Research highlights

"What about the other three?" That was the question in our Research Highlightsfor 1975. We asked the question beca use a look at the to years of intensive rice research that had followed the release ofIRS pointed to those with irrigation - only one in four rice farmers -as the main beneficiaries of the new rice technology .. Even though the "other three" with no irrigation had not been completely shut out (the fact is they benefited from a spillover of technology that was worka ble in rainfed fields), IRRI started to focus its research in 1975 more on problems of the rainfed rice farmer: his rain-dependent less-certain water supply, and poorer soils. Because the risk. of crop failure is higher for the rainfed farmer, he has less easy access to credit and the inputs needed to increase rice production. What have we achieved for him in the last 5 years? It is clear, most of all to the scientist, that there can be no yearly "breakthroughs" in rice research. There have been and there will continue to be, however, outstanding new rices released to farmers, some of which allow the disadvantaged rainfed farmer to double, even triple, his rice production per hectare. Among the varieties developed since 1975, which help the rainfed farmer to cope better with his adverse environment, we can point to: • IR36, the rice now most widely grown by the Philippine rice farmers, most of whom do not enjoy assured irrigation. IR36 (IR2071·625~l) was named and released by the Philippine Seed Board in 1976..Its early maturity and multiple pest resistance made it an easy favorite of farmers in both irrigated and rainfed areas. To the rainfed farmers IR36 brought the chance to grow a crop in the short period when good rains were certain. If the rains failed for short periods, IR36 could stand moisture stress and then bounce back when rains returned. IR36 ~ with its good harvests from both irrigated and rainfed fields - was a mainstay in putting Philippine rice production at the point of exportable surplus in 1979, and enabling it to continue exporting subsequently. • IR42, named in the Philippines in 1977, has been outstanding on farms with adverse soils. IR42 (1R2071~586-5-6-3) gives high yields in fields with low nitrogen fertility, has moderate tolerance for zinc and phosphorus deficiencies, and resists most of the major rice pests (Table I). Many farmers among "the other three" of 1975 got in IR42 a rice that could dou ble their yields. One IR RI soil scientist called IR42 "the answer to the poor rice farmer's prayers."

• lR52, named in 1980 in the Philippi nes, has good drought resistance and aU the other desirable characteristics of the modern IR varieties. IR52 (IR5853·118~5) was first reported in Research Highlights for 1976 for its "excellent vegetative vigor"; later (in 1977) as "drought resistant with potential for rainfed and irrigated" areas, and (in 1979) for "consistently high resistance to drought" over
3 years of tests. • RD 17 and R D 19, released in 1979 by Thailand's Department of Agriculture for farmers in areas with medium-deep water (O.5~1 m depth). These first high yielding modern varieties developed specially for flood-prone areas were the

RESEARCH

HJGHLIGHTS

Ta.ble 1, The resistance of IR42 to pa,t.and ot.heradvarsa IR 8, .alaased 11 years earlier.8

Adve rse tact or Diseases 81ast Bacterial' blight Grassy stunt Tunqro Raglled stunt Insects Green leafhopper Brown plantnopper Stem 'borer Nutrient deficiendes Nitrogen Phosphorus Zinc Iron Soil tcxlcities Salinity Alka'linity Iro n loxi c iIY Boron toxicity Peat soil problems D.rought Submergence

conditions
IR8 MR S

contrasts

markedly with that of

IR42 R MR R R

S
S S

A
MR R MR R MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR MR S '" susceptible.

R S MS MS MR S

MR

S
5 MR MS

S S
MR '" rnoderatelvreststam, MS = moderately susceptible.

8A '" resistant,

product of a Thailand-Ik.Rl Collaborative Deepwater Rice Project. Their full impact is yet to be felt, but there are indications elsewhere in this report of their potentialthey were the only rices to survive in a Philippine area subjected to deep flooding in 1980 and yields of RD 19 were exceptionally high in deepwater fertilizer trials at IR R l. • Varieties and lines with drought resistance and good yield in dryland fields. IR43 yielded 4.6 t/ha in a Filipino dryland farmer's field during the 1980 wet season; IR593 I-I 10-1 had yield s of 3.9 t/ ha in the sa me field .. Both rices held high ratings in 10 trials in.5 countries for the 1980 International Upland Rice Yield Nursery of the International Rice Testing Program, A sister line tol R43 was released as IR 1529 in several African and Latin American countries. • IR cold-tolerant lines with yields higher than 6 t/ha. IR 15889-32-1 yielded 7.9 t/ha in Korean cold tolerance tests. Several IR9202lines had yields in the 5-7 tlha range in cold areas of Korea and the Philippines. • Several with tolerance for adverse soil conditions - salinity, alkalinity, iron toxicity, and boron, phosphorus. and zinc deficiency. A growing list of IR varieties and lines' shows these tolerances. We do not cite the rices we note here as ones that will always give spectacular yields in fields with adverse conditions. Farmers who plant these rices, however have an assurance of some yield in bad years and of high yield in good years. Contrast that with their previous expectation of crop failure in bad years and only low yields in their better years. With the development of the new varieties, there has also been substantial progress in developing new cropping practices, and farmers in some rainfed areas now grow two rice crops where before they grew only one. Such farmers are found in areas of the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, and Indonesia. A dry-seeded first crop gets off to a rapid start with the early rains. Using an early-maturing rice like IR36 a

JRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

crop is ready for harvest within 4 months and a second crop can be transplanted while there is still plenty of water to complete its growth. Use of new droughtresistant varieties helps reduce risks in areas where rainfall is uncertain. In many areas farmers are getting their second rice crop off the fields in time to grow mungbean or another dryland crop on the residual moisture - three crops a year in a rainfed field! Progress beyond varieties We believe that it may well be time to start talking about the potential to hit "two out of three" rather than the "three out of four" that are missed by the new rice technology. Table 2 supports that belief. Better life for more farmers The technology that allows farmers to produce two or three crops where one was grown before - and do it without irrigation - has had dramatic effects on the incomes of many Asian farmers. In collaboration with national scientists, such intensification of rice cropping is being widely studied throughout Asia through the Asian Cropping Systems Network. These developments of improved varieties for nonirrigated farms and of methods to intensify crop production in rainfed areas represent real achievements - ones that have already contributed significantly to a better Lifefor many farmers among "the other three." There has also been progress in other research areas that will make an impact on
Table 2. Human supportcapBcity of rice area in South and Southellst Asill. bychal'llCta' of cultivation In 1980.s Rices such as IR36. IR42. IR43. IR60, IR62. a.nd R017 and R019 provide higha, and more stable yield for tarmers in the rainfed and dryland areas. Rice land type Deepwater (> 1 m) Irrigali!d Shallow rainled (0-30 ern] Intermediate rainfed (30 crn-t m) Dryland Total Area (000 hal 5.308 28.984 30,248 11.547 11.558 87.645 1980.

Mean yield
(t/ha)

Support capacity (no. of persons) 24.150.000 497.720.000 247.930.000 63.100,000 46.230.000 879.130.000

1.0
3.8 1.8 1.2 0.9

8Adapted from a table prepared by Dr. R E. Huke, IRAI visiting scientist.

Table 3. These promising improved varieties IInd lines from the Genetic Evaluation Utilization program were identified as tolerant of different stresses through worldwide testing in the International Rice Testing Program, 1980. Excess Of deficit moisture Rainled dryla nd Aainled wetland Medium deepwater" Probtem soils Alkalinity Salinity IR43.IR46.IR2053-436-1-2.IR4227·28-3·2.IR9846-256-3 IR42.IR4595-4-1-15. 3-2,IR4563-52·' IR2307-247-2·2·3.IR2153-26·3, IR4630-22-3IR43. IR45. IR9669 SeL. IR2061-522-6-9, IR46. IR52. IR4819-77-3·2.IR4829-89-2 RDI7, RD19 IR3839-1. IR36

Temperature Cold Hot -From the Thailand-IRRI IR8866-30-1·4. Collaborative Deepwater IA3941 -25-1. IR13045·182·5. IR 1561 ·228·3·3 Project. IR15924-265-3

IR2006-P12-12-2-2.

RESEARCH

HIGHLIGHTS

the lives of the less as well as the more advantaged farmers: • Tissue and cell culture techniques were greatly improved in our laboratories in [980. These techniques afford the possibility for further rapid advances in the development of varieties with salinity tolerance, disease and insect resistance, and other desirable characteristics. Through embryo culture we can revive irreplaceable stocks that have lost vitality . • Continued screening of the world germplasm collection has identified new sources of tolerance for drought, flooding, low and high temperatures, and adverse soil conditions. Use of these materials in breeding programs provide hope for better rice worldwide (Table 3). • More efficient ways of using nitrogen ferti lizers ha ve been ident died. Work on biological fixation, especially on the association of the water fern Azalia with nitrogen fixing Anabaena, has shown that there is a great potential for increasing rice yields for the small farmer who may not use nitrogen fertilizer, and for saving money for the fertilizer user who buys less to get high yields.

IRR( ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program Genetic resources program

Plant Breeding Department
FIELD COLLECTION INSTITUTIONAL SEED INCREASE, INVENTORY, LONG-TERM MONITORING TRAINING

6 6
AND DISTRIBUTION AND DATA SEED PACKING

EXCHANGES REJUVENATION.

7 7 7

CHARACTERIZATION, AND MEDIUM-TERM VIABILITY

PROCESSING

AND STORAGE

OF STORED SEED

8 8
A L COLLABO RATION

OF GEN'ETIC STOCK OFFICERS

INTERNA nON AL AN D I NTERINSTITUTIO

IRRI

ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980 5

FIELD COLLECTIO

Implementation of a systematic field collection program in major rice-producing countries in South and Southeast Asia continued. A grant by the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) to assist collaborative efforts enabled the national collection centers in Bangladesh, Burma, India, lndonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand to expand their collection efforts, to improve seed storage facilities, to hold training courses, and to ship samples to IRRI. An IR RI staff member joined field collectors in Indonesia during the main rice cropping season and canvassed five major islands of Nusa Tenggara: Timor, Sumba, Flores, Lombok, and Sumbara. A total of 304 varieties was collected. This direct participation in collection activities ensured fresh rice seed from previously unexplored areas and facilitated: • the identification of ecoedaphic environments peculiar to the area visited, • the training of local extension and research staff on methods of collection, • the recording of characteristics of varieties in the field and their specific uses or special features, and • a recording of the types of crop culture practiced in the remote areas and the development of a picture of the varietal diversity of local rices. Table I summarizes collection activities in Asian countries from 1971 through 1980.
INSTITUTIONAL EXCHANGES

1,001 samples collected from Cameroon,lvory Coast, Malagasy Mali Senegal, Tanzania, Chad. • International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (liT A)., Nigeria: 581 samples from various parts of West Africa. • Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Malaysia: 382 local rices. • Rice Division of Thailand: 210 local rices. • Bangladesh Rice Research Institute: 139 transplanted aman and boro rices. • Agricultural Science Research Institute of Vietnam: 134 local rices. • Maros Branch of the Central Research Institute for Agriculture, Indonesia: 83 local varieties. During 1980, lRRI requested and subsequently received 115 samples to replace the accessions that were no longer available because of either expired viability or destruction by pests in the fields. The International Rice Testing Program at IRRJ turned over 926 entries from different nur eries for preservation. IRRI continued to provide computer-printed accession lists and characterization data to major national genetic resources centers and other international agricultural research centers upon their request.
Table 1. Indigenous rice varieties collected with IRRI'$direct or indirect participation in 14 collaborating Asian countries.
1971·80. lndiqenous varieties collected (no.) with IARI's Country Years Direct Indirect partlclpatton

Many institutions of the world continued to deposit duplicate samples of their collections at IRRI. During 1980, IRRI received a total of 5,152 samples. The major donors were: • Indian institutions such as Gujarat Agricultural University, M. P. Rice Research Institute, All-India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, ICAR Research Complex at Shillong, Bihar State Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Rice Research Station at Kapurthala, and N. D. University of Agriculture and Technology: total of 665 samples. • Institut de Recherches Agronomiques Tropicales et des Cultures Vivrieres (tRAT) France:

partlcipation Bangladesh Bhutan Burma India Indonesia Kampuchea Laos Malaysia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam

1973·BO 1975-76 1973·74, 1976, 19BO 1976. 197B-80 1972·76, 1978·80 1973 1972·73 1973-79 1971·72, 1979-80 1972,73. 1976. 1979 1973·76. 1977-BO 1972. 1975-76. 197B-80 1973. 1975·76. 197B·BO 1972·75
TOlal

2,451' 225 5.103 280

2,793 121 406 4,82B" 4,633 899 972 96B 772 1.971 550 2.524 650 22,OB6
by IRRJ.

510 1.675 lOB 10.352

received

"Partia I estimate

based on seed samples

IRRI AN

UAl

REPORT FOR 1980

SEED INCREASE, REJUVENATION. DISTRIBUTION

AND

Table 2. Progress of the IRRI Genetic; Resources Program in the preservation and distribution of seed of Oryza sariva cultlvars, 1973-80. Distinct accessions in germplasm bank" (no.) 24,152 26,818 30.332 34.229 36.956 40.766 47.743 53,431"

Field space used for seed increase, characterization, and rejuvenation during different plantings amounted to 12 ha. During the year 7,988 plots were planted for initial seed multiplication 11,647 for systematic characterization, and 6,000 for rejuvenation. The total number of plots exceeded that in 1979 by 5.000. In November, 2,248 plots were planted for initial seed increase of strongly photoperiod-sensitive accessions. About 1,000 short rows were also grown for seed increase of exotic varieties, mutants, genetic testers, 0. glaberrima strains, and wild species in different plantings. The supply of seeds to rice researchers continued to be a principal service of the germplasm bank: 4,142 rice samples of Asian and African rices, wild taxa, and genetic testers were furnished to 198 researchers in many countries. Within I RR129, 734 samples of Asian rices and 733 samples of other species and genetic testers were provided to GEU scientists (Table 2). Although the total number of seed samples distributed was about average for the last 2 years, the number of requests has shown a steady increase during the last decade. With information furnished by field collectors and workers in national programs 8025 samples reputed Iy tolerant of one or more specialized problems had been assembled. An extra cycle of seed increase wa often needed to provide sufficient seed for evaluation. The following special types were offered to various IRRI GEU scientists for evaluation: 86 for tolerance for adverse soils, 15 for insect and virus resistance, 352 for drought testing, 150 for cold tolerance tests, and 7 progenies of intergeneric crosses for various tests.

Samples Inside 6,27.5 20.498 22,155 40,200 50,354 31.941 26.694 29,734 IRRI (66) (108) (151) (194) (196) {182) (268) (337)

distributed" National 9,777 2.603 4.043 4.819 4.126 7,316 3.260 3,659

(no.) programs (95) (83) (150) (137) (148) (142) (157) (156)

Year

1973 1974 1975 1976

19n
1978 1979 1980

"Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of seed requests processed. "About 3,167 recent IV received seed samples are yet to be regislered; 6.986 duplicate accessions and 4 .. 28 nonvi4 able seed samples were removed from the registry during 1973-80_

tory measurements on 8 remaining items have not been recorded. Among the 0. glaberrima populations, 785 have been completely characterized. Abou t 364 strains of wi ld taxa have been characterized. Computerized programs have been developed for the three rice categories.
LONG-TERM A AND STORAGE D MEDIUM-TERM SEED PACKING

I VENTORY, CHARACfERIZATlON. PROCESSI G

AND DATA

At the end of 1980 the IRRI gerrnplasm bank had 53,431 registered accessions of 0. saliva, 2,278 accessions of 0. glaberrima, 961 populations of wild species or taxa, and 772 genetic testers and mutants (Table 2). Of the 0. sativa accessions, 40,768 have been characterized for all morphoagronomic characters; another 7,347 have been completely characterized in the field, but labora-

A new system of seed drying and packing was perfected for safe seed preservation in subfreezing long-term storage (- J 0" C, 25-35% relative humidity [R H]). Another set of packed seeds was placed in medium-term storage (2-3° C, 35-45% RH), and a third set was deposited in the National Seed Storage Laboratory of the United States. By drying seed at a moderate temperature (38° C) and feeding dehumidified and chilled air (12° C, 8% RH) into drying ovens, the seeds were quickly dried to 6% moisture content with a minimum effect of heating on seed longevity. The cooled seeds were packed in aluminum cans under partial vacuum. During the year 2,745 accessions were canned and stored under the new process. Eight cans were placed in the medium-term storeroom and two cans were put in the long-term room. The process and volume of packing seed for medium- and long-term storage were handicapped because: • many samples contained a mixture of different types; • many accessions were unadapted, or susceptible to loca! pests, and seed yields were low; and

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

• thorough seed cleaning and roguing were needed to remove diseased or poorly developed seeds and to reduce varietal mixtures in the harvested crop. This operation has further decreased the quantity of seed available for canning.
MONITORING VIABILITY OF STORED SEED

tion at the Agricultural Research Institute, Yezin, Burma, in May. He also trained field collectors in Indonesia. Eight GEU trainees received training on various aspects of genetic conservation. Two breeders in national programs spent 3 months each on genetic resouroes management.
INTERNATIONAL COLLA BORA AND INTERINSTITUTIONAL

Monitoring of the viability of 3 control varieties kept at 8-9% moisture content inside glass jars and held in a medium-term storeroom (:20 C ± 1° C) since March 1963 continued. The viability of 2 tropical varieties (Siam 29 and Peta) has remained at about 96% since the start of the experiment, but that of a temperate-zone variety (Chianan 8) has declined to 23%. Among thousands of accessions kept in the short-term storeroom (20" ± 1°C, 50-60% RH), 3-year-old seeds varied greatly in their viability. The indica and javanica varieties kept their viability above 80%, but Chinese varieties of the Keng type have lost theirs. The results confirm the importance of including different varietal types as control varieties of stored seeds harvested from different seasons. In mediumand long-term storage, several control varieties are used for each crop of conserved seed,
TRAINING OF GENETIC STOCK OFFICERS

no

An IRRI staff member held a 2-week training course on rice germplasrn collection and conserva-

lRRl continued to serve as the principal depository for the base collection of the world's rice, Institutes in Brazil, China, Colombia, Cuba, India, Malaysia, and Thailand, as well as the lIT A, JRAT, and IBPG R, sent thousands of their samples for preservation at IR RI. IRRI staff members advised national centers of Bangladesh, China, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and Thailand plus the Centro Agronornico Tropical de Investigaciones y Enseiianza (Costa Rica) and the lIT A (Nigeria) on the construction or improvement of seed storage facilities. A systematic exchange of accession lists and characterized data with major national genetic resources centers, the lIT A and IRAT, was continued for the 0. saliva and 0. glaberrima accessions. Such exchanges reduce redundancy in conserved stocks and minimize the possibility of overlooking accessions that carry identical names but have different ecogenetic origin.

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Agronomic characteristics
Agronomy,
YIElD

Plant Breeding, and Plant Physiology Departments

AND NITROGEN RESPONSE OF RICE VARIETIES AND

PERFORMANCE

S.ELECTlON$

10 Irrigated rice 10 Rainfed wetland rice 12 IR42 without fertilizer nitrogen

OF H Y BRI D RICE DURATION ABILITY

Y I El D POTENTIAL GROWTH GENETICS RELATION VARIETIES RATOONING

13 14 16

16
A!'ID STEM CARBOHYDRATES ABILITY

OF RATOONING

18
DRYLAND

SOURCES OF SEMIDWARFISM BETWEEN JA VANICA

19
RICES AND TRADlTIONAL

19

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980 9

YIELD PERFORMANCE AND NITROGEN OF RICE VAR IETIES AND SELECTIONS

RESPONSE

Agronomy

Department

Irrigated rice. Promising breeding lines and named IR varier ies were evaluated at IR R I, at Phi Iippi ne Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) stations, and on farms in Laguna province. fRRJ. Table t shows the performance of some of the IR varieties and some promising selections at different nitrogen levels, During the dry season, a new breeding line - IRJ3423-17~ 1-2~I - and 1R44 yielded more than 7 t{ha at 150 kg {ha, out yielding all other entries. IR I 7491-5-4~3~3 yielded 6.4 II ha at 60 kg N I ha, almost 7 tlIla at 90 kg N/ba and with 4.2 ttha out yielded all other entries in plots without ferti lizer ni rrogen. lR l5318,2~2-2~2, IR36, IR42, IR46, and lR48 gave high nitrogen responses at 90 and 120 kg N J ha. During the wet season, IR52 outyielded all other varieties and lines at 60 and 90 kg N/ha. fR42, IR 19743-25~2-2, IR 19746-28-2-2-3, and IR! 5538338-1~2~3gave grain yields of almost 4.5 t/ ha at 60 and 90 kg Nj ha. BPI stations. Eight IR varieties and 10 promising breeding lines were evaluated at the BPI staTable 1. Yield of IRRI varieties and promising

lions in Maligaya, Bicol, and Visayas (Tables 2-9). During the dry season, the highest yield of 8.5 II ha was obtained at Maligaya from I R52 at 180 kg Iha. IR48, IR50, IRI9661~!31~1~2, IRI9743-25~ 2-2, and I R 13429-l96~ 1-2- I also yielded well. At J 50 kg N j ha I R42 gave the highest yield of 8. I I/ha. Most new breeding lines responded well to high rates of applied nitrogen in the dry season. In Bicol, JRI5318-2~2~2 and IR9129-209~2-2-2 responded well to 60-90 kg applied nitrogen/ha. They also out yielded the other entries in plots without fertilizer nitrogen. In the Visayas, yield responses to applied nitrogen were rather low because of inadequate irrigation. IRI53J8~2-2~2, IR42, and IR54 yielded almost 6.0 t/ha at 120 kg N/ha. At zero fertilizer nitrogen, IR42 and IRI5318~2·2-2 had similar yields of more than 4.0 tf ha, whereas other varieties and lines had maximum yields of similar magnitude at 120 kg Njha. At Maligaya and Bicol, wet season yield responses to applied nitrogen were low because of heavy rainfall and typhoons during the later stage of the rice crop; hence, lodging was heavy in plots with high fertilizer nitrogen. IR42 and IR54, how, ever yielded about 4.0 II ha at zero fertilizer nitro-

lines at 5 lev(lis of nitr09(1n" In i.riga.ted plots at IRRI. 1980 ..

Dry season

We! season Y,ield" U}hal 150 kg N/ha 2.9 4.4 6.6 6.7 7.3 6.3 67 6.5 67 6.6 6.9 7.2 6.1
6.2

Yield' It/ha) Vanetv 0' '!ine IR8 IA20 IR36 IA42 IR44 IR4S IR4.8 !R50 IR52 !R54 !R9129--209·2·2-2·3 IR13423·17,'-2-1' IR134.29·' 09-2·2·1 IR13429-196-1·20 IA135.2543·2·3·1' IRI3540-56·3·2·1 IR15318·2-2·2·2 IRI9661·131·1·2 IA1'9729-S·1-1 IAI9743·25·2.-2 IR19746·28·2·.2·3 Peta (tradltione I check) Maturity
(davs)

N/ha 0.7 2.2 3.3 3.4 2,7 3.8 2.8 3.5 2.8 3.8 2.7
3.2

o kg

60 kg N/ha 1.9 3.9 63 4.8 52 5.8 6.0 5.6 5.3 5.5 4.9 5.3 4.9 5.4 5.2 5.5 5.9 4.9 50 57 55 3 ..6

SO kg

N/ha 1.8 3.9 6.1 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.2 6.5 59 6.7 5.6 '5.8 5.6 6.3 6.8 6.5 5.3 6.0 5.8 4.2

120 kg N/ha
1.9'

Maturity (days) 134 124 106 134 134 134 104 87 124 105 128 111 11'0 118
124

N/ha 1.2 2.4

2.9

kg

30 kg N/ha 1.5 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.4 3c4 4.0 3.5 3.5 4.1 33 3.8 4.1 4.1 4.7 3.7 3.6 3 .. 8 3.7 1.4

60 kg N/ha 1.6
3.7

90 kg N/ha 1.8 3.6 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.7 4.1 4.6 3.. 8 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.4 4.8 4.4 4.1 3.9 3.7
4.5

no

kg N/ha

130
121

112 133 128 121 130 111 116 122 112 124 111
107

107
115

2.9 2.8 3.0 3.4 2.6 2.S 2.9 2.7 2.3

2.8

125 126 101 109 103 136

5.0 6.4 6.5 7.3 6.3 66 6.2: 6.3 6.3 6.5 7.2 6.1 6.0 60 6.4 6.9 6.4 5.4 6.2 5.9 4.0

3.1 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.3 3.0 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.9
1.7

3.9 4.5 3.6 4.0 3.9 4.6 3.8 3.8 4.4 39 41 4.1 3.5 36 3.6 31 4.0 4.5 1.2

1.8 3.7 4.3 3.8 3.6 3.8 4.3 4.6 HI 4 ... 1 4.0 4.1 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 3.5 4.2 4.2 1.6

6.1 7.1
6.6

6.6 5.6 6.6 6.1 3.6

124 132 132 100 98 138

4.7 1.5

"Av of 3 replications. Each treatment includes 30 kg N/ha. topdressed at panicle initiation in Ihe dry season and 10 kg N/ha topdressed at panicle initiation in the wet season. 'Fo.comparing variety means a! the same N.rale. LSD 15%) = 0..6 t/ha, LSD 11%) = 0.8 !/na.

10

JRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 191>0

Tabla 2. Yi.aldol IR variatil9$ and promising; lines at 6 .Ievel.s of ni.trogen." IRRI·SP[ Cooperative Rl9$earchand Training Center, Philippi nes, 1980 dry season. Yield" (t/ha) Variety or 'Iine IRB 1R20 IR36 IR42 1R48 IR50 IR52 IRS4 IR912 9·209·.2-2-.2 IR13429-109-2-2-1 IR13429-196+2·1 IR1352543-3-2-1 IRl5314·30-3-1..J IRl531S-2-2-2 IRl9661-131-1-2 IR19743-25·2·2 IR19746--2S·2·2 Pata (traditional check) Maturity (days) 136 119 111 133 136 110 119 129 111 111 111 111 129 lOS 129 109 109 136 I<gN/ha 3 ..1 3.2 3,.5 3.7 3.7 3.0 3.3 3.2 2.7 3.3 3.5 3.3 2.S 3.2 3.6 3.4 3.6 3 .. 3

Experimentet

Maligaya Rice

kg N/ha

50

90 kg N/ha

120 kg N/ha 6.2 6.7 6.0 6.9 6.9 6.6 7.7 7.7 S.O 6.1 6.3 7.2 5.S 5.S 7.4 7.0 6.9

kg N/ha

150 6,B 6.6 7.4 S.l 7.7 6.9 7.5 7.6 7.' 7.0 7.4 7.6 6.2 6.3 7.9 6.9 7.0 4.6

kg N/ha

180

5.1 5.B 5..9 5.B 6.0 5.9 5 .. 6 6.0 5.3 5.5 5.S 5.3 4.0 4,4 6.. 2 5.7 6.3 4.S

6.5 7.1 6.7 7.9 6.. 6 7.1 7.0 7.3 6.5 6.6 6.4 5.7 5.5 5.S 6.2 6,6 7.3 5.5

SA

6.3 6.B 6.5 7.1 7.6 7.6 S"5 7.2 7.2 6.S 7.4 6.S 6.4 7.2 7.7 7.5 7.0 3.6 variety

"Av of 3 replications. Each treatment, excspt Okg Nlha, includf'ls30 k~ N/ha topdrassed means at the same N·rate, LSD (5%)= 1.1 tina, LSD (1%) '"' 1.4 t ha,

at panicle initiation. 'For comparing

Tabla,g. Yield of IR variati.asand promising lin" at 6 levels of nit ragan.' IRRI-BPl.CooperatillB Exparimant.at Exparlment Station, Philippines, 1980' dry season. Yiald" (t/ha) Variety or line IRS IR20 lA36 1R42 IR48 IR50 IR52 IR54 IR9129·209-2·2·2 IAl3429·109·2·2-1 IA13429-196-1-2-1 IR1352543..J·2·' IRl6314·30·3-1-3 IAl5318·2·2-2 IRl9661·131-1·2 IA19743·25·2·2 IR19746'28-2'2 Pets (traditional check) Maturity (days) 125 0 kg Nlha 2.6 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.8 3.6 36 3.5 3.2
3.3

Bicol Rice and Corn

60 kg Nlha 3.6 5.1 5.5 55 4.9 5.4 6.1 5.7 5.0 4.6 5.4 6.3 3... 9 6.4 5.B 4.4 5.7 26

90 kg N/ha 3.1 6.5

6.0

120 kg N/ha 2 .. 3 5.1 5,6 4.2 4.8 5.3 5.5 5.3 6.6 5.3 6.1 5.6 5.. 0 6.6 6.2 5.3 4.5 2.8

150 kg Nlha 3.6 5.4 4.5 4.6 4.8 5.4 5.7 5.7 6.1 4.7 5.7 5.1 4.7 5.3 6.5 5.6 4.9 2.8

lS0 kg Niha 1.6 5.2 5.4 5.0 5.5 5:7 4.7 5.1 5.9 5.5 4.8 4.9 5.0 3.7 6.0 6.3 5.6 1.5 variety

114.
109 125 125 W9 112 118 106 108 108 109 124 124 122 104 103 132

3.6 3,7
3.3

4.5 4.4 4.0

3.7

3.5

5.7 5.3 6.4 6.1 5.6 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.6 4.S 6.4 6.7 5,1 5.2 38

"Av 013 repllcatlons. Each treatment, e)(cepl0kg Nlha. includes30 kg N/hatopdrassed mea ns at the same N-rate, LSD 15%) = 1.2 t/ha, LSD 11%) = 1.9 t/ha,

al panicle initiation. 'For comparing

gen. IRI9661-13I-I-2 and IR 13423-10-2-3 produced grain yields of 5 tl ha despite the adverse weather conditions at ripening stage of the crop, Farmer's field. Six varieties and two promising breeding lines were evaluated for yield in the dry season, and four varieties and four breeding lines were tested during the wet season (Table 10). All except IRS showed a positive response to increas-

ing rates of fertilizer nitrogen. IR54 produced the highest yield of 7.0 tlha at 100 kg N, followed by lR42 and IR52. These two varieties yielded well without any added fertilizer nitrogen, and gave yields of over 4.0 t/ha. During the wet season, IR36 yielded almost 6.0 tl ha with 40 kgN / ha, IR42, IR 13429-196-1-2, and IR 19661-131-1-2 yielded well at the same nitrogen

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(CEll) PROGRAM

II

Table 4. Yield of IR varieties and promising lines at 6 levels of nitrogen." bperiment Station. Philippines, 1980 dry season.

