzon. Knowing that Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite is part of Luzon, it implies that people will tend to reside nearer from their place of origin. On the other hand, residents who originated from Mindanao have the least percentage among the three. Luzon is defined as the largest and economically and politically important island in the Philippines, it offers a wide range of job opportunities compared to Visayas and Mindanao, an evident proof why people of Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite chose not to move from their current location.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Length of Residency of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009

62 Table 12

CATEGORY Less than six months More than six months TOTAL

FREQUENCY 2 37 39

PERCENTAGE 5 95 100

Figure 12

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows a high percentage of families living in Barangay Maliksi III for over six months with ninety five percent (95%). Only five percent (5%) of the total

63 number of families surveyed have been living in the same barangay for less than six months. The graph depicts that the community has a considerable number of families who have been living in Barangay Maliksi III for more than six months. This high percentage only implies that these families have already known each other for very long and, at one point or another, have interacted and worked together to attain one specific goal or finish a particular task. Within this length of time, a deep sense of bayanihan had already developed among its residents, rendering the community capable of acting as one to help its members in times of need. With everyones cooperation and volunteered help, any amount of work could easily be handled by the community, eventually leading to a faster, more efficient means of solving a certain crisis or situation. Bayanihan, as described by Wikipedia, is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan, referring to a nation, town or community. However, it is also taken from the root word bayani meaning "hero". Thus, bayanihan means being a hero to one another. As in the classic tradition of carrying a house, each man carries a portion of the weight of the house and in effect, becomes a hero for all the others because he lightens the load for the others. Each man thus becomes a Hero to everyone as all the others become a Hero to him. In brief conclusion, the whole term bayanihan refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanihan Frequency and Distribution Table Showing the Type of House Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Type of Housing of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite

64 As of December 2009 Table 13

CATEGORY Strong Light Mixed Makeshift TOTAL

FREQUENCY 1 20 8 10 39

PERCENTAGE 3% 51% 20% 26% 100%

Figure 13

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Strong 3%

51%

Strong 26% 20% Light Mixed Makeshift

Light

Mixed

Makeshift

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows a high percentage of houses made up of light materials with fiftyone (51%) percent. Cogon, nipa, and anahaw are considered as light materials. Houses

65 built with makeshift materials had twenty-six (26%) of the total population of families surveyed. Examples of makeshift materials are scrap galvanized iron sheets, planks of wood or pieces of lawanit, dilapidated boxes, etc, which are usually salvaged from burned or condemned structure. Twenty percent (20%) are living in houses comprised of mixed materials. Examples of these include concrete materials, wood, and lumber. Three percent (3%) of the total number of families surveyed is occupying a house constructed from strong materials. Galvanized iron/aluminum, tile, concrete, brick, stone, and asbestos are examples of strong materials. The given data shows that there is a considerable number of families living in a house built of light materials. Houses made up of light materials, if compared to houses constructed from strong materials, can easily be damaged by changes in weather, calamities, and other external forces of nature, and these are all health threats to the family. Only few people could afford construction materials such as galvanized iron sheets or concrete to build their houses, and a considerable number of families opted to use dilapidated boxes and planks of wood due to financial constraint. The purpose of a house is to provide protection and give shelter to its residents. An ideal house is one made out of strong materials such as galvanized iron/aluminum, brick, stone, or asbestos. A house constructed from light materials, on the other hand, cannot efficiently protect the individuals from harm. This was proven true by a study conducted by Gillian S. Windle, Housing related difficulties, housing tenure and variations in health status: evidence from older people in Wales, where it showed that the owner occupiers reported the least housing difficulties and the best health status while those in public rented properties experienced the most difficulties and the poorest health.

http://www.sciencedirect.com Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Land Ownership of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009

66

Table 14

CATEGORY Squatter TOTAL Figure 14

FREQUENCY 39 39

PERCENTAGE 100 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows that one hundred percent (100%) of the total number of families interviewed are currently living in a squatter settlement.

67

One of the dilemmas that urban migrants face is the desire to have their own lands to build their houses. From the data gathered, a hundred percent (100%) of the thirty-nine (39) total population of the families surveyed falls below the third category (squatter). A squatter settlement can be defined as a residential area which has developed without legal claims to land and/or permission from the concerned authorities to build; as a result, infrastructures and services are usually inadequate, such as water supply, sanitation, electricity, toilet facilities, and even proper drainages are not sufficiently and efficiently met, thus resulting to the communitys poor health maintenance. A squatter (in the concise Oxford Dictionary) is a person who settles on new especially public land without title; a person who takes unauthorized possession of unoccupied premises. Therefore, a residential area occupied by squatters becomes a squatter settlement. Research shows that overcrowding and unauthorized housing has resulted in serious environmental and health problems while illegal settlements are causing huge losses in revenues. There is no universal quick-fix that can solve all the problems of squatting in all parts of the developing world. Considering the inevitability of squatting, the need is primarily for a change in attitude towards squatting, squatters, and squatter settlements. One approach that has been receiving considerable attention from public authorities has been the enabling approach, where the governments have strived to create an enabling environment, under which people could find unique local solutions for their housing and shelter problems by using and generating their own resources.

http://www.gdrc.org/uem/define-squatter.html Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the House Ownership of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 15

68

CATEGORY OWNED RENTED RENT FREE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 30 6 3 39

PERCENTAGE 77 15 8 100

Figure 15

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows that seventy-seven percent (77%) of the families surveyed has their own house. Fifteen percent (15%) rents while eight percent (8%) are not paying for their house rent.

69

The highest percentage of families surveyed owned their houses, which means that instead of allotting a certain budget for the rental fees of their house, they can use it in buying the essential needs of their family such as food and medicine. Ownership, as defined by Wikipedia, is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an object, land/real estate or intellectual property. It involves multiple rights, collectively referred to as title, which may be separated and held by different parties. House ownership is one contributing factor that can affect ones health. According to a study conducted by M Laaksonen, Home ownership and mortality: a register-based follow-up study of 300 000 Finns, renters had higher mortality than owner-occupiers even after adjusting for household income, occupational class, and educational level. Also, home ownership may indicate material living standards and cumulative wealth that cannot sufficiently of the factors producing inequalities in health. be captured by conventional socioeconomic indicators. Analyzing home ownership may thus increase understanding.

http://jech.bmj.com/content/62/4/293.abstract Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Adequacy of the Household Lighting of Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 16

70

CATEGORY ADEQUATE INADEQUATE TOTAL

FREQUENCY 15 24 39

PERCENTAGE 38 62 100

Figure 16

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows that sixty two percent (62%) of the total number of families surveyed have inadequate lighting while thirty eight percent (38%) of them have adequate lighting in their homes.

71 The data shows that the highest percentage of the total number of families surveyed have an inadequate household lighting on their homes which indicates that old aged people will be at risk of accidents and school aged children will have a hard time studying which may lead to bad study habits. In considering light, we are not only interested in the effect of over or under illumination, but also the spectral composition of light. Not only will it be a greater reliance on natural light reduced energy consumption, but will favorably impact to human health and performance. For example, it is clear that student test scores are improved for school aged children who learn in the presence of greater natural light. Research indicates that full spectrum lighting may, in the same way as natural sunlight act to boost immune system and perhaps provide a positive health benefit. Studies also suggest that the negative health consequences of improper lighting may include: stress, headaches, fatigue, as well as a decrease in sexual function and in anxiety levels.

http://www.healthyhouse.org http://en.wikipedia,org/wiki/lighting Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Adequacy of Household Ventilation of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 17

72

CATEGORY ADEQUATE INADEQUATE TOTAL Figure 17

FREQUENCY 10 29 39

PERCENTAGE 26 74 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows that twenty-six percent (26%) of the total number of families surveyed have adequate ventilation in their homes while seventy four percent (74%) have adequate ventilation.

73 The data shows that a large number of families have inadequate ventilation in their houses which indicates that there are a large possibility of cross-contamination within the family. Indoor air quality is an important determinant of population, health and well being. People in modern societies spend most of their time in indoor spaces such as at home, work, school, and in vehicles. Exposures to the hazardous airborne agents present in many indoor spaces cause adverse effects such as respiratory disease, allergy, and irritation of the respiratory tract. Improperly or poorly ventilated combustion appliances pose a real risk of acute poisoning by carbon monoxide. Indoor exposure to radon and environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk of lung cancer. Many chemicals encountered indoors causes adverse sensory effects, giving rise to a sense of discomfort and other symptom.

http://katysexposure.wordpress.com

74

ENVIRONMENT

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Source of Water Supply of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 18

75

Category Level 2 (Communal Faucet/Standposts)

Frequency 33

Percentage 85

Level 3 (Waterworks System/NAWASA)

15

TOTAL Figure 18

39

100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

76 The data shows the frequency and percentage distribution showing the water supply of the families surveyed. Majority of the respondents get their source of water supply from communal faucets with a percentage of eighty five percent (85%) and fifteen percent (15%) of them utilizes water from NAWASA. The given data shows that there are no families whose source of water supply is from deep wells which imply that they are less prone to acquire diseases from water contamination because ground water has a big possibility to get contaminated especially if the water systems are located near the septic tanks. Water is one of lifes necessities. It is primarily used for drinking and cleaning. In order to avoid problems concerning water, it would be best to make sure that the water we drink is clean or potable if not for drinking. Maintain proper water storage to avoid water contamination.

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Source of Drinking Water of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite

77 As of December 2009 Table 19

Category Level 2 (Communal Faucet/Standposts) Level 3 (Waterworks System/NAWASA) Others Commercially Prepared TOTAL

Frequency 13 20 10 43

Percentage 30 47 23 100

Figure 19

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The tables above show the frequency and percentage distribution showing the source of drinking water of the families surveyed. Majority of the respondents utilize

78 waterworks system as their source of drinking water with forty seven percent (47%). Thirty percent (30%) utilize water from communal faucet, while twenty three percent (23%) are availing commercially prepared water. The data shows that majority of the families surveyed utilize waterworks system as their source of drinking water. It implies that most of the community people are less prone from water-borne diseases because this type of facility minimizes water-borne diseases and pollutants that may harm the health of community people. On the other hand, for the respondents who answered that their drinking water supply are from public source (e.g. communal faucets), economic problems can be the main cause that determines their availability of resources. Local water is safe because it requires a minimum treatment for disinfection. However, insufficient knowledge and inappropriate practice in handling of water from the source of the storage point in the house could contaminate the drinking water. People who get drinking water from pipe water facilities are not exempted from diarrheal disease contraction particularly those that are served with old worn out.

COPAR, Untalan 2005 p. 112 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Methods of Drinking Water Treatment of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

79

Table 20 Category Boiling Filtration Others: Commercially Prepared None (Direct) Frequency 6 3 Percentage 11 6

10 32 51

20 63 100

TOTAL Figure 20

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The data above show the frequency and percentage distribution showing the methods of drinking water treatment of the families surveyed. Majority of the respondents do not use any method of drinking water treatment with sixty three percent

80 (63%). Twenty percent (20%) are availing commercially prepared drinking water; eleven percent (11%) use boiling method and six percent (6%) use filtration method. The data shows that the community has a large number of families who do not use any ways of treatment for drinking water. It implies that most residents in the said barangay are not aware of the consequences that can be caused by drinking water without sanitizing it first. Moreover, it shows that most of the residents of Barangay Maliksi III have insufficient knowledge in the different ways of water treatment. Therefore, this may cause problems, particularly water-borne diseases in the family. Health can be compromised when harmful bacteria, viruses, and parasites contaminate drinking water either at the source, through seepage of contaminated run-off water, or within the piped distribution system. Moreover, unhygienic handling of water during the transport or within the home can contaminate previously safe water. For these reasons, many of those who have access to improved water supplies through piped connections, protected wells or other improved sources are, in fact, exposed to contaminated water. Therefore, potentially billions of people can benefit from effective household water treatment and safe storage.

