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Nursing Research Process in a Nutshell

{Identification/formulation of research} PROBLEM - Anything that requires solution thru scientific investigation. Sources of problem : C concepts (Ca, PTB, MI) L literature, essays, books, journals I Issues E experience N Nursing problems T theories Characteristics of a research problem G general applicability and use Re Researchable F Feasible and measurable F actors of a feasible research : - time, money, experience of the researcher, instruments, population I importance to nursing profession N novelty/originality **Plagiarism/illegal replication unauthorized use of anothers literary work without any consent or permission S significance to nursing

2 TYPES of RESEARCH according to USE: 1. Basic/Pure Research only the research benefits the research It is only for your personal necessity Answers your own question

2. Applied Research problem solving Solving the problems of the patient.

VARIABLE subject to change KINDS of VARIABLE: 1) Independent variable - use this to stimulate a target population 2)Dependent variable/Effectual variable - results of the effects of the study 3)Intervening Variable -comes between dependent and independent Example: organism variable, internal factor, sex, gender, color 4)Extraneous Variable -external infuences that can be changed Example: citizenship, educational status Dichotomous Variable -2 choices/ 2 results Example: Male/ Female Polychotomous Variable -multiple choices Example: Preferred foods Chinese, Japanese, American Example: A comparative Study in the Income of Filipino Nurses Employed in P.G.H. and N.Y.G.H. Independent variable : Target population : Dependent variable : PGH and NYGH (place of work) Filipino nurses income

STEPS: 1. Identify the Problem 2. Purpose objective using SMART (Systematic, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time Bounded) 3. Define Terms a. Conceptual Definition dictionary definition b. Operational Definition defined in accordance on how the researcher used the word c. Lexical Definition from experts 4. Revision of Terms

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: Purposes : to have an update regarding your topic to have a basis of theoretical and conceptual framework

Main sources of literatures: Conceptual Formulated Authors Can be sold Books general use Research Researcher Research works only Future research purpose only

FORMULATION of conceptual and theoretical framework

THEORY relationship between concepts

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

diagrammatic and structural presentation of the problem hypothesis Paradigm actual structural presentation of your conceptual framework

FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS 5 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS 1.Null/statistical hypothesis shows no relationship or difference between an independent variable and dependent variable. ID = DV Eg. There is no difference regarding professional opportunities of Filipino Nurses working in the Philippines from those working in USA. 2.Simple/Operational hypothesis/Alternative hypothesis this shows relationship between a single independent variable from single dependent variable. Eg. Filipinos Nurses working in USA has more professional opportunities than those working in the Philippines. 3.Complex hypothesis this shows a relationship between two or more independent variable from two or more dependent variable. Eg. Filipino nurses who worked for 5yrs and passed the CGFNS, TORFL, TSE, NCLEX has greater opportunities in NY as compared to those in Manila 4.Directional hypothesis specifies the direction of the relationship between variables Eg. Filipino Nurses working in the USA has more professional opportunities than those working in the Phils. 5.Non-directional only predicts the relationship, but has no specific direction between variables.

Eg. There is a big difference between a Filipino Nurses working in USA than those working in the Phils. SELECTING RESEARCH DESIGN Systematic controlled plan for finding the answer to a problem Roadmap, blueprint of the study Should have a proper resign design If improper research design, there will be improper collection of data Purpose : key or tool for proper collection of data TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN According to Application a) Basic/ Pure - for personal knowledge, curiosity b) Applied - based on problem solving approach

According to Methods

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH performing active manipulation, observe and record the result.

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH a. MAnipulation Performing intervention b. Randomization using sample by chance. Choose randomly to avoid redundancy of result c. COntrol divide grp into 2. Group a control/comparison grp will use the same soap everyday Group b experimental grp those who will use the sample soap

d. VAlidation comparison of the effects e. Quasi-experimental false experiment. NO CONTROL sample. NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH no manipulation is done. Only observation, describe and record down the result.

TYPES OF NER: Based on TIME ELEMENT

a) Retrospective (Ex Post Facto) Getting actual experience Studies a group of people after its occurrence, experience or facts. Experience of people in the past b) Descriptive Observe, describe & record. Study of current events. c) Prospective Study of research about future occurrence or future events. d) Historical Past that is written, documented, published and recorded TYPES of DATA Primary Data o Observe o 1st hand information o person himself Secondary Data o 2nd Hand Information About the past using records, journals, books.

Study of the dead people thru his written materials, facts According to DATA

i.

Quantitative data base on numerical interpretation, datas that are measurable, using your senses, data that are observable.

ii.

Qualitative subjective data, feelings, perception, beliefs, culture, attitude

Survey Research Design Group Small Face to face Large not good result Methods Mailed survey Face to face Telephone survey

According to TIME ORIENTATION Cross Sectional Applicable to 2 or more identical group Short term For comparison Longitudinal 1 group only with initial and follow up survey long term study for developmental study

Selecting your population and samples

sample

part of population, data is collected. The recipient of the experimental treatment in experimental design or the individuals to be observed in a nonexperimental design

Types of sampling

Probability - equal presentation/ chances in the population.

Simple random technique


Used a single/identical group. Fish bowl technique

Stratified random sampling

You will first going to create a sub population from the whole population before doing randomization. One population, you divide it.

Cluster random sampling

You will first create a sub area in a population before doing the randomization. In one population, you make it smaller

Systematic random sampling

choosing a sample every nth name in the population. Multiple of 100 names Sampling frame list of names appearing as your population

Non-probability sampling you are not choosing by chance.

Accidental/ convenience sampling

Base on the accessibility/availability of your sample. Kung sino pinakamalapit syo, yun ang kukunin mo.

Purposive/judgmental sampling

base on the common knowledge or popular knowledge.

Snow-ball sampling

get sampling base on last referral

Quota Sampling

Setting criteria and getting samples fitting the criteria

Conducting pilot studies

Collecting data

types :

questionnaires use of pen and paper method

dichotomous divided into two. Eg. true orfalse. Yes or no rating scale poor 1, good 2, better 3, best 4 multiple choice

Interview use of oral method of collection of data. Use of active listening


Structured with checklist, formal talk, list of question Unstructured informal talk, no pattern, anything goes

records pre existing data observation use of ocular method using your senses

participant observation non-participant observation Problems :

Hawthornes effects

The data you get from your sample is not accurate. The sample has a problem Solution : double blind research they should not be conscious that they are being studied

Halo effect

The researcher has a problem. He is manipulating the data collection. It is affected by special feelings/treatment between the researcher and the sample.

Analysis of Data

part of research when the researcher is forming a body of knowledge out of data collected for the purpose of affirming or denying your hypothesis Methods

Nominal method

get data by means of categories. eg. male, female, income

Ordinal method base on rank eg. mild, moderate, severe Interval


base on the distance between 2 numerical values eg. BP 150/100 120/80, wt, circumference, ht

ratio 3:10 children are malnourish

Interpretation of Data

2 Methods

quantitative method base on numerical or graphical standards qualitative method use of narrative words

Communicating your conclusion


Explaining the results of your work to the public Conclusion final answer to your research Recommendation suggestion to others Dissemination of Information

Methods :

thesis/book written form symposia/symposium oral presentation publish a lot will be able to read your research

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