IRAt·BPI Cooperative Yield" (1/ha)

bperiment

at Visayas Rice

Variety or line lAS IR20 IR36 1R42 IR48 IRSO IR52 IR54 IRS12S·20S-2·2·2 IRI342S·10S-2-2-1 IRI3429·196,'-2-' IR13525-43-3-2- , IR15314-30·3·1-3 IRl5318-2-2-2 IRI9743-25·2·2 IRI9746-28·2·2 Peta (Ira d itiana I ch eck)

Maturity (days) 12S 119 lOS 131 132 109 116 lIS lOS 107 109 116 119 127 109 104 134

kg Nlha

kg Nlha

60

SO kg Nlha 4.5 5.3 4.4 5.1 5.2 5.3 4.4 5.2 4.3 4.3 4.2 5.2 4.0 5.1 4.5 4.5 4.3

120 kg Nlha 4.S 4.3 4.S 5.5 5.1 5.0 5.0 6.1 4.8 3.8 4.5 4.3 4.6 5.6 4.4 4.4 4.1

150 kg Nlha 4.7 3.7 4.4 5.6 5.0 4.6 4.5 5.7 4.3 3.7 4.2 4.3 4.2 5.5 4.1 4.2 3.8

ISO kg Nlha 4.2 3.4 4.2 4.9 4.S 4.0 4.0 5.6 4.2 3.4 3.6 4.1 4.0 5.4 3.8 3.S 3.4 variety

3.5 3.5
2.6

4.4 3.7 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.3 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.2 4.1 3.4 3.2 3.3

3.8 3.8 3.S 4.7 4.8 5.0 4.1 4.6 3.S 4.3 3.5 4.0 3.9 4.8 4.4 4.3 4.2

"Av 013 replications. Each treatment, except 0 kg N/ha, includes 30 k~ Nlha topdressed means at the same N·rate. LSD (5%) = 0.9 tlha, LSD (1 %) ~ 1.2 t ha.

at panicle initiation. "For comparing

Table 5. Yield of IR varieties and promising lines at 6 levels of nitrogen." IRRI-BPI Cooperative Research and Training Center, Bicol Rice and Com Experiment Station, and Visaya.s Rice bperiment season. Yield" (tlha) Variety or line IR8 IR20 IR36 IR42 1R48 IR50 tR52 IR54 IA9129·209·2·2-2 IRI3429-109-2·2-1 IRl3429-196-1·2-1 IR13525-43-3-2-1 IRl5314-30-3·1-3 IAl5318-2-2-2 IRl9661-131-1-2 IA19743-25·2-2 IR19746-28·2·2 Pet.a (traditional che(;k) Maturity (days) 130 117 110 130 131 109 116 122 109 lOS 109 112 124 120 125 107 105 134 0
kg Nlha ...g N;ha

bperiment at Maligaya Rice Sta1l0n. Philippines. 1980 dry

60

90 kg Nlha 4.7 6 .. 3 5.7 6.3 5.7 6.3 5.S 6.0 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 4.8 5.8 6.2 5.4 5.7 4.5

120 kg N/ha 4.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 6.0 6.3 6.5 5.1 5.7 5.7 5.1 6.0 6.4 5.6 5.3 3.7

150 kg N/ha 5.0 5.3 5.4 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.9 6.4 5.8 5.1 5.8 5.6 5.0 5.7 6.7 5.5 5.3 3.8

kg Nlha

ISO 4.1 5.1 5.3 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.7 6.0 5.8 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 6.3 5.9 5.4 3.0

3.1 3.2 3.0 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.S 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4

4.2 5.0 5.1 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.3 5.4 4.7 4.8 4.9 52 3.S 5.2 5.7 4.8 5.4 4.1

"Av of 3 replications and 3 sites. Each treatment, except 0 ki Nlha, includes 30 kg Nlha topdressed comparing variety means at the same N·rate, LSD (5%) - O. t/ha. LSD (1%) ~ 1.0 t/ha.

at panicle initiation. "For

level. Rainfed wetland rice. Four varieties and eight breeding lines were tested at IRRI in rainfed wetland fields. Four varieties and four breeding lines were evaluated in a farmer's field for their suitability for rainfed rice culture. I RRI. The breeding lines I R9217-58-2-2 and

IR 14632-22-3 yielded 4.5 t/ ha at 60 kg N/ha. lR42, IR46. and IR48 gave similar yields. Increasing nitrogen from 60 to 120 kg/ ha did not increase the
yields of most varieties and lines (Table I f). Farmer'sfield. IR48 gave the highest yield (5.0 tl hal at 8u kg N / ha. At the same N level, IR42 and I R 14632-22-3 yielded 4.2 t/ ha and 4.4 il ha, At 40

12

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19t<O

Tab'" 6. Yield of IR var.ieties and promising lines at 6 levels of nit.rogen."IRRI-BPI Research and Training Center. Philippines, 1980 wet season.

Cooperative Yield" II/ha)

Experiment

at Maligaya Rice

Variety or line IA8 IA20 IR36 IR42 IA50 IR54 IR9129-209-2-2-2 IR9752·71·,3·2 IR13423·1O-2·3 IR13429-1 09-2·2-1 IRl3429·196-1-20 IR13429-299-2-1-3 IAI3525-43·2·3·' IR17494 -32-1-1-3 IRI9661"131-1-2 IR19735·5·2·3·2 IRI9743-2S-2-2 Pela (traditiona I check) Mean

Maturity Idavs] 1,22 122 109 130 108 122 102 97 122 108 108 109 11.8 126 126 97 97 130

0 k9 Nlha 2.9 35 3 .. 8 3.9 37 39 3,3 3.1 3.8 38 3.6 37 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.. 2 3.3
2.9

30 kg Nlha 3.9 37 4 .. 1 4.9 4.6 5.0 4.2

60 kg N/ha 3.7 3,4 4.3 4.9 4,4 4.6 4.4 4,1 5.0 42 4.3 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.9 3.6 39 2.9 42

90 kg N/ha 4.1 36 4.7 5.2 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.3 4.7 4.1 4.7 4.7 2.7 4.7 5.5 4.0 4,1 2.1 43

120 kg N/ha 3.9 3.2 4.0 4.5 3.9 40 4.2 4.3 4.3 3,4 5.3 4.2 3.8 4.5 5.1 3.8 4.3 2.1 4.1

150
kg N/ha

::3,7

3.5

5.0 4,4 4.5 40 4.5 4.. 8 4.6 3 ..7 4.4 3.0 4.3

3.2 2.2 4.2 5.3 3.1 39 4.5 4.2 3.2 33 42 34

2.6

3.4 3.4 4.1 3.9 2.2 3.7 variety

"Av 013 repllcations. Each treatment. except 0 kg N/ha, includes.20 k.gNlha top dressed at panicle initiation. 'For comparing means at Ihe same N-rate. LSD (5%) = 0.8 t/ha, LSD 11'!oj ~ 1.4 t/ha.

Table 7. Yield ot IR varieties and promising lines at e Ievels of nitrogen." IRfII.-BPICooperative E!!periment Station. Philippines. 1980 Wilt season.

Experiment

at Bicol Rice and Corn

Yield" (I/hal Variety or line IR8 IA20 IR36 IA42 IRSO IR54 IR9129-209-2-2·2 IA9752·71·3·2 IAI3423-10-2·3 IRI3429·' 09-2-2-1 IR13429-196-1·20 IRI3429·299·2·1 ·3 IRI3525-4.3-2,3-1 IR17494-32-1- 1-3 IRI9661-131-1-2 IRI9735·5·2·3-2 IRI9743·25·2-2 Peta IIradit iona I check)
Mean

Maturi.ty (days) 117 118 105 121 102 113 98 95 117 103 102 103 112 123 117 95 96 134

kg N/hs 2.0 2.6 3 ..7 2.7 4 .. 2 42 3.1 3.2 4.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.2 4,2 4.0 3.7 3.2 1.4 3,4

30 ~g N/ha 2.5 4.6 45 3 ..3 4.9 5.0 4.8 4.1 4.4 4.1 4,8 5.0 4.7 4.2 5.2 4.1 4.2 1.3 4.2

60 kg Nlha
2.6

90

kg N/ha 2.5 3.2 4.4 2.7 4,5 2.7 3.4 4.1 3.8 3.4 3.6 4.3 3.8 2.7 3.1 4.8 3.9 1.1 3.4

120 kg N/ha 2.2 3.1 3.5 3.8 3.9 3.0 3.4 4.1 3.3 3.5 2..7 4.5 2.8
2.6

15n kg Nlha 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.5 3.1 2.0 4.1 4.2 2.3 3,1 3.9 4,2 2.3 2.4 2.8 3.9 2.9
2.9

3.2 5.0 3.5 4.9 3.6 5.3 5.0 4.1 4.. 8 4.4 4.0 4.8 3.9 4.7 4.8 4.2 1.3 4.1

33 4.1 3.4 0.9 3.2

".3

"Av of 3 replications ..Each treatment. except 0 kg N/ha. includes 20 .kg Nlha topdressed means at the same Norate, LSD (5%) = 1.1 Ilha, LSD 11%) = 1.4 t/ha.

at panicle initiation. ·For comparing

variety

kg N/ha. lR48 produced the highest yield of 4.6 t/ ha. Increasing the level of applied nitrogen further did not lead to any increases in grain yield. Inadequate rainfall resulted in frequent drying of the field and low yields even at high nitrogen rates (Table 12).

IR42 without fertilizer nitrogen. IR42 was compared with four other modern varieties without fertilizer nitrogen. The data (Fig. I) from 4 sites over 5 consecutive years (1976-80) raise the possibility of identifying rices that are efficient users of soil nitrogen.

GENETIC EVALUATION

A!\"[) UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

IJ

Table 8. Yield' of III varia,;" and promi.lng lintl. at 6 I_I. Experiment Stetion,I'tIHlppln", 1980 wet ,.,"on.

of nitrogen.'

IRRI-BPI Cooperative Yield' It/ha)

Experiment

at Viuya. Rice

Variety or line IRS IR20 IR36 1R42 IR50 IRS4 IR9129·209-2-2-2' IR9752·71 -3·2 IR13423-10-2-3 IRl3429-109-2-2-1 IR13429-196·1-20 IR13429·299·2·1-3 IR13525-43-2-3- 1 IR17494-32-1-1·3·2 IR19661-131-1-2 IR19735·5-2-3-2 IR19743·25·2·2 Pela (traditiona I check) Mean

Maturity Idays) 124 124 106 137 106 121 106 102 124 lQ6 106 108 121 124 12·4 102 102 137

0 kg N/ha 3.9 4.3 3.8 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 3.0 4.3 3.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.8

30 kg N/ha 4.6 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.0 4.8 4.8 4.0 5.2 5.2
4.1

60 kg N/ha 4.7 50 4.9 52 6.1 4.8 5.1 4.,5 5.1 5.,0 4.6 55 5.2 4.,8 4.4 5.0 4.7 3.2 4.9

kg N/ha

90

120 kg N/ha 3.8 4.,2 5.2 4.4 5.5 4.6 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.0 5.2 6.5 4.8 4.2 4.8 5.0 5.2 3.0 4.7

150 kg N/ha 3,7 3.B 5.,3 4.4 5.5 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.' 3.8 49 5.4 4.8 43 4.7 43 4.8 2.0 4A variety

4.2 4.1 4.2 3.. 8 4.6

4.3 4.4 5.2 4,8 5.5 4.,9 4.6 4.6 5,.0 4.3 4.,9 5..7 5.1 4.2 5.0 5.0 51 3.2 4.8

"Avof3 replications. Each treatment. except Okg Nfha, lncludeszo k~ N/ha topdressed means at the same N-rate. LSD 15%) '" 0.9 t/na, LSD 11%) '" 1.2 t ha.

at panicle initiation, 'Forcomparing

Table 9. Yield of IR .... rietM$ .nd promi.lng lin ... t 6 le"'el, of nitrogen:' IRRI·BPI Cooper.tlve Experiment R"eerch and Training Center, Bicol Rice and Qlrn EKperiment SUtion, .nd VI,aVIIII Rice Experiment Station. wet ...... on. Yield" It/ha,) Va riety or line IR8 IR20 JA36 IR42 IR50 IR54 IR9129·209-2·2·2 IR9752·71 -3·2 IRI3423·10-2·3 IRl3429·' 09"2·2·1 IR13429·196· ,·20 IRl3429-299·2·1-3 IR13525-43-2·3·' IR17494-32-1-1·3 IRl9661-131-1-2 IR19735·5c2·3·2 IR19743·25·2-2 Peta (tredlttona I check) Mean Maturitv (days) 121 121 107 129 105 119 lOB 98
121

.t Melilleve RIo. Philippines, 1980

kg N/ha 2.9 3.5 3.8 3.3 4.0 3.6 3.' 4.' 37 3.5 3.B 4.0 3.8 3.8 3.5 3.3 2.6 3.6

kg N/ha

30

60 kg N/ha 3.7 3.8 4.8 4.5 5.1 4.3 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.4 4.6
4,4 4.3

kg N/ha

90

~g N/ha

120

150
~g N/ha

4.'

106 105 107 117 124 122 98 98 134 113

3.7 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.8 4.9 4.6 3.9 4.7 4.4 4.4 4 ..1 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.0 4.2 2.7 4.3

2.5 4,4

36 37 4 .. 7 4.2 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.4 4.5 3.9 4.4 4.9 3.9 3.9 4.5 4.. 6 4.4 2.1 42

3.3 35 4.2 4.2 4.4 3.9 4.0 4,3 4.0 3.6 4.4 5.1 3.B 3.7 4.4 4.3 4.3 2.0 4.0

30 2.8 4.1
4 ..1

3.9 3.5 4.3 4.2 3.2 3.4 4.3 4.3

3.2

3.4 3.7 4.1 3.9

1.8

3.7

"Av of 3 replications and 3 sites. Each treatrnantvexcept 0 kg N/ha, includes 20 kg N/ha topdressed comparing variety means at the same N"'ate. LSD 15%I'"0.7 t/ha. LSD (1 %) = 0.7 (/ha.

at pa n lcle initiation. bFor

YIELD

POTENTIAL

OF HYBRID

RICE

Plant Breeding and Plan! Physiology Departments Hydrid rice r-esearch at IRRI in 1980 explored potentials and problems of this breed ing ap preach.

Four replicated yield trials during the wet season used 143 hybrids, their parents, and the commercial varieties IR36 and IR42. The results indicated that even in the tropics there is substantial heterobeltiosis for yield in some specific hybrid cornbina-

14

IRRI AI'<NUAI.

REPORT

FOR

198()

Table 10. Yield of IR va.riet.ies and promising

lines at 4 levels of nitrogen"

on an irrigated

farm. Laguna.

Philippines.

1980 dry and

wet seasons.
Dry season Yield" Variety or line Maturity (days) 0 kg N/ha 2.5 3.9 34 4.3 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.4 50 kg N/ha 3.6 4.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 4.7 4.4 3.9 (t/ha) Wet season Yield" 150 kg N/ha 3.9 6.1 6.6 6.2 65 6.9 5.7 5.6 Maturity (days) 0 kg Nfha 40 kg N/ha {t/ha) 80 kg N/ha 120 kg N/ha

100
kg N/ha 4.7 5.3 5.6

IR8 IR36 IR42 IRSO IR52 IR54 IR9752-71-3·2 IR 13429-195·1-2 IA19661-131-2 IR19735·52-3-2

125 106 125 105 110 110

6.0
4.8 7.0 4.6 3.S

111 128 111 123 133 145 145 142

3.7 4.2 3.6 3.7 2.2 3.6 3.9 3.1

5.6 4.8 43 3.9 3.9 5.1 5,1 3.0

5.4 4.6 5.2 3.7 4.7 5.4 3.7 3.9

5.3 4.9 4.7 2.7 3.2 48 3,7 4.0

106
125

"Av of 3 replications, Each treatment, except 0 kg N/ha. includes 20 kg Nfha topdressed at panicle initiation in both seasons.rfior comparing variety means at the same N-rate in the dry season. LSD (5%) - 0.8 t/ha, LSD (1 %) - 1.1 r/ha: in the wet season. LSD (5%) = 1.0 t/ha, LSD (1%) - 1.4 tlha

Table

11. Yield of IR varieties

and promising

lin ..

at 5 lavel.

of nitrogen"

on relnfed

fermi.

IRflI.·1980

wet .ealtOn.

Yie Idb (t/ha) Variety or line Maturity (days) 140 124 140 118 133 140 133 140 140 140 133 140

0
kg Nfha 2.5 2.6 2.1 1.5 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.3 2,1 2.4 2.7

30 kg N/ha 3.0 4.1 3.0 2.4 3.9 3.3 3.7 3.5 3.3 33 3.3 3.7

60 kg Nlha 3.8 3.7 4.3 2.9 4.5 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.7 3,6 4.5 at panicle

90 kg N/ha 3.7 4.1 3.9 2.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.3 4.0 initiation.

120 kg N/ha 4.1 4.3 4.0 3.8 4.5 4.1 3.6 4.0 3.7 3.7 4.1 4,3

1R42 1R46 IR48 IR52 IR9217 -58-2-2 IR9852-22-3 IRI3146-41·3 IRI3149-3-2-2 IRI3358-85.1-3 IR13365-25-3·3 IRI3419-113-1 IRI4632-22-3

·Av of3 replications. Each treatment, except 0 kg N/ha. includes20 kg N/ha topdressed means at each N-rate. LSD (5%) '" 0.6 tfha, LSD (1 %) = 0.8 t/ila.

'Forcomparing

variety

Table 12. Ylald of IR lIarieti .. and promising .... on.

lines at .lav.l.

of nit.rog.n"

in a rainfed

f.rmer'.

field, Lagun.,

Philippin_,

1980 wet

Yield' VarielY line 1R42 IR46 or Maturity (days) 145 t33 142 123 133 145 145 142

(tfha)

0
kg N/ha 2.9 3.8 3.9 30 3.4 3.9

40 kg Nlha 4.2 4.1 4.6 4.0 3.7 4.2 3.8 4.1 4.1 topdressed at panicle

80
kg N/ha 4.2 3.1 5.0 2.6 3.9 2.5 3.8 4.4 3.7 initiation.

120 kg N/ha 4.0 2.6 3.4 2.1 3.9 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.3 bFar comparing variety

1R48
IA52 IR9217-58-2-2 IRI3358-85-1-3 IRI3365-253-3-2 IRI4632-22·3 Mean

3.0
3.3 3.4

'All of3 replications. Each treatment, except 0 leg Nlha, includes20 kg NIh" mea ns at each N-rate, LSD (5%) = 0.9 tfha. LSD (1 %) = 1.2 l/ha.

GENETIC EVALUATIO

D UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

15

Groin yield ~1I hO ) 5

4

nents, total dry matter, and harvest index from l-rn' plots were monitored in one of the 4 replicated trials including 5 hybrids, their parents, and IR36. The hybrids showed positive heterobeltiosis up to 30% for yield, up to 20% for spikelets per panicle, up to 8% for grain weight, up to 9% for total dry weight, and up to 9% for harvest index (Fig. 2)_There was, however, negative heterobeltiosis up to 26% for panicle number. The results indicate that the hybrid breeding approach allows an increase in yield potential of rice varieties.
GROWTH DURATION

Plant Breeding Department

1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

I. Yields ofl R42 a nd other high yieldi ng va rieties without fertilizer nitrogen at I R R L M aligaya, Bicol, and Visayas, Philippines, during the 1976-80 cropping seasons.

lions (Table 13)_ The hybrids out yielded lR42, the highest yielding commercial variety, by 7~60% Two of the hybrids, V20A/IR50 and Zhen Shan 97 AI IR 54, were den ved from crosses made with two cytoplasmic male sterile lines introduced from China. The latter hybrid has also shown promise in the Fukien Province of China. Bulk quantities of seed of these hybrids are being produced on Hainan Island during the current dry season, The hybrids also showed better lodging resistance despite their being slightly ta!lerthan the check varieties (Table 14)_ Yield, yield compoTable 13. Yi.elds of promising season. hybrids compared

During 1980, a large number of entries with a growth duration of less than 100 days were evaluated in replicated yield trials. Of 368 entries, 97 (26.3%) during the dry season and 78 (2 Ll9%) during the wet season matured in less than 100 days. Many yielded as well as, or slightly better than, IR36 although they matured 8-13 days earlier (Table J 5). Their productivity per day, however, was considerably higher than that of IR36.
RATOONING ABIUTY CARBOHYDRATES AND STEM

Plant Breeding Department The changes in carbohydrate concentration in the bases of the stem and their relevance to ratoon management were evaluated in four varieties (IR36,
vllri&tiulR36 and IR42, and better parents, .IRRI, 1980 wet

to y.ields 01 commercial

% increase Hybrid Days to flowering Yield (t/hal 5.9 5.8 5.5 5.4 5.6 5.. 5 5.0 5.4 5..2 5.2

over Bener parent" 35 25 23 50 46 31 28 28 60

IAS6 69 65 57 54 21 18 8 22 29

1R42
22 19 14 12 20 17

IAl 124S';Z42.3~2·/IA153234,2·'·3 I A 11248/1 Al5496-219-2-3 IRt I 24S'/IR 19672-19-3 IR1124S·/IR15324-111-3-2-2 IAl 01 54-23.J~3/IR54· IR747B2.o-3/IA54· IR10154·23.J·3I1R2797-105" IAI1248-242.J-2/IR91:128-41·2,'· V20A/IR50· Zhen Shen 97A/IRS4* "The better parent is indicated by an asterisk ( • lin the hybrid

91

83
93 90 79 81 81 89 71 91 cross.

7
50 25 24

28

16

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

r.ble14. Yield .nd egronomic ch.racteriltics IRRI, 1980 w.t .... on.

of 10m. F,hybrldl comp.red

to tho.e of their perenb e.nd commercl',I",rI.tt Lodging {%) at growth stages' 4 0 0 0

0

...

Hybrido! va.dety

Yield h/haJ 5.2 5.2 4_6 4.9 4.0 4.8 3.3 4.1 3.5 2.7 2.5 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.1

Growth duration (days) 121 101 120 119 102 113 127 105 105 97 99 107
Commercial

Heigl'll (crnl 126

118

6 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 5 35 0 18

7 Q 15 0 0 0 3 40 95 50 0 0 37
100

9 75 95 S 5 85
53

97AlIRS4 V20AlIR50 V20A/IR54 V20A/IR40 V20AlIR28 Mean IR54 IRSO IR2e 97B V20B Mean IR36 1R42 Mean '4 '"' booting. 6 -50%

Hybrids

125 117 117 121 Parents 121 117 121 n2 110 116
VlJ.rieties

0 0 15 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

100 100 100 0 0 60 100 100 100

113 135 124

102 ,1S 110

SO

flowering. 7 "" do"'gh, 9 "" rnaturltv,

10OO"groin

wi (g)

24 18 1.2

6 Toiol dry moTte, ( g/m2 )

i
; <0;

~~ ~~

~"" ~"" ~~
~= 0:~
Ponld.. (noJm2)
400

':~[ 11111111 1111

H or vest inde.

300 200 100

50 40 f-

20

<0;

f-

10 i---

~ ro <n ~~ 0::0:: fi:lftl g; 2", S! ~~ >--:;; ..... -, <3 @ ~~ >

~~ ~~ ~~ ~ <; ~
,~'l..O

~= 0~

~~ ~~

<0;""..-

mo::o::

ILL'",Ii

<0;

--:;; ;!
Go

i·~ .._-

~E

,~@~ ~ ~~ filfil o::CC -<::: - >-', g;~ @ ~

» >

~ ~~~ g;~ ..... ~ ~

:>
.",

2. Some agronomic IRRI. 1980.

a nd physiological cha racteristics of hybrids compared

with those of their parents and commercial

variety IR36,

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

17

Table Hi. Yieldot early-maturing

entries in the replicated

yield trials grown at IRRI dUring Ihe 1980 dry and wet seasons.
Drv season Wet season Yield It/ha) Yield per field day (kg) 56.B 46.6 59.3 61.9

Selection

Cross

Growth duration

Idavs)
IR9752· 71-3-2 IR9729-67-3 IIRI5429·268,'·2·' I'R19728·6-3·2-2-3 IR 19743"25-2-2-3·1 IA19743-46-2-3-3-2 IA19746·28·2·2·3 IR19774-23-2"2·1-3 :IRI9819-31-2-3-1.1 IA36 "23 davsin the field. IR28/Kwang Chang Ail/IR36 BG34"BIIR28111R36 74·5461I1R36f /IR74 782"8 IR8608·298111IR74782·6/Ai·nan Tsao 11/ IR.74782-6 I R9129·192-2/ /IIR74782·6129 Lu 1// IR74782-6 lA9129·192·211I1A74782-6/29 Lu 11/ IA74782·6 IR9129·1921IIIR74782·6/Kwang. Chang .Aill IR74782·6 IR9698·26··31 /IIR74782-6/.29 Lu 11 { IR74782-6 IR9715-41 111'A74 782·6/29 Lu 1111R74782·6 IA 1561·.228,'·2IIR 1737/ f1CR93·14 99 101 99 100 98 99 99

Yield It/ha)

Yield per fie,ld day" (kg) 75.0 70.8 69.0 67.2 63.2 65.3 67.5 63.1 67.2 63.8

6.70 6..54 5.25 5.18 4.74 498 5.14 4.65 4.85 5.76

4.33 3.64 4.61 4.00 4.09 3.82 3.95 4.23 3.89 3.83

54.4
50.1

51.8
56.4 54.0 47.5

95 108

95

IR42, IR46, and Mingolo) grown under two planting schedules (simultaneous planting and staggered planting for simultaneous flowering). AI! varieties showed a rapid decrease in carbohydrate concentra non a fter ant hesis, bu t the rate of decrease varied among them ..The differences were partly due to environment. M ingolo had the highest carbohydrate concentration under both planting schedules. Differences between stem sections were apparent at anthesis only, with the lower section (0.0-7.5 em) showing higher carbohydrate concentration. Carbohydrate concentration at harvest was significantly correlated with ratoon tillering (I" "" 0.26) when the number of ratoon tillers was ex pressed as percent of mal n crop tillers. However, the correlation was nonsignificant (r cc 0.08) when the actual number of ratoon tillers was used. Ra toon floweri ng Iime was a Iso signi ficaru ly correlated (r "" 0.29) with ca rbo hydra te concentra ti on a I harvest.