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/combating_diseasepart1lowres. pdf Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Levels of Excreta Disposal of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

81 Table 21 Category Level 1 Level 2 Others (Wrap and Throw) TOTAL Frequency 29 9 1 39 Percentage 74 23 3 100

Figure 21

82 Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows that the highest percentage is Level 1 which is the Non-water carriage toilet facility or no water is necessary to wash the waste into the receiving space as the Excreta Disposal of the surveyed families. It has seventy four percent (74%). Level 2, the on site toilet facilities of the water carriage type with water sealed and flushed type with septic vault or tank disposal facilities has twenty three percent, (23%) of the families surveyed. For the Level 3, which is the water carriage type of facilities connected to septic tanks and/or to sewerage system to treatment plant has no respondents. Three percent, (3%) of the surveyed families has been using the Wrap and Throw system for their Excreta Disposal. High percentage of the surveyed families has been using Level 1 toilet facility because their houses were just built supported only by high pillars of bamboo which are standing in the seaside. In this case, their excreta goes directly beneath their houses which could be stocked and can cause bacterial contamination that will lead in acquiring diseases such as diarrhea, dysentery cholera, typhoid fever etc. Some of them are using Level 2 toilet facility because they have enough space and resources to construct it. A small percentage of them were just wrapping and throwing their excreta since they live in seaside. The main problem of environmental sanitation is the primitive methods of excreta disposal, especially in rural areas where 80% percent of population lives. The causes of most of the leading diseases in our country are deeply rooted in the environment. It is therefore essential to have some changes in the environment especially with regard to disposal of waste and human excreta which is of vital importance to keep diseases away. Many diseases result from the careless disposal of night soil. Waterborne diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, cholera, etc., mainly spread through water collected by the excreta of patients suffering from those diseases. The watery portion of the night soil containing the germs causing diseases soaks into the ground and may finally reach water sources like wells, tanks and streams. The people drinking this infected water can contact the disease easily. _______________________________________________________________________ http://shillong.meg.nic.in/depts/health/faqs/improper_disposal_of_sewage.ht

83 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Garbage Disposal of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 22

Category DPS (Collected) Open Dumping Burning Burying TOTAL

Frequency 2 34 5 2 43

Percentage 5 79 11 5 100

Figure 22

84 Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows that the highest percentage of method for garbage disposal that is being practiced by the people in the community is open dumping, which is disposing garbage in an open actual areas. It has seventy nine percent, (79%). Second to the highest percentage is the Burning method which involves open burning in the ground or garbage can; it has eleven percent, (11%). DPS or Collected garbage disposal and Burying are both five percent, (5%) in the graph. And none of the surveyed families are practicing waste segregation. Open dumping has the highest percentage as the method of garbage disposal of families surveyed. In this case, people in the community are very much susceptible in acquiring diseases through contamination caused by microorganisms from improper disposed garbage. These diseases could affect not only the adults but most especially the children who have low immune resistance. Some of them were practicing burning which is prohibited in our law because it can cause various diseases and greenhouse effect. Only small percent of them were composing their garbage which could fertilize the soil. DPS or Collected method also got small percentage. This method could help reduce the number of garbage in the community. And, nobody in the surveyed families was practicing waste segregation because of the lack of awareness and insufficient resources in performing this method. There are multiple ways that improper disposal can result in the spread of disease. The first of these is by introducing pathogens into the environment. This is when bacteria or viruses are transported in the waste and introduced to new areas. There is a chance that perhaps a human may be exposed to the waste. More likely, though, is that another animal, such as a rat or bird, may be exposed to the pathogen and then return to a larger population infected. This can create diseased populations that can spread the disease, possibly to other species. The other way that improper disposal of some wastes can result in the spread of disease is from waste acting as a food source or breeding ground for pathogens that might not have reached such high population otherwise. This creates a

85 very specific risk when the waste is human biological material or other bio-waste. Bacteria and viruses are high-risk causes of disease that are found in some waste. Of particular concern are viruses that cause hepatitis and HIV and bacteria that cause tuberculosis. These are more commonly found in medical environments but may exist in common waste and can grow in bio-waste from any source.

http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5132913_diseases-caused-improper-waste-disposal.html

86 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Incidence of Pests at Home of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 23

Category Cockroach Rodents Flies Insects Total Figure 23

Frequency 37 39 28 25 129

Percentage 29 30 22 19 100

Interpretation and Analysis

87 The table shows that Rodents has the highest percentage in the incidence of pests at home of the families surveyed. It has thirty percent (30%). Next is Cockroach which has twenty nine percent, (29%). Flies and Insects have twenty two percent (22%) and nineteen percent (19%) respectively. It shows that all of the identified pests are present in the community with closely related percentage with each other. These kinds of pests are the result of unsanitary environment. They lived in the places that are unclean and build their home there. And therefore could spread diseases in the community. Pests could be a health threats in the people in the community particularly the rodents which has the highest percentage in the survey that can cause Leptospirosis by means of their urine. Cockroaches are known to carry diseases like dysentery, typhoid and poliomyelitis, as well as gastroenteritis. Insects like mosquitoes are vectors of diseases such as dengue and malaria while houseflies are carries of pathogen. Both of these could lead to gastrointestinal diseases.

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Food Storage at Home of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite

88 As of December 2009 Table 23

CATEGORY NON-REFRIGERATED
COVERED

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

39

100%

TOTAL Figure 23

39

100%

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows that one hundred percent, (100%) of the surveyed families are using non-refrigerated (covered) method.

89 All families interviewed uses covered method rather than leaving their food uncovered. They are aware of the possible food contamination that could lead to diseases in the community. All of them do not have refrigerator in their house due to economic reason. Food borne disease is caused by consuming contaminated foods or beverages. Many different disease-causing microbes, or pathogens, can contaminate foods, so there are many different food borne infections. The most commonly recognized food borne infections are those caused by the bacteria Campylobacter, Salmonella, and E. coli O157:H7, and by a group of viruses called Calicivirus, also known as the Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses. These bacterial pathogen causes fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/foodborneinfections_g.htm#mostcommon

90

FAMILY HEALTH CARE

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Status of Pregnancy of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

91 Table 24

Category No. of Pregnancies as of Present Year No. of Pregnancies as of Last Year Total

Frequency 7 8 15

Percentage 47 53 100

Figure 24

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows a higher percentage on the number of pregnancies last year with fifty three percent (53%). Compared from the number of pregnancies at present year, there are only forty seven percent (47%).

92

The result shows a decrease of six percent (6%) of the number of pregnancies from last year to present year. Out of the total number of fifteen (15) pregnancies, among the respondents interviewed (last year and present year), there is a minimal increase of childbirth. An increase on rate of pregnancies in Maliksi III is an implication that there are significant differences in fertility levels by location. For example, according to research, fertility is more than twice as high in the Eastern Visayas and Bicol Regions (five births per woman) where there is relatively low levels of development, than in Metro Manila with a rate of (2.5 births per woman). Relating it to the location of Maliksi III in Bacoor, Cavite, it is classified as rurban, where there is least development. Because of that, people are least educated about limiting the number of children.

http//:www.un.org/esa/...RevisedCOSTELLO-CASTERLINE paper. PDF Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Prenatal Visit of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009

93 Table 25 Prenatal visit Last Year Frequency 6 2 8 Percentage Present Year Frequency 1 6 7 Percentage

With Without Total

75 25 100

14 86 100

Figure 25

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows that seventy five percent (75%) is having prenatal visit as of their pregnancy last year while twenty five percent (25%) is not having their prenatal visit. On the other hand, as of present year, still fourteen percent (14%) subjected themselves to prenatal visit while eighty six percent (86%) did not.

94

A large group of pregnant women had prenatal check-up last year compared to the present year. This is because of the higher rate of total pregnancies last year compared to present year. Getting early and regular prenatal care is one of the best ways to promote a healthy pregnancy. Prenatal care is more than just health care; it often includes education and counseling about how to handle different aspects of pregnancy, such as nutrition and physical activity, what to expect from the birth itself, and basic skills for caring for your infant.

http://www.mamashealth.com/pregnancy/prenatal.asp Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Micronutrient Supplementation of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 26

95

Folic Acid With Without Total

Frequency (Last Year) 1 8 9

Percentage 11 89 100

Frequency (Present Year) 0 6 6

Percentage 0 100 100

Figure 26

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows that eleven percent (11%) of the families interviewed was taking up micronutrient supplementation as last year of their pregnancy while greater value which is eighty nine percent (89%) did not engage in supplementation as stated. On the

96 other hand, in the present year of the pregnancy, one hundred percent (100%) of the families interviewed did not take micronutrient supplementation. In the families surveyed, greater number agreed in not taking in micronutrient supplementation because of financial problem. They were not informed on the importance of micronutrient supplementation. It is a potential problem because the status of pregnancy may not be good. There might be problems arising upon pregnancy. This is also one of the reasons of increasing birth defects among newborns. Folic acid supplements should be taken a month or more before conception and continued through early pregnancy. Most prenatal vitamin supplements contain the recommended daily amount of folic acid (400 micrograms). The main benefits of folic acid are the prevention of particular birth defects, such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and neural tube defects (abnormalities in the development of the brain and spinal cord, such as spina bifida and anencephaly, the absence of a large portion of the brain). These defects occur in about 1 in 1,000 newborns but are dramatically reduced when women take folic acid before and during early pregnancy.

Taking Charge of Your Fertility, by Toni Weschler (HarperPerennial, 2001). Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Birth Attendants of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

97 Table 27

Category Doctor Midwife Trained Hilot TOTAL Figure 27

Frequency (Last Year) 0 3 6 9

Percentage 0 33 67 100

Frequency (Present Year) 2 3 1 6

Percentage 33 50 17 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The tables show that from last year there is significant difference of percentage results on the present year. From last year, there is zero percentage (0%) for doctors consultation, thirty three percent (33%) and a high percentage of trained hilot with sixty seven percent (67%) during their deliveries. Comparing it to present year, it is implied

98 that there is an increasing awareness among mothers. It could be seen that there is already thirty three percent (33%) consulted doctors, fifty percent (50%) midwives, and a lower percentage of trained hilot assistance with seventeen percent (17%). So far, there was no untrained hilot service utilized. Complications during child labor or delivery are all possible when assistance from trained individuals was not put into considerations. Putting an emphasis to the data results, it was noted to have a high percentage of trained hilot assistance during delivery from among mothers last year. Although they are termed trained hilot, still it could be more at risk for complications, since place of deliveries with the hilot are usually done at home, where sanitation and sufficiency of appropriate equipments needed during delivery cannot be assured. But then, it is also noticeable that from the present year there is an indication of an increasing level of awareness from among mothers about entrusting their deliveries to trained ones. Skilled attendance at all births is considered to be the single most critical intervention for ensuring safe motherhood, because it hastens the timely delivery of emerging obstetric and newborn care when life threatening complications arise. Majority of prenatal deaths occur during labor and delivery or within the first 48 hours after delivery. Studies showed that, although almost all births in developed countries were attended by skilled health personnel, this proportion is 57% in less developed countries and only 34% in least developed countries. An estimated 35% of pregnant women in developing countries do not have access or contact to health personnel prior to delivery.

http://www.unt.pa.org/public /global/pid/1264 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Place of Delivery of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

99 Table 28: Category Hospital

Public

Frequency (Last Year) 0 2 7 9

Percentage

Frequency (Present Year) 2 2 2 6

Percentage

0 22 78 100

33.33 33.33 33.33 100

Lying in House TOTAL Figure 28:

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The tables show that majority of pregnant women last year, utilized their houses as place of delivery with seventy eight percent (78%). Comparing it to the data results of

