Notes: Unit 1 (Web Technology )

Author: DeepPrakash

Protocols governing Web

The Defence Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defence department computer networks. The Internet, an international Wide Area Network, uses TCP/IP to connect government and educational institutions across the world. TCP/IP is also in widespread use on commercial and privatenetworks. The TCP/IP suite includes the following protocols Data Link Layer:ARP/RARP:- TCP/IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) to initialize the use of Internet addressing on an Ethernet or other network that uses its own media access control (MAC). ARP allows a host to communicate with other hosts when only the Internet address of its neighbors is known. Network Layer:DHCP: - The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides Internet hosts with configuration parameters. DHCP is an extension of BOOTP. DHCP consists of two components: a protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a DHCP server to a host and a mechanism for allocation of network addresses to hosts. ICMP/ICMPv6:- The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) was revised during the definition of IPv6. In addition, the multicast control functions of the IPv4 Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) are now incorporated with the ICMPv6. IGMP: - The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP hosts to report their host group memberships to any immediately neighbouring multicast routers. IP: - The Internet Protocol (IP), is the routing layer datagram service of the TCP/IP suite. All other protocols within the TCP/IP suite, except ARP and RARP, use IP to route frames from host to host Transport Layer:TCP: - IETF RFC793 defines the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP provides a reliable stream delivery and virtual connection service to applications through the use of sequenced acknowledgment with retransmission of packets when necessary. UDP:- The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), defined by IETF RFC768, provides a simple, but unreliable message service for transaction-oriented services. Each UDP header carries both a source port identifier and destination port identifier, allowing high-level protocols to target specific applications and services among hosts. Application Layer FTP:- The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides the basic elements of file sharing between hosts.

Notes: Unit 1 (Web Technology )

Author: DeepPrakash

FTP uses TCP to create a virtual connection for control information and then creates a separate TCP connection for data transfers. The control connection uses an image of the TELNET protocol to exchange commands and messages between hosts.

Notes: Unit 1 (Web Technology )

Author: DeepPrakash

Creating Websites for individual and Corporate World:A blog (a contraction of the term "weblog")is a type of website, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Entries are commonly displayed in reversechronological order. "Blog" can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog. Many blogs provide commentary or news on a particular subject; others function as more personal online diaries. A typical blog combines text, images, and links to other blogs, Web pages, and other media related to its topic. The ability for readers to leave comments in an interactive format is an important part of many blogs. Most blogs are primarily textual, although some focus on art (art blog),photographs (photo blog), sketches (sketch blog), videos (video blog), music (MP3 blog), and audio (podcasting). Micro-blogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts. Types:- There are many different types of blogs, differing not only in the type of content, but also in the way that content is delivered or written. Personal blogs The personal blog, an ongoing diary or commentary by an individual, is the traditional, most common blog. Personal bloggers usually take pride in their blog posts, even if their blog is never read by anyone but them. Blogs often become more than a way to just communicate; they become a way to reflect on life or works of art. Blogging can have a sentimental quality. Few personal blogs rise to fame and the mainstream, but some personal blogs quickly garner an extensive following. A type of personal blog is referred to as "micro blogging," which is extremely detailed blogging as it seeks to capture a moment in time. Sites, such as Twitter, allow bloggers to share thoughts and feelings instantaneously with friends and family and are much faster than e-mailing or writing. This form of social media lends to an online generation already too busy to keep in touch Corporate blogs A blog can be private, as in most cases, or it can be for business purposes. Blogs, either used internally to enhance the communication and culture in a corporation or externally for marketing, branding or public relations purposes are called corporate blogs.

Cyber Law of India : Introduction

In Simple way we can say that cyber crime is unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or a target or both Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian Penal Code. The abuse of computers has also given birth to a gamut of new age crimes that are addressed by the Information Technology Act, 2000. We can categorize Cyber crimes in two ways The Computer as a Target :-using a computer to attack other computers.

Notes: Unit 1 (Web Technology )

Author: DeepPrakash

e.g. Hacking, Virus/Worm attacks, DOS attack etc. The computer as a weapon :-using a computer to commit real world crimes. e.g. Cyber Terrorism, IPR violations, Credit card frauds, EFT frauds, Pornography etc. Cyber Crime regulated by Cyber Laws or Internet Laws. Technical Aspects Technological advancements have created new possibilities for criminal activity, in particular the criminal misuse of information technologies such as a. Unauthorized access & Hacking:Access means gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memory function resources of a computer, computer system or computer network. Unauthorized access would therefore mean any kind of access without the permission of either the rightful owner or the person in charge of a computer, computer system or computer network. Every act committed towards breaking into a computer and/or network is hacking. Hackers write or use ready-made computer programs to attack the target computer. They possess the desire to destruct and they get the kick out of such destruction. Some hackers hack for personal monetary gains, such as to stealing the credit card information, transferring money from various bank accounts to their own account followed by withdrawal of money. By hacking web server taking control on another persons website called as web hijacking b. Trojan Attack:The program that act like something useful but do the things that are quiet damping. The programs of this kind are called as Trojans. The name Trojan Horse is popular. Trojans come in two parts, a Client part and a Server part. When the victim (unknowingly) runs the server on its machine, the attacker will then use the Client to connect to the Server and start using the trojan. TCP/IP protocol is the usual protocol type used for communications, but some functions of the trojans use the UDP protocol as well. c. Virus and Worm attack:A program that has capability to infect other programs and make copies of itself and spread into other programs is called virus.

Notes: Unit 1 (Web Technology )

Author: DeepPrakash

Programs that multiply like viruses but spread from computer to computer are called as worms. d. E-mail & IRC related crimes:1. Email spoofing Email spoofing refers to email that appears to have been originated from one source when it was actually sent from another source. 2. Email Spamming Email "spamming" refers to sending email to thousands and thousands of users similar to a chain letter. 3 Sending malicious codes through email E-mails are used to send viruses,Trojans etc through emails as an attachment or by sending a link of website which on visiting downloads malicious code. 4. Email bombing E-mail "bombing" is characterized by abusers repeatedly sending an identical email message to a particular address. 5. Sending threatening emails 6. Defamatory emails 7. Email frauds Web

applications

In software engineering, a web application is an application that is accessed via a web browser over a network such as the Internet or an intranet. The term may also mean a computer software application that is hosted in a browser-controlled environment (e.g. a Java applet) or coded in a browser-supported language (such as JavaScript, combined with a browser-rendered markup language like HTML) and reliant on a common web browser to render the application executable. Web applications are popular due to the ubiquity of web browsers, and the convenience of using a web browser as a client, sometimes called a thin client. The ability to update and maintain web applications without distributing and installing software on potentially thousands of client computers is a key reason for their popularity, as is the inherent support for cross-platform compatibility. Common web applications include webmail, online retail sales, online auctions and many other functions.
Writing web applications

Notes: Unit 1 (Web Technology )

Author: DeepPrakash

There are many web application frameworks which facilitate rapid application development by allowing the programmer to define a high-level description of the program. In addition, there is potential for the development of applications on Internet operating systems, although currently there are not many viable platforms that fit this model. The use of web application frameworks can often reduce the number of errors in a program, both by making the code simpler, and by allowing one team to concentrate just on the framework. In applications which are exposed to constant hacking attempts on the Internet, security-related problems can be caused by errors in the program. Frameworks can also promote the use of best practices such as GET after POST method.