GENETICS OF RATOONI\iG

ABIl.ITY

Ptant Breeding Department The F, and Fl plants of two crosses (IR36/2196 and I R461 2 196) and the F. of three crosses (Mingolo 11 R3 6, I RJ6j I R46, and I R46/212J) were evaluated to test the possibility of breeding to improve ratooning ability. Evaluation in the Fi was done under a competi rive environment (20 X 20-cm spac-

ing and 10-cm main crop cutting height) to study the effectiveness of ea rly generation selection. The ratooning ability of 405 FJ lines ( 135/ cross) was evaluated using a 15-cm cutting height to determine the nature of the genetic variability and possible phenotypic and genotypic associations of selected traits influencing ratooning ability, expressed as raroon tiller number and raroon flowering lime. Evaluation in the F2 favored late flowering segregants. Single-plant selection for both ratoon tiller number and flowering time would be ineffective because heritability estimates from F.\-F~ regression were nearly zero (ranging from 0.0 to 0.8). But. when calculations used F! variance components. which removed genotype X environment interaction effects. heritability values ranged from 0.26 to 0.43. This difference indicates the imporlance of genotype X environment interaction in early generations. Heritability estimates in the FJ plants for raioon tiller number (hc =' 0.28) and raroon flowering time 2 (h = 0.56) were found to be entirely due to additive genetic effects. N one of the main crop traits measured (tiller number, flowering time. plant height, and grain yield) was significantly associated with ratoon tiller number. However, grain yield was significantly associated with ratoon flowering time (1"" =' 0.24. r.• =' 0.33). Ratoon tiller number and ratoon flowering time were negatively correlated (rl' :::;;- 0.20. rg :::;;- 0.37).

18

IRRI ANNUAL

REI'ORi

FOR 1980

Selection for slow senescence and late racoon flowering is recommended for ratoon improvement.
so U ReES OF SEM JDW A R FISM

Plant Breeding Department The search for new sources of sernidwarfism continued to broad en the genetic base of the improved sernidwarfs, which have primarily the same sd, gene derived from Dee-gee-woo-gen. During 1980 seven short I short crosses were evaluated and the F2 plants were compared with their parents. Reirnei of J apan and I RAM 2165 of Malagasy turned out to ha ve nonallelic genes for short stat ure, while four other parents - Barmda 21, 23, and 828, and KH 863 from India - shared the same recessive gene. Jaganath, a short mutant from the tall Tl4l variety, had the same compound locus of the sd, gene. To date a bout 70 semid warf I semid warf crosses have been made and studied. M ore than 40 sources of sernidwarfism are nonallelic to the sd, gene; others are either identical or belonging to the same compound locus.
REl.ATION BETWEEN JAVANICA RICES AND mAOITJONAL DRYLANO VARIETIES

Plant Breeding Department The javanica race of Indonesia (the awned bulu and awnlessgundi/ types) shares several morpho-

agronomic features common with the traditional dryland varieties of Southeast Asia - tall stature, low tillering, thick culms, long and well-exserted panicles, large and bold grains, insensitivity to photoperiod, and nonshattering habit. However, thejavanica rices are grown exclusively in irrigated fields, and the dryland varieties are planted on rainfed well-drained soils. The dryland varieties have markedly higher levels of drought resistance than the bulu rices. A number of crosses between the two types were made to understand their genetic relationship. The dryland varieties were crossed with the aus varieties of Bangladesh; the latter group has been postulated to be closely related to the temperate zone variet ies of East Asia. Three Fl populations along with their F, plants and parents were grown in the wet season. The greater range in heading date of the segregation of F2 plants was greater in two buluj dryland crosses than in the aus/dryland cross. For tiller number, the aus/dryland cross showed a wider range. Culm length in the three crosses was similar. For panicle length, one bulu I dry land cross showed a rather narrow range of segregation; the other cross was similar to the ausj dryland cross. Other traits such as spikelet fertility, grain dimensions, and chromosomal behavior are being investigated. The root systems of the bulu and dryland varieties will be compared for a critical analysis of their genetic relationship.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTI LlZATI.0N

(GEU) PROGRAM

19

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Grain quality
Chemistry and Plant Breeding Departments
BREEDING PROGRAM

22

STORAGE AND MILLING

22 Quality of rough rice 22 Moisture distribution within a panicle Yellow grains 22 Methods for degree of milling 22
PREFERE.

22

VARIETY

CE TESTS AND SURVEYS

23

Filipino consumer preference-tests Properties of country samples 24

INTERNATIONAL FACTORS THAT COOPERATIVE AFFECT COOKED

23 26

TESTS ON METHODS RICE QUALITY

26

Comparison of cooking methods 26 Gel consistency test in water 27 Starch properties and gel consistency 27 Nonstarch polysaccharide preparations 28 Microtest for cornplexing with starch gel 29 Starch complexing with minor rice constituents

29

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980 21

BREEDING

PROGRAM

Plant Breeding and Chemistry Departments Selection of lines with intermediate amylose content and intermediate gelatinization temperature continued. The proportion of lines with intermediate amylose content in advanced-generation materials increased greatly. In most of the crosses during 1980 at least one parent had intermediate amylose content. The parents were mainly lines with improved plan t type and multiple disease and insect resistance. Some. such as IR421 5~301-2~2-6 and IR9129-209·2~2-2, inherit intermediate amylose content from (:4..63, whereas IR48 and IR457~ 124-3·2~2 inherit this trait from BPI-l 21-407. IR912~209~2~2~2 was evaluated in advanced yield trials as a possible intermediate-amylose variety. Numerous breeding lines from crosses involving aromatic-grain parents such as Basrnati 370 and Khao Dawk Mali were evaluated. Many lines from Basmati 370 crosses had highly aromatic grains but most had poor plant type. Khao Dawk Mali was a good combiner for aroma and plant type. Several lines from 8asmati 370 crosses had as good grain elongation as the Basmati 370 parent.
STORAGE AND MILLING

branch of the panicle had these ranges: 28-42% for IR8, 27-47% for IR36, 2~37% for IR42, and 25~33% for H4. The lower branches had higher grain moisture content. The actual weight percentages of immature or green grains at 21 DF were 24.9 (lR8),. 2S.2 (IR36), 19.7 (IR42), and 9.8 (H4). The moisture distribution among primary branches in the panicle of3 photoperiod-insensitive and 1photoperiod-sensitive BKN 6986 lines (6 panides at 21 DF)was 25-30% moisture for BKN698620, 21·32%for BKN6986-27, 20-27% for BKN698671, and 23~27%forBKN6986-147~2(RDI9, photoperiod sensitive). Ranges of moisture contents among individual grains were J 8-40%, 16-410/0. 15~33%, and 15~32%, respectively. Percentages of green grains were 10.4, 10.4,0, and O. Yellow grains (Chemistry). Yellowing of the has been observed in the wet-season crop of IR36 in Central Luzon, Philippines, particularly with delay in drying of the threshed crop. One milled sample obtained through the National Grains Authorit y had 70% yellow grains. Comparisons indicated that most of the yellow grains were whole, but the white grains had a high percentage of brokens, One-hour alkali spreading tests revealed that the yellow grains were not gelatinized (parboiled). They had higher final gelatinization temperature (G'T) - 75.so vs 72.50 C - than white grains. They also had harder raw grain by the Wig-L-Bug amalgamator (62 vs 52% retained by 80-mesh sieve after 40 seconds grinding) and higher Kiya breaking hardness (6.2 vs 4.S kg/mm\ The two grain types had identical amylose contents (2S.4%) and cooked rice Instron hardness (8 kg). A rough rice sample with 100% yellow grains had only 6% viability, the embryos were dark, and the milled rice was almost all brokens, suggesting prior contact with water. The yellow color turned to tan on storage.

endosperm

Chemistry and Plant Breeding Departments Quality of rough rice (Chemistry and Plant Breeding). Preliminary experiments studied the physical properties of 1979 dry and wet season craps of IRS and 10 more recent varieties - IR36-IR52 harvested 25~3S days after flowering (DF). The hull ranged from 19.4% for IR36 to 24.0% for IR42 (mean 21.9%). Green grains ranged from 5 to 44% of brown rice (mean 14.9%). The percentage of green grains was lowest for IR42 and highest for IR48. Kett whiteness readings of brown rice ranged from 19 to 250/0. Moisture distribution within a panicle (Chemistry). Studies were started on varietal differences in IRR I rices in relation to storage quality of freshly harvested wet grain. Moisture distribu lion within a panicle was studied in IR8, lR36. IR42, and H4 (dormant) rough rice 21 DF. For six panicles, grain moisture content ranged from 19 to 57% for IRS, 21 to 71% for IR36, 16 to 53% for IR42, and 16 to 64% for H4. The mean moisture content of grains in the same primary

Methods for degree of milling (Chemistry). IRRI chemists participated in the International Association for Cereal Chemistry study group 21 on degree of milling of rice. The samples were two Spanish rices (Bahia and Sequial), two IRRI rices (IR36 and lR29), and one parboiled rice. The methods compared were weight reduction of brown rice, a colorimetric bran pigment test, and the May-GrUnwald staining test based on grain surface area still covered by bran.

22

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 19H{)

Bran removal was 9.2-14.0% by weight of brown rice in the well-milled samples based on loo-grain weight, bran pigment removal was 68.5-87.5% by colorimetric method, and residual bran was 2.67.6% by the staining method. Na loss of precision results from direct reporti ng of a bsorbance at 400 nm, instead of ex pressi ng as a percentage of brown rice absorbance; absorbance ranged from 2.16 to 3.11 for brown rice and from 0.27 (87.5%) to 0.98 (68.5%) for well-milled rice. The parboiled brown-rice sample had the highest pigment absorbance. followed closely by IR36. Bran removal of 10% by weight corresponded to absorbance of 0.4 to 1.0, pigment removal of 5784%, and May-Griinwald values of 0-16% bran surface. A major drawback of the May-Griinwald method using planimetry was the tediousness of measuring the bran area.
VARIETY PREFERENCE TESTS AND SURVEYS

Chemistry Department Filipino consumer preference tests. A consumer panel survey by the Institute of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, in Batangas province, Philippines, revealed preference for raw nonwaxy rice based on white, hard, and aromatic grains, and for cooked nonwaxy rice with slightly strong aroma, slightly rich flavor, and moderately tough cooked grain in decreasing order of importance. Consumer ranking showed low preference for

IR2071-137-5 as raw rice in two tests (Table I). Possible reasons are its short and semiopaque grains. White-belly-grained Early T ongil in one test was also least preferred. The tests confirmed the preference for lowamylose over intermediate-amylose cooked rice (Table I). IR24 was well-liked, but the Korean variety Milyang 23 got a slightly better rating. The results suggest thatjaponica rices may find acceptance in tropical Asia because of their accepta ble cooked rice texture. Their grains elongate and approach indica rice in length of cooked grain. The consumer panel's reasons for choice of the best waxy rice for the preparation of rice cakes were, in order of decreasing importance, aroma tic, whole-big grain and rich flavor for raw rice sample; and cohesi ve, aromatic, and rich fla vor for rice cake sample, prepared with coconut milk. Consumer tests again showed preference for the raw grain of the traditional variety Malagkit Sungsong over the slender IR29 grain (Table 2). For the corresponding rice cakes cooled overnight, Malagkit Sungsong was also preferred, but the shortgrain Korean rice Iri 344 was significantly better than IR833-6-1. Malagkit Sungsong gave the hardest rice cakes. Hardness was confirmed by the regular OTMS (Ottawa Texture Measuring System) cell with 9 times the cross sectional area of the modified cell. Although neutral gel consistency did not reflect that hardness, Malagkit Sungsong had a high Amylograph consistency. The UPL-Ri1 sample had extremely low Amylograph viscosity.

Table 1. Mean preference scores (in order of decreasing preference for boiled rice) by consumer panels in a village at lemery, Batangas, Philippines. and properties of 2 sets of 5 raw and boiled milled rices. Institute of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines at los Banos, and IRRI, 1980. Mean preference scores Flaw IR24 IR43 IR2071-137-5 C171-136 IR9129-209-2 Mllyang 23 IR24 Early Tongil 1R43 IR207H37-5 Boiled Amylose (% dry basis) Gel consistency (mm) Alkali spreading value Lengthwidth
ratio

Sample name

Protein (%)

100grain
wt (g)

Boiled rice hardness

(kg)

0.31 a 0.74 a 0.61 a 0.26 b -0.34 b -0.23 c -0.24 b -0,28 c -0,49 -0.34 b c 0.41 0.39 a 0.57 a 0.22 -0.71 c 0.13 -0.26 b -0.34 0.02 b -0.42 a a a b
b

16.0 16.6 12.8 22.6 22.4 17.6 17.0 18.8 17.6 16.7

Thirty panelists 8.0 75 9.8 58 9.4 82 8.8 48 10.5 40 Forty panelists 8.9 60 67 9.2 9.4 56 8.0 61 10.0 40

7.0 7.0 3.5 4.8 5,0 7,0 6.8 7.0 6.9 3.5

3.0 3.3 2.7 2.8 3.2 2,4 3.0 2.2 3.0 2.7

2.0 1.8 1.4 1.8 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.3

5.1 5.4 5.2 6.6 7.2 5.0 5.7 5.2 5.1 6.7

"Based on 151" 1.16, 2d ~ 0.50, 3d ~ 0,4th = -0.50, and 5th = -1.16. Separation 01 mean scores within the same set by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level.

GENETIC EVALUATIO

AND UTIL.lZATIO

(GEU) PROGRAM

23

Table 2, Mean preference scores (in order of decreasing preference lor ric'8 cake) by 40 consumers Batang3s, Philippines, and properties 015 raw, waKY'" milled rices and rice cakes prepared with coconut Ecology, Un;'Iersity of the Philippines at Los Banos, and IRRI. 1980.

in 3 village at Lemery, milk. Institute of Human

Mean Samp'le name

preference score" Cake 0.2.9 a 0.06 ab -0.05 ab ab b

Protein 1%)

Neutral gel conslstencv (rnrn}

Length· width ratio

100·graln wt (g)

,Boiled rice Cake ha rdness hard nes s" (kg) (kg)

Amylo· graph

consistency (eU)

Raw rice

lrl 344UPL·Ri·l Malegki! Sungsong IR29 IR833·6·1

0.12 ab 0.03 an 0.17 a -0.27 -0.05

8.7 8,2 7.1 8.0 9.5

69 46

2,2 2,5

77
55 48

1.7
3.0 2.7

1.8 2.2 1.8 1.5 21

3.. 7 3.2 4.4 3.8 42

1.6
1.4 2.9 2.2 1.8

85"
30 165 170

b -0.12
ab -016

60

'Amylose content 1,4-1.8% dry basis. Aiken spreading values 6.4·1.0. "Basad on 1st = 1.16. 2d = 0:50,3d "" O,4th "" - 0.50. and 5th " -1.16. Separation of meanscores within the same set by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. 'Rice cooker method. "From cake actua lIy pane l-tested, " 2% pastes.

Rice cakes were softer than boiled waxy milled rice prepared by the rice cooker method. A trial international preference test with 30 GEU trainees and IRRI employees representing various nationalities was conducted for IR nonwaxy rices representing the various arnylose-G'T types. IR42 was ranked poorer than IR43 in raw form probably because of its shorter grain (Table J). Ranking for the cooked rices showed a similar trend reflecting the diverse eating qualities of the rice in the respondents' homeland. Properties of country samples, In 1980, rices from Chile, Egypt, El Salvador, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Philippines were analyzed for grain quality properties. The protein content of the samples ranged from 5.0 to 12.4% The Bangladesh rices had mainly high amylose and soft gel (Ta ble 4). The samples from Chile had intermediate amylose, low GT, and soft gel. The Egyptian rices represented all three amylose types but had low GT The EI Salvador rices were similar
Table 3 . .Me."preleren~e
Human Ecology, University

to those from Chile, but two had high amylose content. Samples from All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project, Hyderabad, India, were mainly high-amylose but differed in GT and gel type. Nigerian samples were the raw rices corresponding to parboiled samples analyzed in 1979. The gel values for raw rice was generally harder than for parboiled rice as previously noted for Sri Lankan rices (Annual report for 1979). Indonesian rices. Two crops of two bulu and two indica rices from I ndonesia were characterized for physicochemical properties, together with 18 other varieties grown in Indonesia and 3 B279Ib~ MR lines grown at IRRI. Nineteen of them had been organoleptically assessed at Central Research Institute for Agriculture (CRIA), Sukamandi, for taste, texture" and aroma. Among 11 bulu (javanica) varieties, 8 had the characteristic intermediate amylose, 2 had high amylose (Jedah and Kencana M uara), and I had low (Mandolin). Most of them had low GT and
of 5 raw and cooked

$coresbv30GEU
of the Philippines

tr.inee$

and IARI employees" and propertin at LoS Sa I1oS, and IRRI., 1980.

riOIll.lnstitute
Cooked rice

of

Variety or line name

Mean preference score"

Raw Cooked 0.10 a 0.21 a

Amylose 1% dry basis)

Protein

Gel consistency

(%1
9.8 8.4 10.5 8.1

(mrn!
58 38 40 100 32

Alkali spreading vatue

Whiteness of raw rice

Grain :Iength [rnrn)

Hard-

ness
(kg)

Stickiness Ig'cm)

1R43 IR48 IR9129-209-2 IA32 1R42

0.25 -0.13 0.07 0,07 -0.28

a
ab ab ab b

-0.02 a -0.23 a
-0.10

166 23.3 224 28.2 2B.7

7.0
7,0 5.0 4.7 7.0

8A

38 41 38 40 38

6.8 7.3 6.6 6.4

5.7

6.2 8.2 6.3 10.8 10.3

186 135 122 108 94

-.5 Bangladeshis, I) ChineSE!, 1 00minican,4 Filipinos. 2 lndonasians, 1 Indian, 1 Korean, 1 Malaysian, 1 MeKican, 1 Nepalese, 1 Pakistani,1 Sinhalese, 2 Sri l.ankans, and 3 Thais,'Sasedon preference score of tst ~1.16, 2d '" 0.50 ..3d '" O.4th ~ - 0.50. and 51h " -1.16, Sepa ration of mean scores within the same colurn n by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% teve I.

24

[RRI ANI\UAI.

REPORT FOR 19X(J

Tabla 4. Range of milled-rice properties

of country sampl•. IRRI. 1980. Protein (%) 73- 9.8 8.3·10.3 5.7- 7.8 6.8-10.S 6.7-11.2 5.0-10.7 6.1-10.9 So.- 9.6 6.2-10.7 6,5· S.9 6.0.- 9,6 7.3-10.S 78·12.4 6.7- 8.7 7.3- 8.9 Amylose type!' H >1 I L.I, H I:> H H> I I> L, H I:> H I:> H H"> I H:> I I:> H H;> I waxy I:> H GT type" I.L>H L L L>I I> L L> I> H I I:> L L:>I I:> L L>I L:> I L>[ L:> H I:> L. H Gel type'" S > M,H S S:>M 5> M. H S, H:> M M. S:> H M,S.H S> M H> M.S H >M H:> S. M H:>M H:>M S M>S

Source Bangladesh Chile Egypt" EI Salvador India Indonesia 8ulu Tan indica Semidwa,rf indica, Nigeria Pakistan Dohi!ine coarse Punjab" fine coarse Philippines Waxy Nonwaxv

Sample no. 9
4

10 7
10 11

7 6 28 7 12 17
11

7 7

'H '" high. :>25%; I '""intermediate. 20·25%; and L '""low. <20%. 'Ge latinization ternperetu re (GTI type based on alkaIi spreading value L'" low, 6-7; I", intermediate •. ·5; H = high, 2-3. '-Gelconsistency S = soft. 61-1'00 mm: M = medium, 40-60 mm; H'"' hard. 4 2740 mm. "Mainly selections.

soft or medium gel (Table 4). The tall indica rices had either intermediate or high amylose and were of intermediate GT and variable gel type. The semidwarf indicas had also either intermediate or high amylose, intermediate or low GT, and soft or medium gel type. The survey reflected Indonesian preference for intermediate-amylose rice and for soft-gel type among high-amylose rices, Stickiness (81-196 g-em) and hardness (5.6-8.2 kg) of coo ked rice overlapped among the ja vanicas and indicas .. Organoleptic tests at CRIA showed that samples with medium to good rating for taste, texture, and aroma of cooked rice had interrnediate amylose. Amylograph setback and consistency were higher for high-amylose milled rices than for intermediate and low types. Among starches prepared from Indonesian milled rices, alkali viscogram peak viscosity of 2% pastes was higher for high-amylose starches (138·180 cps) than for low-amylose starches (94-118 cps). Gel consistency of starch was hard «40 mm) for all high-amylose samples, Pakistani rices. A set of Dokri- and Punjabgrown fine and often aromatic varieties, and coarse nonaromatic varieties were characterized for grain properties. Of the II Punjab coarse-grain samples, most were high amylose except for one intermediateamylose line, and all had hard or medium gel consistency (Table 4)_ AU except one had low GT_ Of the J 7 fine-grain samples, only 4 were high

amylose and the rest were intermediate amylose. GT was mainly low except for a few intermediate GT samples. Gel consistency was hard even for the Basmati 370 check sample, The Dokri fine rices all had intermediate amylose content and hard gel consistency, but Basma ti 370 had medium consistency (Table 4). Most had intermediate GT. The coarse rices had interrnediate to high amylose contents, The elongation of cooked fine and coarse rices presoaked for 30 minutes and boiled for 10 minutes were compared, The elongation ratios of the two groups overlapped. Some Basmati rices had extremely soft cooked rices. Grain elongation may have contributed to lower bu lk density of cooked rice d uri ng the ex trusion step of hardness assay. Among the coarse varieties, the IR8 sample was softer than the IRRI 6 sample. The Pakistani fine varieties showed extremely harder gels for their intermediate-amylose types, GT of the five varieties was higher in the Dokri samples than in the Punjab samples as earlier noted (Annual report for 1971). Philippine rices. The study of starches in two crops of seven intermediate-amylose and seven waxy rices (Annual report for 1979) was cornpleted, Among the intermediate-amylose starches, those of softer cooked rice had GT;;' 7lf' C, medium to soft gel ( 110 mgj2 m!) consistency, low alkali viscograph peak viscosity, and greater AmyIograph breakdown and lower Amylograph set-

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

2~

back and consistency than low-G'T starches. A ! paste of milled rice gave better differentiation 2% in AmyJograph viscosity than 10% paste. Among the waxy starches, gels of low-GT samples were confirmed to have greater freeze-thaw stability than gels of high-GT samples.
INTER NAnON AL COOPE RA TI VE TESTS ON METHODS

Chemistry Department Follow-up cooperative tests recommended by the 1978 IRRI workshop on chemical aspects of rice grain quality and performed in 1979 were analyzed and reported in 1980_ The scoring methods for alkali digestibility of milled rice in 1.1, 1.4,and 1.7%KOH by Little and coworkers and by Bhattacharya were compared in a 1979 international cooperative test involving [ I laboratories and 5 samples differing in QT. The data indicated that results by both methods were comparable, and 1.7% KOH gave the best varietal differentiation among the KOH revels used. Major sources of variation were variety, KOH concentration, and scoring method. Use of different KOH concentrations affected the scores of the three samples of intermediate-alkali reaction. Analysis of the results from 9 cooperating laboratories that used the modified simplified assay for amylose showed that defatted starch (90 mg) and defatted milled rice (100 mg) of 5 nonwaxy rices differing in amylose content gave identical values for samples with >20% amylose. But among samples with <20% amylose, defatted milled rice gave 2 percentage points lower amylose values. U ndefatted milled rice generally gave 1.5 to 4.0 percentage points lower mean amylose values than defatted milled rice. Phosphate buffer 0.007 M (pH 8) gave a more stable bluish starch-iodine color than 0.004 M phosphate buffer and is proposed as a substitute for acetate buffer, which gives a greenish starch-iodine colo f. The use of amyloseamylopectin mixture for the standard curve at IRRI resulted in identical amylose data by the method of Williams et al, the simplified method using acetate buffer, and the simplified method using phosphate buffer for the six defatted milled rice flours. The data on hardness or stickiness, or both, of JO cooked milled rices were analyzed using various

instrument methods that had been developed specifically for national samples. The rices represented the range of rice texture and were cooked in excess water in II laboratories. Instrument indexes for hardness and stickiness of cooked rice generally were more sensitive than the corresponding scores by a laboratory panel of 5 in discriminating among the 10 samples. Variation among samples ac.counted for 60.5~99.5% (mean 92 ..1%) of the total variation for instrument hardness as against 48.9% for panel score for hardness. Corresponding values for stickiness were 91.8~98.6% (mean 95.3%) for instrument methods and 64.2% for panel Score. Instrument indexes for hardness correlated positively with each other, as did those for stickiness. Most hardness indexes showed significant negalive correlation with stickiness indexes. Among four eating quality indicators tested ~ protein, amylose, alkali spreading value, and gel consistency ~ amylose content had the most consistent correlation with hardness and stickiness values of cooked rice (positive with hardness and negative with stickiness). Thus the continued use of amylose content as an index of eating quality in the rice breeding program is justified, and only promising selections need to be checked for actual texture of cooked rice. Although the various instrument methods gave significantly correlated values for hardness and stickiness of individual grains, data obtained from bulk samples were more reproducible because of the wide variation of properties among grains.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT COOKED

RICE QUALITY

Chemistry Department Comparison of cooking methods. The laboratory cooking method using excess water and optimum cooking time per sample, and the modified rice cooker method were compared. The modified rice cooker method is similar to the original method in using fixed water-rice ratio for each amylose type (waxy 1.3, low amylose 1.7, intermediate amylose 1.9, and highamylose 2. I), but uses 200 ml water in the outer pot and boiling for 20 minutes. The met hod gave more reproducible water con tents for each amylose class than the original method. The correlation coefficient between hardness and stickiness of cooked rice using a food tester was ~o. 9* * 7 in the excess water method and ..().90** in the rice

26

.IRRI AN~UAI.