100 the present year, there is a lower percentage of use of house as the place of delivery with thirty three percent (33%) out of six pregnancies. It is implied therein that people have developed awareness regarding the advantages of utilization of appropriate medical services available in their community, specially maternal care services in lying inns and public hospitals. Through increasing level of awareness of the respondents about the use of proper place of delivery during childbirth, as indicated by the results of the datas from last year to present year, mothers are less likely to suffer complications during delivery. It is also in lying ins and hospitals where skilled attendants are present. Maternal mortality rates mirror the huge discrepancies between the haves and have nots both within the society and between countries. Poor women are far more likely to die as a result of pregnancy or childbirth. Poor families and individuals have less money and tend to live farther away from health care facilities, as in Maliksi III. According to studies, most maternal deaths (61%) take place during labor/delivery or in the immediate post-partum period. Some 3.4 million newborns die within the first week of life. It denotes not only the presence of skilled attendants or trained hilot but also an enabling environment in order to perform capably. Furthermore, there is a need to a more comprehensive level of obstetric care in case of complication requiring surgery or blood transfusions.

www.childprotection.org.ph/monthly features/child_labor_ph.doc Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Infant Feeding Practices of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

101

Table 29

Category Exclusive Breastfeeding Formula Feeding Mixed Feeding Total

Frequency 10 4 1 15

Percentage 67 27 6 100

Figure 29

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The table shows a high percentage on the practice of exclusive breastfeeding by mothers of 0-1 year old babies among the families surveyed with sixty seven percent

102 (67%). The formula feeding category, on the other hand, got twenty seven percent (27%) of the total number of respondents. And only six percent (6%) is using mixed feeding. Breast milk is said to be the best food for babies for at least up to two years of age. It is a good indicator that a high percentage of mothers from the respondents are utilizing breastfeeding, comprising of sixty seven percent (67%). However, there are still some mothers who provide formula and mixed feeding for their infants due to certain reasons like possible contamination from disease which may be transferred to their babies, while being breastfed. According to them, another reason is they lack awareness about the benefits of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is the most important, when talking about infant feeding practices. Formula and mixed feeding must be used only for unavoidable reasons like having STDs and the like. One of the first obligations of a mother of a newborn baby is to make sure to breastfeed the child as often as possible. This is very important because breast milk is designed to give all the necessary nutrients and calories that the baby needs. Especially the first 6 months of the baby is very crucial to his/her development, from that point on. Various researches have shown that babies who are breastfed regularly for 6-12 months end up having a stronger immune system as well as a stronger bond with their mothers. Moreover, further research suggests that these children may even have a higher social interaction with others. Other benefits of breastfeeding include; increased resistance to infections, decreased risk of ear infections, decreased risk of diarrhea, decreased risk of SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome), and baby is less likely to be hospitalized due to serious illness.

www.mamashealth.com/women/bfeeding.asp http://www.oregon.gov/DHS/ph/bf/benefits.shtml Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Nutritional Status of the Children (0-6) of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite

103 As of December 2009 Table 30

Category Normal Underweight Overweight Total

Frequency (Male) 1 11 7 33

Percentage 46 33 21 100

Frequency (Female) 11 5 3 19

Percentage 58 26 16 100

Figure 30

Interpretation and Analysis

104 The result shows that among the children (0-6 years old), of the adopted community, there is a high percentage of normal nutritional status with forty six percent (46%) for males, and fifty eight percent (58%) for females. The rest of the male children are underweight which counts as thirty three percent (33%) and overweight with twenty one percent (21%). On the other hand, forty two percent (42%) of the female children are underweight and overweight which constitutes twenty six percent (26%) and sixteen percent (16%), respectively. From among the total of fifty two, (52) children under 0-6 years old, it is a good indicator that at least fifty percent (50%) are having a normal nutritional status. Children from this age are said to be at their growth years or age of rapid development from infancy to childhood. Still, the remaining half of the total number of children is at risk of developing certain health problems regarding their nutritional condition. The effects of poor nutrition are commonly caused by improper diet related to poverty or incapable to buy the foods of high nutritional value. It is a fact that, optimal health is linked to good nutrition. Good nutrition is the main preventive measure against a high number of human diseases. The importance of good nutrition is central to maintain good health in a dilapidated environment, fight of diseases, correct imbalances in the body and provide energy and enthusiasm for life. But the point is that good nutrition is linked to ones capability to get the proper nutrients from the food they eat. According to the National Academy of sciences, sixty percent (60%) of all cancers in women and forty percent (40%) of all cancers in men may be due to dietary and nutritional factors.

http://www.ideawersketers.com Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing Immunization Status of the Children in the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat,

105 Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 31

Category Complete Incomplete Ongoing TOTAL

Frequency 3 6 6 15

Percentage 20 40 40 100

Figure 31

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

106 The table shows a very low percentage of children under 0-1 year old who were completely immunized, which constitutes twenty percent (20%). Result also reveals that there is an equal count of incomplete and ongoing immunization status which is six or 40% for each category. It is implied therein that eighty percent (80%) of the babies are prone to acquire diseases such as PTB, diphtheria, tetanus, Hepa B, measles, and poliomyelitis. Ongoing immunizations might not be pursued by some mothers, that is why they are encouraged to have an awareness of the benefits of complete immunization. It is a known fact, that common childhood illnesses as mentioned before can be prevented for having complete immunization. Certain reasons are bound by this problem of incomplete administration of immunization to their babies such as inaccessibility to the health center which is one of the major problems and concerns of the people in the adopted community (Maliksi III). Immunization is a health output with a strong impact on child morbidity, child mortality and permanent disability. The usefulness of immunization coverage is not simply as a measure of the implementation of one health intervention, but as a proxy for the over all performance of the health system to support priority health interventions. Despite the low-cost of basic childhood immunization, nearly 3 million children still die each year from vaccine-preventable diseases. Achieving and maintaining high levels of immunization coverage must therefore be a priority for all health systems.

www.springerlink.com/index.pdf Frequency Distribution Showing the Leading Causes of Morbidity in Maliksi III As of 2008 to 2009

107

Table 32A. Causes of Morbidity

1. Acute Respiratory Infection 2. Skin Problem 3. Tonsillitis 4. Loose Bowel Movement 5. Urinary Tract Infection 6. Asthma 7. Gastroenteritis 8. Mumps 9. Anemia 10. Hypertension

2008 Frequency 299 88 55 36 25 24 23 9 7 2 568

Percentage 52.64 15.50 9.68 6.34 4.40 4.23 4.05 1.58 1.23 0.35 100

2009 Frequency 126 64 0 20 26 3 24 6 5 9 283

Percentage 44.52 22.61 0 7.07 9.19 1.06 8.48 2.12 1.77 3.18 100

Percentage difference

Total

Frequency Distribution Showing the Leading Causes of Mortality in Maliksi III As of 2008 to 2009 Table 32B. Causes of Mortality
1. Pneumonia 2. Cancer 3. Kidney Disorder 4. Cerebrovascula r Accident 5. Diabetes Mellitus 6. Hypertension 7. Heart Disease 8. Unknown

2008 Frequency 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11

Percentage 36.37 9.09 9.9 9.09 9.09 9.09 9.09 9.09 100

2009 Frequency 0 2 0 1 1 6 2 0 12

Percentage 0 16.67 0 8.33 8.33 50 16.67 0 100

Percentage difference

Total

108

KNOWLEDGE OF THE CONCEPTS OF HEALTHCARE

Percentage Distribution Showing the Health Care Knowledge of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat,

109 Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 A. Graph of the Concepts Measuring Knowledge of Resident

Table 33 Agree Disagree No Knowledge 1. Common Illness such as Measles and TB can be avoided 2. Food rich in protein such as meat, Fish and egg are needed for growth and development 3. Headache, dizziness and edema of the face, hands and legs are common signs of pregnancy. 4. Umbilical cord of newborn baby that remain fresh may only be cleaned by wiping. 5. Breastfed infants are healthier than bottlefed ones. 6. Illness such as measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and tetanus can be avoided through 35 4 0 90 Agree 38 1 0 97 Agree 19 18 2 46 Disagree 33 5 1 13 Disagree 34 5 0 90 Agree 32 6 5 Correct Answer (%) 82 Correct Answeer Agree

110 vaccination

7. Thick clothing should be removed when babies have fever to lower body temperature. 8. Oresol is given to babies who have diarrhea. 9. Family planning is good for maternal health 10. Herbal medicine is safe and causes no side effects even when taken in excessive amounts.

30

77

Agree

26

67

Agree

35 39

3 6

1 4

90 5

Agree Disagree

Figure 33

111

B. Interpretation of Data

112

Seven (7) among the ten (10) questions were answered correctly, thus proving that the respondents appear to be knowledgeable about their health. The positive high level of awareness is manifested by the percentage of the correct answers given by the respondents. Question 1: Eighty two percent (82%) agrees that common illness such as measles and TB can be avoided. Question 2: One hundred percent (100%) believes that food rich in protein such as meat, fish, and egg are needed for growth and development. Question 5: Ninety seven percent (97%) agrees that breastfed infants are healthier than bottled ones. Question 6: Ninety percent (90%) agrees that illness such as measles, poliomyelitis, diphtheria and tetanus can be avoided through vaccination. Question 7: Seventy seven percent (77%) believes that thick clothing should be removed when babies have fever to lower body temperature. Question 8: Sixty seven percent (67%) agrees that Oresol can be given to babies who have diarrhea. Question 9: Ninety percent (90%) believes that family planning is good for maternal health.

A significant number of respondents have false notions about the following questions:

113

Question 3: Headache, dizziness and edema of the face, hands and legs are common signs of pregnancy. Only thirteen percent (13%) of the 39 families surveyed got the correct answer. Question 4: Umbilical cord of newborn baby that remain fresh may only be cleaned by wiping. For this question, forty percent (40%) of the total population of families surveyed is completely aware. Question 10: Herbal medicine is safe and causes no side effects even when excessive amounts. Only fifteen percent (15%) of the 39 families surveyed got the correct answer.

The graph shows that ninety-seven percent (97%) of the total population surveyed agreed that breastfed babies are healthier than the bottle fed ones; it implies that the people in the community have the knowledge on the differences between the effects of formula milk and breast milk. Seventy-five percent (75%) out of one hundred percent (100%) of the total surveyed population have agreed that the herbal medicine is safe and causes no side effects even when taken in excessive amounts; it implies that the people in the Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite did not know that there are side effects which are detrimental to their health which make them more prone to diseases relative to excessive intake of herbal medicines. Breastfeeding is the feeding of an infant or young child with breast milk directly from female human breasts rather than from a baby bottle or other container. It is a fact that breastfed babies grow differently than formula-fed babies. Formula-fed babies not only grow longer and fatter, but they also develop bigger and heavier bones during the first year of life. They tend to grow faster than nature intended them to; bigger is not necessarily better. Also, human milk contains more cholesterol than does formula, and

114 animal studies suggest that exposure to cholesterol early in life may help program the individual to metabolize cholesterol more efficiently in adulthood, offering some protection against heart disease. Breastfed infants have higher cholesterol levels at first than do bottle-fed babies. Medicinal plants are considered as alternative medicines which may or may not treat and improve ones illness. Though their low costs and effectiveness will help many Filipino families, as announced by the DOH secretary, herbal medicines are still not entirely free of risk. The toxicity data of a recent study on herbal medicinal products indicated that some herbal drugs have the potential to cause serious adverse events and fatalities. They affect pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors and thus cause herb-drug interactions.

http://www.breastfeeding.com/all_about/all_about_differences.html http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=238

115

RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD

116 Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Acceptance of the Family Planning Methods of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor Cavite As of December 2009 Table 34

Family Planning Yes

Frequency 21

Percentage 54

No

18

46

Total

39

100

Figure 34

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table Showing the Type of Family Planning Methods Utilized of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat,

117 Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 33.A Types of Family Planning Methods A. Barrier (Condoms, IUD) B. Natural (Rhythm, Calendar) C. Hormonal (Pills) 18 Total Figure 34.A 21 85 100 Frequency Percentage

1 2

5 10

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

118 The graph shows that majority of the families surveyed which is fifty four percent (54%) engaged in family planning. Different types of family planning such as Barrier type which is commonly the condom is five percent (5%), Natural method (e.g. rhythm, calendar) which is ten percent (10%), Hormonal (e.g. pills) which is the typical method in the barangay, adds up to eighty five percent (85%), while the Surgical method is not identified in the community. On the other hand, forty six percent (46%) of the families interviewed do not practiced family planning. More than half of the families surveyed were engaging into family planning which is fifty four percent (54%). People in the community know how to control the growth of population even in the smallest thing that they can do. Having a greater number of families engaging in family planning is a good indicator of compensation to their insufficiency in financial resources. There is a tendency of lessening the total number of population in the said barangay. Use of measures designed to regulate the number and spacing of children within a family, largely to curb population growth and ensure each familys access to limited resources.

http://www.answers.com/topic/family-planning

119

HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOR

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Common Ailments of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite

120 As of December 2009 Table 35

Common Ailments Cough & Colds Fever LBM Total Figure 35

Frequency 37 4 34 66

Percentage 50 5 45 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows a high percentage on cough and colds with fifty percent (50%). The second common ailment surveyed was LBM forty five percent (45%), and the last is fever with only five percent (5%).

121

The graph shows that cough and colds has the highest percentage among the others followed by LBM. These two ailments are very common to us especially with the kids lack of vitamins of nutrients needed in the body is the most possible cause of why these ailments occur. When rainy seasons comes, occurs changes in temperature, I humidity which increases the risk of the spread of infectious diseases such as cough & colds. Children, with their still underdeveloped immune systems, are must vulnerable. Also if persons do not have sufficient nutrient in the body and do not follow good hygiene that would help maintain their body in good state will be at risk in having infections disease such as these coughs & colds are commonly spread through bacteria or virus infected depletes cough or sneeze into the air. Cough and colds are commonly spread through bacteria or virus infected droplets coughed or sneezed into the air.

United Laboratories Inc. Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Places Sought for Consultation of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 36

122

Areas/Places Sought for Consultation Hospital Health Center Private Clinic Total Figure 36

Frequency

Percentage

2 25 9 36

6 69 25 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The data above shows that sixty nine percent (69%) of the total number of responds tend to choose the health center as an area/place where they usually seek for consultation. Twenty five percent (25%) opted to seek medical advice and information from private clinics while six percent (6%) would rather consult to a hospital than

123 anywhere else. Seeking out medical help from an albularyo came in last with no respondents. The response of the clients with areas/places they sought most for consultation is health center with sixty nine percent (69%) as the highest percentage. The health center is the nearer place in the community where the people can consult regarding their health. It is primarily focused on monitoring the residents health status and providing them with suitable, adequate, and affordable interventions for the improvement of their condition. Inaccessibility to a hospital and costly fees are some of the main reasons why least people consult to hospitals and private clinics. A Community Health Center is committed to improving the health of its community. Health is broadly defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not simply the absence of disease or infirmity. To achieve good health community health services strongly emphasize prevention, early intervention, rehabilitation and education, in addition to direct care. Community Health Centers are unique in that at least half of Board Members must be patients at the CHC. Access to care is improved by decreasing the cost of care with a sliding fee scale based on income. Grant programs are typically available to provide the broadest opportunity for health care. Integration of health care services is a major focus. Administrative and health care personnel sit down regularly to focus on location health care needs. Multiple services are provided that vary depending upon the site including primary care, dental care, counseling services, women's health, health promotion and education, podiatry, physiotherapy, case management, advocacy and intervention. The mission of Community Health Centers depends upon creating collaborative relationships with industry, government, hospitals and other health services. _____________________________________________________________________ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Health_Center Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Source of Health Information of the Families Surveyed in Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009

124 Table 37 Sources of Health Information Hospital Health Center Media Others: RELATIVES PHARMACY Total 51 Figure 37 100 Frequency 10 24 13 Percentage 20 47 25 4 4

2 2

Interpretation and Analysis of Data The graph shows that health center is the highest percentage in the sources of health information with forty seven percent (47%), second is media with twenty five

125 percent (25%), third is hospital with twenty percent (20%). And the last are the others comprised by relatives and pharmacy with four percent (4%) respectively. Health center gained the highest response in the in the source of health info with forty seven percent (47%). It is the more efficient source of information relating to their health because health center knows the health status of their community people that they can give some helpful advices that will help to improve their health but some get health info in the hospitals, media and others because of inaccessibility to the health center. Health center is distant to their location that they cant afford to go their affectingly their fare transporting to center. Also, some families dont have time and guts to attend in the h. center that they prefer media, collages, and pharmacy. (According to selected Maliksi III, Tabing Dagat people) CHC is committed to providing safe and quality health care to all of our patients. Community health centers are unique in that they employ community health care specialists (e.g., family practice physicians and advanced practice nurses); they provide accessible primary care preventive health services; their clients include the individual, family, and community. And they have a partnership relationship with the community. Community health centers, in their mission of providing health promotion and primary prevention, are concerned with access, cost, and quality issues.

http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=LLLfpkYhwwGqhMPTTTfNRJc2 JtyTLB9T9LQlwyspQY12b6QkWVnj!-2073591579!1188883306?docId=96250105

126

DATA OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the Health Problems of the Community in Tabing Dagat,

127 Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite As of December 2009 Table 37 CATEGORY Colds Cough Fever Asthma Diarrhea Malnutrition Garbage Water Toilet Unemployment TOTAL FREQUENCY 11 14 4 11 14 1 16 13 7 10 101 PERCENTAGE 11 14 4 11 14 1 16 13 7 10 100

Interpretation and Analysis of Data

128 Table 37 shows that the highest percentage of communitys health problem is garbage with sixteen percent (16%), followed by the water and toilet with thirteen percent (13%) and seven percent (7%) respectively. Ten percent (10%) of the total number of respondents believes that unemployment affect their health. Fourteen percent (14%) is from diarrhea, Cough and Cold have fourteen percent (14%) and eleven percent (11%) consecutively. Asthma has eleven percent (11%) and malnutrition has the lowest percentage of one percent (1%). Garbage has sixteen percent (16%) which is the highest percentage among the health problems. This implies that the residents of Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite consider garbage as the most common cause of their health problems, Noticeably, it is garbage that becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms The health problems experienced by the Philippines are traceable to poor sanitation. Research studies shows that the leading causes of Morbidity are bronchitis, diarrhea, influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, malaria and mesles (Guzman, 2000), the poor sanitary conditions could be due to improper waste disposal. http.www.pacificbasin.org/abstracts/bernardo.html

Causes and Possible Solutions

129 1. Improper Waste Disposal Cause: Poor environmental sanitation related to waste disposal as evidenced by 79% of the respondents practiced open dumping, 12% burn their garbage. Solutions: Define Proper Waste Disposal State the importance of proper waste disposal Enumerate the effects of improper waste disposal Demonstrate the methods of proper waste disposal

2. Poor Hygiene Cause: Poor Personal Hygiene related to increased incidence of common ailments as evidenced by 50% of the respondents. Solutions:

Discuss the definition of Proper Personal Hygiene State the importance of Proper Persona l Hygiene Discuss the consequences of Proper Personal Hygiene Enumerate different practices regarding Proper Personal Hygiene

3. Poor Water Sanitation Poor water sanitation due to direct consumption of from the faucet as evidenced by 61%of the respondents who practice it. Solutions:

130 Define Proper Water Sanitation State the importance of Proper Water Sanitation Enumerate different ways of water treatment Explain the factors affecting poor water sanitation Discuss the effects of poor water sanitation

C. Solutions to the Needs of the Community The top 3 community problems are improper waste disposal, poor hygiene, and poor water sanitation. Out of 20 respondents who have improper garbage disposal problems, 13 or 65% individuals thought of cleanliness as a solution to problem. out of 20 respondents who have breeding grounds, 5 or 25% individuals thought of cleanliness as a solution to the problem while out of 20 respondents, 2 or 10% individuals who have problems regarding malnutrition thought of consultation from the different Health Care Personnel as a solution to the health problem.

131

COMMUNITY HEALTH PROBLEMS

132

TOP FOUR PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED IN MALIKSI III

Ranking

Community Health Problem

Score

Improper Waste Disposal

7.67

Poor Personal Hygiene

6.42

Poor Water Sanitation

5.67

Presence of Pests

4.33

133

IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL Criteria Computation Actual Score Justification The problem is moderately modifiable because improper waste disposal is a longterm concern that requires thorough maintenance and constant monitoring. 90.70% of the households surveyed practices open dumping and burning method to dispose their garbage. 79.07% of the respondents engage in open dumping which worsens the problem. The probability of controlling the effects posed by this problem is moderate due to insufficiency of health teaching and the allotted time is not enough for the problem to be eradicated. The respondents verbalized that improper waste disposal is a major concern of the

Nature of the Problem

1/3 X 1

0.33

Magnitude of the Problem

4/4 X 3

Modifiability of the Problem

3/3 X 4

Preventive Potential

2/3 X 1

Social Concern

2/2 X 1

134 community as evidenced by the expression of readiness to solve the problem. TOTAL SCORE POOR PERSONAL HYGIENE Criteria Computation 7.67

Actual Score

Nature of the Problem

1/3 X 1

0.33

Magnitude of the Problem

2/4 X 3

1.5

Modifiability of the Problem

2/3 X 4

2.67

Preventive Potential

2/3 X 1

0.67

Social Concern

1/2 X 1

0.5

Justification Poor hygiene is classified as health related problem since it affects the health of an individual as it can also cause illness. Poor Personal Hygiene related to increased incidence of common ailments as evidenced by 50% of the respondents. The problem is moderately modifiable because of the poor environmental sanitation of the community which plays a big factor of the said problem. The effects can be prevented if there is proper health teaching by the student nurse and active participation of the respondents The respondents do not see the need to modify the problem due to non expression of readiness to the problem

TOTAL SCORE

6.42

135

POOR WATER SANITATION Criteria Nature of the Problem Computation Actual Score Justification Poor water sanitation is classified as health related problem since water is one of the most basic necessities. 61% of the respondents surveyed drink water directly from the faucet. The problem is moderately modifiable because it requires total control and monitoring of the behavior of the residents. The probability of reducing poor water sanitation is moderate because of poor environmental sanitation. The respondents verbalized that water sanitation is one of their problems in the community but they dont see the need to give it too much attention

1/3 X 1

0.33

Magnitude of the Problem

2/4 X 3

1.5

Modifiability of the Problem

2/3 X 4

2.67

Preventive Potential

2/3 X 1

Social Concern

1/2 X 1

0.5

TOTAL SCORE

5.67

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PRESENCE OF PESTS Criteria Nature of the Problem Computation 1/3 X 1 Actual Score 0.33 Justification The problem is classified as health related because it can affect the health of the community. 50% of the respondents surveyed complained about the presence of pests. The problem is moderately modifiable because improper garbage disposal is connected with this and is considered as a longterm process. The probability of controlling the effects of the household pests is moderate due to the communitys problem on poor environmental sanitation. The community perceives that it is a problem but does not require action due to non-expression of readiness.