REPORT FOR 1990

cooker method .. The water contents of 10cooked rices used in the international cooperative test on cooked rice texture were compared. Rices cooked in excess water had 70.5-75.8% water content (mean 73.7%), and rices cooked in the electric cooker had 59.5-70.4% (mean 66.0%). Mean cooked rice hardness in the excess-water method was J.95 kg compared to 5.62 kg in the cooker method. Stickiness values were also lower. When water-rice ratio was adjusted to the calculated constant ratio of 2.46 to achieve 73.7% water content, 4 rices representing the amylose types achieved 73.5-73.6% water content and a mean hard ness of 3. 85 kg, compared to 73.2- 75.8% water content and mean hardness of 3.65 kg for rices cooked in excess water. Hardness values corresponded better to amylose types in the revised cooker method (range 2.2-5.8 kg) than in the excess water method (2.7-4.7 kg). Gel consistency test in water. Because of the observed tendency for a few milled rice samples to have hard gel consistency (in 0.2 N KOH) during prolonged storage (over 4 months) after harvest (Annual report for 1979), efforts were made to develop a water-solvent system for the gel test that will be identical to actual cooking conditions of rite in water. Studies showed that gel values were affected by the dye and the salt concentration and even the pH of the water. Moreover, the steam evolution that results in mixing, which enables the solution level to reach 3/4 of the test tube in 0.2 N KOH, was absent in the water medium. Addition of one 4-mesh alumina granule improved the mixing of [00 mg flour in 2 ml water at lOO"'Cfor 15 minutes, Further evaluation of the water gel consistency test is in progress because more flour (110-120 mg) was needed to differentiate among high-amylose rices than among low- and intermediate-amylose rices (90-100 mg). The opposite is true with 0.2 N KOH. A high flour weight (150-200 mg) was also used for waxy rice flour. Relative rankings in the two solvents for both milled rice and starch were not similar. Starch properties and gel consistency. Earlier studies suggest that differences in gel consistency and viscosit y were due mainly to arnylopecti n, particularly to differences in amylopectin molecular size. Chemists at Carlsberg Research Center, Copenhagen, confirmed that the fine structure of two

sister line pairs of waxy and nonwaxy rice amylopectins from IRRI was similar. The ratio of A chains to 8 chains ( L l- 1.4) was sim ilar to that of other cereal arnylopectins, Hence, waxy rice amylopectin may be used as a model for nonwaxy amylopectin. Molecular weight (M W) estimation of rice a mylopectins by sedimentation coefficient (5,,,,,.) using the analytical ultracentrifuge confirmed the higher M W of the two high GTwaxy starches (RD4 187 S and C44I-1 188 S) compared to that offour other low-GT waxy starches (RD2 16 S, Malagkit S ungsong 105 S, IR29 116 S, and UPL-Ri~1 126 S). The results with nonwaxy rices were not as dear-cut. Arnylopectins of two Korean rices had similar 5~{"" values (20~22 S) although Tongil had a harder starch and milled-rice gel than Jinheung (Annual report for 1979). For four high-amylose IR rices, 5,0,." values were 42 S (IR5). 54 S (IR8). 67 S (l R32), and 90 S (I R42). IR5 and I R32 are soft-gel rices and IR8 and I R42 are hard-gel rices, so thai the relationship was not strictly related to M W. Amylopectins derived from high-amylose rices by the alcohol-amylose crystallizarion method are relatively impure and have high iodine blue colorations that sometimes approach that of starch. Blue values tended to be higher in hard-gel amylopectins than in soft-gel. Use of Sepharose CL~2B for MW fractionation of the starch also resulted in amylopectins at the void volume (Vo) still with high iodine blue binding. The results suggest that the blue coloration of amylopectin preparation could not be due tolow MW amylose whose complex with alcohol may contaminate the amylopectin fraction during amylose crystallization. Gel filtra tion should have resulted in a purer amylopecti n. Isoarnylase treatment of the amylopectins and subsequent gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 confirmed the presence of at least 5-7% Linear fraction that stained blue with iodine and with at least 48 glucose units. These amylose-type chains may be part of the amylopectin molecule. The less efficient extraction of starch and its fractions from starch granules of high-amylose rices with hard gel consistency compared to that from rices with soft gel was confirmed (Table 5). Amylopectin (calculated by difference) was less water solu ble than amylose and the ratio of solu bi1ity was higher than that for amylose for the two gel types. Gel filtration of whole starch and starch
UATION AND UTILIZATION (GEll) PROGRAM 27

GENETIC EVA

Table 5. Extrac:.. bility in boiling water of starch, amylopectin, and amylose from high·amyl.osa gel consistency and gelatini~ation temperature (GT}. IRR.I, 1980.
Sample name Gel consistency (mm) Fina.1 GT ('C) Extractability Starch

rica starch granules

of

differing in

(%) in 100'C water Amylopectin 7

Amylose

IRS IRS IR3.2

90 32
85

73
65 65

1R42

30

74

31.0 16.5
18.7

37.4

2 10 2

86 51 "100 61

soluble in boiling water confirmed the lower solubility of amylopectin of IR8 than of I R5 (Fig. I). The amylopectin peak was also pa t the void volume (VI Vo > I) peak for IRS reflecting a MW lower than that for IR8. Actual amylopectin S20,,,' values were 42 S (IRS) and 54 S (IR8) for whole starch, and 24 S (I R32) and 18 S (IR42) for soluble starch. Thus, the starch iodine blue test at IOO"C also measures the difference in extractable lowMW amylopectin of high-amylose starches, in addition to soluble amylose, Further study on the phosphorus (P) fraction of
Relclivecorbohydrotecontent

Whole storch

_IR8
~IR5

o viVo

Sephotose CL- 28

I. Molecular weight fractionation On Sepharose CL-2B of whole and hot-water-soluble fractions of I R8 and I RS rice starch. IRRI. 19MO.

eight rice starches differing in amylose content and GT was undertaken with chemists at Kagoshima University, Japan. P was lowest for waxy starch, which was largely accounted for by 6-phosphoglucose residue in the starch. Such glucose ester accounted for 0.2-0.7 ,umol Pig. Since P content was higher for non waxy rices at 4.S-1 0,4 ,umolj gin starches containing 3.9-9.2 ,umoljg choline, 7589% of the starch P was probably phosphate or choline phospholipids, The choline content was similar in IRS and IR8 high-amylose starches differing in gel consistency and GT, Because butanol defatting which removed 80% of the fat, reduced P content of starch to 50%. residual P must be more tightly bound to starch. Nonstarch polysaccharide preparations. Although a minor fraction of milled rice, the nonstarch polysaccharides (cell wall) hold the cooked rice together and probably influence the direction of grain expansion during cooking. Its watersoluble fraction probably interacts with gelatinized starch. Cold water (400C) soluble preparations from eight milled rices differing in grain elongation ratio during cooking (1.4-2.1) and in amylose content (1.5-28.2%) were destarched by salivary o-amylase (Annual report for 1979) and were obtained in O.I~O.8% recovery. Their major neutral sugars were either arabinose and galactose, glucose, or galactose plus xylose, mannose, fucose, and rhamnose. Hot water (80" C) preparation from IR36 milled rice was mainly glucan. Water-soluble starch-free extracts from defatted IR32 true bran and embryo had glucose, galactose, and arabinose as principal neutral sugars together with rnannose, Water-insoluble destarched milled-rice preparations from the 8 milled rices were recovered in 0.3-0.7% yield and with less varia ble sugar composition. Major neutral sugars were xylose, arabi-

211 IRRI

:\\llAI

REPORT

fOR

1<)1<0

nose, mannose and glucose, and lesser amounts of galactose and rhamnose and trace of fucose. The protein content of preparations was variable and the protein was either high (5-8%) or low (1-2%) lysine. Hydroxyproline was not a major amino acid component ofthe protein, contrary to reports by other workers. Comparison of various fractionation schemes on IR36 preparation showed that a 10% fraction was soluble in hot 0.25% ammonium oxalate, probably representing pectin. The 0.5 N KOH solvent did not extract all the pentosans (arabinose and xylose); more were extracted with 4.27 N KOH. Mannans required the 6 N NaOH solvent. The residue of 6 N NaOH extraction was mainly glucan, representing cellulose. OEAE-Sephacel was ineffective for OEAE-cellulose borate fractionation of these preparations as it poorly adsorbed the polysaccharides. Polysaccharides were prepared from defatted IR32 true bran and embryo collected from 5% milling of IR32 brown rice. True bran had higher fiber content than embryo. Protein was removed by 8 extractions with 0.5% SOS -0.6 ,B-mercaptoethanol, and starch was hydrolyzed with heatsta ble a-amylase. Although the 0.5 N K0 H extracts were rich in pentoses, additional carbohydrates were extracted with 4.27 N KOH and 6 N NaOH solvents. Microtest for complexing with starch gel. Amylograph studies on waxy milled rice have shown that water-extractable lipids and carbohydrates alter Amylograph viscosity of the paste. Water extract of potato also suppresses Amylograph viscosity. Because of the large amount of flour (40 g) and complexing agent (0.5 g) needed for the study of starch-complex that alters gel viscosity, a microtest based on gel consistency that will detect such complex formation was sought. IR29 waxy rice starch (defatted with water-saturated butanol at 25° C) gel in water without dye was used to readily obtain stable gels. The defatted starch (100 mg) was dispersed in 1.6 ml water with 0.2 m195% ethanol as wetting agent. More wetting agent was required for bulky materials, and a 4-mesh alumina granule facilitated mixing. Palmitic acid increased gel viscosity of the IR29 starch (lower gel consistency value), whereas sucrose softened the IR29 gel. Use of water instead of KO H minimized

Table 6. Effect of I.\·amylase treatment on complexing ability of 1R29 starch (amylopectin), as indexed by a gel consistency test. IRRI. 1980. Gel consistency" Treatment Starch None Palm itic acid (1 mg I Carboxymethyl cellulose 91 13·limi! dextrin (mm)

47
(2 mgJ

97

85

98 98

"100 mg IR29 starch or limit dextrinl1.6 95% ethanol.

ml water and 0.7 ml

degradation of organic substances. Because cornplexing with hydrophobic compounds such as palmitic acid has been principally reported with amylose, of which IR29 starch bas only 1.5%, an attempt was made to determine the nature ofthecomplexing involved with IR29 amylopectin. Treatment of! R29 starch with ,a-amylase to reduce its outer chains to 2 or 3 glucose units made the residual ,a-limit dextrin incapable of complexing with palmitic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose (Table 6). The results suggest that the amylopectin portion involved in complexing are the outer chains, about 12 glucose units or about 2 helices of 6 glucose units each. Seven waxy rices with gel consistency of 76-92 mm (mean 81.4 mm) were washed with cold water. The washed gels hardened to 62-85 mm (mean 69. J mm). Interestingly, defatting the same Hours with 95% ethanol had a similar hardening effect on their gel values (60 to 76 mm, mean 69.3 mm). Cornplexing was suggested by the gel viscosity measurements because the increase in gel viscosity exceeded the sum of the viscosity of IR29 starch and that of the complexing agent alone. Starch compJexing with minor rice constituents. American chemists reported that water-soluble cell-wall polysaccharides of milled rice and bran affect Amylograph peak viscosity and viscosity on cooling to 50" C of milled rices pastes. Total 65°70" C or 8a" C water-soluble extracts were prepared from 2 waxy and nonwaxy rices and fractionated by extraction of lipids with refluxing 95% ethanol. The lipid fractions increased IR29 starch gel viscosity. For the nonlipid fraction, the waxy extracts softened the IR29 starch gel but the nonwaxy extracts hardened it. Since total lipids extracted with water-saturated butanol from IR36 milled rice had a so ften ing effect on IR29 starch gel, the water-extracted lipids probably differ in composi-

GE ETIC EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION

(GEUj PROGRAM

29

tion from the total lipids of milled rice. Starch-free preparations were used for confirmatory tests. Preliminary studies showed that undefatted cold-water-soluble, starch-free ex tracts from 8 milled rices either hardened or had no effect on the consistency of gel at 1-3 mg levels. UPL-RiI cold-water-soluble preparation (40% lipid) had a similar hardening effect on IR29 starch gel with (0.6 mg) or without (I mg) defatting with 95% ethanol. Hot-water-soluble nonstarch polysaccharides from UPL-Ri-J and Malagkit Sungsong waxy milled rices tended to soften IR29 starch consistency, whereas the hot-water-soluble fraction from IR36 and IR32 had a slightly hardening

effect. In contrast, both cold- and hot-water-soluble fractions from IR32 bran hardened IR29 starch gel. With water-insoluble nonstarch preparations, no general trend was noted for the eight rices. They either had no effect on, hardened, or softened IR29 starch gel at 1-3 mg, and only a small fraction probably dissolved and cornplexed with the starch. An insoluble cell-wall fraction was noted for all samples. In contrast, water-insoluble IR32 bran cell wall had a softening effect even at 0.2 mg/ 100 mg IR29 starch gel.

Jil

lRRI ANNUAL

REPORT I"OR 19HO

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Disease resistance
Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding Departments
BREEDING MATERIALS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE 32 Multiple disease resistance 32 Blast resistance 32 Leaf scald resistance 34 Resistance to sheath blight, Cercospora leaf spot, sheath rot, and brown spot 34 Sheath blight resistance 34 Reactions of varieties to stem rot 37 Resistance to rice virus diseases 37 SOURCES OF RESISTANCE 38 Identification andevaluation 38 Utilization of resistance sources 39 Specific and adult plant resistance 39 Dose-response of Cas 209 to strains of Xanthomonas oryzae differing in virulence 40 Infectivity of pathotypes J, II, and III 42 Sources of resistance to rice viruses 42 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION 44 IRRI-T AC collaborative research project on bacterial blight 44 EVALUATING DISEASE RESISTANCE STUDIES

45

Determination of pathogenic races of Fusarium moniliforme 45 Races of Pyricularia oryzae 46 International Rice Blast Nursery test of breeding lines and varieties Inheritance of resistance to blast 49

46

IRR! ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980 31

EVALUATING

BREEDING

MATERIALS

FOR

DISEASE RESISTANCE

Plant Pathology Department Multiple disease resistance. Screeni ng 0 f the G E U varieties and elite lines for resistance to fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases of rice continued III
T"ble 1. Dise~se~"~ctions 01 Genetic Evaluation and Utilization

1980. The reactions of the entries to the different diseases studied varied from susceptible to resistant (Ta ble J). Some varieties were resistant to one disease, the majority to 2-4 diseases. and a few to 5-8 diseases. Blast resistance. A total of 87.676 rices from different sources were screened for blast resistance
8lit~lintl$ "nd v~riatias. IRRI. 1980. disease"

A'eaC1ion" 10 given :En1ry BI LSc SA ShB M-MS M-MS M M M M CLS M M MA-S M·MS MS ShR MS

as
R

BK
S
R-S

B6

RTV

GSV

RSV

IRS
1R36 IA42 1R43 IR44 1R45 IR46 IR48 IRSO IAS2 IR54 IR2071-685·3·5-4 IR2987-13·1 IRJ518-96·2·2 ·2 IR3646-.8-1·2 1R3839·1 1R38S8·6 IA3880·10 IR3880·13·7 IR38S0-29 IR4432-28-5 IR.4S68-86-1-3-2 IRS17S-2 IR5260-1 IR5440-1-1.J IR5716·18·' IAseS3·1' 18-5 IR5853-162-'-2-3 IR5853-213-6-1 IR5929-12-3 IR.5931-' 10-1 IRS982-7-6-1 IR59983-13·1·2 IR6023·10-1·1 IR611S+1-1 IR7790·18-'-2 IA8073·6 5-6·1 IA81·92-31' -2-1·2 IR8192-166-2·2·3 IA8192·200-3-3-1 IR8608-189-2-2-1 IA8SOS-298.3 -I·' IR9129-209·2·2·2 IRS129-20S-2-2-2 IR9209·181-3-S IA9217.58-2·2 IR9224-140.J·2-2 IA9264-321.J IA9411·5-3·3 IR9669 selection IA9708·51-1-2 IR9729·67-3 IR9752;71.J-.2 IR9751·19-1 IR9753-11-2.-2 I A9763-11 ·2.-2·3 CON IJ NUI D ON

S
M-S

S
S
M M

5
5

M
M·MR M-MA MR

MR
R M-S MR

MS·S M·S M·S

M-S M-A

M-S

M-S

S
M

5
R S 5 S S S S S S S S S R S 5 S S

S S S S
S

R
I-R I·A

S
S S S S S S

MS·5 MS

S M·S S S S S S S S S
M-B

M S S S S M S R M S S S S S S S M R
A

M
M·MS M

R MR-R
MA·MS MS

R MR S
S A-S MA-MS

MA-.A
M·MA M MR MS M

M-S
MS·MR

R R
'R

M
M

R
MS

S
R VS

5
MR

M-S
MS-S M·A M·5 M'S MS·5 M5·S M·S M~S M-S M-R-5 M·5 M-S MA-A M5·MR M·A

S 5 1-5
I I

M M M
MS

M R R
MS

M M
MS

M
M

M M
MS M5 M

MR R
MS MA VS

R 5 5 5 S

I S S S
S I-S I-S 1-5

S
M5·S

.R R R R R R R R. R A R
R

S S 1-5 S S 1-5
I-S I·S

s s

S
5 S

M
M

M-MR
M

M
M-MS M-MS M-MS M

MR R R R M
MS

M
MA M MS MS

S
VS VS

A
MA

5 S S S

5 5

MS·A
MS·R VS

M
M5

M-S M·S

S M·R
M-A

R S
M

M·MR S S S S S S 5 S
M·MS MS

MS M
MS-R MA MS MS M MS M-MR MA MR

M M R M
M

MR-S MS·S

M-5
M-A
M-S M-S

S S S S S S
I·S I-S

R
R

5 5 5 S 5

R
A

S
5
I

R A R
A

S
R

MS·S M·S

R
A A

M5
MA

S S M·A
M·S

S S M M M R
R M

M·MS M M M·MS
M-MS M-MS M

M
M M MS

R
VS VS

S S 5 5 S
R·S

i-s
S S S S S S S
I

I A

S 5 S 5 I S

M-S
M5·'R

MA A
VS 5

M S S

M
M

MS-S
MA

M-S M-S M-S

M·5
M-S M·S M-S M·g M·S M·S M-R M-R M-S M-S M-S-R M-S·A M-S

R R R R R R R R
R

S 5
5 5 S 5 5 S S 5

S
S S S S S S S 5 S S S S S S S

M M-MS
M-MS M-MS

R
MS

M M-R M-R M
R M

5
M

R M 5
M

S S S
M

M M·MS
M M-MS

M MR·A
MR

MR
5

R
A

M
M

M S S

M
M

S
S S S

M M
M

M-S

S
M M

M
M·MR M MS M

MR·R MS R MS-MR R M
MR MR MS A

MA
M·MR

V5
VS VS VS

M
MR M·M5

M
MA

A
VS

MA
MA 5

S MS-S 5 S S S S S R S MS S S MR
MS

S
I
I

I 5

S
I S I I S S
R I I I I

A A A R R
A

1-5 1-5 I S
I

M-S·R
M·S·R M·5 M·S M-A M·S-A

M M

MR
M5

I R R A R R A R R R
A

1·5
I

S
S

1-5

S S S S I
I I

MR

o PPO 51 If

PAGI

:12 IRRI ANNUAL

REPOln

FOR 19l"iO

Table 1 continued Reaction" Entry BI IR976445-2-2 IR9808-9-2 IR9809-9-2 IR9828-91-2-3 IR9!I46-2 15-3 IR!I852-22-3 IR9861-25-1-1 tRl I 248-83-3-2- I IR1314641 -3 tRl3149-3-2-2 IR13149-19-1 IA1314943-2 IRI3149-71-3-2 IRI3240-10-1-3-2 IR13240-83-1 I RI 3299-96-2-2 IRI3358-85-1-3 IRI3365-253-2-2 IAl3419-' 13-1 IRI 3423-1 0-2-3 IA 13423- 17-1-2-1 IR13426-19-2 IA1342740-2-3-3 IR1342S-10S-2-2-1 IR13429-196-1-2-1 IR13429-196-1-20 IRl3429-299-2-1-3 IRI352543-2-3-1 tR13540-S6-3-2-1 IRI4632-2-3 IRI4632-22-3 IRI4753-120-3 IRI5314-30-3-1-3 IRl5314-43-2-3-3 IAI5318-2-2-2-2 IR15318-2-2-2 -2 IRI5496-219-2-3-2 IAI5S29-256-1 IRI5538-338-1-2-3 IRI5675-!I8-1-2-5 IRI7491-54-3-3 IRI7494-32-1-1-3 IR17494-32-3-1-1 IRI9657-90-3-3-2 IRI9660-131-3-3-3 IA19661-131-1-2 IRl9661-364-1-2-3 IA19672-140-2-3 IRI9728-9-3-2-3 IA19729-5-1-1 IRI9729-6-1 -1-3 IRI9735-5-2-3-2 IR I 9743-25-2-2 IAI9743-25-2-2-3 IR1974340-3-3-2 IR1974346-2-3-3 IR1974346-2-3-3 IR19746-28-2-2 IRI9746-28-2-2-3 IA19759-29-2-1-3 IR19762-2-3-3 BR51-282-8 IETl444 S S S S S S 5 S S 5 S S S M-5-R S 5 LSc M M M R M SR S S S 5 S ShB M M M M M M M M M-MS M M-MS M M M M M M M M-MA M-MS M-MS M M M M M M CLS R M5 R M MS M-MS MR R VS M-VS M-VS R M-MS M M VS MS M M-MS MS MS-R M-MR M-MR MS-R M-5 MS-R R MS-R A R R MR-R MS-M R R MA A M-R MR MS R MR M R MR M-MR MR R MR MS MS VS M5 MR MR VS MS VS M R MS A MR ShR M-MR M MR MR M M M M R MR-R MR MR-R MR M MR M M MA R MR MR MR MR MR BS S MR VS 5 MR BK R-S R-S S S MR-5 MR-R MS S M5-S M5-S R-5 S 5 A R MS S 5 R S MR-MS MS-R R MR S R A MS-R S R MA-S MR-S MS MS MS MR R A-S S S S S MR S R R-S S R S S MS R MS R MS MR S S MR S A S S BB RTV GSV RSV to given disease'

M R R R

,
S S

R R S S S

MR MR MR S MR

5
S S S

5
M M M S M

5
S S S S

5
S R R M-5 S S S

S
S S S S S S S S S

VS R R MS R VS R MA MR S MR R VS MR MR MA S VS VS VS VS MR S R A VS VS R VS VS A S VS R MS S MR R

5
S S S M-S M M-S S S M-S 5 R S S S S S M-S S S S R R R S S S S S S-R S R R S S

S S S S

R
MR M MR R M MA MA A M MR MR MR R R R MR R M MR M M M VS MR MR R M M5

~
M M-MS M-MS M M-MS M M M M-MS M M M M-MS M M-MS M M-MS M M M-MS MS M M M M M-MS MS M MS M M M M M

R
R R S M S M M S R S R R R R

M-S-R M-S M-S M-5-R M-S M-S M-S MR-S-R M-5 M-S M-5 M-S-R M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S-R MS-R M-S M-S-A M-5-A M-5 M-S M-S-R M-S M-S M-R M-S M-S-A MS-MR M-S-R M-S-R M-S M-R M-S M-S M-S M-S-R M-R M-R MS-MR M-S-R MS-MR M-S-R M-S M-R M-S-A M-S-R M-S-R M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S M-S-R M-S-R MS-MR M-S

S I I 5 S 5 I

S
5 I R R R S

5
S S S S

5
I-S S I-R I I I R I-S I S S S 1-5 I I S I 1-5 S S I I I I I I-R I I I I I

S 5 5 S M S A

R R R R R R R R R R R R R A A R R R A R R R R R R R R S-R R A R R R R R R R I R R R R R R R R

R
S S S S S S

I I I S 1-5 I I I I I-S 5 S S S S S I I I I I-S 1-5 I-R I-R 5 I R I-R R I I-I S I-S A I R I I S I S I I I I R

A
R M R

R R R
R R A R R R R R R R R

A
I I S I I 5 I I 1-5 I I I I I S I-S

5
I I I I-S I I

5
S S S

A
R R

"M = moderate Iy resistant to moderate iy susceptible. I = i nterrnadlate, S = susceptible, VS very susceptible. and R = resistant. Reactions separated ~ a dash indicate a rafl~e 01 reactions in two or more tests. oBI = blast. LSc = leal sea lei. SR = sternrot, S hB sheath blight, C LS = ercospora Ieaf spot. hR = sheath rot, BS = brown spot, BK = bakanae, BB = bacte ria I blight. RTV ~ rice tungro virus. GSV = grassy stun! virus, and RSV = ragged stunt virus.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND

UTILIZATION

(GEU)

PROGRAM

33

Table .2. SummarY

of screening

fot blast

resistance.

IRRI, 1980. Number Resistant with given blast reaction Susceptible

Moderate

Elite breeding' lines" Gerrnplasrnbank" Ped igree nursery lines Hybrid lza ti on bloc k" Observational yield triat· Replicated yield trial" Nigerian lines Koreanlines Oryland breedinq lines International nu [series lnternational Rice Blast Nursery" lnternationa I Rice Arid Regions Observational Nursery" International Rice Observational. Nursery lnternationa I Rainfed Lowland Rice Observationa I Nursery lnternational Upland Rice Observational Nurse,y International Rice Cold Tolerance Nursery Total Percent "Tested

9,}24 1'32 212 15 192 3

945

16

26 558 10,056
54

69

1.036 205 4 309 23 67

73

191 1,289 51,.236 581 2,094 835 0 5,514 609 276 294 292 204 79 183 63,677
72.6

149 22 16 8 5 23 11,531 13.2

22 13 9 13 12,468 14.2

2·3 times.

in IRRI blast nurseries. The entries' reactions varied from resistant to susceptible (Table 2). Some of the varieties and lines with a consistently high level of resistance were Carreon, Tetep, Dissi Hatif, 5709,5712,5717,5720,5721. OS6. IRI416-128-5· 8, IRI905-PPI 1-29-4-61, IRI905-8t-3-!, IR45476-2-5. IR4547-6-2-61, lR4547-14-3-1, IR5533-IS1-[, and IR9559~PP870-1. Leaf scald resistance. Screening for leaf scald resistance continued in the 1980 wet season. Entries in the field were inoculated at maximum tillering with a spore suspension of Rhynchosporium oryzae. The disease reactions, which were record ed 21 days after inoculation, varied from highly resistant to highly susceptible (Table 3). Varieties found highly resistant were Mingolo, Cempo Selak, Carreon, Khao Lo, Kinandang Patong, KuJawai, Moroberekan, and Darnodar.
Table 3. Summary of screening for leaf scald resistance.

Highly susceptible varieties were IR I9053- I98~1-2[-2, IRI973S-41-3-21, IR2!048-53-2, IR21 178-26r, G H33, and lR 19728-2-2-2-2-2. Resistance to sheath blight, Cercospora leaf spot, sheath rot,and brown spot. Field screening for resistance to sheath blight, Cercospora leaf spot, and sheath rot indicated a variation in reactions of some varieties and lines. In greenhouse screening for resistance to brown spot, some varieties and lines were highly resistant and others ranged from moderate to very susceptible (Table 4). Some entries were resistant to one or two diseases, but none was found resistant to all four diseases. Sheath blight resistance. As in previous years, none of 4,78 J cultivars obtained from different sources (elite breeding lines, replicated and observational yield trials, hybridization block, rice/
season, Number with given disease MS reaction" S HS

IRRI. 1980 wet

Source HR Replicated yield tria I Elite varieties and breeding Hybridization block Observational yield tria I Total Percent R MR

lines

40 15 196 0 251 31

3 4 18 0 25 3.1

57
16

41 0 114 41.1

46 11 61 4 122 15.0

163 35 52 30 280 34... 1

10 3 4
6

23 2.8

"HR ~ highly resistant (lesion 0-1.0 em), R ~ reststant [lesior' 1.01'2.0 em). MR ~ moderately resistant (reston 2 ..01-3.0 ern), MS = moderate Iy susceptibte (lesion 301-4.0 em). S ~ susceptible (lesion 4.01-6.0 emJ. HS c highly susceptible Ilesiongreale, than 6,0 cm).

]4

IRRI

AN

'UAL

REPORT FOR 191(0

Table 4. Disease reactions of IRRI br~ding lines and varieties screened for resistance to sneath blight (ShB), Cen;ospora leaf spot (CLS), sheath rot (ShR), and brown spot (BS), IRRI" 198O. Disease reaction" Entry IR,S IR36 1R42 IR43 IR44 1R45 IR46 IR4S IR50 IR52 IR54 IR2071-685-J-5-4-3 IR2987-13-1 IRJ51S·96-2-2-2 IRJ646-8-1-2 IR3S39-1 IR3858-6 IR3880-10 IR3880-13-7 IA38S0-29 IR4432-2S-5 1R4568-86-1·3-2 IR5179-2 IR5260-1 IR5440-'_'-3 IA5716-1S-1 IA5853-118-5 IA5853-162-1-2-3 IR5853-213-6-1 IR5929-12-3 IR5931-110-1 IA5982-7-6-' IR5983-13-1-2 IR6023-l0-1-1 IR6115-1+1 IR7790-18-1-2 IR8073-65-6-1 1R8192-31-2-1-2 IR8192-166-2-2-3 IAB192-200-J-J-l-1 IRS60S-189-2-2-1-3 IRS608-29S-3-1-1-2 IR9129-209-2-2-2 IR9129-209-2-2-2-3 IR9209-181-3-5 IR9217-SB-2-2 IR9224-140-3-2-2-3 IR9264-J21-3 IR9411-5-9-3 IRS669 Selection IRS70S-51-1-2 IA972S-67-3 IR9752-71-3-2 IR9761-19-1 IRS763-11-2-2 IR9763-11-2-2-3 IR9764-45-2-2 IR9808-S-2 IR9809-S-2 IR9828-S1-2-3
(ON flNUEO 0 NE xt PAGE

ShB M M M M MS M M M MS MS MMMMM M MMMM MM MM MMS M M MMMM M M MMM MS M M MS M MMM M M MR M M M MM M MSMM MMS M M MS M M MMM MMRM M MMS MS M MS MM MMMM MSMM MMS M MSM M M MM MM MMSM M MSM MM M MMSM MMM MSMM MM MMMMS M MM MM M MM MM MMRM MM MS M MMMM MMM M M M,M

ClS M MM MSMR MSM MS R R MR MSMR MS R MS M R R MS MS M M MR R R R MS MSMS MSR MSMA VS MS M MSA MA MS MS MM

ShR MS MM MMR M MR MR R MR MMR M M MR MS M M M MS MS M M MR M MS MS MM MS M M R M M M MM M MS MSM M M MR M MR M A MR M MR M MR MSM M R MR M M M MR MRM M MA MR

BS A MR R MR

MR S S S R VS MR R MS MR VS S VS VS R MR R A

MS MR R VS VS A VS S MA S VS VS VS VS R R VS MR MR S S MR VS

MS

MRM MR MR MR R MS MS MM MR A MA R R MRR MS R MSMR A M MR MR MS AR R R MS R

M

GENETIC EVALUATIO

AND UTILIZATION

(CEU) PROGRAM

35

Table 4 connnued Disease Entry Sh8 CLS ShR BS reaction"

IR9845·215-3 IR9852'22-3 IR9861·25·1·1 IR11248-.83·3·2,'·3 IR 13146-41·3 IR1'3149-3·2·2 I R13149·19·1 IAt 3149-43·2 IR13149·71-3·2 IR13240·10·3·2 IR13240-$J·l IR13299-96·2-2 IRl3358-85·1-3 IR13355·253·2·2 IRl34·19·113-1 IR13423-10-2-3 IR13423-17·l-2-1 IR 13426'19·2 IR13427-40·2·,3·3 IRl3429-109·2·2·' IRl3429·196,'·20 IR13429-196-'-2·1 IR13429·299·2·1.3 IR13525-43-2-3-1 IR13540·56.3·2·1 IR14632·2-3 IR14632·22·3 lR:14753·120..J IR15314,,30..J,'.3 IR15314-43,·2·3·3 IR15318·2·2·2·2 IR15318·2·2-2·2·2 IRl5496·219-2·3·2 IR15529"256-1 1 R15538 -33 8·1 '.2-3 IR15675-98-'·2c5 IR17491-5-4..J-3 IR17494·32·1·l-3·.2 IR17494~32·3·1:·'1-3 I A 19657·90·3.3·2 IR19660·131·3 -,3·3 IR·1966l·131·1·2 IAl9661-363·1·2·3 IRI9672·14a·2·a IR19728·9-3·2·3 IRI9n9-5·'-" IRI9729·5-I-l·3 IR19735·5·2-3·2 IR19743-25·2·2 IR19743·25·2·2.3 IRI' 9743-40·3-3-2 IR19743-46,2·3 IR 19743-46·2·3·3 IR197·46·28-2·2 IR19746·28·2·2·3 IR19759·29·2·'.3 IR19762·2-3·3 BR51·28Hl IET1444

MMMM MMMM

MMM
M

M M M MMS MMMMM MMSM MMMMM MMM M MM M MMMMM MMM MMMMR MSM M MSM MMMMM MM MM M M M MM MM MM MMSM MMSMM MMM MSMM MMM M MMM MMSMM MMM M MM MMSMM MM MSMM MM MMS MMM MM MMS MS MS MM MM MM MM M MS MS MM MS MM MM MMM M MM M

MSMS MSM MR R VSVS VS M VS M MSM M M VS MS M MSM MS MSR MR M MSR MSR MSR MS R MS A R R RR MRR MSM

MM MM M M RR A MA MR MR A MR

5
MR

MR MR MR S MR

RR

MAMA
M MR

M M
MR R MR MR MR MR MR R MR M MR RR M MA MR H M MA MR MA R R

VS R R MS R VS R MR MR S MR R VS MR MR MR S VS VS VS VS MH S R

A
R MR A MR MR MS

A
MA M

R
MR MMR

R
MR R M MR M M M VS MR MR R M MS S ~ susceptible.

A
VS VS

MR
R MR MS M VS MS MR MR VS MS VS M

A
VS VS R S VS R MS S MR R VS = very susceptible.

R
MS R MR susceptible,

OR ~ resistant, MR ". moderately resistant, M ~ moderate, MS ~ moderately Mone than one rating per disease lndlcatas variation in reaction.

36

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Table 5. Summary of sheath blight screening. IRAI, 1980. Entries (no.) with given disease reaction" Source Elite breeding fines Wetland: Aeplicated yiefd trial Observational yield trial Dryland: Aeplicated yield trial Hybridization block Aice/sorghum crosses Germplasm bank Elite breeding lines Wetland: Aeplicated yield trial Observational yield trial Oryland: Aeplicated yie Id tria I Observational yield trial Germplasm bank Crowley Disease nursery Hybridization block Total Percent Entries (no.) 158 1150 923 140 696 4 1368 7 39 35 3 195 49 3 11 4781 R 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 Confirmation test

MR 0 33

M 130 963 81.3 117 650 4 1311 5 35 30 3 195 45 2 10 4313

90.2

MS 28 152 75 3 32 0 43
2

S 0
2

VS 0 0 4 0 0 0
0

22

9 0 2 0 4 0 0 0 0

20 12 0 10 0
0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a
0 0 0
0

0 0 0
4 1 1

4 5 0 0
0

a a a a
17 0.4

103
2.1

344 7.2

4
0.1

"A = resistant. MR = moderately resistant, M = moderate, MS = moderately susceptible, S = susceptible, VS = very susceptible.

sorghum crosses, and germplasm bank) and screened for sheath blight resistance showed a resistant reaction to the disease. Only 2.1 % were moderately resistant (Table 5). Reactions of varieties to stem rot. In the 1980 wet season, 84 elite varieties and breeding lines and 182 rices from the germplasm bank were screened at maturity in the field for stem rot reaction. Eighty-four elite varieties and breeding lines and 60 germplasm bank entries were first evaluated. The entries,each represented by one hill, were taken to the greenhouse for recording of stem rot reaction on a per-tiller basis: indicated the most resistant and 9 the most susceptible. The disease index (01) was computed:

the 0-9 stem rot scale. Most succumbed to natural stem rot infection. The results of computing disease index and direct field scoring did not differ. Direct field scoring may allow faster screening for stem rot. The resistant entries were IR8, IR48, IR4432-285, IRI3l46-4l-3, IRI9661-131-1-2, and IR19661364--1-2-3 - all from elite varieties and breeding lines. Some oftbose found susceptible were IR50, IR5929-12-3, IR9808-9-2, IR9828-91-2-3, ARC 14719, and ARCl3811. Resistance to rice virus diseases. The reactions of 22,177 entries - 8,100 to tungro, 4,961 to grassy stunt, and 9,116 to ragged stunt - were determined by mass-screening in the greenhouse. The percentages of infected seedlings indicated degree of resistance. The field reactions - based on the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES) - of 30,627 entries to tungro disease in pedigree nurseries were recorded. The incidence of the disease was enhanced by transplanting 599,000 TN I seedlings

D/=

(n) + 2 (n) ... N

+ 9 (n)

where n = number of tillers in indicated class, and N = total number of tillers sampled. To evaluate more entries, 122 accessions from the germplasm bank were scored in the field using

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

37

inoculated with eggs laid by viruliferous insects produced by the propagation method described in 1979 (Annual report for 1979). Tungro disease in the nurseries was confirmed by sampling infected plants that served as virus sources for 1,905 virus-free green leafhoppers. The infectivity of the insects was tested by daily serial transmission on TNI seedlings.
SOURCES OF RESISTANCE

Tlble 8. Entri .. from the International Rice Observational Nursery and International Relnted lowland Rice Observational NUnlery showing kresek development when trllnsplanted in the field after seedling submergence in a bacterial su,spension of about 10' eells/ml for 30 minutes. IARI. 1980 wet season.
Kresek" (%l Entries 23 63 71 41 50 238 kresek, divided by (no.l

<

10 11·25 26-60 51·75 76-100 Total "Based on total number of ti lIers showing number of hills per entry.

Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding Departments Identification and evaluation (Plant Pathology). A total of 2,102 entries from the germ plasm collecTlble 6. Field eVlluetion of rice germpllsm inoculated with 2 strains of Xanrhomonas oryze« by the clipping method. Philippines, 1980 wet seasen,
Entry" Disease reaction' MT 1 3 5 7 9 373 433 166 79 0 PXO 61 FL 485 394 134 38 0 MT 315 227 162 324 23 [no.] PX083 FL 532 266 91 149 13

"Scored by 1980 Standard Eva luation SYS11!(T1 Rice. "The test fat for PXO 61 was done at IRRI; that for PXO 83 at Maligaya Rice Research and Training Center, Nueva Ecija, Phi lippines. lnoculation at maximum titlering stage {MTl and at flowering stage (Ft).

non previously identified with various degrees of resistance to bacterial blight were further evaluated at IRRI with strain PXO 61 and at the Maligaya Rice Research and Training Center with strain PXO 83 (Table 6). Different disease reactions in the same accession were often observed. Confirmation tests based on single-plant hills suggested that there was segregation of those entries. Selection was made and the reaction to PX061 at IRRland PXO 83 at Maligaya Rice Research Training Center was further confirmed (Table 7). Entries from IRON and IRLRON were evaluated for their reaction to the bacterial blight syndrome. Twenty-three entries from the 2 nurseries

Table 7. Result of fUlther evaluetion and salection of rices from tha IRRIgermplasm collection showing diverse bacterial blight ,aactions" in the Philippines. 1990.
Reaction Variety IRRI ace. no. Country origin of Reaction at tRRI IRRI (PXO 61) 3 5 1 7 1 5 1 7 1 7 1 7 3 7 1 5 3 5 at MRRTC (PXO 83)

Lua Ro Chianung Aus 76 Boway AG 1-54 Sen Yu 6

24147·a

Vietnam China Bangladesh India India tndia India India India

-b
26956·a -b 28938'8 -b 30654-a -b 34954·a

1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7

7
7 7 7 1 5 6 5 1 7

Kada Chopa Khamar Shete Bhado 1

-b
34994-a -b 35152-a -b 35200-a -b 36753-a -b Evaluation System for Rice.

1 7
1 7 1 7 1 7 1 7

3
3 3

3
7 5 7 7

Thalanayar BW 249-4

"Scored

by 1980 Standard

38

IRRI

ANI'\UAI.

REPORT

FOR

19l10

Table 9. Entries from the International Rice Observational Nursery .howing IlISs than 10% kresek development when transplanted in the field after seedling submergence in a bacterial suspension of about 10~ cells/ml for 30 minutes. IRRI, 1980 wet season. Entry no. 8 10 16 38 124 129 231 262 264 267 292 303 305 308 311 324 Designation (cross) BR40-39-1-3 (lR140-165-3-·3/1RS) BR109-14-2·2·2 (IR20IlR44) BW 242·<5-5-2 (BW 1131IR141·B2·6-3) IR8608·189-2-2-1-3 (IR2061-465·1-5-5/1 R2011·625-1) IR 19143-46-2-2-3 (IR9129-192-2-3/IRl0116·19) IR19174-42-1 (IR9698-26-3/IRl0176-19) B2850B-51·2-2 (B541 8-KN·91-3-1 IIR2071-15-4·1-2) IR9224-223-2-2-2-1 (IR2153·14-'-6-21 IIR281 IIR2010-625·,) IR9136-16-1-2 ICO 31/IR1058-18-1-311IR2058·78-1·3) IRl1248-83·3-2·1-3 (IR2071-586-5-6·3I1R2415-49-6-12) Kau 1734-2 (lET7104) (Triveni/IRl539) OR 59-6 (T OO/IR81IHema) OR 131-3·1 (IET6661) (590IlR81ICR51-49) Rajendra Dhan 201 RNR 29692 R9·1-6-1·3-1-1 (lR2,2 ISigadis) Origin Leaf blight PxO 61 (%) 5 1 1 1

Bangladesh Bangladesh Sri Lanka IRRI IRRI IRRI Indonesia IRRI IRRI IRRI India India India India India India

1
1

,
1 1 1 1 3 5

5
3

Tabla 10. Entries from International Relnfed when tre",plantlld In the flllid after saedllng 1980 wet .e .. on. Entry no. 26 56 53 67 134 178 183 190

Lowland Rice Observational submergenclI in a bacterial

Nursery showing In. than 10% kresek development suspenlion of about 10' cell./ml for 30 mlnut ... IRRI,

Designation (cross) IR13168-143-1 (CauveryllR361 fIR2011-625-1-252) C1117-2 Cl68 (Intan/BPI·16-1) CR 1023 (Pankaj/Jaganath) IR13146·119 (BG90-2/JR3411IR2058-181-3·2-3) Kau 1925 (JyothyIJR2153) Kau 2011 (JayaIlR2058/fMahsuri) Kau 2039 (Jaya/IR2011I1Mahsuri)

Origin IRRI Philippines Philippines India IRRI India India India

leaf blight PXO 61 ('Yo)

5
5 1 3 1 5

showed less than 10% kresek in the field (Tables 8, 9, and 10); however, their leaf blight reaction to strain PXO 61 was varied. Utilization of resistance sources (Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding). Seven genes for resistance to bacterial blight from 60 different varieties are used in the breeding program. In addition, 84 varieties with different resistance to the disease serve as sources of resistance (Table 11). Thirty-six of the resistance donors carried Xa 4, which is in about 55% of33,898 crosses (Table 12). Two allelic genes are at the Xa 4 locus: Xa 4" and Xa 4". The resistance expression conditioned by Xa 4' is functional to bacterial strain PXO 61 or to strains in pathotype I in the Philippines at both vegetative and reproductive stages, while resistance by Xa 4" is functional to that strain only at the reproductive stage. The second largest group (about 9%) of 19 resistance donors involved in the crossing program

have the recessive gene xa 5. Other genetic sources of bacterial blight resistance are Xa 6, Xa 7, xa 8, and xa 9, but few crosses have been made with them either in single or in compound crosses. Once the sources of resistance have been recommended for hybridization, the progenies of many different gene donors may be potentially recombined (Table 13). Among the 33,898 crosses made at lRRI until 1980,24,307 or 67% involved genes known for bacterial blight resistance. Many crosses were known to have more than one of such genes. Some combinations could have involved three or four genes (Table 14). Specific and adult plant resistance (Plant Pathology). The responses of rices with specific and adult plant resistance to different sources of inoculum varied (Table 15). When the disease pressure was high, disease severity increased from early tillering to flowering on rice with adult plant resist-

GE ETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU} PROGRAM

39

Table

11. Parentel

donors

having

specific

genes for resistance Origin

to bacterial

blight

of rice used in the IRRI crossing

Acc. no. 18609 15609 18628 679 18863 Origin

program.

Gene and varietv Xa 3 Wase Aikoku Xa 4" CO 10 CO 22 Nam Sagui Pelita 111 Pelita 1/2 Sigadis Taothabi TKM6 GuiDo Pakheng

Ace. no.

Gene and va riel'( Rante Rathu Haenati Rengesi Aemadja Sintawati

525 3691 6400 11462 14560 14561 6525 13746 237 19745 30154 17183 17253 17350 17352 17366 17687 9224 17830 17834 17857 17859 17932 17967 18119 18408 18426 18458 20073 27391 27397 24621

Japan India India Thailand Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia India India Korea Laos Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia

Indonesia Sri Lanka Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia

19

xe 5
ARC 5756 Aus32 Aus 251 Aus 449 Bager' BJI Chinsurah Boro II 0048 Oharial DL 5 Dular DV29 DV139 DZ192 Hashikalmi Kaliboro 600 Kele xa 5, Xa 7 OW5 DV86 Xa 6 Zenith M. Sungsong 20200 28895 29043 29206 16193 3711 11484 8620 3396 8593 636 8816 8870 851B 3397 29367 25881 8839 8840 131 38794 11113 30193 India Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Nepal India Bangladesh Surinam Pakistan India Bang iadesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Surinam Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh USA Philippines USA Laos

Xa 4" Bajang Beak Ganggap Bulu Putih Bulu Sampang Camor Gropak Gede Kentajana Ketan Baiong Ketan Sas Ketan Gondel Ketan Gondopuro Ketan Pandan Ketan Temon lenggang Genuk Bulu Padi Tomat Palotan Melati Pare Ojerah Pulo Banrakaja Pulut Banda Kaya Pulut Bongo PulUI Kemandi

xe 8
PI 231129

xe

9 Sateng

ance, but remained resistance.

stable on rice with specific

Dose-response of Cas 209 to strains of Xanthomonas oryzae differing in virulence (Plant Pathology). In 1979, Cas 209 was identified as a
Table 12. Sources of genes for resistance to bacterial rice used in the IRRI crossing prog ram. 19110. Donor varieties (no.) 1 36 19 1 1 1 1 84 114 blight 01

good differential variety. It separates the group II bacterial strains into pathotypes II and III. It is resistant to pathotype II but susceptible to 1, Ill, and IV. Further investigation of the response of Cas 209 to the representative strains in the four pathotypes was made during [980. Infectivity of strain PXO 86 (of pathotype II) to Cas 209 was remarkably different from that of PXO 6 [ (1),

Gene lor resistance Xa3 Xa 4 xa 5 6 Xa 7

Crosses tno.) 49 18,576 3,099 883 95 3 1 1,688 24,394

Frequency" (%) 0.14 54.80 916 2.60 0.28 0.09 0.03 4.97 72.07 Table 13. Soma selected more gene combinations. IRRI cross no. IR4475B 1R4985B IR9623 IR10950 IR14093 IR25875 crosses made at IRRI involving 2 or

x»

Cross TKM 6/BJI IR22f1M.S.lBJl DZI92fTKM 6 IR30/Zenith DII85/1R28 0118511A36/ II A36

Genes involved Xa Xa xe Xa xa xe 41xa 5 411Xa 6/xa 5 SIXa4 41Xa 6 5, Xa 71Xa 4 5, Xa 71Xa 4/1Xa 4

x« 8
xa 9 Un~nown Total "Sased

on a total 01 33,898 crosses.

~O

IRRI

AN

:UAL

REPORT FOR 191\0

T.bl.1.4. Olff.ren!: known ulllld in ....... 01.11 combin.tionl

genes for b.t;:teri.1 bUgh, resist. nee in IRRI' I clOllling prollr.m. 1980. Crosses

Combination of genes Xa 3,. x» 4 Xa3, Xali Xa4.xa5 Xa 4. Xa Xa 4, Cas 209 xe 5. Xa xa 5, Xi! 7 Xa 4. xe 5, Cas 209 Xa 4, xa 5, Xa 7 Xa 4, Xi! 5, x» 6 Xa 4, xe 5, Xa 6. Xa 7

Number

Frequency"I%)

2. 3
698 261 43 20

0.008
0.012

2
35 12 1

2.873 1.073 0.177 0.082

0.008

0.004
0.144

0.049 0.004
4.435 blight. resistance.

Total

1078

·'0124.307 crosses having genes for bacterial

PX 0 79 (III), and PX 0 7 J (I V) at either seedling or maximum tillering stage (Fig .. J). Comparison of the strain's EDso (the effective dose to cause 50% positive infection) at 2 growth stages - early tillering and maximum tilleringindicated that PXO 86, which was avirulent to Cas 209, caused no visible infection at those stages 7 days after inoculation. At 14 days after inoculation, the cell number required to.cause 50% positive infection differed from that of the three other strains by I -fold at early seedling stage to I rJ -fold at maximum tillering (Table 16). The disease score 6 initiated on Cas 209 by PXO 86 at 1.5 X 10 cells 6 was 1.3. PXO 61 at 1.92 X 10 cells gave a disease score of 8.7, PXO 71 at 1.82 X J06 cells gave 8.6,

o'

T.ble

15. Re.ponse

orvze« strllinPXO

of ,i"'".5 with specif;", ~nd6dult plll"t 61 gene,.ted within tla pl.ntpopulation

resi5t11nce to b.o;:teriel blight to inoculum sources 01 xeotnomones andlrom a foreign source. IRRI. 1980 wet season. Disease severity" 111·99) Foreign FL 11 :!: 0 3 inoculum MT 39 25 ±

Variety

Type 01 resistance

Inoculum

within

ET
IR20 IASO IA944 IA1695 Cempo Selak Specific· Specific Adult Adult plant' plant

MT 26 ± 16 32 ± 3 39 ± 9 41 :!: 10 48 ± 4

ET 29
:!: 16 36 ± 18

FL
3 3 36

:22 :: 22 22 ± 13 55 ± 0 28 ± 21
39 ± 6

1.6 ± 28 ± 24 ±
32;:

17 ± 3

=S

5
3 14

56 ±

58± 58

Unknown

= 20

2 10

5 63± 64 ± 12
61 ± 3

72 ± 4 67 ± 9 7:2 ±1

"When inoculum source was generated within plots.4 hills of the variety were inoculated at ti lIering stage. disease at early Iillering IETI was scored 14 days after, Ihen at maximum lillering (MT) andllowerlng IFL) stages. Border rows of IRS were inoculated to provide inocu lum from foreign source. ·Inctlmplete resistance to PXO 61. 'Suscepliblelo PX051 al vegetative stage.

Infection (probit)

10 PXO 61

rI-

PX086

PX079

PXO?/

JSs.=1.7555 + 0\.3637

....... ~ 0 r-

...

.....
I

,.
X ....
I

~.

~ ........

M- "~3912 + 00648 X

"I

0 4 Dose (Iog,O )(cells/mll

I. Response of Cas 209 to infectivity of 4 strains of X anthomonas O'_)lzae IPXO 61, PXO 86, PXO 79, and PXO 71 for pathotypes Ill. and IV) at different dosages. The infection was scored at 14 days after inoculation. JRRI. 1980. -

I. I I.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND

UTILIZATION

(GEU)

PROGRAM

41

Table 16. ED.. ·of the diffe .. nt strains on variety Ca. 209 at 2 growth stages, 14 days after inoeulation. IRAI, 1980. Strain ED.. (celis/mil Seedling stage PX061 PXO 71 PXO 79 PXO 86 2.7 )( 2.9><: 2.9 )( 6A6)( 10' 10' 10' 10' Maximum tillering stage 5.12 x 10' 1.6 x 10' 6.08 x 10' 6.74 x 10'"

"Effective dose to produce 50% infection.

Table 17. Rating of CIII209, a differential riclI varillty, lor the virulence of Xenlhomonas orvzee based on infection initiated at different inoculum densities. IRRI,1980. Strain
II.

Rating" 11 to 9) at inoculum densitY" (cells/ml) of 10'

II.

10'

x 10'
3.3 1.9 0

)( 10' 8.3 6.7 4.4 0.5

x 10' 8.2 8.5 B.O 0.7

x 10'
8.7 8.6 7.9 1.3

PXO 61 PXO 71 PXO 79 PXO 86

0'.1 0'.1 0.2 0

1.9 1.2 2.6 0

2.7

'Mea n of 3 replications. Scored by 1980 Standard Evaluation System for Rice.bBy a factor of 1.92 for PXO 61,1.82 forPXO 71. 1.93 tor PXO 79., and 1.51 for PXO 86.

and PXO 79 at 1.93 by 106 cells gave 7.9 (Table J 7). Positive infection appears well correlated with the disease reaction to specific strains at different dosage levels (Fig. 2). Infectivity of pathotypes I, II, and III (Plant Pathology J. As previously reported (Annual reports for 1978, 1979), resistance of the differential variePositiveinfeclion (%) 100 MaxifTll.lm 117/ering

ties was the major factor that differentiates the pathotypes. Wben strains of a pathotype group of Xanthomonas oryzae were virulent to a variety, different lesion sizes were also noted. Previous results indicated that the variation in lesion size caused by a pathotype on a variety was inconsistent in any given strain. Dose-responses of IR8 to pathotype I and of IR36 to pathotypes II and III were used to titrate the infectivity of the strains and thus compare their virulence. The ED50 based on cell numbers in the inoculum suggests that the range of bacterial cell numbers among the strains varied according to plant age (Tables 18, 19, and 20). On IR8, the ED$o values of pathotype I strains were different among strains at maximum tillering but similar at the flowering stage ..In contrast the ED50 values for pathotype III differed at the flowering stage but were similar at maximum tillering, Variation in ED50 was noted among pathotype 11 strains at both maximum tillering and flowering stages. The results further confirmed the variation in virulence of strains in each parbotype aocording to rice susceptible to them. Strain virulence appeared to be independent of plant age if a variety's resistance was matched. Sources of resistance to rice viruses (Plant Pathology). Several sources of resistance to rice virus diseases were identified. ARCI1554 (IRRI ace. no. 21473) consistently showed a low percentage of tungro infection in 46 tests involving inoculations of 1,138 seedlings. In addition to Ptb 21,

•
o

Til/ering

•
PXO 86

•
~

*
• V

PXO 71
PXO

r-

79

*• * 0';/
0

PXO 61

-*
l!~.

•
0 3 5 7

•
I

0
_l

90 Bocterialblighlscore

:3

2. Correlation

of positive infection induced by strains PXO 61, PXO 86, PXO 79, and PXO 71 at

different dosages at 2 growth stages of Cas 209. 1RR I. 1980. 42 lRRl ANNUAL REPORT
FOR

Ino

Table 18. Ralationship of induction of positive oryre« on IRa at 2 growth stagae. IRRt 1980. Strain Intersection
(OIl

Infection'

and chillenge

dosa.

of strains In virulence group I of XanthomQnas ED..

Slope (b) Cells' Ino./ml)

Maximum rillen"ng

95% fiducial limit

PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO

S2 61 80 84 85 52 61
80 84

-1768093 -1.485948 -1.034755 -1.448995 -0.863743 -0 .. 94496 6 -0.589263 0.490349 -0.195118 -0.853099

1.180829 1.123830 1.143749 1.175264 1.002507

flowering

5.4 5.9 1.9 3.1 7.1

stage

x 10' a
x 10' a

x 10' b x 10' ab x 10' a x 10' a x la' a

4.0 2.6 4 .. 5 1.0 5.2 5.3 1.0 3.6 3.3 1.7

x 10' - 7.2 x x 10' - 1.3 x x 10' - 7.5 x x 10' - 9.4 x x 10' - 9.6 x
x

10·' 10' 10'

la'
10'

85

1.030680 1.011782 0.855707 1.013959 1.029445

3.3 3.3 1.9 1.3 4B

x 10' a x 10' a x 10' a

x 10' - 4.7 x 10' x la' - 1.5 x 10'

x 10' - 1.2 x 10' x 10' - 9.1 x 10'

la' -

2.3 x 10'

·Scored· at 14 days after lnocu latlon, 'Based on bacterial cell number in the i ncculum suspe nslon, 'Sepa ration of ED",s at the same stage by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% leve].

Tabla 19. Ralationshlp of Induc:tlon of pOlitlve infection' oryzaeon tR36a! 2 growth stage. IRRI., 11;180. Strain Intersection
(a)

andchallenga

doses of strains in virulence group

n of Xanthomonas

Slope (b) 95% fiducial limit

Maximum tillering

PX063 PXO 78 PXO 82 PXO 83 PXO 86 PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO 63 78 82 83 86

-1.283629 0.778038 0.124390 -0.844036 -0.290847 -1.216944 -1.018771 -1.534185 - 0.154857 0.216349

1.193854 0.864323 0.91'3277 1.026089 0.948272

Flowering

1.8 x 10'

7.7 »: 10' d 2.2 x 10' be 4.9 x 10' a,

38 x 10" ab
stage

1.4 5.4 9.1 2.4 2.7 3.6 5.2 1.3 7.1 2.5

x 10' - 2.4 x 10'

x. 10' - 1.1 x 10'

x la' - 4.9 x 10' x la' - 1.0 X 10' x 10' - 5.2 x 10' x 10' x 10' x 10' - 1.1 x 10' x 10' - 1.8 x 10' x 10' - 5.7 x: 10' x

1.091421 1.029397 1.169987 0.92.2782 0.780476

4 ..9 7.0 3.8 3.9 1.3

x lD-' ab

x 10' x 10' x 10' x 10"

ab
b b

1"0' - 9.6

la' - 6.. 8

"Scored at 14 days after inocu tat ion. 'Based on bacteria Ioe IInumber in the i nocu tum suspension. stage by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% 'Ieve t.

'Separation

of ED",s at the same

orylae

Table 20. Relatlgnship of induction 01 positive infection" and challenge on 1R36 at 2 growth stages. IRRI,1980. Strain Intersection (a) Slope Ib)

dosae of strains in virulence group 111 f Xanthomonas o ED,,"

Cells' Ino./mt)
Maximum tiflering 1.2 x 10' a

95% fiducialllmlt

PxO 22 PXO 79 PX081 PXO 87 PXO 88 PXO PXO PXO PXO PXO 2.2 79 81 87 88

-0.172836 1.113828 -0 ..288778 0.923749 1.491207 -0.841707 -1.379009 0.043882 -2.754767 -1.363441

0.852449 0.711859 0.975468 0.690078 0.648439

flowering

2.9 2.6 8.1 2.6

stage

x 10' x 10' x 10' x 10'

x 10'

a a a a
b

2.5 6.5 5.5 1.6 1.4

x x x x x

10' 10' 10. 10' 10'

4.7 1.0 1.1 3.3

10' 10' 10' 10' 1.4 x 10'

x x x x

0.981978 1.063169 0.867777 1.110812 1.092269

8.9 9.9 5.1 9.5 8.7

x lQ' b x to- b x 10'a x 10' b

7.8 x 10' - 6.2 x 10' 4.8 x 10' - 2.0 x 10' 7.2 x 10'- 1.3 x 10' 3.2 x 10' - 1.4 x 10· 'Separation of EO,.$ at the same

"Scored at 14 days after inoeu latlon. 'Based on bacteria,l cell number in the inocu lum suspension. stage by Duncan's rnultipte range test at 5% level,

G ENETIC" EVA L UA TION AND UTILI Z/\ TIO:-': {li EU) l' R0(; R/\ M

43

Table 21. Ak:e varieties with low percllntaga olragglld ma$! so;feening in the gnlenhou ... IRAI, 198(1.