Magnitude of the Problem

2/4 X 3

Modifiability of the Problem

2/3 X 4

2.67

Preventive Potential

2/3 X 1

0.67

Social Concern

1/2 X 1

0.5

TOTAL SCORE

4.33

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COMMUNITY CARE PLAN SESSION DESIGN HEALTH TEACHING PLAN

138

IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL

139

IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL Assessment Objective cues: >Presence of garbage in the surroundings > Lack of waste bins > Based on the graph, 79% of the households practice open dumping, 12% burn their garbage at home or site Community Diagnosis > Poor environmental sanitation related to waste disposal as evidenced by 79% of the respondents practiced open dumping, 12% burn their garbage 1.Cognitive >Define proper waste disposal. >Enumerate the effects of improper waste disposal >Identify creative ways 4.Discuss the 3. Enumerate the effects of improper Intervention Plan Planning >After 25 minutes of health teaching, the people in the community will be able to: 2.Discuss the importance of proper waste disposal Intervention 1.Discuss the proper waste disposal Rationale >To further understand the proper ways of disposing waste. >To stress that proper waste disposal important in maintaining a clean community. >To give the people ideas on how they the problem. >To relay all 2. Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community. 3. Financial resources Resources Required 1.Material resources - Visual aids -Brochures -Props Time Frame >20-25 minutes of Evaluation After the nursing the community partially reduced their problem on improper garbage disposal and was able to define and enumerate the effects of improper garbage disposal, identify

rendering a 20- definition of

health teaching intervention,

waste disposal. are affected by

140 of transforming trash into treasure. 2.Psychomotor >Demonstrate the different methods of proper waste disposal 3. Affective >State the importance of proper waste disposal different methods of 7proper waste disposal 5.Demonstrate the different ways to lessen and utilize garbage: a. 4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, and Repair) b. Creative ways of transforming trash into treasure the options that respondents can do to properly dispose their wastes. - Expenses for tokens and health teaching aids. Transportation fares creative ways of transforming trash into treasure, demonstrate different methods of proper waste disposal, and state the importance of proper waste disposal.

> To be able to -Printing expenses show the respondents the different methods of waste disposal which they can apply to their homes.

141

SESSION DESIGN Topic: Improper Waste Disposal Goal: To create awareness to the people in the community about proper waste disposal. Venue: Basketball Court seaside (in front of Mr. Rico Sarinos house) Participants: Community residents of Brgy. Maliksi III

Learning Objectives At the end of health teaching, the community will be able to: a. Define Proper Waste Disposal b.State the importance of proper waste management c.Demonstrate the different methods of proper waste

Content Definition of Proper Waste Disposal Importance of proper waste disposal Methods of proper waste disposal

Methodology >Discussion >Demonstrations >Game

Time Frame 20-25 minutes of health teaching

Resources Material resources - Visual aids -Brochures -Props Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community.

Persons Responsible > Gozun a.Definition of Proper Waste Disposal >Gatela a.Importance of proper waste disposal b. Effects of improper waste disposal >Mapanao a.Different

Evaluation After 20-25 minutes of health teaching about waste disposal, the residents were able to partially define and state the importance of proper waste disposal, demonstrate the different

142 disposal d.Discuss the effects of improper waste disposal e.Identify creative ways of transforming trash into treasure Effects of improper waste disposal Creative ways of transforming trash into treasure Financial resources - Expenses for teaching aids. -Transporta-tion fares -Printing expenses methods of proper waste disposal >Rioveros of transforming trash into treasure methods of proper waste disposal, discuss the effects of improper waste disposal, and identify creative ways of transforming trash into treasure.

tokens and health a. Creative ways

143 HEALTH TEACHING PLAN Subject: Environmental Sanitation Topic: Proper Waste Disposal Venue: Basketball Court seaside (in front of Mr. Rico Sarinos house) Participants: The people in the community of Maliksi III Lecturers: Gatela, Liezl Gozun, Bianca Mapanao, Jamie Rioveros, Rolando
I. Goal:

The people in the community will be able to gain knowledge and awareness regarding the proper waste disposal as well as the advantages of implementing it.

Objectives: At the end of the community health teaching, the people will be able to: 1. Define Proper Waste Disposal 2. State the importance of proper waste disposal 3. Enumerate the effects of improper waste disposal 4. Demonstrate the methods of proper waste disposal

144

II. Content 1. Definition of proper waste disposal 2. Importance of proper waste disposal 3. Effects of improper waste disposal 4. Methods of proper waste disposal Definition of Proper Waste Disposal activities that deal with waste after it is produced, including its minimization, transfer, storage, separation, recovery, recycling, and final disposal Importance of Proper Waste Disposal Minimizes the spread of infections and reduces the risk of accidental injury to staff, clients, visitors, and the local community Helps provide an aesthetically pleasing atmosphere Reduces odors Attracts fewer insects and does not attract animals Reduces the likelihood of contamination of the soil or ground water with chemicals or microorganisms

145 Effects of Improper Waste Disposal Ground water contamination Disease outbreaks Poor air quality Climate change

Methods of Proper Waste Disposal

-

Composting (can be done by burying) Waste from the garden, yard, and table does not have to be thrown away. It may be condensed and reused as a fertilizer through a process called composting. A compost pile may be built by layering different kinds of waste in a bin, leaving space between the layers for air to circulate. Nitrogen is added to the pile in the form of manure, meal, or greenery to generate heat. Heat facilitates rotting and kills all undesirable organisms. Once the pile is slightly dampened, it is covered. As heat and steam build up, the waste decomposes over time into a nutrient-rich substance called compost. The compost is then applied to plants as a fertilizer.

Burning waste/Incineration Burning is not an acceptable or safe way of disposing of commercial waste. Burning waste produces smoke that contains a range of pollutants. In the case of burning plastics, rubber or painted materials, it not only creates bad

146 smells but can also have damaging health effects, especially for people with breathing difficulties. It also increases background levels of air pollution.

Segregation Waste Segregation is done when you separate the bio-degradable waste from non-biodegradable waste.

4Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Repair) Reduce lessen/decrease waste Reuse - to use something again, often for a different purpose and usually as an alternative to throwing it out Recycle- to process used or waste material so that it can be used again Repair - to restore something broken or damaged to good condition

*Transforming Trash into Treasure - is giving new life to something old. - the process of creating and process of transforming old and run down materials into something new, creative and useful. III. Methodology 1. Discussion

147 2. Demonstration 3. Game

IV. Time Frame

20.25inutes of health teaching

V. Resources/Materials:

a. Brochures b. Visual aids: Cartolina, Print-outs c. Things for Demonstration: 1. Plastics 2. Paper 3. Cans 4. Organic and Inorganic Waste d. Examples of trash to treasure materials like: wallet made from Zesto juice packs and house dcor made from sea shells. VI. Evaluation: (Checklist questionnaire)

148

POOR PERSONAL HYGIENE

149 COMMUNITY CARE PLAN FOR POOR PERSONAL HYGIENE Intervention Plan Community Planning Assessment Diagnosis Intervention Rationale Objective Cues: > High incidence rate of common ailments such as cough and colds. > The >Poor Personal Hygiene related to increased incidence of common ailments as evidenced by 50% of the respondents with cough and colds. >Identify the the consequences of poor personal >The children in the hygiene 3.Demonstrate practices or techniques regarding To provide the communitys awareness Financial resources - Expenses for children in the community were seen playing in unclean areas such as sewages. 1.Cognitive personal hygiene > After rendering 1520 minute health teaching, the community will be able to: 2.Discuss the importance of personal hygiene >Define proper proper To emphasize that Proper Personal Hygiene is important in maintaining a healthy community. 1.Discuss the definition of Proper Personal hygiene To further understand the proper ways of Proper Personal Hygiene Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community.

Resources Required Material resources - Visual aids -Brochures -Props

Time Frame >20-25 minutes of discussion

Evaluation After nursing intervention, the community was able to partially alleviate the problem on poor personal hygiene and able to define proper personal hygiene, identify the consequence of poor personal hygiene, demonstrate practices on personal hygiene, and

with the proper tokens and

150 community have decayed teeth. >The children in the community were seen roaming around barefooted. >The children in the community have long and dirty nails. 3. Affective >State the importance of proper personal hygiene 2.Psychomotor >Demonstrate practices or techniques on personal hygiene 4.Explain the consequences of poor personal hygiene To be able to warn on the possible diseases that might be encountered personal hygiene performance of the various self-care abilities. health teaching aids. Transportation fares -Printing expenses state the importance of proper personal hygiene.

151 SESSION DESIGN Topic: Poor Personal Hygiene Goal: To create awareness to the people in the community about poor hygiene. Venue: Basketball Court seaside (in front of Mr. Rico Sarinos house) Participants: Community residents of Brgy. Maliksi III

Learning Objectives At the end of the community will be able to: a. Define proper personal hygiene b.Identify the consequences C. Explain the importance of poor hygiene >Perform different techniques on proper hygiene

Content >Definition of Hygiene >Consequences of Poor Hygiene >Importance of Proper Hygiene >Different techniques of

Methodology >Discussion >Game

Time Frame 20-25 minutes teaching

Resources Material resources - Visual aids -Brochures -Props Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community. Financial resources - Expenses for tokens and health teaching aids. -Transportation fares -Printing expenses

Persons Responsible >Padua a.Importance of proper dental care b.Proper way of brushing the teeth >Pinlac a.Definition of proper hygiene b.Importance of proper hygiene c.Basic knowledge regarding hand hygiene >Lucido a.Importance of proper footcare b.Effects of poor footcare footcare >.Ragas a.Importance of proper ear care b.Way of proper ear cleaning >Pimentel

Evaluation 152 After 20-25 minutes of health teaching about personal hygiene, the residents were able to partially define and explain the importance of proper personal hygiene, identify he consequences of poor hygiene, and perform different techniques pn proper personal hygiene.

health teaching, Proper Personal

>Demonstra-tions of health

of poor hygiene proper hygiene

c.Different ways of personal

153 HEALTH TEACHING PLAN Subject: Topic: Venue: Lecturers: Poor Personal Hygiene Proper Hygiene Basketball Court seaside (in front of Mr. Rico Sarinos house) Pinlac, Shiela Padua, Ma. Mercedita Pimentel, Asher Lucido, Justin Ragas, Allen I. Goal: The community will be able to create awareness about poor hygiene. Objectives: After the health teaching, each family in the community will be able to: 1. a. Definition of Proper Personal Hygiene 2. Importance of Proper Personal Hygiene 3. Consequences of Proper Personal Hygiene 4. Different practices regarding Proper Personal Hygiene

Participants: The people in the community of Maliksi III

154 II. Content 1. Definition of Proper Personal Hygiene 2. Importance of Proper Personal Hygiene 3. Consequences of Proper Personal Hygiene 4. Different practices regarding Proper Personal Hygiene PROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE

Hygiene is more than just being clean. It is defined as the many practices that help people be and stay healthy. Practicing good personal hygiene is smart for two reasons. First, it helps prevent people from catching and spreading illness and disease. Second, it helps people feel good about themselves and their bodies. In society, cleanliness is an important issue; poor hygiene is seen as unacceptable and unhealthy.

Good hygiene includes thoroughly and regularly washing one's body (especially hands), washing one's hair, brushing and flossing teeth, and caring for gums. These grooming habits will reduce the threat of bacteria that constantly reside on the body. While a certain amount of bacteria are harmless, and even beneficial, to the body, a build-up of bacteria can harm a person's health. IMPORTANCE OF PERSONAL HYGIENE Maintaining personal hygiene is necessary for many reasons; these can be personal, social, for health reasons, psychological or simply as a way of life. Essentially keeping a good standard of hygiene helps to prevent the development and spread of infections, illnesses and bad odours.

155 Personal Reasons Many people, women in particular, are very conscious of their hygiene needs and practices. This can be a result of being taught of the importance from an early age, from being picked-on at school for head lice or similar, or as a way of making themselves more attractive to the opposite sex. Self-esteem, confidence and motivation can all be altered by our body image, often reflected on our ability to care for ourselves and keep good hygiene practices. Social Reasons Most people hate to be talked about, especially in a negative manner. By ensuring that our body is clean and well presented, we are more assured of projecting a positive body image that reflects our personalities. Children should be taught the importance of hygiene and how to achieve good hygiene very early to keep themselves and others healthy and to reduce the risk of being bullied at school. Health Reasons If a person is due to go into hospital, sometimes that person becomes very aware of their hygiene. The thought of being vulnerable and exposed to strangers can cause the person to become very strict on their hygiene needs. If you have cut yourself, the wound should be cleaned and dressed suitably, this can help reduced the risk of infection and pain.