$t.untinfeecion,

and their 'eaction

to brown planthopper{BPH)
Reaction'

biotype.

In

SlIedlings Variety IRRI ace. no. 15524 15195 15200 12705 15222 Tests (no.) 1.4 16 14 10 10 10 14 76 10 Collection.,IRRl Inoculated (no.) 287 349 307 228 184 248 352 1476 219 Infected (%) 20 16 13 19 15 19 22 16 26 R

to BPH

blotvpss
2 R R R R R R R R 3 S

6a laratawee Hathilj Hathili Hondarawa la502 Molagu Samba Murungak.agan 101 Ptb 1'8 Plb 21 Sudurvi "Reactions are from tne Master

R
R R R R R R R

S S
R

12072
11052 6113 3476

5 5
R
R

list of Germplasm

seven varieties consistently showed low percentages of ragged stunt infection. These varieties were also resistant to at least two biotypes of the brown planthopper (Table 21). Varietal resistance to ragged stunt may not always be a result of resistance to the ragged stunt vector, the brown planthopper. Andaragahewewa, ARC5757, ARC5785, Bakia, Co 10, Lekam Samba, Malalwariyan, Sulai, Su Yai 20, and WC 1259 showed more than 60% ragged stunt infection after inoculation, but were listed as resistant to at least two biotypes of the brown planthopper, Sitopas is tolerant of ragged stunt, but showed more than 90% ragged stunt infection after inoculation. At the later stages of growth, however, the
Table ZZ. Rea..tion of Jap.nese

infected plants prod uced normally long flag leaves and about 60% of panicles emerged completely although vein-swellings were present on leafblades and leaf sheaths.

INTERN ATION AL COLLABORATION

Plant Pathology Department IRRI..;T ARC collaborative research projed on bacterial blight. Pathotypes of X. oryzae in Japan were distinctly different from those in tbe Philippines. Some rice varieties were more resistant to the Philippine strains than to the Japanese ones, and vice versa. DV85 was resistant to strains in both countries (Table 22). orvre« to
different.lal rice varlatl&$ of Japan •.nd IRRJ."

and Philippine pathotyp&$ 01Xanrhomonas

Reaction" Japa nese pathotvps= Differential variety Gene lor resistance T7174 (I) Tl147 (.II) Tl133 (III) H75373 (IV) H75304 (V) Ph i.lippi n e p athotv pe" PXO 61 (I) PXO 86 PXO 79 (III) PXO 71 (IV)

1111
6 .. 4 6.6 6.3 0.5 0.4 6.4 6.3 2.0 1.5 0.0 1.2

Japanese Kinmaze Kogyoku Telep Wase Aikoku Java 14·

Xa 1,.XI32 3 Xa

None Xa .1

t, Xa

Xa 3 3, Xa kg

7.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.0

7.0 6.7 0.2 0.7 2.0 1.2 2.3 2.0 2 .. 0 68 1.2

6.8 7.0 6.6 0.2 1.3 1.9 3.9 2.0 1.8 7.0 0.1

7.0 6.6 6.6 6.7 6..1 6.5 4.5 1.4 1.9 7.0 6.0

6.6

0.1
0.0 5.1 0.1 1.1 0.0

6.7 6.9 4.8 0.9 0.7 6.6 1.9 1.9 1.5 6.0 1.6 in parentheses

6.7 6.4 6.0 0.8 2.0 6.2 7.0 1.7 1.8

6.9 6.9 4.9 0.3 1.2 5.9 3 .. 0 5.6 1.8 6.8

IRRI
IA8 ,IA20 IRI545-339 DV85 Cas 209 Cernpo Selak

?
Xa <1 xe 5 xa5,Xa7

6.3
0.0 1.5 0.0 6.5 1.7

1.8
0.0 3.1 6.1

6.8
2.6

3.1
'Data

"Inoculation of lIa.g. leaf. ·Based on a sea Ie of 0 to 7. The pathotype reco rded in Ja pa n. "Da ea record ed In Ih e Ph iiippines.

grou p is indicated

after each isolate.

44

IRRI

ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

DISEASE

RESISTANCE

STUDIES

Plant Pathology and Plant Breeding Departments Determination of pathogenic races of Fusarium moniliforme (Plant Pathology). To determine if races of Fusarium moniliforme exist, 56 isolates

were separately inoculated onto 20 varieties and elite breeding lines. Seeds were soaked in spore suspension for 4 days. The germinating seeds were planted in trays and placed on benches outside the greenhouse. Disease reactions were recorded at weekly intervals beginning I week after planting. The percentage of infected seedlings of each culthlt QU." b •.k'l!8a disll .. a. IRRI, 1980.

r.bI.23.

Rautlon·of

Ika dlff.rantlall

to 561.lol.t .. of Fusarium moniliforme Sh.ldon Reaction·

Fusarium isolate
~'

"t
<'> $
N

0;>.

..,
<0

!!:

!!::

... '" !!:

0 0

!Sl

!!:

s '" N '" ..... 0; C; ..... '" $$

r-;
f'
N'

... ,;, ... .;,

ry

'";'

~
,.:.

ry
N

:e '" tf 'f

<h

'"
N

t'?

....

.;.
N

'?

~ N

!!:

!!:

fD t;;

,.:, to S;

'f ;!;

'" ;;

ry

'";'

Iii
$

i Ii;
$

<II

<:>

!l
!!::

.. i
"(

'9

N N

<'?

,;, ~

N !!:

!!:

'" M !l

'" :r <h <'>

N

<'?

"(

;;

~ a:

0 .....

'"

[·1. 1-8. l·IO(B)Bb·l, c-r. P·IS, P-16(A}, M·9(A). M-14(B,), SFV·7, SFV·14 P-2 SFV-J M·12 M·14(B,) j·l1 SFV-12 1-1,1.3 M·9!A2) MV:7 P-J 1-9 TM-3 1.9(A) TM·7(A) M-12(e) P·7 1·2
M-12(AI

0 0

0 0 0
0

0 0

0 0 0
0

0 0

0 0 0 0
0

0
0

0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0

0
0

0
0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0
0

0 0
0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
1

0 0 0 3 2 1 1
0

,
1

0
0 3
0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 3 1 1
2

0
0

0 0 0
0

0 1
0

a a

0 1 1 0
0 0

I 0
0

0 0
0 0 0

0
0

0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0

0
1

0
0

0 0 3
0 0

0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0
0

4 3
1

1
0

SFV-9 TM-6 MV·12 MV-' MV-3 TM4

0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 9 9
5

1
1

3
2

9 9 6
1

1 0 0 0 4

0 2 3 0 0 0 3 6
4

0 0 4 3
1

0 0
0

0
0 0 0 0

0 0

0
0

2
0

0
0 0

1 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0
0

0 0 1 3 0 0 1
0 0 0

0 0

a a a

0
0

a a

1 0 1

0 0 0 1 0 0 I
0 0 0 0

0 0

0 I 0
0

a a

a a a a

0 0 0
0

0 1

2
0

0 0 0

2
1 0

0 0

a
2

0 9
4 0

0
1

p.,

TM-3(A) P·15 P-3(A) TM·7 14 P-16(B) TM·3(B) MV-2 P-J(B) 1·5 p.g M·14IB) SFV-l MV·11 P·13(A) TM-5 "Scored by 1980 Standard Evaluation

2 1
1

0 0 0 0 0
1

1 1
1 1

srvs

1 1 1
1

6 6 5 4 4
1

1
1 1 1

..

2 2 9

1 0 3 2 8

5 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 9 9 6 8 3 2 6 1 0 8 7 9

0 1 0 0 0
0

3 3 4
4

0
1

9
0
1

2 0 0 0 0 0 9

9 3
1

0 0 0 0 0 0
4

2 2 0
1

2 0 0 0 0 9 9 6 5 4 6
3

5 9 3 3 6 3 4 2 2
1

3 0 5 9
7

4 2 2 1 0 4 3 3 3 5
4

0
0 0 4

3 3
0

2
0 0 0 0 2 0

5
7

..
0
0 1

.. "
1

3 3

4 6 2 2 3 2 4
1

2 0 4 3 2 3 3
0

2 4 0 1

1
1 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 I

1 0 0

0
0 0

0
0

0
0

3
0

1
2 J

2 1
0

3 5 4 3 6 I
7

4 3
1

2 3 4
3

2
1 0 0 0

5
0

1 0 9 9 5 3 3
7

3
8 9

0 1

6 2 4 4 9 9

0 9 9 6 5 4 5 6 2 1 6 9 9

0
0

0 9 9 7 5 6 7 7 2 0 3 9 9

0 9
4

0 0 9 3 3 3

9
3 3 7 6
1

2
2

4 0 0 6 3 8

.. "
7

3 4 9 9

"

2 I 0 2
1 1

1 0 0 9 7 5 9
5

3
4

.. ,
2
1

3 0 2 0 0 9 4 4 7 4 5

3 3 1 2 6 2 3
1

2 2 0 5 2 3 3
2

2 3 2 4 3 3 3
1

6 3 3 3 0 9 2

6
0 1

3 0 I
0

.. 3 .. 7" 7
6
7 5

6 0 6

6 3
2

1 0 0 0 9 3
4

4 2 0 0 0

2 0 1 0
0

4 5 5
1

3 3 3 1 2 0 5 9

9 9 4 8

.. 4 ,
9 9

9 7 4 0
2

0 3

2 6 6 9

3
2

6 6 9

4 0
4

"

0 2 0 0 9 9 7 5 6 6 6 5
1

0 0 0 9

2 3 4 3 0 2 0 0 9 8 4 8 4 5
4

9
5 7 6 4
6

3
2

4 8

8 9 9

7 9 9

0 3 9 9 9

System for Rice.

GENETIC

EVALUATJON

AND UTJlIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

45

tivar was computed and used as criterion for evaluating varietal reactions to each of the 56 isolates. Disease reaction was scored on a scale of 0 to 9. The reactions of 20 varieties and lines to the different isolates varied from resistant, moderately resistant, to susceptible (Table 23). From the 20 cultivars and lines tested, 8 differential varieties were selected. The various isolates were classified into pathogenic races, with the reactions of the different cultivars as criterion. Reactions Rand M R were considered as resistant and all other reactions were considered susceptible. The race number was standardized by predesignating the pathogenicity patterns of all the theoretical race numbers, following the international Standard Evaluation System for Rice scale for Pyricularia oryzae. On the basis of the reactions of 8 differentials, the 56 isolates were classified into 9 race groups (Table 24). The most virulent race F A-I has 3 isolates and the least virulent race FI-I includes 31 isolates. The races of F moniliforme identified in the Philippines can be compared with races occurring in other countries by using the same set of differential varieties, The isolates had a mean virulence index (VI) of 6.9 based on the reaction of 20 varieties and lines. Most of the isolates were nonpathogenic, with a VI of I. Races of Pyricularia oryzae (Plant Pathology). One hundred and fifty-nine isolates of Pyricularia oryzae collected mostly from the IR RI blast nursery and field in 1978 and 1979 were inoculated into nine new Japanese differential varieties. Fiftyfour races were identified and five were identical to

Japanese races (Table 25). Based on pathogenicity, the prevailing races were R -102 ( 13 isolates), R -100 (12), R"()02 (II), R-I03 (9), and R"()03 (6). Nineteen isolates of race number R..()OO not did induce disease reaction on any of the nine Japanese differentials, and were unable to cause infection in other supplementary varieties. This suggests that the nine Japanese differentials cannot identify some races of P. oryzae in the Philippines. The results also showed that the races varied in their virulence and pathogenicity on the differential varieties used. Most of the races identified can overcome two to three genes for resistance. Seven races were able to break one resistance gene, seven overcame five resistance genes, and five overcame six resistance genes. One race, R-747, overcame seven resistance genes, indicating that it is the most virulent race in the test. International Rice Blast Nursery test of breeding lines and varieties (Plant Pathology). The reactions of some of the breeding lines and varieties in different scales of 0 to 9 in the International Rice Blast Nursery (IRBN) from the period 1975 to 1980 were compiled: 0 indicated most resistant and 9 most susceptible. The average disease reaction of each line and variety were computed to indicate susceptibility indices (S1). Nil

+ 3 N,I/ + 5 Ns

Total number of tests (N) where R = 0-2, M = 3--4, and S = 5-9. Low average disease reaction values indicate resistance and high average disease reaction values

Table 24. Ra~es of Fusarium moniliforme

in the Philippines.

1980.
Hece''

Differential 'IIadety

FA-1

FA.fi5

FA-81

F8·1

F8·9

FB-33

FB-57

FC·I

Fe·3

fC·7

Fe·13 Reac/ion"

FC·ZI

FC·22

FD-8

FD·12

FE·'
R R

FE.a

FF-4

FG-l

fH·' A A
R R R R

HI

IR44 11'145 IA36 IR36 11'19703-41·3· 3·1 IA77S0-4-8·2 IfI42 IA7790-18·1·2

S 5 S S 5 S S S 3 5.9

S R S S S S S S

S
1'1 R

S S S S 5 S 5

R 5 S S R S S S

5 A S S S S S

R 5 R
R R

R R S S S 5 5 S

R R S S S 5
R

R S S S R R 5
1

R
R

S 5
R R

R S
R

R
R R

A S
R

A
R

S S
A R A

S
R

R A

R R
R R

R
R

R
A

R
1'1 A

R R R
R

A R
A A R R R R 31 1.0

S S S S

S S S

S S
1

S R S S
I

5 R 5 A

S
R

S S S S

S
R R

S
R R

S S

A S Z

isotetes '''0.)
2.9

5.3

4.3

Virulence index
5.7

J.8

5.5

3.9

4.5

3.5

3.3

5.8

3.1

2..4

2.8

3.6

1.5

1.2

z.3

1.6

~'R •

resistant. S ~susce pi ib1 9.

46

IRRI A 'NUAL REPORT FOR 1980

Table 25. Rae.. of Pyrleu/erle

ol)'ue

identified by naw Japan...

Reaction" of isolates

diff8fantlals. IRRI. 1980.

variety Pi No. 4 (pi- ta'. 200) Toride 1 (Pi-Z'.400)

to each differential Fukunishiki (Pi-Z.40) R

Isolates

(no.)

Shin 2 (Pi-K'.I) R

Aichi Asahi (Pi-Il. 2)

'Ishikare shiroke (pi-i_ 4)

Kanto 51 (Pi·K, 10)

Tsuyuake (P·m, 20)

Yashiro mochi ",i-18, R

too:

Race no. 000 001

19 1 1I 6 1

5
R

2
1

1
2 1 1

R R R R S R
S

5
S

R R

R
R

5
S R R R R R R R 5 5 5 R R R
S

R R R

R R R R R

5
R
S S

R R

1
12 13 9 4 5 2 2 1 2 I 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 5 3 1 5 1 1 2 1 3 5 1 1 3 1

2
4 2 I 4 1 Total 159

R R R S R R 5 R R R 5 R R 5 R R R R R 5 R 5 R 5 5 5 S 5 R R 5 S 5 5 S 5 R S S R S S

5
R

5
A R R R R R 5 S A

S S R R R

5 5 R 5 5
R

S 5 5 5 R 5 5 5 5 R 5 S
R

R 5 S R

5
R
R

R A

S 5 5 R R 5 S
S

R 5 5 5 5
R

R R R
R

S R R
R R

5 5 S 5 S S
R

R 5 5
R

R
R

R A R R R R R R 5 A R R R R R 5 R
R

S R R R R R R R 5 5 R R R A
R

A R R R R R R R 5 5 5 5 5 R R R

R R R R R R R R S S S

R R R R R
R

R R R R R R R
R

R R R R R R R R R R
R

5
5 5 5 R R R R 5 5 5 R R R R R R 5
S

R R R R R R R R R R R 5 5 5 5 5 S S

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
R

R
R

R R R R R R R R R R R R
R

002
003 004 010 014 016 021 022

023
032 100 102 103 104 106 107 110 112 122 127 132 136 137 200 202 212 232 236 301 302 303 400 401 403 407 423 433 500 502

R
R

R R R A R R R R 5 5
S

R R R
R

R
R

R
R

R
R

R R R R R R R
R R R

S
S

S S
5

R R 5 R 5 S

R R R
R

R S R R R R R R R

R 5
R

R
R R R R

5 S 5 R R
5

5
R

S 5 5 5 S 5

S 5 S S 5 R R R R R R R R R R S 5 S S 5 S S 5 5 5

R R R R R R R A
R

R R R
S

5
S

S 5 5 S S 5 S S 5 5 S 5 S 5 5 5 5

503
507 547 603 633 701 702 703 707 742 743 747

OR resistant. 5 variety's name,

susceptible.

The specific

resistance

gene and code number

are given

in parentheses

after the

connote susceptibility. The number of tests for the varieties in the IRBN ranged from 43 to 133. Many of the Lines consistently exhibited higher percentages of resistant reactions to blast in many coun-

tries (Table 26). However, none of the selected lines were resistant to blast in all the countries where they were tested. The 1980 results showed low average disease

GENETIC EVALUATIO

AND UTILIZATION

(GEll) PROGRAM

47

Number 01 tests indifferent No. Designation or variety Total no, tested

106 disease' scales

o
9

Average 2 5S
22

3
9 3 7

4
5

5
0 3

5
2 0 2

7 2

B 0

9 0
0

disease

reaction 21
8 16

IR5533·PP854·' , IRB'ICar,reon/1T etep 2 IR3259-PP5·1I'>0·1. IRB'.lTetep 3 IR5533·PaS5-1. IRB' IC arreo MIT etep 4 IR1905-PPI' 1-294"'61, IRBlTetep 5 IR9660·50,3-1-1. IRB'/IR3260 6 Tetep 7 IRl905-81.3·1. IRBlTetep S IR9660·00951·1. IRS'/IR3260 9 IR5533-PP85fi.l. IRS'/Carreon/lTetep 10 IR4547.14·3·'. IRSI/PK203111R4477 I I IIR3266 11 IR966S·PP830·', IRS'/Carreon 12 IR5533·15·1-1. IRS' ICa rreon lIT ete p 13 IR3259·PP1S-.821·2. IRB'fTetep 14 lR95594·H, IRB'fIIA1904/IA,1905 15IR4547·16·3-4. IRS'IPI(2031 IIR4477/IIIR3265 16 IR9669·PP846·1. IRS'lCa rre on 17 IR553J·56-1·1,2, IRB'/Carreon/lTelep rs IR3273-342-1.6. IAB'fPK203 19 IR3271-760·1482, IRS'/PK203f1Dawn 20 IR9559·PPB70-1. IRS"/IIRI904iIA'1905 21 IAI905·PP19- 73-2, IRBlTatep 22IRII547·16-3·7, IRB'/PK203111R44 771/11 R326 5 23 Carreon, 24 IR3259·PP11·1B24. IR8'/Tetep 25 IR5533·13·1·1" I RB' I Ca rreo nl fTatep 26 IR4547-6·1·3 27 IR4547-6-2-4 2B IR4547 -6.3-2 29 1R4547·16·3·2 30 IR4547·6·2-6 31 lR5533·15·1·11, IRS'! Ca rreo nl IT etep 32 IR4547 -6·2·5 33 IR4472·53·10-8·1·2. IA8°IDawn 34 IR3273·289·2-1473. IRS'/PK203 35 IR9669·PP836-1. IRS'/Carreon 36 IRIS09·I·3·3, IA8'/Dawn 37 IR4547-10180-20-7, IRB'/PK203f fIR4477/1fIR3265
CONTINUED flN OPPOSITE PAGE

1.632 I.B97 1.684 1.7Bl

39 79 123 78 136 103 40 78 78 40 77 76 79 59 112 136 80 76 112 76 63 137 39 77 76 76 111 79 73 79 132 24 112 77 62 109
4

o o
300

44

5 5
11

67 46
70

26 14 30 22 6 16 19 8 21 13 16 12 23 30 15 16

12 6
13

8 4
4

0 II 1 2 0 0 2 0
0

o
300

1.541

7
4 6 2 4
2

'59 23 40 42 19 37 43 43 37 50 68 41 33

9 2 11 7 5 10 10 9

4 2 2 6 2
4

o
0

1.706 1.524 1,675 1.718 1.769 1.700 1.870

o o o
200 0

o
0

4 2

5 5 4 8 10 9 7 6

0 2

o o
0

1.671 I.B6·1

o
7 9 5 4

5
19 10 8 13

0
3 5 2 0 0
3

o
2

1.644 1.902 1.. 31 B

1.S00

o
0

0
0

o o
2
0

2,013 0 1.973 1.667 1.873

2572317 5 43
33

15
15

S
7

4
6

2
2

0
0 000

o
.2

5604412 52255010
3

B
17 9

42
4 0

0
0 0

0
1 0

1.912 1.564 1.740 2.092 1.655 1.B3B 1.911 1.726 1.658 1.992
1.708

41 35 41 54 41 43

3 14 8 5 9 3

o
010
101

4
4

3
5 9

5 4

44
63 15 41 43 32 46

12 13 26 15 10 14 26 4 25 15 16 20

7 7 16 5 II

BOO
5 1

3 1 3 3 3 6 I 5 2 3 9

0 0 1 0 6

°
o

001 200

o o

0 0 0

1 0 0

15 3 13 8 7 16

011

o
o

4 4

21 3 3 10

0 0
0 0

.2.313 1.740 1.903 2.2.57

o o
J

o
4

48

JRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Table 26 continued

Number No, Oesigna,tion or variety Total no. tested

of tests in different disease scales 4

Average disease reaction 2.342 2.689 3.113

3a 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

IR9559':3-1-1. IR8' 1/IR19Q4IJR1905 O,awn Kataktara OA-2 KTH 17 Kung·Shan-W"-Shen-Ken Fanny B-40 Taichunq T.C.W.e.

79 106 124 130 32 80 127 84

32

15 22 20 12 0 0 4 1

13 1,8 24

10 a 21 8 0 2

5 6 10

0 4 '5 14 6 5 29 9 0 1 12

0 3 3 27 17 52 17 15

5 5
1 0 1 0

34

28
11, 1 2 0 1

6 7
6 0

15
2 3 2

22 2
4 17 8

5.348
7.375 7.000 6.000 6.000

1'0

12
5

31
16

:3

3
9 14 19

reaction for IR5S33~PP8S4-I, IR32S9~PPS~160-1, IRSS33~PP8SS~I, IRI905-PPIJ-29-4-61, and IR996Q...50-3~I~I, indicating that they have a,broad spectrum of resistance, Those lines have outranked Tetep, Carreon, Dawn,and Kataktara (donor parents) in resistance to blast. Inheritance ofresistance to blast (Plant Breeding

and Plant Pathology). Fifteen cross-combinations and their parents were used to determine the mode of inheritance of resistance to blast. Seedlings of the FI , F., and parents were grown to early tillering before the tillers were inoculated separately with three isolates of Pyricularia oryzae. The isolates were 1-41 (lB-45), 1-43 (lH-I), and PQ6-6 (lD~16).

Table 27. Reaction"

of ,F, and F, plants

to race IB-45 (1-41). IRRI .• 1980. Observed F, ratio

:F,
Total R 5 Total

Cross R IRIS05-8I-3-I (R)I rR) IA3259-PP5·160-1 IAI905-81-3-1 (Hjl IR3259-PPB-I72-7 (R) IR1905-81-3-1 (All Pai-kan-tao (5) IR 1905-81-3-1 (R)I IR442-2-SS (51 IR1905-81-3-1 (R)I IRII (5) IA3259·PP8·-172·7 (RII IA) IR3259-PP5-160-1 IR3259-PP8.-172-7 (Rl /Pal-kan-tao (S) IR325S·PPS-ln·7 (RJ 11R442-.2-511 (5) IA3259-PP8-1727 (RI/JRII (S) IA3259-PPS·172· 7 (R)/P&!a (5) IA3259·P,P5-160-' I.Rl IPai-kan-Iao (5) Pai-kan-tao (S)! 1R442-2-SS (5) Pai-kan-tao (S)/Peta (S) IR442·2·SS (S)/Pe!a (5) P&taIS)/Nongba&k. (5) 5

Expected ratio for F,

X'

50 5 42 37 37 6 44 46 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

50 5 42 37 37 6 44 46

223 240 274 679 399 219 194 655 100 35 216 0 0

0 0 120 482 275 0 70 505 73 27 113 774 337 2211 190

223 240 394 1161 674 219 264 1160

1 :0 1 :0 45:19 9:7 9:7 1:.0 45:19 9:7 9:7 9:7 45:19 0:1 0:1 0:1 0:1 1.272 0.164 0.169 0.'50-0.25 0.75-0.50 0.75-0.50 0,95-0.90 0.50-0.25 0.111 2.35 2.311 0,70-0.50 0.25-0.10 0.25-0.10

0
0

5
5 21 13 11 26 6

173
62 299 774 337 228

5
21

0
0 13 11 2.6 6

O.OCl1
0.532

0 0 0

0
0

190

OR '"' re si sta nt, S '" susceptl b le,

GENETIC EVALUATIO~

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

49

Table.28.

Reaction" of F, and F, plants to racelH-l

{1-43J.IRRI, 1980. Observed ratio F,

Total

Cross R IR1905·81·3-1 !AIIIR3259· PP5·160-1 (AI IR190S-S 1-3·1 (R)iIR3269PPS-172-7 IRI IR190S-S1-J-l IR)iPa I-kantao (R) IR1905-S1-3-1 (RIIIR4422-58 (5) IR1905-S 1-3·1 !A)/IR8 (51 IR325g·Pps·172-7 (All IR3259·PP5·160-' (AI IR3259·PP8·172·7 (RII Pal-ken-tao (RI IR3259·PPS·172-7 (RII IR442-2-58 (5) IR3259-PPS-172-7 (fill IR8 lSI IR3259-PPS-172-7 (RII Peta (5) IR3259-PP5-160-1 (All Pai-kan-tao (R) Pai-kan-tao (A1/I.R4422-SS (51 Pa i-ka nota 0 (R)I PetalS) 1R442-2-SB (SllPata (5) Peta (S)/Nongbaak (5) "A ~ resistant. 5 ~ susce ptibte, 50 S 51 46 44 5 53 66 5 6 38 13 9 0 0

F, S 0 0 R 166 230 207 566 330 245 130 628 140 50 194 458 230 0 0

S
0 0 24 179 111 0 13 198 35 15 27 333 156 185 200

Expected ratio for Total 166 230 231 745 441 245 143 826 175 65 221 791 3B6 lB5 200
F,

:<-

50
5

1';0 1 :0 57:7 3:1 3:1 1 :0 57:7 3:1 3:1 3:1 57:7 9:7 9:7 0:1 0:1 0.500 0.466 2.33 0.128 0.371 0,876 1.745 0.SO·0.25 0.50-025 025-0.10 0.50-0.25 0.75-0.50 0.50-0.25 0.25-0.10 0.071 0.376 0.006 0.90·0.75 0.7S-{l.SO 0.95·0.90

a
0 0 0 0 0

51 46 44 5 53 66 5 6 38 13 9
27

a
0 0 0 0
27

Table 29. Raa.~tiDn" of FJ and F, plants to race 10-16 (I-Poo-5) .. IRRI, 1980. Observed
F,

ratio
F,

Cross IRl905-S1-3-1 (RI/IA3259PP5-160-1 (A) IR190S-S1-3-1 (RI/IA3259PPS-172-7 (A) IR1905·81.Jl (AI/Paiken-tao (S)

R 50 5 27 25 2B 5 31 36 6
5

5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1$ 15 22 5

Total 50 5 27 28

A 94 176
64

5 0 19 23 49 37
33

Total 94 1:95 87 192 140

Expected ratio for F, 1 :0 57:7 3:1 3:1 3:1 57:7 9:7 9:1 9:7 9:7 3:1 0:1 0:1 0:1 0:1

X'

0..285 0.095 0.027 0.152 0.015 0.103 0.072 0.126 0.303 0355

0.75-0.50 0.90-0.75 0.90-0.75 0.75-0.50 0.95-0.90 0.75-0.50 0.90-0.75 0.75-0.50 0.75-0.50 0.75-0.50

1R.1905--81-3·1(A)I IR442-2-68 (51 IR1905-81 ~3"1 IRIIIA8(S) IR3259-PPS-172-] (RII IR3259-PP5·160·1 (A) IR3259-PPS-172-7 (RII Pai-kan-tao (5) IR3259-PPB-172-] (All IA44Z-2-SS (5) IR3259-PPB-172-7 (AJI lAB (5) IA3259-PPB-172-7 (Rjl Peta (51 IA3259-PP5-160-1 (All
Pat-kan-tao (5)

25
5

143 103 275 43 128 115 30

43

308
74 224 200 57 60 85 B7 69 174

31
36

31 96 85
27 1.7

6 5 30 15 15 22
5

Pai-kan-tao (S)! IR442 -2-58(5) Pai-kan-tao (SI/Peta (5) 1R442-2-58 (SI/Peta (51 Peta (SllNongbaek (5) ·'R ~ res ista nt, 5 ~ s usee pti bl e.