156 Conditions such as head lice, athletes foot etc. should be treated immediately to prevent further infections and spread to others. Hand washing cannot be emphasised enough as this simple action can prevent a plethora of illnesses and disorders developing. Many people forget to wash their hands after using the toilet or before handling foods; this deed can cause a great deal of illness and even death. Psychological Issues By being well presented, clean and tidy, people can feel more confident, especially in social situations. Many job interviews and such like are highly dependent of hygiene as many decisions are made by first impressions within the first few minutes of meeting; these decisions are often made in the sub-conscious. Our chances of succeeding either in work or social settings, or even with the opposite sex can be altered by our maintenance of hygiene. Maintaining hygiene practices helps to reduce the risks of ill health, but equally important affects how we and others perceive ourselves and can influence our levels of confidence and self-esteem which can affect many aspects of our lives

CONSEQUENCES OF POOR HYGIENE Diarrhea

Diarrhea is caused by a variety of micro-organisms including viruses, bacteria and protozoans. Diarrhea causes a person to lose both water and electrolytes, which leads to dehydration and, in some cases, to death.

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Diarrhea is the most important public health problem directly related to water and sanitation. The simple act of washing hands with soap and water can cut diarrheal disease by one-third. Next to providing adequate sanitation facilities, it is the key to preventing waterborne diseases.

Intestinal worms
People become infected with intestinal parasitic worms (also known as helminths) through contact with soil that has been contaminated with human faeces from an infected person, or by eating contaminated food. Children are particularly susceptible and typically have the largest number of worms

Typhoid
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. Symptoms are characterized by headaches, nausea and loss of appetite.

Acne
Skin changes during adolescence. The onset of puberty means more hormones are produced. It is these hormones that trigger the oil glands in the hair follicles to release more sebum, which may eventually clog the small openings in the skin, called pores.

158 Athletes Foot

One doesn't have to be an athlete to get athlete's foot. Athlete's foot, or foot ringworm, describes a type of fungus infection that occurs on the feet. It usually occurs in males over twelve years of age; it is not common with young children and women. Athlete's foot thrives in moist, damp conditions, especially when a person is wearing tight shoes and socks in hot weather. When the feet cannot breathe due to a lack of ventilation, athlete's foot can occur. It can take different forms on different people. Sometimes, the skin between the toes will peel and crack, and at other times, blisters develop on the soles and sides of the feet. In most cases, there is an itch that accompanies these other symptoms.

Head lice
Head lice are tiny insects, or skin parasites, that burrow into the scalp. They cause itching of the scalp, which can lead to a bacterial infection because of repeated scratching. In children, however, head lice are often barely noticeable. Head lice are spread through personal contact and through sharing things such as combs, brushes, and hats. Often, the lice can make their way into a person's eyebrows, eyelashes, or facial hair. Head lice can easily turn into an epidemic (the rapid spreading of a disease to many people at the same time) at a school because children often share personal items. The problem is treatable by using a cream, lotion, or shampoo, all of which are available at pharmacies.

159

Dandruff
Dandruff, also known as seborrheic dermatitis, is a swelling of the upper layers of skin on the scalp. The first signs are a drying or a greasy scaling of the scalp. Often this is accompanied by itching. Dandruff is a condition that may be inherited, and cold weather can often make dandruff worse. Unlike head lice, dandruff is not contagious. Similarly, though, it is treatable with shampoos or solutions that are available at pharmacies.

Tooth Decay Cavities

Plaque is the main cause of tooth decay, or cavities, and gum disease. When people eat, especially foods containing starches and sugars, and they don't brush their teeth right away, the plaque bacteria in their mouths make acids. These acids then attack the enamel on the teeth. When this happens repeatedly, teeth will begin decaying. Cavities accompanied by painful toothaches can develop.

Bad Breath
Bad breath, or halitosis, can be caused by gum disease, eating certain foods (such as garlic), or a medical disorder. Often, though, bad breath is the result of poor oral hygiene. When bacteria build up in the mouth, it can lead to a bad taste in one's mouth and a bad odor too. Regularly brushing the teeth as well as the tongue often helps eliminate bad breath.

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Ingrown Toenail
Toenails become ingrown when the edges of the nail grow into the surrounding skin. This occurs when a nail that is deformed grows improperly into the skin, or when the skin around the nail grows rapidly and covers part of the nail. Symptoms include redness and pain around the area. If the toenail becomes infected, the area will swell and blisters can develop. In mild cases, the ingrown toenail can be remedied with a simple trimming; however, many times medical attention is required. Wearing shoes that fit properly can prevent ingrown toenails. Also, it is important not to trim toenails too short.

Flu
Flu is a virus that can cause chills, fever and a sore throat and, if you have heart or lung problems or are 65 or over, it will hit you hardest. The virus can also cause headaches, coughing, sneezing and extreme tiredness.. Flu is often spread through the air by coughs and sneezes or by touching contaminated surfaces.

DIFFERENT PRACTICES REGARDING PROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE Basic Skin Care Taking good care of the skin involves a few basic steps: Wash the face two times a day with a mild soap or gentle cleanser. Avoid washing too often, as the skin will become irritated and dry out. If too much of the skin's natural oil is washed away, the skin may become very dry and begin to itch and flake.

161 Leave pimples alone; picking, popping, or squeezing them will only make them worse. Have only a dermatologist remove or extract pimples. Try to avoid touching the face. Keep hands clean by washing them often. Hair Care Shampoo and Conditioner: Keeping It Clean and Smooth A person with dry or extremely curly hair may shampoo less often than an individual with oily or straight hair. Conditioners can help keep hair shiny and smooth. It offers protection against the drying effects of styling hair with heat or using styling products that contain alcohol, which can be drying too. An individual with coarse, curly hair that must be straightened with a blow-dryer each day should protect hair with a good amount of conditioner. Someone with limp, oily hair may opt not to use conditioner at all. Combing the Hair Is often done using a brush, comb, or pick. It is important as it helps distribute sebum through the hair. This will help hair look shinier and smoother. It will also prevent knots and tangles, both of which can lead to hair breaking or splitting.

162

Oral Care Brushing Removes the plaque (a sticky film of bacteria that grows around the teeth) that causes tooth decay, or cavities. Helps keep gums healthy and breath fresh. A person should choose a soft-bristled toothbrush with a shape that suits one's mouth and allows one to reach all of the teeth easily. Use a toothpaste with fluoride (a chemical compound that is added to toothpaste and drinking water to help prevent tooth decay) Hold the toothbrush at a 45-degree angle against the gums, and brush back and forth in short movements. Make certain to brush the outer, inner, and chewing surfaces (or flat surfaces) of the teeth. Ear Care It is not necessary to use cotton swabs to clean the ear canal. In fact, using them can harm the ear by pushing wax toward the eardrum, where it can get stuck and cause blockage or an ear infection. Cleaning the pinna and behind the ear is good hygiene, the rest of the ear will usually take care of itself. Removing Excess Earwax is by using a blunt instrument that has a loop on the end. This instrument is carefully inserted into the ear canal to remove the wax. The most common cause of hearing loss is loud noise. Certain types of noises, such as gunfire or firecrackers that explode near an ear, can do sudden damage to hearing. Nail Care Nails should always be kept clean and neatly trimmed or filed.

163 Nails that are excessively long can hold more dirt than shorter nails. Hangnails (loose skin near the base of the nail) should be carefully trimmed with a cuticle clipper and the area kept clean to prevent infections. Foot Care Wash feet every day. Be sure to dry feet thoroughly, especially in between the toes. Only wear socks made of cotton, and change them if they get moist or damp. Go barefoot when at home. Try to wear sandals, and avoid tight shoes in warm weather. If possible, use an antifungal powder in tight shoes. Hand Care Hand Washing One of the best ways to prevent bacteria from spreading and catching the common cold is to wash one's hands. This procedure may sound simple, medical experts say that most people don't wash their hands properly or often enough. Should be done before and after eating, after touching or playing with pets and other animals, after sneezing, coughing, or blowing one's nose, after going to the bathroom after touching trash or putting out the garbage, before and after treating a cut or wound. It's necessary to use soap and warm water, rub one's hands together vigorously, wash the front and back of the hands and the wrists, as well as under the fingernails, and then rinse. It's also recommended that the water be left running during the drying process so one can use a paper towel to turn off the faucet.

164

III. Methodology 1. Discussion .2. Demonstration 3. Games IV. TIME FRAME: 25 minutes of health teaching V. Resources/Materials: a. Brochures b. Visual aids: Cartolina c .Things for demonstrations 1. Water 2. Soap 3. Blunt instrument 4. Improvise toothbrush

VI. EVALUATION: Evaluation: (Checklist questionnaire)

165

166

POOR WATER SANITATION

167 COMMUNITY CARE PLAN FOR POOR WATER SANITATION Assessment Objective Cues: > 61% of the respondents are engaging in direct intake of water from the faucet Community Diagnosis > Poor water sanitation due to direct consumption of from the faucet as evidenced by 61%of the respondents >The people in who practice the community have uncovered drinking water storages. >High incidence rate of Gastroit. 1.Cognitive >Define Proper Water Sanitation >Enumerate different ways of water treatment > Explain the factors of poor water 2.Enumerate different ways of water treatment 3.Explain the factors affecting poor Intervention Plan Planning >After 20-25 minutes of health teaching, the people in the community will be able to: 2.Identify the importance of having proper water sanitation Intervention 1. Discuss the definition of proper water sanitation. Rationale >To further understand the proper ways of water treatment. >To emphasize that proper water sanitation is important in maintaining a healthy community. >To relay all options that the respondents can do to 3. Financial resources - Expenses for 2. Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community. Resources Required 1.Material resources - Visual aids -Brochures -Props Time Frame Evaluation

>20-25 After the minutes of nursing health teaching intervention, the community was able to partially alleviate the problem on poor environmental sanitation and able to define proper water sanitation, enumerate and practice different ways of water treatment,

168 enteritis and LBM as evidenced by 2008-2009 leading causes of morbidity. 2.Psychomotor >Practice accepted ways of water treatment 3.Affective >State the importance of proper water sanitation sanitation > Discuss the effects of poor water sanitation 4.Discuss the effects of poor water sanitation water sanitation >To be able to avoid those factors and prevent potential illnesses. >To be able to identify whether the symptoms felt is because of poor water sanitation. tokens and health teaching aids. Transportation fares -Printing expenses explain the factors and effects of poor waters sanitation, and state the importance of proper water sanitation.

169 SESSION DESIGN Topic: Poor Water Sanitation Goal: To create awareness to the people in the community about proper waste disposal. Venue: Basketball Court seaside (in front of Mr. Rico Sarinos house) Participants: Community residents of Brgy. Maliksi III Learning Objectives At the end of health teaching, the community will be able to: a. Define Proper Water Sanitation b. State the importance of having proper water sanitation c. Practice accepted ways of water treatment Content >Definition of Proper Water Sanitation >Importance of Proper Water Sanitation >Different Ways of Water Treatment >Factors affecting Poor Water Sanitation >Effects Methodology >Discussion >Demonstrations >Game Time Frame 20-25 minutes of health teaching Resources 1.Material resources - Visual aids -Brochures -Props 2. Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community. 3. Financial resources - Expenses for Persons Responsible > Kho a. Definition of Proper Water Sanitation b. Different ways of water treatment >Perez a. Importance of Proper Water Sanitation >Real a. Factors affecting Proper Water Sanitation Evaluation After 20-25 minutes of health teaching about water sanitation, the residents were able to partially define and state the importance of proper water sanitation, practice accepted ways of water treatment, explain the

170 affecting Poor d. Explain the factors affecting poor water sanitation e. Discuss the effects of poor water sanitation Water Sanitation tokens and health >Ibaez teaching aids. -Transportation fares -Printing expenses a. Effects of Poor Water Sanitation factors and effects of poor water sanitation.