30 0 0 0 0

0 0 0
0

85
174

87
69

50

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Pai-kan-tao, IR442~2-58, IRS, Peta, and Nongbaek were susceptible to isolate ]41, which is designated as race IB45. IRI905-81-3-1, IR3259PP5- [60-1, and 1R3259-PP8-172-7 were resistant. The FI plants from the eight cross-combinations between resistant and susceptible parents gave re-sistant reactions, whilecross-combinations between susceptible parents yielded susceptible reactions (Table 27). The segregation for disease resistance in crosses between resistant parents and susceptible parents were in close agreement with the simple monohybrid ratio of 3 resistant to I susceptible. However, in F2 of the cross-combination of IR 3259- PP8-172-7/ I R442-2-58 the segregation ratio was 9:7. The reactions of the F. and segregation ratio of the Fl showed that resistance was dominant over susceptibility. The reacti ons of the parents, F I, and F2 of the different cross-combinations to isolate 143 (Race IH-I) are summarized in Table 28. The FI plants of the resistant and susceptible crosses were resistant.

The F2 populations of five cross combinations inoculated with race IH-I gave simple Mendelian segregation ratios of 3 resistant to J susceptible. In cross-combinations of Pai-kan-tao/ I R442-2~58 and Pai-kan-tao/Peta, ratios of9:7 were obtained. In cross-combinations involving resistant parents, all the F2 were resistant. The results suggested that resistance is dominant over susceptibility. The segregation of the F2 in four cross-combinations in response to isolate P06-6 (race ID~ 16) conformed closely with the Mendelian ratio of 3 resistant to ] susceptible (Table 29). However, in combinations IR 1905-81-3-1/ IR3259-PP8-172~ 7 and IR3259-PP8-172-7/IR442-2-58, ratios of 57 resistant to 7 susceptible and 9 resistant to 7 susceptible were obtained, respectively. The Fl populations from cross-combinations of susceptible parents were susceptible to the race, and F2 of resistant parents were all resistant. The results agai n ind icate that resistance to blast is dominant over susceptibility.

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

51

Genetic eva.luationand utilization (GEU) program

Insect resistance
Em 0/11 otogy, Plant Breeding. and Chemistry Departments
SOURCES OF RESISTANCE NATURE

54 54
56

AND CAUSES OF RESISTANCE

Moderate resistance to brown planthopper 54 Biochemical factors for resistance to brown planthopper Whitebacked planthopper resistance gene. sources 58 Green leafhopper resistance gene sources 58
INHERITANCE BIOCHEMICAL OF RESISTANCE EVIDENCE VARIATIONS TO THE WHITEBACKED AMONG FOR FEEDING

PLANTHOPPER

58
61 62

SITES OF GREEN LEAFHOPPER BROWN PLANTHOPPER Bl0TYPES

MORPHOLOGICAL

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 19110

53

SOURCES OF RESISTANCE

Entomology

and Plan! Breeding Departrnenis

Since the beginning of the varietal resistance program, thousands of varieties have been screened and hundreds of sources of resistance identified (Table I). Most of the world collection have been screened against the green leafhopper and more than 1,100 sources of resistance have been identified. In 1980 almost 400 additional varieties were identified in nonreplicated trials. For yellow stem borer resistance, the relatively few sources that have been identified have only a low level of resistance. In 1980 more than 200 accessions from the wild rice collection were screened and several with resistance to the stem borer and biotypes 1,2, and 3 of the brown planthopper, whitebacked planthopper, and green leafhopper were found. In the regular stem borer screening program 30 to 45-day-old plants are infested with larvae and dead hearts are counted 20 days later. To accelerate the stem borer resistance program, 2- and 4-weekold seedlings were tested at 3 row spacings and
Table 1. Number of germplasm collection and selected for resistance at IR Rlthrough Insect Brown ptanthopper Biotype 1 2 3 Whitebacked planthopper Green leafhopper Zig zag lea 1hopper Yellow stern borer Striped stem borer Whorl maggot Leaf folder varieties 1980. (no.) For rete sling 329 175 117 414 386 186 23 screened

dead hearts were counted [ week after infestation. Resistance was detected in the 2-week-old seedlings but was higher in 4-week-old seedlings (Table 2).
NATURE AND CAUSES OF RESISTANCE

Entomology

and Chemistry Departments

Moderate resistance to brown planthopper (Entomology). In 1979 the search began for moderately resistant (M R) varieties with minor genes that would exert less pressure for brown planthopper (BPH) biotype selection than highly resistant major-gene varieties. Some of the varieties that were susceptible in the greenhouse were resistant in the field where BPH attack occurred on older plants. The modified standard greenhouse test in 1980 allowed identification of the M R or field-resistant varieties in the greenhouse (Table 3). Varieties such
Table 3. Damage ralings on selected va rieties resistant to brown pia nthoppar biolype 2 in greenhouse end field lUIS. IRRI, 1980.8 IRRI Variety Greenhouse Standard MR MR S S S S S S S S S S S S lestb Modified R R R R R R R R R R R A MR R R MR MR S MA MR R R S S Field teSI' damage rating R MR R R R MR MR R MR R R R R R MR MR

ace.
no. 36322 36756 3475 16684 3621B 36480 8900 11969 '1978 31368 32695 31409 36264 36463

Accessions Tested 32.298 9.652 9.399 26.833 35.290 1.959 lB.OOO 15.000 40.000 2.683 Selected 2BO 200 215 267 1,155 401 39 21 5 11

21

TBbl·e 2. Reaclion ·of e susceptible (5) and a resistant (R) variety 10 yellow stem bore r. by the sBedting bulk lest. IRAI greenhouse, 1980. Row spacing (em) Deadhearts'(%) Rexoro (S) Two-week-old 4.5 50 6.0 97.3 87.9 76.7 Four-week 4.5 5.0 6.0 "Observed 58.0 56.8 48.0 7 days after infestation. -ota 11.8 15.7 11.8 4.9 3.6 4.1 52.2 39.2 46.0 1.9 2.2 1.7 IR1820 (R)

SIR

Manchel Pa ragahakaJeyan Kencana Sudurvi 305 Utri Rajapan Alewee Maharalhkundawee Sudhubalawee Tibiriwewa Hee nukku Iurna Bata Suduwee IR46 Heenmurunga Kalubalawee Kokkali Japan wee Kirikunda Triveni 80gor 8 Kachepota Mdaragahawewa Sinna Sivappu (R check) ASD7 (R check) IR 26 (S check) TNI (S check)

15605
15558 14785 4657 31419 11974 1544 6303 30413 105

S
S S S S S

R
S S S R

R
R S S

S
S

"Damage was rated when 90% 01 the susceptible check (IR26) plants were killed or attained an everase damage rating of 8.0. R resistant. MR = moderately resistant. S susceptible. bStand• ard seedling bulk test was conducted by putting 12 insects on each seedling of 6·day·old plants and scoring damage at 14 days after infeslation (DI). The modified seedling bulk test was done by putting 3-5 insects on each seedling of 10·day-old plants and scoring the damage at 34 01. Av af 6 replications. <Insect counts and damage ratings were at about 7001. Avof 3 replications.

54

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19kO

Do"""le rotings 10 Field Ie$!

ble in seedling screening, it showed lower insect feeding activity. The population growth technique was a useful tool for detecting moderate levels of resistance in IR46 and Utri Rajapan (Fig. 5). Because population growth and feeding studies are difficult to conduct, a modification of the commonly used seedling bulk screeningtechnique was tested. Decreasing the number of insects and infesting older plants allowed detection of the moderate level of resistance in Triveni (Fig. 6, 7).

Tolerance as a component in themoderate resistance of Triveni. In screenhouse studies Triveni

had less damage and was able to survive and produce grain despite a brown planthopper population equal to that on susceptible TN J (Table 4). In a field study yield reduction in Triveni was significantly less than in TN I when the variety was infested with an initial population of 200 or 400 brown planthoppersjhilJ (Table 5). The ability of Triveni to tolerate high insect density at 3 plant ages from 35 to 75 days after transplanting i indiC£
Honeydew 1300 spots lmm2)

:f ~ ~a: '-y----' Fiold resistant

t~:El]i .=

Resistant

ModtwJfeJy

I. Field resistance to brown planthopper detected in Ihe greenhouse by the modified seedling bulk test (SBT). IRRI. 19!.10.

resislon!

as Mudgo, IR46, Utri Rajapan, and Triveni, which are susceptible to biotype 2 in the standard greenhouse screening but have field resistance, were identified as M R by the modified technique (Fig. I).

Nature oj moderate resistance to the brown planthopper. Compared with resistant and susceptible varieties, M R varieties allow an intermediate amount of BPH feeding and population growth (Fig. 2). It was evident that resistance levels were similar on 30-, 45-, and 60-day-old plants. Therefore, field resistance to the BPH cannot be considered mature plant resistance. Moderate resistance in lR46, Triveni, and Utri Rajapan as measured by population growth and feeding activity was active against all biotypes at IRRI (Fig. 3). IR26 and IR46 were equally susceptible to biotype 2 in the standard greenhouse screening, but IR46 was resistant in the field. In greenhouse feeding studies the minor gene effect of IR46 was indicated by the lower feeding activity au it than on IR26 (Fig. 4). Although Utri Rajapan is suscepti-

Stown plMthoppers (no.) 1300

1000

500

100

30

45

60

30

45 60 Plont ago (days)

30

45

60

2. Brown planthopper feeding activity as indicated by area or honeydew excret ion SPOIS 0 n filler pa per. and population growth of the brown planthopper on resists nt, moderarely resista nt, and suscepti ble va rieties at ) plant ages. IR R I grec nhouse, 1980.

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

S5

8rown plQnt.lIopper' (noJcoge) 1200

810fYPE I HQoeyde" spots (mm2)

i-meydew SpQIs (mm2)

1600

800

400

400

51nno SilNlPPJ 400

4. Feeding activity as indicated by area of honeydew SpOtSfrom the excretion of 5 3-day-old biotype 2 brown planrhepper adult females feeding on 30-,45-, and 6O·da~ld plants for 24 hours. Sin n II Siva p p uis highly resists n L, IR 26 a nd TN ! are suscept ible, a nd IR46 and Ulri Rajapan moderately resistant to biotype 2. JRRI greenhouse, 1980.

Brown plonlhOl'petS [no.lcage) 1400

III &)days
.~ 45d"'ls

.60~.

3. Feeding activity indicated by area of honeydew spots from the excretion of S 3-day~ld brown planthopper females in 24 hours, and population growth based on number of brown plant hoppers per cage 011 26 days after infestation with 5 pairs of 3-day~ld adults. Results are mea ns for 30-. 45-. and Ml-day-old plants. IRK! greenhouse, 1980.

cated in Table 6. Where TN! yield reduction was almost 100%, yield reduction in T riveni was only 4O-50%. Triveni was able to produce a high percentage of productive tillers despite insect infestation, but productive tillers in TN I were reduced to about 80% (Table 7). Greenhouse studies using indicated a 74% reduction in carbon dioxide uptake in insectdamaged TN I seedlings and 56% in Triveni (Ta ble 8). This indicates that Triveni can maintain a higher photosynthetic rate when damaged by brown planthoppers, Biochemical (actors for resistance to brown

Sima Si·II<lPPJ

1R46

IR26

Uld Ra):JpOO

TN!.

"c

5. Population growth, based on number of brown pia nth opper Nilaparvata lugens per cage, lIl.26days after.5 pairs of 3-day-old adults were caged on 30-, 45-, and 6O-day~ld plants. Slnna Si vappu is highly resistant, IR26 and TN I are susceptible, and IR46 and Utri Rajapan moderately resistant LO biotype 2. IR RI greenhouse. ,1980.

planthopper (Entomology and Chemistry). Honeydew collected from biotype 2 brown planthoppers feeding on susceptible IR24 and resistant lR26 plants had comparable levels of soluble protein

56

JRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19S()

Damage rating (%) 10

Table 4. Rating of plant damaga duatoNilaparvala lugens on rica varieties TN1 and Triveni in the scroonhOUlI8. IRR!. 1980. Plant age (DT"J N. lugens" (no.lhill) Damage ratinge Pia nt condition

TNT
15 30 45 60

5
12 92

1.0 7.5 9.0 9.0 Triveni

Healthy Yellowish and stunted Hopperburneo"

15 30 45 60

3 35 81 1t

1.0 2.4 4.1 7.5

Healthy Lower leaves yellowish Yellowish YellowiSh and stunted"

•
0 0 2 4

Sinna Sl.appu

•
12

-Days after transplanting. bAvof 15 hills. <On a 1-9 scale: 1 '" no damage, 9.= all plants dead. Av of 60 hills. a'Hopperburned '" no recovery. Insect population decreased on the damaged plants. The plants recovered and grain was produced .

6 a Days after lnfvstallon

10

6. Damage ratings of 8-<1ay-oJd seedlings of rice varieties when infested with 15 brown planthopper nymphs/seedling. JRRJ greenhouse. 1980. I '" slight damage. 9 all pJa nts dead.

/ mI) than in IR26 (0.7 mg! ml) despite the similarity in sugar content of their leaf sheath diffusates. Crude steam distillates from IR24 and IR26 plants were recovered in 0.008% yield from IR24
Table 5. Damage rating and yield reduction in varieties TN' and Triveni at different levels of brown planthopper Nilspervata lugens infestation in the field.~·IRRI. 1979. N. /ugens Damage r8tingb Yield reduclionc(%) (no.lhill) 400 200 100 TNl B.8 a 7.2 a 7.0 a Triveni 7.0 a 5.4 b 6.2 b TNl 99a 55 b 30 c Triveni 44 a 26 ab 20 b Difference 54" 29" 10 ns

(0.33 tug] ml andO.30 mgJml) and free amino acids (1.0 mg/ ml and 1.2 mg/ ml). Glutamic and aspartic acids were the major amino acids in both samples. The honeydew from insects feeding on IR24 had more aspartic acid and less serine, carnosine, and sarcosine. However, total sugar (principally sucrose) was twice as much in IR24 (1.3 mg glucose
DC""9" rolinq ("!o) 10

"Means of 10hills. Separation of means in a column by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. = no damage. 9 =all pia nts dead. <Yield reduction '"' yield of non infested hills - yield of infested hills hills yield of noninfested

b,

Table 6. Insect population. damage ratings, and yield rsduction of rice varieties TN1 and Trlveni as affected by feeding of the brown planthopper Nitepervet« lugens at 3 plant growth stBlies.a IRRI. , 979. Plant age (days after transpla nti ng) 4 Varietyi' Damage ra.tingC 8.48 N./ugens population (no.lhill)a 529 a 516 a 548 a 496a 396a 209 a c
C

Yield

rsductlon"
1%) 97 a 41 a 99a 40 b 94a 52 b

35
55 75 Check (no insects)

TNI Triveni TNI lriveni TNl Triveni TNI Triveni

s.s a
8.6a 7.2ab a.4a 5.7 b 1.0 1.0

/
o
__ ~-L~
4 6 8
__ ~~

Sinno Sl.oppu

0
0

OL_~~
2

__ ~~~

10

12

14

16

ta

__

~-L~

__ ~~

20

22

24

26 28 30

Days ofter infesl01ion

seed lings of rice varieties when infested with 5 brown. ptanthopper nymphs/seedling. [RRJ greenhouse, 1980. I = slight damage. 9 '" all plants dead.

7. Da mage raii ngs of l l-day-old

aMeans of 10 replications. Separation of means in a column by Duncan's multiple range lest at the 5% level. Each replication i"itially infested wilh 400 first· and second-stage nymphs at gi>i-enclam ages. N. lugenswere counted 6 weeks after intestetion. TN1 is susceptible check: Triveni is a moderately resistant variety. <Damage rating taken 1 week before harvest: 1 = no damage. 9 = all plants dead. a'Recorded at 6 weeks after plant infestation. eYield reduction when compared to the check.

GE ETIC EVALUATIO

D UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

57

Table 7. Ory matter productlon.til1ernumber ,.and .percentage 01 productive' tillorsol rice varieties feeding of the brown pl:anthopper NilaparvaliJ lugens al 3 plant growth stages.·IRRI. 1979. Plant age (OT) Drv matter TNI (g/hill) Trivani TNI TIllers (no.) Trilleni

TN 1 and Triveni

8$ atf4;lct4;ld

bV

Producti.lle tillers (%) TNI 14 b Triveni

35 55 75
Check (no insects)

9.5 b 6.0 b
9.4 b

1'2.9 a 13.3 a
13.2a

32.. a 0

18.78

14 b 12 b 15 b 22 a

9b 12ab 1.0 b 16 a

7b 15 b 73 a

51 48 76 58

a a a

~Means of 10 hills in a cage under field conditions. infested with 400 third- and fourth-stage nymphs. weeks. Separation. of means in a column by Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level.

The insects were removed after 6

Whitebacked planthopper resistance gene sources (Entomology J. The strength of varieties ha ving
genes for white backed planthopper resistance was evaluated. Based on rate of population growth and feeding of the whitebacked planrhopper, IR2035117-3, with genes Wbph I + Wbph 2. had the highest level of resistance; N22, with the Wbph I gene, had the lowest (Fig. 8). Although IR varieties have not been bred for whitebacked planthopper resistance, evaluation of IR5-IR54 using the seedling screening method indicated distinct differences among the varieties. Green leafhopper resistance gene sources (Entomology). The nature of resistance to green leafhopper (GLH) of seven gene sources is indicated in Figure 9. On the highly resistant varieties, fewer eggs were laid and nymphal survival and population growth were low. Egg hatchability was the same forallgene sources. ASD7, IR8, and ASD8,
Table

and 0.006% from IR26. Both resulted in more than 500/cl mortality of brown planthoppers within 24 hours.

with Glh 2. Glh 3, and Glh 5 were the most resistant as indicated by the population growth study.

Virulence oj Philippine green leafhopper cultures. GLH collected at 15 sites throughout the
Philippines were tested to determine the presence of biotypes in field populations. Although the cultures differed in virulence there was no distinct evidence of Philippine GLH biotypes that are significantly more virulent than the IRRI greenhouse culture, which is maintained on susceptible TN 1 (Fig. 10).
(NHERITANCE WHlTEBACKED OF RESISTANCE PLANTHOPPER TO THE

Plant Breeding and Entomology Departments

Fourteen W.sPH resistant varieties were analyzed to find new genes for resistance (Table 9). They

we~

(no,)
'-JMlJ_')' 2· AR<: 1OZ39 t1lflPh2) 3-U12035-n?-~IW""'1f W/ph2) Q. '240 (w..... ,+1 ,._)

8.

Amount

excreted by Nilaparvala 1979.

Treatment

of 14C in rice saedlings and in honevdew IU9"n$ feeding on rice seedlings. IRRI. of 141;" (CPM) Planr' TNt Reduction in net CO~ uptake" (%1

we

45

t-

I 2.

S -CoOomfJO
G·''tW1

(W/pJl2f1 """,$$oM)

Amount Honeydew

2515,....

Healthy Damaged

3.45 a 0.74 b

14,26 3.77 Iriven!

c
d

74

5-

o
56

I
:;

Healthy Oamaged

'CPM

per rninute. Separation of mea.ng in a column fY Duncan's multiple range test at the 5% level. Arncum of 1 C take n up by rice seedtl ngs a steta I 8 mo unt in pi a nt insect body. and honeydew. <Reduction in net CO2 uptake = CPM in healthy seedling ~ CPM in damaged . .. CPM 'n healthv seedlong seedling Xl00

= counts

2.73 a 0.12 b

60.33 a 26.86 b

8. Population growth and feeding activity of whitcbacked planthopper (WSPH) Sogatella furcifera on varieties having genes for resistance. ln the population growth study, 5 J--dayold adults were placed on plants and population was counted 30 days after infestation. J n the feeding rate study, 5 3-day-old adults were caged overnight on 3O-day-old plants over bromoc reset green-t rea ted fiI te r pa pe IS. 1R R I. 1980.

58

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Tabla 9. Whitabacked plt'lnlhoppaf-resiS1aot rica varietias aoa' ,Ivzad for new ganas for resistence. IRRI. 1980. Variety ADR52 T1471 CheriV3 Chillari
Champao

~.

(...,/5

r....,].')

IRRI ace, no. 40638 53427 53424 53421 53422 53423 53426 53430 53425 15201 53429 53431 53428 42898

Countrv of 0 rig i n India India India India India India India India India Sri Lanka India India India India

Chemparampandi Chenninayakan T1426 Ptb 12 Tl421 Podiwi·A8 ARC6650 Ptb19 ARC6564 ARC14342A

S<III'i",I(%)

1~111111III I

were crossed with susceptible variety TN [ and the FI, F2, Fl progenies were analyzed to determine the mode of inheritance. Twelve FJ progenies were resistant, indicating resistance governed by dorninant genes (Table 10). However, FJ progenies of TN[/Podiwi~A8 and TNljARC6650 were susceptible, indicating that recessive genes convey resistance in those two varieties. The F2 populations from the crosses of TN I with 12 varieties segregated in a ratio of 3 resistant to [ susceptible, showing that a single dominant gene governs resistance in each variety. The F2 populations from the TN.] crosses with Podiwi-Af and ARC6650 segregated in a ratio of I resistant to 3 susceptible, showing resistance conveyed by a. single recessive gene. The F3 populations from all crosses confirmed the conclusions drawn from the F2 data. The FJ data agreed with the ratio 1:2:1 (resistant: segregating: susoeptib Ie) expected for monogenic control of resistance.

~I.!",o

~f•

0 ••••

~")W'"(00./5 ,,_1,,)

'., 3001

1_1

9. Relativelevels of resistance of rice varieties having genesfor resistance 10 the green leafhopper. Survival percentage is of first-instar nymphs at J 5 days after pia nt infestation. Population growth at )0 days after infestation (DI) resulted from 5 pairs of J-day-old adults placed on 30-day-old plants. I R RI.

1980.
Tabla 1O.R.uu::tion- to whitebackad planlhoPP,1r of F,. Fl, lind F3populations from c rossliSof resistant cultivars with TN 1. IRRI, 1980. Cross TNI/ADR52 TN1/T1471 TN l/Cheriya Chillari TN l/Chempan TN l/Chemparampandi TNl/Chenninayakan
TN11T1426

F,
R

R (no.) 710 734 663 717 660 771 647 643 844 174 208 675 787 707

Sino.) 218 269 243 268 247 281 235 242 245 596 533 221 242 259

F~ seedlings X23:1 1 13 1.77 2.03 258 2A1 1.64 1.69 260 3.66

X21:3

R Ino,1 32 42 35 22 32 32 31 32 35 39 33 31 40 34

f famines Seg (no.) S (no.1 87 82 69 62 86 85 88 82 88 83 80 83 83 80 34 30 31 26 35 37 35 40 31 32 41 40 31 40

X21:2:1 2.92 2.52 0.30 2.07 2A8 1.99 3.35 148 3.35 156 1.06 l.99 1.99 0.70

TN1/P1b 12
TN1/T1421

TN l/Podiwi.A8 TN1/ARC6650 TN1/Plb 19 TN1/ARC6564 TN1/ARC14342A OR "'resistant.

R R R R R R A R S S R
R

2.48 3.75 2,32 2.68 2.32

S "' susceptible. Seg '" segregating.

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

59

Cultures I Gteen~. 2. Ilocos No(I8 3 liocosSu, 4.lJ> IJnic:tI 5. Ne" Corelkl, 6. MOlo""" 7. MoIo"" 8P<11Q)<1n 9 1"41<1ve", 10. &lola Maf",

survival (%) at iO

Dr

II. Ti),1OC 12. Co!)oYO"

13 lsobota I!'.>. u""" N

14 Ifugoo
\liIOQ)'O

Population growth (no. of insects/5 pairs of adulls)

400 300 200,
100

50 30

10. Comparative

virulence of 15green leafhopper colonies on .5 nee varieties, based on seedling bulk test, nymphal survival, honeydew excretion, and population growth. DJ '" days after infestation. lRRJ. 1980.

The [4 varieties were crossed with IR 1347$-73-2, which is homozygous for Wbph I. As expected all the FI progenies were resistant (Table 11). The F2 populations of IR 13475-7-3-2/ Podiwi-A8 and lRI3475-7-]-2jARC6650 segregated in a ratio of 13 resistant to 3 susceptible, showing that the recessive genes for resistance in Podiwi-A8 and ARC6650 segregate independently of Wbph 1.
Table 11. Raaction~

The F2 populations from the remaining 12 crosses segregated in a ratio of !5 resistant to I susceptible, indicating that the dominant genes for resistance in the test varieties segregate independently of Wbph I. The F'l families of all crosses segrega ted in a ratio of 7 resistant to 8 segregating to I susceptible confirming the conclusions drawn from the F2 data.
from the crossas of resistant Fafamilies R(nol 69 64 69 66 72 74 68 63 68 60 60 70 59 63 Seg mo.) 80 79 73 75 74 71 76 81 74 84 86 73 82 79 S (no.) 5 11 12 13 8 9 10 10 12 10 8 7 13 12 )(27:8:1 :2.38 0.42 0.83 1,26 071 1.16 0.03 0.51 0.71 1.46 2.13 1.03 2.55 0,92 cuttivars with

IR13475·7·3-2.IRRI. Cross

to white backed planthopparof 1980. R (no.1

R

fl' f2. and F3 populations F2 seedlings S (no 1 68 84 72 71 75 49 72 70 80 216 114 79 X2 15:1 3.09 10.43 3.32 1.89 1.87 2.61 3.20 2.87 3.62 1.55 2.70 1.68

623 1'1 873 R 864 1'1 899 R 955 R 931 R 890 R 851 R 962 R 907 R 568 R 886 R 979 R 839 81'1 resis ran I. S '" suscepii ble.. S e9 = s egrega[,ing. =

IR13475-7.3-2/ADR'52 IR13475-7·3·21T1471 11'1.13475· 7-3-21Cheriya Chillari 11'113475· 7-3-2/Champa'n 11'1134757·3-2/Chempara rnpandi IR1: 3475-7 -3 -2/Chertrtinayakan IR13475· 7·3·2/T1426 IR13415-1-3·21P1b 12 IR13475· 7·3·2/TI421 11'11 3475· '7 ·3·2/Podiwi-A8 IR13475· 7·3·2/ ARC6650 IR1347S·7·.3-21P1b 19 11'113475· ·3··21 ARC6564 7 IRI347s·7·3.21ARCI4342A

69 66

0.17 1.85

61) lRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980

Table

12. Reaction"

to whiteba.cked

planthopper

ofF,.

1"2' and 1"3 populations

from

the ceosses-of

resistant

cultivars

with

IR30659-1. IRR!. '980.

Cross

F.,
A R

1"< seedtinqs
R [no.)
8159 988 827 894 915 822 852 688 725 816 817 775 953 893

F families

S (no.1
69 63 5 7 78 66 63 36 6l 1'79 211 47 60 77

X2 15:1 2.48 1.07

X2

13:3

R Ino.l 74 67 154 148 73 72 60 59 64 54 71 74 62 60

Seg (nc.) 67 75 0 0 70 76 83 82 77 74 68 70 80 82

S (no.]
13 12 0 0 10 7 11 1;3 12 10 13 10 10 12

X27:8:1 3.13 0.64 0 1.12 1.08 1.47 2.55 0.75 1.25 2.44 1.30 0.54 1.72

IR30659-11 ADA 52
IR30659-1/T1471 IR30659·1 IChe,iya China.i IR30659·1 IChempan IR 30659- l/Chempa,ampandi IR 30659· 1 IChen"inayakan IR30659.1 1T1426 IR30659·1/Ptb 12 IR30059·1 IT1421 IR 30659· 1IPodiwi'·A8 IR30659·11 AAC6650 IR30659-1/Ptb 19 IR30659.11 ARC6564 IR30659-11 ARCI4342A

R
A R A R A ,R

4.37 213 2.74 202 3,06 3_29 2.21 2,46 2.50 4,72

R R
R

R R

"R = resistant.