171 HEALTH TEACHING PLAN Subject: Environmental Sanitation Topic: Proper Water Sanitation Venue: Basketball Court seaside(in front of Mr. Rico Sarinos house) Participants: The people in the community of Maliksi III Lecturers: Kho, Krista-Ann Real, Geraldine Perez, Sherrylyn Ibaez, Levilyn Marice
III. Goal: The people in the community will be able to create awareness about proper water sanitation Objectives: At the end of the community health teaching, the people will be able to: 5. Define Proper Water Sanitation 6. State the importance of Proper Water Sanitation 7. Enumerate different ways of water treatment 8. Explain the factors affecting poor water sanitation 9. Discuss the effects of poor water sanitation IV. Content

172
5. Definition of proper water sanitation 6. Importance of proper water sanitation 7. Different ways of water treatment 8. Factors affecting poor water sanitation 9. Effects of poor water sanitation(Water-borne diseases)

PROPER WATER SANITATION Formulation and application of measures designed to protect public health through proper ways of water treatment also considering factors such as to where the water came from. IMPORTANCE OF PROPER WATER SANITATION Water and sanitation are critical determinants for survival in the initial stages of a disaster. People affected by disasters are generally much more susceptible to illness and death from disease, which are related to a large extent to inadequate sanitation, inadequate water supplies and poor hygiene. The most significant of these diseases are diarrhoeal diseases and infectious diseases transmitted by the faeco-oral route. Other water- and sanitation-related diseases include those carried by vectors associated with solid waste and water. The main objective of water supply and sanitation programmes in disasters is to reduce the transmission of faeco-oral diseases and exposure to disease-bearing vectors through the promotion of good hygiene practices, the provision of safe drinking water and the reduction of environmental health risks and by establishing the conditions that allow people to live with good health, dignity, comfort and security. The term 'sanitation', throughout Sphere, refers to excreta disposal, vector control, solid waste disposal and drainage.

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Simply providing sufficient water and sanitation facilities will not, on its own, ensure their optimal use or impact on public health. In order to achieve the maximum benefit from a response, it is imperative to ensure that disaster-affected people have the necessary information, knowledge and understanding to prevent water- and sanitation-related disease, and to mobilize their involvement in the design and maintenance of those facilities. In most disaster situations the responsibility for collecting water falls to women and children. When using communal water and sanitation facilities, for example in refugee or displaced situations, women and adolescent girls can be vulnerable to sexual violence or exploitation. In order to minimize these risks, and to ensure a better quality of response, it is important to encourage women's participation in water supply and sanitation programmes wherever possible. An equitable participation of women and men in planning, decision-making and local management will help to ensure that the entire affected population has safe and easy access to water supply and sanitation services, and that services are equitable and appropriate. DIFFERENT WAYS OF WATER TREATMENT Water treatment - describes those processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, industrial processes, medical and many other uses. GOAL: o To remove existing contaminants in the water. o To reduce the concentration of such contaminants so the water becomes fit for its desired end-use. Water purification - is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for its intended use, most commonly human consumption. There are 3 simple ways on how to purify water: 1. BOILING

174 In an emergency, boiling is the best way to purify water that is unsafe because of the presence of protozoan parasites or bacteria. If the water is cloudy, it should be filtered before boiling. Using coffee filters, towels (paper or cotton), cheesecloth, or a cotton plug in a funnel are effective ways to filter cloudy water. Place the water in a clean container and bring it to a full boil and continue boiling for at least 3 minutes (covering the container will help reduce evaporation). Boiled water should be kept covered while cooling.

The advantages of boiling water include: 1. Pathogens that might be lurking in your water will be killed if the water is boiled long enough. 2. Boiling will also drive out some of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that might also be in the water. This method works well to make water that is contaminated with living organisms safe to drink, but because of the inconvenience, boiling is not routinely used to purify drinking water except in emergencies. 2. FILTRATION A type of water treatment wherein any remaining particles are removed from the raw water during the filtration process. The water may be filtered through layers of sand, gravel and/or coal. The raw water travels through the various filter materials and out into the treatment plant reservoir. 3. SEDIMENTATION The sedimentation process settles out larger suspended particles and the floc created through the coagulation/flocculation process. As the raw water flows very slowly through the sedimentation basin, heavy particles

175 fall to the floor while the water overflows the basin and is channeled into filters. The particles resting on the floor of the basin are moved into a sludge basin for eventual disposal. FACTORS AFFECTING POOR WATER SANITATION
a. Lack of financial resources b. Insufficient service made for maintaining the sanitation of water c. Inability to maintain the cleanliness of water d. Insufficient priority given by the sector

EFFECTS OF POOR WATER SANITATION: WATERBORNE DISEASES Water-borne diseases - are any illness caused by drinking water contaminated by human or animal feces, which contain pathogenic microorganisms. - They are caused by pathogenic microorganisms which are directly transmitted when contaminated fresh water is consumed. According to the World Health Organization, diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. Common waterborne diseases: 1. CHOLERA An acute bacterial disease transmitted through food or water contaminated with human feces. The intestinal infection is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Signs and Symptoms: watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, dehydration, weak pulse, cold skin, sunken eyes, muscle weakness Treatments: bed rest, fluid replacement

176

2. TYPHOID FEVER A gastrointestinal condition mainly in the developing world. It is caused by a bacterial infection, usually as a form of food poisoning. Typhoid fever is unrelated to the similarly named typhus. Signs and Symptoms: For mild exposure, some people only become carriers of typhoid, hence, signs and symptoms arent usually present. Some may experience abdominal pains, headache, fever, constipation, sore throat, mild vomiting, nosebleeds, slow heartbeat and loss of appetite. Treatments: Hospitalization 3. DIARRHEA Is loose, watery stools. A person with diarrhea typically passes stool more than three times a day. People with diarrhea may pass more than a quart of stool a day. Acute Diarrhea - a common problem that usually lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away on its own without special treatment. Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Signs and Symptoms: may be accompanied by cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, or an urgent need to use the bathroom. Depending on the cause, a person may have a fever or bloody stools. Treatments: The main treatment for diarrhea in children is rehydration to replace lost fluid quickly. If your child has diarrhea, do not hesitate to call the doctor for advice. They usually prescribe antibiotics as a first-line treatment.

177 4. AMOEBIASIS Amoebiasis, sometimes spelt amebiasis, is one of those common diseases, caused by a parasite which infects the bowel casing a type of gastroenteritis infection.Amebiasis is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. Signs and Symptoms: People with amoebiasis may experience mild or severe symptoms or no symptoms at all, the common are stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhea, sometimes containing blood, loose stools, abdominal tenderness and occasional fever and weight loss. Treatment: Consult at your nearest health center. Doctors usually prescribe specific antibiotics such as metronidazole to treat effectively this disease. III. Methodology 1. Discussion 2. Demonstration 3. Game

IV.Time Frame
20.25 inutes of health teaching

V. Resources/Materials:
e. Brochures

178
f. Visual aids: Cartolina

g. Things for demonstrations 1. Filter 2. Water 3. Cloth 4. Water container

VI. Evaluation: (Checklist questionnaire)

COMMUNITY CARE PLAN FOR PRESENCE OF PESTS

Assessment Objective Cues: > Based on the graph, there are 129 total number of flies, mosquitoes, rodents and cockroaches in their respective houses. > Based on the graph, there are 79% of respondents who practice open dumping.

Community Diagnosis > Poor Environmenta l Sanitation due to presence of pests as evidenced by 50% of the respondents presence of pests.

Intervention Plan Planning After the health teaching, 85-100% of the attendees to: Intervention > Discuss matters about the unfavorable consequences of poor sanitation.. > To prevent occurrence of foreseen potential health problems related to improper garbage disposal. > Enumerate ways on minimizing breeding grounds. > Vectors easily multiply on places conducive for reproduction 3. Financial resources - Expenses for tokens and health teaching aids. Transportation fares -Printing potential diseases that could be acquired from vectors. Rationale > To promote awareness on the environment. 1. Material - Visual aids -Brochures -Props 2. Human Resources - Time and effort of student nurses and cooperation of the community. rehabilitation of resources Resources Required Time Frame 20-25 minutes of health teaching Evaluation 179 After nursing intervention, the community was able to alleviate problem on presence of pests, and was able to enumerate acquirable causeddisease, categorized diseases to which vector causes it, value the importance of good environmental sanitation, minimize breeding grounds for vectors in their homes through avoidance of keeping stagnant waters.

will be able environmental 1.Cognitive > Identify e the acquirable vectorcaused diseases and be able to apply on their daily living. >Categoriz e diseases to which vector causes it. 2. Affective > Value the

complained of >Enumerat

180

181

EVALUATION

182

EVALUATION PLAN FORMAT: What to evaluate and evaluation indicators 1.) Improper Waste Disposal 1.1 Relevance 1.2 Progress 1.3 Effectiveness 1.4 Impact 1.5 Efficiency 2.) Poor Hygiene 1.1 Relevance 1.2 Progress 1.3 Effectiveness 1.4 Impact 1.5 Efficiency 3.) Poor Water Sanitation 1.1 Relevance 1.2 Progress 1.3 Effectiveness 1.4 Impact 1.5 Efficiency

Data / Information Needed

Data Collection Methods / Tools Interview and Observation: Sample Evaluation Questionnaire

Sources of Data / Information

(See attached sample evaluation questionnaire)

Community People and Objective Observations

(See attached sample evaluation questionnaire)

Interview and Observation: Sample Evaluation Questionnaire

Community People and Objective Observations

(See attached sample evaluation questionnaire)

Interview and Observation: Sample Evaluation Questionnaire

Community People and Objective Observations

183

184 Alabang Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Pias City COLLEGE OF NURSING SAMPLE EVALUATION PLAN FORMAT QUESTIONNAIRE: Pangalan: ________________________ Petsa: ____________ Edad: __________Kasarian: ________

Panuto: Lagyan ng tesk ( ) ang kahon ng iyong napiling sagot tungkol sa mga sumusunod: Maling Pagtapon ng Basura 3 Mahalaga 2 Hindi Mahalaga 1 Walang Kaalaman A. Kahalagahan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2.) Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) 3.) Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa kaibahan ng Biodegradable o Nabubulok at Non-Biodegradable o Hindi Nabubulok? 3 31 31 2 1

31

Maling Pagtapon ng Basura 3 Mahalaga 2 Hindi Mahalaga 1 Walang Kaalaman A. Kahalagahan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2.) Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) 3.) Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa kaibahan ng Biodegradable o Nabubulok at Non-Biodegradable o Hindi Nabubulok? 3 Nakatutulong 2 Hindi Nakatutulong 1 Walang Kaalaman 3 31 31 2 1

31

B. Pag-unlad ng Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Nakatutulong ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2.) Nakatutulong ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) 3.) Nakatutulong ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa kaibahan ng Biodegradable o Nabubulok at Non-Biodegradable o Hindi Nabubulok? 3 - Mabisa 2 Hindi Mabisa 3 31 31 2 1

31

1 Walang Kaalaman

C. Epektibo sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mabisa ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2.) Mabisa ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) 3.) Mabisa ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa kaibahan ng Biodegradable o Nabubulok at Non-Biodegradable o Hindi Nabubulok? 3 Mataas 2 Mababa 1 Walang Kaalaman 3 28 29 2 3 2 1

29

D. Tulong sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) 3.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa kaibahan ng Biodegradable o Nabubulok at Non-Biodegradable o Hindi Nabubulok? 3 Sapat 2 Hindi Sapat 1 Walang Kaalaman 29 2 27 4 3 31 2 1

E. Kasapatan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Sapat ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2.) Sapat ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa 3Rs (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) 3.) Sapat ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa kaibahan ng Biodegradable o Nabubulok at NonBiodegradable o Hindi Nabubulok? Pansariling Kalinisan 3 Mahalaga 2 Hindi Mahalaga 1 Walang Kaalaman A. Kahalagahan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mahalaga ba ang kaalaman ukol sa pansariling kalinisan? 2.) Mahalaga ba na malaman ang mga sakit na maaaring idulot ng mababang level ng kaalaman ukol sa pansariling kalinisan? 3.) Mahalaga ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng sarili? 31 3 31 2 1 3 26 27 2 5 3 1 1

30

31

3 Nakatutulong 2 Hindi Nakatutulong 1 Walang Kaalaman

B. Pag-unlad ng Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 3 2 1

1.) Nakatutulong ba ang mga kaalaman ukol sa pansarling kalinisan? 2.) Nakatutulong ba na malaman ang mga sakit na maaaring idulot ng mababang level ng kaalaman ukol sa pansariling kalinisan? 3.) Nakatutulong ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng sarili?

29

30

31

3 - Mabisa 2 Hindi Mabisa 1 Walang Kaalaman

C. Epektibo sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mabisa ba ang mga kaalaman ukol sa pansarling kalinisan? 2.) Mabisa ba na malaman ang mga sakit na maaaring idulot ng mababang level ng kaalaman ukol sa pansariling kalinisan? 3.) Mabisa ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng sarili? 31 3 30 2 1 1

31

3 Mataas 2 Mababa 1 Walang Kaalaman

D. Tulong sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng kaalaman ukol sa pansarling kalinisan? 2.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman ukol sakit na maaaring 3 31 29 1 1 2 1

idulot ng mababang level ng kaalaman ukol sa pansariling kalinisan? 3.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman sa ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng sarili? 3 Sapat 2 Hindi Sapat 1 Walang Kaalaman 30 1

E. Kasapatan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Sapat ba ang kaalaman ukol sa pansarling kalinisan? 2.) Sapat ba na malaman ang mga sakit na maaaring idulot ng mababang level ng kaalaman ukol sa pansariling kalinisan? 3.) Sapat ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng sarili? 29 2 3 27 2 3 1 1

24

Sanitasyon sa Tubig 3 Mahalaga 2 Hindi Mahalaga 1 Walang Kaalaman A. Kahalagahan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.)Mahalaga ba na malaman ang kahalagahan sanitasyon sa tubig? 3 31 2 1

2.) Mahalaga ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng tubig? 3.) Mahalaga ba na malaman ang ibat ibang sakit na dulot ng maruming tubig? 3 Nakatutulong 2 Hindi Nakatutulong 1 Walang Kaalaman

31 31

B. Pag-unlad ng Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Nakatutulong ba na malaman ang kahalagahan sanitasyon sa tubig? 2.) Nakatutulong ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng tubig? 3.) Nakatutulong ba na malaman ang ibat ibang sakit na dulot ng maruming tubig? 3 - Mabisa 2 Hindi Mabisa 1 Walang Kaalaman 3 31 31 31 2 1

C. Epektibo sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mabisa ba na malaman ang kahalagahan ng sanitasyon sa tubig? 2.) Mabisa ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng tubig? 3.) Mabisa ba na malaman ang ibat ibang sakit na dulot ng maruming tubig? 3 Mataas 3 30 26 28 2 1 5 2 1 1

2 Mababa 1 Walang Kaalaman D. Tulong sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman ukol sa kahalagahan sanitasyon sa tubig? 2.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman ukol sa ibat ibang 31 paraan ng paglilinis ng tubig? 3.) Mataas ba ang tulong sa kalusugan ng pagkakaroon ng kaalaman ukol sa ibat ibang sakit na dulot ng maruming tubig? 3 Sapat 2 Hindi Sapat 1 Walang Kaalaman 29 2

3 31

E. Kasapatan sa Kalusugan Mga Tanong: 1.) Sapat ba na malaman ang kahalagahan sanitasyon sa tubig? 2.) Sapat ba na malaman ang ibat ibang paraan ng paglilinis ng tubig? 3.) Sapat ba na malaman ang ibat ibang sakit na dulot ng maruming tubig? 3 29 27 28 2 2 2 3 2 1

University of Perpetual Help System DALTA

Alabang Zapote Road, Pamplona, Las Pias City COLLEGE OF NURSING SAMPLE EVALUATION QUESTIONNAIRE

Community Assembly: Kalusugan, Kalinisan, Kaunlaran Pangalan (optional): ______________________________________Edad:__ Address: _____________________________________________________
Panuto: Lagyan ng tesk ( ) ang kahon ng iyong napiling sagot tungkol sa mga sumusunod: TANONG PAGTATAPON NG BASURA 1. Mahalaga ba ang pagkakaroon ng kaalaman tungkol sa tamang pagtatapon ng basura? 2. Makatutulong ba sa pag-iwas ng sakit ang tamang pagtapon ng basura? 3. Recycle ba ang tawag sa paggawa ng isang produktibong bagay na mula sa pinagsama-samang basura o bagay na hindi na ginagamit? 4. Tama bang paghaluin ang nabubulok na basura sa hindi nabubulok na basura? OO 31 31 25 5 1 MGA PAGPIPILIAN HINDI WALANG KAALAMAN

31

5. Maaring bang ibaon sa hukay at 31 tabunan ng lupa ang mga nabubulok na basura tulad ng mga tirang pagkain, mga dahon at damo, pati na ang dumi upang hindi ito langawin? 6. Tama bang sunugin ang mga 26 basura? PANSARILING KALINISAN 1. Ang personal na pangangalaga ba sa ating katawan ang unang hakbang tungo sa magandang kalusugan? 2. Dalawang beses ba sa isang araw, at may tagal na dalawang minuto, ang panahong dapat inilalaan sa pagsisipilyo? 3. Tama bang gumamit ng kahit na anong matitigas at matatalim na bagay upang linisan ang tenga tulad ng toothpick, hairpin at iba pang maaaring makasugat? 4. Hindi ba nakatutulong ang paghuhugas ng kamay sa pagiwas ng mga karaniwang karamdaman gaya ng sipon at ubo? 5. Ang pagsusuot ba ng masikip na sapatos ay maaring magdulot ng alipunga? 6. Maaari bang hindi gumamit ng sabon sa pagliligo? 7. Dapat bang hugasan (magshampoo) ang buhok ng 4 beses sa isang linggo? SANITASYON SA TUBIG 1. Ang pagpapakulo ba ay isang paraan upang mapalinis ang tubig? 2. Sedimentasyon ba ang tawag sa paraan ng paglilinis ng tubig kung saan ito ay sinasala sa pamamagitan ng isang tela? 31

21

10

29

10

20

27 3 21

3 27 10

1 1

OO 31 19

HINDI

WALANG KAALAMAN

11

3. Maaari bang makaranas ng pagtatae ang taong nakainom ng maruming tubig? 4. Maari bang salain ang tubig gamit ang isang maruming tela? 5. Mahalaga bang linisin muna ang nakuhang tubig bago inumin?

25 1 30

6 30 1

Panuto: Lagyan ng bilog ang mga numerong nakasaad para sa sagot sa mga nakalahad na tanong: HALIMBAWA: Sapat na ba ang aking natutunan? 1 2 3 1= Kulang 2= Nasa gitna ng kasapatan at kakulangan 3= Sapat

NILALAMAN NG PAGTUTURO 1. Sapat ba ang paglalahad ng mga paksang itinuro? 1=2 2=4 3=28 2. Sapat ba ang mga nakuhang karagdagang kaalaman sa paksang itinuro? 1=3 2=3 3=25 3. Ang mga naituro ba ay sapat at ito ay maaaring magamit sa pang araw-araw na gawain? 1=1 2=8 3=22 4. Ang mga aktibidades o activities na ginawa ay nakatulong ba sa pagbibigay kaalaman? 1=2 2=5 3=24 5. Nakatulong ba ang mga visual aid ng mga nagturo? 1=1 2=4 3=26 6. Ang mga tanong ba sa bawat paksa ay sapat para sa lahat? 1=4 2=1 3=26 SA MGA NAGTURO 7. Sapat ba ang paghahanda ng mga nagturo? 1=2 2=4 3=25 8. Sapat at nakatulong ba sa mga tao ang mga naituro? 1=2 2=4 3=25 SA LUGAR NG PINAGDAUSAN 9. Ang lugar ba ng pinagdausan ay sapat, maayos at maganda? 1=1 2=8 3=22 10. Sapat at nakatulong ba ang lugar ng pinagdausan sa pagdagdag ng kaalaman? 1=5 2=5 3=21

Frequency and Percentage Distribution Showing the results of the Evaluation Feedback Questionnaire of the Respondents Surveyed

Interpretation and Analysis

The graph depicts that out of the eighteen questions provided during evaluation, there is only one percentage result with unsatisfactory or poor rating which is thirty five percent (35%). This question focuses on sdimentation which is discovered to be very unfamiliar and new to the respondents. However, the remaining shows a very satisfactory result which implies that the respondents have gained and retained the information given by the student nurses during the community assembly.

Executive Summary of Program Evaluation

Brief Description: The Community Assembly was held in Longos Court at Tabing Dagat, Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite on January 25, 2010 from 10:00 am to 1:00 pm. The assembly revolved around the top 3 major problems of the community based on the careful computation on the problem prioritization and on the surveys done by each member of the group as well. It was attended by fifty-six (56) individuals, thirty-one (31) of whom were adults and twenty-five (25) were children. The program was comprised of the discussion proper, games and activities related to each prioritized problem, food distribution, and conclusion. Focus / Coverage / Objectives: The whole program is focused on the Top 3 Health Problems identified by the respondents of Barangay Maliksi III, all of which were ranked accordingly based on the computations and interviews conducted by the group. The three major problems that ranked the highest are as follows: (1) Improper Waste Disposal which covers the definition of proper waste disposal , the importance, its methods, creative ways of transforming trash into treasure, and the effects of improper waste disposal; (2) Poor Personal Hygiene which encompasses the definition of proper hygiene (dental care, hand hygiene, foot care, ear care, hair care and nail care), its importance, the consequences of poor hygiene, and the various techniques and healthcare practices that could help meet ones self-care needs and lastly; (3) Poor Water Sanitation which comprises the definition of proper water sanitation , the importance, the different ways of water treatment, the factors that could lead to poor water sanitation and the effects and consequences that it may bring. The objectives of this Community Assembly are: (1) to disseminate information regarding the peoples health needs and; (2) to provide and implement appropriate actionable and sustainable solutions that will improve their current health status.

Procedures: During the community assembly, the group discussed essential information, and performed demonstrations for the sole purpose of health education. The student nurses also included games and employed certain activities in between every discussion to evaluate whether the community had gained knowledge from the health teaching that was conducted. Intermission numbers were also presented so as to entertain and keep the attendees focused on the program. Summary and Interpretation of Results:

The graph depicts that out of the eighteen questions provided during evaluation, there is only one percentage result with unsatisfactory or poor rating. This question focuses on sedimentation which is discovered to be very unfamiliar and new to the respondents. However, the remaining shows a very satisfactory result which implies that the respondents have gained and retained the information given by the student nurses during the community assembly. Conclusion: The first and second objectives stated above were successfully accomplished during the event of the community assembly where certain topics regarding the top three prioritized health problems, such as proper methods of garbage disposal, different ways of water treatment and various healthcare practices for proper personal hygiene, were addressed to the residents of Barangay Maliksi III. The people were able to learn new information that helped increase their level of perception towards health promotion and the improvement of their health status. Recommendation: a) To the community residents of Barangay Maliksi III, Bacoor, Cavite, that they fulfill and perform their own part in solving the identified health problems, not only for their well-being, but for the welfare and benefit of their own community, as well. b) To the key leaders, that they conduct and implement more programs and projects which will be directed to the complete eradication of the recognized health problems and further enhancement of the entire community and its dwellers. c) To the future students who may wish to conduct the same community case study, that they work with patience, steadfastness, and dedication in order to help the community in resolving its health problems, and eventually lead its people to

become more productive and highly capable in achieving their optimum level of functioning.