S = susceptible.

Seg '" segregating.

The varieties were also crossed with IR30659-1 , which is homozygous for Wbph 2. The FI progenies were resistant. The F2 populations from the crosses of I R30659-1 with ADR52, Tl471, Chemparam Pa ndi, Chen ninayakan, T 1426, Ptb 12"T 1421, Ptb 19, A R C6564, and A R CI4342A segregated in a ratio of 15 resistant to I susceptible (Table 12). The data indicate an independent segregation of two dominant genes. The FJ families of these crosses showed a good fit to the segregation ratio of? resistant to 8 segregating to I susceptible. The data confirm the conclusions from F2 data that the test varieties have single dominant genes that are nonallelic to Wbph 2. In the F. populations from the crosses of IR30659-1 with Cheriya Chittari and Chernpan, only a few suscepti ble seedlings were 0 bserved and all the Fl families of these two crosses were resistant (Table 12).. No segregation for susceptibility was observed. It appears that the two varieties
Tablll 13, .. Summary of information on genes forresistanca to whitllbackod planlhoppor in test •.ico varietills. IRR'!. 1980. Va.,iety AOR52 T1471 Cheriva China,i Chempan Chempa'ampa ndi CheMinayahn T1426 Ptb12 T1421 Podiwi·AS A.RC6650 Pt,b 19 ARC6564 ARC14342A Nature of

have Wbph 2 for resistance. The F2 progenies from the crosses of IR30659-J with Podiwi-A8 and A R C6650 showeda segregation ratio of 13 resistant to 3 susceptible and FJ families segregated in a ratio of 7 resistant to 8 segregating tol susceptible. The data indicate that the recessive genes of Podiwi-As and ARC6650 segregate independently of Wbph2. The results show that single dominant genes in each of 12 varieties are nonallelic to Wbph 1. However, Cheriya Chittari and Chempan have Wbph 2 (Table 13).. Dominant genes in the remaining 10 are different from Wbph 1 and Wbph 2. By the international rules for gene nomenclature, the dominant gene of ADR52 is designated as Wbph 3. Allele tests between Wbph 3 and dominant genes of nine other varieties should be made to determine whether they possess Wbph 3 or different genes. The recessive genes of Podiwi-A8 and ARC6650 segrega te ind ependently of Wbph I and Wbph 2. The recessive gene of Podiwi-A8 is desigDated wbph 4. Allele tests between wbph 4 and the recessive gene of ARC6650 should also be made.
BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE GREEN LEAFHOPPER FOR FEEDJNG SITES OF

.-11 si sta nce

Resistance gene Wbph3

(

Monogenic. dominant Monogenic. dominant Monogenic. dominant Monogenic ..dorninant Monogenic. dominant Monog~nic, dominant Monogenic. domi"ant Monogenic. dominant Monogenic, dominant Monogenic. recessive Monogenic. recessive Monogenic. dominant Monogenic. dominant Monogenci. dominant

Wbph2 Wbpl) 2

?
(

Entomology

Department

?
?

?
wbph4

? ? ? ?

Semiquantitative biochemical analyses by paper chromatography-densitometry and pH determinations of honeydew excreted by Nephorettix virescens (Distant) feeding on rice plants revealed a much higher free amino compound and sugar concentrations in excreted honeydew from the sus-

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

61

Table 14. Estimated concentrations (l'g/l 0 1'91) of free amino Compounds in sap exudates and 'in basic or acidic honeydew of Nepholeaix virescens, from susceptible (TN 11 and resistant (ASD7 and Pankhari 203) rice varieties. and honeydew'sap ratios." b jRRI.1980. TN1 Free amino compound Coric n (1-'9,/10 1-'91) in ASD7 Pankhari 203 I-'gl) in

Concn (/.'g/l
Basic honevdew: sap 2,0 2.0 1.4 15.3 1.0 40,0 2.5 1.2 2.0 1.3 2.5 1.6 Sap 0.3 0.5 2.6 0.7 2.2 1.4 0.2 2.1 2,0 0.5 0,4

0 1-'91) in Honeydew: sap 03 0.4 0,4 0.6 0,3

concn (I-'g/to
Sap 0.3 1.0

Sap
Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspa r! ic acl d Glutamine Glutarmcacid Glycine IlE + PHE' Serine Threonine Tyrosine Va,I,ne Total Honeydewsap 0.2 0.5 2.7 0.3 2.3 0.3 02

Honeydew ,Acidic tr
If

Basic 0,4 1.0 3,7 4.6 23 12.0 0.5 1,6 1.6 0,4 0,5 11 29.7

Honeydew tAcidic) 0,' tr 1.4 0,2 0.4

Honeydew (Acidic)

tr 0,1 0.6 0,8 tr 0.1 tr 03 1,9 0,2

1.9
05 2.2 10 0,2 2,2 1,2 0,4 0,5 1,1 12.5

0.5 0.5 1.4 tr

If

o.s
0,1 0,2 0.3 0.1 tr 0.3 4.0

0.6
0,5 0.2 0,2 0.2 0.5 0,3

1.3
0,8 0,3 0.2 0,7 9.B

0.2 rr tr 0.2 2.8 0.3

11
14.0

3.0

0.3

• Mea n of 4.10 readings per value for sap a nd honeydew on TN 1 and ASD7; mea n of 1-9 readings 'for sap. and 1·6 readings for honeydew on Pankhari 203, The standard deviation of sap readings for the 3 varieties is 0.56·0,70; that for basic honeydew is 1 .7. btr = detected in trace' a mount, - = not detected, C A mixture of isoleucine and phenylalanine wa s used as a standard in the control chromatograms, The samples probabtv contained these and leucine,

ceptible variety TN I than from resistant ASD7 or Pankhari 203 (Table 14). Furthermore, sap exudates from the three varieties, presumed to be mainly from the xylem, as well as honeydew excreted on the resistant varieties were acidic, but honeydew from TNl was predominantly basic (Table 15). Phloem sap in herbaceous plants usuany gives an alkaline reaction, but xylem sap is acidic. Because phloem sap contains much higher concentrations of sugars a nd free a mi no acids than xylem sap, the biochemical evidence strongly suggests that N. virescens is primarily a xylem feeder on the. resistant plants tested, but is a phloem feeder on susceptible TN I.
Table 15. E",timate of pH of honeydew droplets excreted by Nepholellix virescens feeding on leaves of susceptible ITN 1') B nd resistant IASD7 or Pankhari 203) rice vade ties as indicated by pH indic,ator sticks. IRRI. 1980, Period' (h) 01 insect confinement in sachets Honeydew TNI Acidic (nc.) 13 29 Basic (no.) 0 0 Basic (%1 0 0 4 57 60 65 78 samples AS07 Acidic (no.) 5 18 20 6 33 6 39" 127 Pankhari Acidic (no.) 5 11 12 13 14 11 84 203

MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS PLANTHOPPER BIOTYPES

AMONG BROWN

Entomology

Department

0.5·1
1·2 2-3

3.4
4-5 5-7 22·24 T'otal samples BOne'sample

46
12 31 18 19 168 was basic.

.2
1.6

46
33 68 165

18"

Identification of brown planthopper biotypes is based principally on the differential reactions of the host rice varieties to the pest or on hostmediated. differential behavioral and physiological responses of the pest. An in-depth evaluation of morphological and morphometric differences among BPH biorypes I, 2, and 3, emphasizing bod y parts possessi ng receptors, was made in 1980. One hund red adults each of biotypes I, 2, and 3 (maintained at IRRI for 6-10 years as stock cultures on TN I, M udgo, and AS D7) were exami ned. About 109 morphological characters of the rostrum (including mandibular stylets), legs, and antennae were measured and examined separately in both sexes and both morphs - macropterous male, macropterous female, brachypterous male, and brachypterous female (Table 16). MUltiple discriminant analysis was used to different iate the three biotypes based on the availa ble morphological and morphometric data. Wilks' Stepwise method was followed in the selection of certain independent variables on each discrimination. Discriminant analyses to classify the three biotypes were run on the combined characters of rostrum, legs (forelegs. mid legs, and hind legs),

62

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Table 16. Codes used in morphometric evaluation of rostral, leg. and a ntervnal characters 01 biolypes 1. 2. and 3 of adult NiliJpiJnliJUI lugens. IR HI. 1 980. Code Structures a nd their morphometric para meters Code Structures a nd their morphome Afllenna AL55 AL56 ALS780 AR57 AL58 & AR58 AL59 & AR59 A.L60& ARBQ segmenl (Ieng!h in .<I) 2d antenna I segment (Ieng\h in 1') Pegs 01 sensoria of 2d antenna! s8gmen! 11'10.) 1 st anterodorsat sensorium 01 left and right antennae 2d an tercdorsal sensorium 01 leli. a nd right antennae 3d anterocorsal sensorium 01 left and righl
151

trio parameters

Rostrum
RLl RLl RL3 RL4 RL5 RL6 RL7 RLB RL9 Setae of ultimate rostral segmenl (no.) 151 a me roce n tra I seta e 15t anterolateral setae 1 5 I peste ro la te ca I se rae 1st paste roce nt ra I 5e rae 2d posterocerura! setae 2d posterola teral setae 2d anterolateral setae 2d aruerocemral setae Teetn 01 left a nd right sides of second rostrai groove (no.) Ultimate rostral segment (UR) (length in 1-') Penultimate rostral segmentlPR) (length in ,,) Antarocentra! setae 01 left and right sides of PR (no.) PR (length in ,,)fUR (length in II) UR (Ienglh in II)/3d hind tarsus (length in ,,) Teeth 01 left and right mandibular stvlets (no.) Leg LLl6 & LR16 LLl7&LR17 u.ia & LRla LL19&LR19 LL20 & LR20 LL21 & LR2l LL22 LL23 Ll24 Lt25 & LL26 LL27 LL28

amen nat

s RR9

arnennae

RLlO RLl1 RL 12 & RA12 RL13 RL 14 RL158oRR15

AL61 & ARBI AL62 & AR62 ALB3 & AR63 AL64 & AR64 AL65 & .AR65 AL66 & AR66 AL67 & AR67 AL68 & AR6B AL69 & AR69 At 70 & AR70 AL 71. & AR71 AL72 & AR72 AL73 & AR 73

toretersus

Setae 01 3d' subseqrnent 01 tarsus (no.) 1st dorsocemral setae of left and right tarsi 2d dorsocentral setae of left a no right tarsi anrerodorsal setae 01 left and righl tarsl posterodorsal setae of lell a nd right tarsi antercverurat setae 01 left a nd rig hI tarsi posteroventra I setae 01 Ie!'! and right 18:rsi Dorsal plate (length in ,,) Tarsal membrane (length in ,,) Unguilractor plate (length in ,,) Claw (max length and max width in ,,) Claw (length In ,,)/claw (width in ,,) 3d subsegment ot Ioretaraus (length In ,,) Leg midl8rsus

LL29 & LUO &. LL31 & LL32 &. LL33 & LL34 & LL35 LL36 LL37 LL38 & LL40 LL41

LR29 LR30 LA31 LR32 LR33 LR34

LL39

Setae 01 3d subseqrnent 01 tarsus 1St dorsocentral setae of left and righl tarsl 2d dcrsocantral setae of lel1 a nd right tarsi ante rodorsal setae of left a nd right ta rsl posterodorsat setae 01 left and righl tarsi 8 ntsrovantral setae of left anc rig ht tarsi posteroverural setae of left and right ta rsl Dorsal plate (Ie nglh in 1-') Tarsat membrane (length in ,,) Unguilractor plate (Ienglh in 1-') Claw (max length and max width in ,,) Claw (length i.n ".J/claw (width in ,,) 3d subsegmenl .of rntdtarsus Ilengt'h in II) Leg hind /arsus

lSI dorsocernral sensori urn 01 lelt and right antennae 2d corsocerurat sensorium 01 ten a nd right antennae 3d dorsocentral sensorium of left and right antennae 41h d orsoce nrra I se 1'1 son urn 01 Ie,1tand right antennae 5th dorsocemra I sensorium 01 lelt and right. antennae tst posrerocorsat sensorium 01 left and right antennae 2d postercdorsal sensorium of left and right antennae 3d postercdorsal sensorium of iett and righl antennae 411, posrercdorsai sensorium 01 left and righ I antennae I st posterovenrra I: sensorium 01 left and right antennae 2d costeroventral sensorium 01 .left and right antennae anteroventral sensorium of left and right antennae ventrocentrat sensori urn ofleft and right antennae Sensoria 01 2d antennal segment of left and right antennae (IOta.1no.}

Ll42 LL43 LL44 Ll458. LL46 LL47 LL48 LL49 LL50 LL51 LL53 LL54

& LR42 & LR43 8. LR44 LR45 & LR46 & LR47

& LL52

Selae of 3d subsegmem of tarsus (no.) 1st dcrsccentrat setaeol left and right tarsi 2d dorsocenrral setae of lelt and right tarsi antercccrsat setae of lett a nd right tarsi postarodorsal setae oflett and righl tarsi emeroverural setae 01 left a nd right IS rsi posterovenrrat setae 01 left and right tarsi Dorsal plate (Ienglh in ,,) Tarsal membrane Ilength in ,,) Ung ultractor plate Ilengih in II) Claw (max length and max width in /A) Claw (Ienglh ,in I-')/claw lwidth In II) 3d suoseqrnent 01 hind tarsus (length in 1<)

and anten nae representing a total of 109 varia bles for each of the four groups. The insect antennae, rostrum, and legs possess many sensory structures, which aid in host Iocation and discrimination. The 1980 study was primarily on the chaetotaxy or arrangement of the setae on the rostrum and legs, and sensoria of antennae. The chaetotaxy of the rostrum provided important discriminating characters. The third su bsegment of the tarsus showed remarkably few modifications, but its chaetotaxy provided useful characters. The antenna, which is composed of three main segments (scape, pedicel, flagellum), also offers valuable characters. The pedicel has a number of sensoria distributed throughout. Each sensorium is com posed of a number of pegs and alternating or interspersed setae. Discriminant analyses were performed using

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTlLlZATlON(GEU)

PROGRAM

63

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)RRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19110

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GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTlUZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

65

CollOl1icol discriminant 80

function I

60 ....
401-

Wilks' stepwise selection method. When all the morphological characters of the rostrum, legs, and antennae of each of the forms of both sexes were combined and run together, a significant degree of

20101-201-401-601-90 V!2 2

d iscri mi na tion among BP H biotypes was ach ieved

(Table 17). The scatter diagrams based on the computed discriminant scores of the three biotypes strongly revealed a high degree of segregation, indicating distinct populations. For example, Figure II illustrates the discriminant scores of BPH biotypes l, 2, and 3 based on rostral. leg, and antennal characters of brachyterous females. The group centroids of the three biotypes are evidently separated. The computed high degree of classification and the distinct segregation of the three biotypes suggest that morphological characters used in the study discriminated or segregated the expected biotype populations (Table 18).

-80

-60 -40 -20

IlL

20

40 60

Canonico I discmnOOnt function

80

11. Discriminant scores of three bioiypes of Nilaparvata lugens on rost ra I, leg, and a nte nna 1characters ofbrachypte rous females. The nurn bers indicate biotype designation; the asterisk (") indicates a group centroid, JRRJ, 1980.

ba sed

Table' 1 Predicted group membership of biotypas 1. 2, and 3 of NilaparvlJla Iligens based On rostral, of mecropterous and brachvpterous mates and f(lma'I",.s. I R RI, 1 980. Data sat

a.

leg, and anlennal

characters

Group"
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Adu It C hI! fa cter de$cription~ Rostral. Rostral, Rostral, Rostral. Leg, Leg, Leg. Leg. MAC male MAC female BRAC male B RAC female

Variables entered [no.] 16 16 16

Variables in t,h e I unctlc n (no.) :9 9 3 9 25 25 25 24 19 17 24

Va,;ance (%) accounted lor by Function 94 71 79 78 93 85 1 Function 2

Group (%) cases correctly identified 97 90 73 87 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

6
29 21 22 7 15

16
57 57 52

II

MAC male MAC female 8RAC male BRAC lema Ie MAC male MAC female BRAC male BRAC female

57
36 36 36 36 109 109 109

94
99. 67 98 79

6
1 33

III

Antenna!,. Antennal. Antennal. Aruermat,

22
23 23 23

87
80
69 86 86 rnacroprercus,

2
13 21

IV

3
4 • Each group comprised

Rostral + leg + antennal, MAC'male Rostral + leg + amenoal. MAC female Rostral + 18g antennal, B'RAC male Roslrlll + leg + antennal, BRAC female

20
31 14 14 8RAG = brachvpterocs.

109

23

10 individua

IS for each of biotypes

1. 2. and 3. b MAC=

66

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Nutrient content
Chemistry, Plant Breeding, Plant Physiology, Siatistics, and Agronomy Departments
EVALUATION TRIALS 68 Yield trials 68 High-protein parents 68 Plant nitrogen metabolism

69

69 Degree of milling and nutrient availability 69 Pigments and protein quality 70 Poorly digested cooked-rice protein 71 OTHER NUTRIENTS 11 Distribution of elements in rough rice 71 Brown rice oils 71
PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY AND RETENTION

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

67

EVALUATIO

TRIALS

Plant Breeding, Statistics, and Chemistry Departments Yield trials (Plant Breeding. Statistics. and Chemistry). Brown-rice protein continued to be highly correlated with rough rice yield in rainfed and irrigated replicated yield trials. Similar trends were observed in previous irrigated trials, except in 1977 (Table I). In the 1980 rainfed trial, the correlation coefficient was -0.27** (n:::: 185) in the dry season and -0.32** (n = 186) in the wet season. IR36 continued to have higher protein but lower yield than IR42 in all trials. Some lines had 2 percentage points higher protein than IR42 but similar yields particularly in the irrigated trials. In the dry-season irrigated replicated yield trials, only IR 13429-287-3 had higher protein content but similar yields compared to J R36 and IR42, but seven lines had higher protein content than IR36 in the wet season (Table 2). Only IR 13429-287-3 had yields comparable to those of the check varieties and higher protein content in both seasons. Five lines had either comparable protein or lower yield than the check varieties in the dry-season crop; no

yield data were available for one line. All lines matured in 99-108 days after seeding. In 1979, JR 13429-287-3 had protein (11.0%) and yield (4.30 t] hal comparable to those of IR36 in the wet season (10.8% protein and 4.16 tl hal, and had as low protein (8.2 vs 8.5% for IR36) but lower yield (5.84 tl ha vs 6.89 tl ha for IR36) in the dry season. The performance of this line will be checked in 198I . High-protein parents (Plant Breeding and Chemistry). From 938 viable high-protein entries selected from the germplasm bank with these characteristics - maturity> 100 days, indica type, low spikelet sterility. dry-season brown rice protein ;;;:;:11% and wet season protein ;;;:;: 12%, and 100(}.grain weight ;;;:;:20 - 4 I were selected based on 1979 wet g season protein data. They were planted in a replicated yield trial in the 1980 wet season. Tungro infestation caused low yields of all entries including the four checks. Rough rice yield ranged from 0.04 to 1.42 t/ha (mean 0.41 t/ha) and brown rice protein from 9.5 to 13.7% (mean 11.8%). The correlation coefficient between the two grain properties was -0.12(n=41). The protein values for the 1980 crop were significantly correlated with those for the 1979 crop (r = 0.52"'*, n = 41).

Table 1. Brown·rica protein content and ita correlation coefficienta with rough rice yield in irrigated yield trials. IRR I, 1973·80. Dry season Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Entries (no.) 232 416 301 370 324 361 370 369 Brown-rice protein (%) Range 6.7- 9.6 6.8-11.0 6.9-10.8 5.7- 9.7 5.8- 9.1 6.4-10.4 6.7-11.1 7.2-12.3 Mean 7.9 8.2 8.6 7.3 7.4 8.2 8.3 9.6 ~.36" ~.13·· -0.50" -0.24" 0.02 -0.22" -0.50" -0.59" r Entries
(no.] Will season

Brown·rice protein (%) Range 8.6-13.9 7.3-11.3 6.4-11.2 5.7-10.0 6.1-11.4 82-12.5 6.9-15.2 Mean 10.6 8.8 8.8 7.6 9.3 10.2 10.1 -0.24" -()47"' ~.36·· -0.15" -0.03 -0.33" -0.44"

164 370 278 416 278 369 369

Table 2. Brown-rice protein (BR PI and rough rice yield of 7 $IIlected linel with higher protein but .imilar yialds compered to check varieties IR36 and IR42 in either dry Or wet $IIalOn. IRRI, 1980. Dry season" Selection IR9752·1·2 IR9752· 71·3 IRI3429-287-3 IR15429·268-1 IR1919B-9·2 IRI9722·9·' IR19735-5·2 IR36c IR42c Parents IR28/Kwang-chang·aV IIR36 IR28/Kwang-chang·ail/IR36 IR4432·53·33/Ptb 331/IR36 74-5461/1R2071 ·625-1 /IIR747B2-6-3 IR74782·6·3/IET 54461/IR36 IR8608·1671 / IIR747B2IKwang-chang-ail IlR747B2 IR9129·77-1111IR74782·6·3/29 Lu IIIIR747B2 IRI561·228·11/IR 244/0. niv8rallCR94·1 J IR1561·228·' /IR 17371 /CR94·13 BRP
(%)

Wet season BRP

(%)

Yield It/hal 5.46J 5.70J 5.93 5.25J

_b

Yield (t/hal 4.26 4.33 3.78 4.51 4.28 4.35 4.39 3.77 4.30

[10.6 [10.2 11.2 [10.3

_b

[11.9 [10.8 10.B 9.0

4.88J 5"61) 5.71 6.32

11.5 12.1 11.8 11.7 '1.8 12.3 11.6 11.4 10.3

"The brackets [J indicate either no advBntege over check varieties in yield and protein content, or lower yield. bprotein and yield data not available. cMean of 4 sets in dry saason and 3 in wet season. in which the 7 lines were included.

68

lRRI A 'NUAL REPORT FOR 1980

Table '3. Brown·rice protein content, and rough 'rice yield of 5 high.protein lIarieties hom the germplasm bank. of 4 cheek samples. and of an 41 entries.8IRR!. 19BO wet season. Brown-r,ice protein (%) 1979 wet season 15.2 15.8 1980 wet season 12,6 11.5 11,3 Rough rice yield. 1980 wet .season (t/ha)

Varie'!y

or line

IR26 (8.9% crude protein) and lR4S0·5-9 (10.6% protein) was used to calculate the theoretical glucose substrate requirements of the grai n: similar values of L3 g glucose/ g rice were obtained.
PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY
AND

A$OS (Ace. No. 4894) AS08 (Ace. No. 6393) Colio Jappine tung kungo PI 193175·' IR36 IR42 IR480·5-9 IR2135·38·3

1.12
1.18 1.01 1.32 1.42

RETENTION

Chemistry Department Degree of milling and nutrient availability. Nutrient levels in IR32 brown. undermilled, and milled rices suggest that brown rice is more nutritious than milled rice (Table 4). Brown rice had slightly higher protein content. higher lysi ne content of protein, and higher fat and higher total phosphorus levels. It also had higher levels of crude and dietary fiber and phytin, Because brown rice has higher levels of thiamine and riboflavin and fiber. its consumption in place of milled rice has been advocated. Limited studies in rats and preschool. children suggested, however. that nitrogen retention was lower for brown rice than for milled rice. Phytin and fiber may be involved In lowering protein absorption.
T~bIQ4. P.roper~iel and nitrogen baf8nce of IRJ2 brown. undermined. and milled rice in growing rat. lind preschool children. Nation .. 1 Institute of Animal Science, Copenhegen. Denmark; Nutritional Evalu81ion Laboratory. Food and Nutrition ResearCh tnstitute. Manila; and IRRt 1980. Brown rice Under· milled rice Milled rice

13.0
13.3 14.4 11.9

120
12.5

10.7

10,6 10.8
11,2

2..31 1.78
0.46

LSD (0.051
Coefficient of variation (%)

104 1.3
58

0.35
0.39 42.2

"Mean of 2_repliealions lor 1980 wet season and unreplieated data lor 1979 wet season,

Susceptibility of the high-protein varieties to diseases and insects continues to complicate the estimation of their yield poten tia 1 at I R R 1. Y ield reductions due to pests have been shown to result in higher percentage of grain protein. The five varieties that yielded more than I t/ ha and with protein content as high as that of lR480-5-9 are listed in Table 3. Two samples with more than 13% protein ~ Gidej I 13 and Fai-yao-zai ~ had yields of only 0.17 and 0.23 tl ha, Plant nitrogen metabolism {Chemistry]. Preliminary pot experiments were done to determine if the efficient mobilization of nitrogen from senescing leaf blades observed in IR480-5-9 also characterized the plants of high-protein rices at the vegetative stage. No trend in residual N (0.45..{).64%) in senesced leaves and subsequent grain protein content was noted in 7 rices at 58 days after transplanting. But at 79 days after transplanting the 2 samples with less than 9% brown-rice protein had 0.66%andO.64%residualleafN, and the 5 samples with more than 9% protein had O.57..().60%leaf N. regardless of previous classification of grain protein type. The high- and low-protein plants had similar zymogram patterns for peroxidase and esterase and had overlapping specific activities for peroxidase and esterase. Greenhouse experiments by botanists at the U niversity of Durham, England, reflectedt he large environmental effect on rough-rice protein ~ the eight I R rices used differed in sensitivity of proteincontent response to added nitrogen fertilizer .. Detailed compositional analysis of rough rice of

Nutrien: conteot
PrOlein 1% N X 6.25) Lysi'ne Ig;l16g N) Crude fal (%) . '""rude ash 1%) Crude fiber (%1 Dietary fiber (%1 Total phosphorus (%1 Phytin phosphorus 1%) N-balance in 5 growing rats' True digestibility (%) BIological value 1%) Net protein utili . zancn {%I 96.9 ± 0,5 68.9 ± 1.1 66.8 :!: 1.0 97.2:!: 0,7 69.7 ± 1.3 67.7:t 1,0 98.4 :to,S 67.5 :t06 66,4 :!:0,4 8,7 38 2,3 08 0,7 2,6 0,14

8.5
3.6 1,5 0,6 0,5 1,8 0,14

0.06

0.05

8.3 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.2 08 0.08 0,02

N·b8lance in 6 preschool child'rerl'·D Apparent absorPtion (% ofintake] Apparent retention (% of imakel 67.4 ±: 3.9 36.1 :!: 3.7 70.0 :t3,2 37.3 70,4:!: 4,9 36,9 :!: 5,1

6,2

eMee n ± sra ndard deviation. 0250 mg Nlkg body weigh! dallv, 2/3 from rice a nd 1/3 trcrncaseln. For casein 1. dietary nitrogen was 80.9% absorbed and 33.4% retained: for casein 2, nitrogen wa 5 79.9% absorbed and 34,1 % retained. Rice diels were gi~en in randomized order !O each Child.

GFl\F'1

rr:

EVAI UATIOf\

A."';o l!TII.I7.ATION

((jEll) PROGRAM

69

In view of the importance of rice in the diets of tropical Asia (it: contributes 58% calories and over 43% protein in the Filipino diet according to the 1978 nationwide survey), a cooperative study was undertaken to check the protein and energy availability in IR32 brown, undermilled, and milled rice for growing rats and preschool children. Branpolish removal from brown rice was 5% and 9% by weight for the two milled samples. The nitrogen-balance data in growing rats showed that digestibility was slightly higher for milled rice protein than for brown and undermilled rice protein (Table 4). The biological value (BV) of milled rice protein, however, was correspondingly lower. The net protein utilization (NPU) of brown and milled rice were similar; that of undermilled rice was slightly higher than NPU of milled rice. Nitrogen-balance data on 6 preschool Filipino children on a rice-casein diet containing 250 mg N / kg body weight (2/3 from rice and 1/3 from casein) did not show that brown rice had significantly lower apparent nitrogen absorption than the two milled rices (Table 4). As with the NPU of the rat study apparent nitrogen retention by the children was similar on the three diets. Because earlier studies at Food and Nutrition Research Institute using rice-milk diets containing 200 mg N / kg body wt ( 1/2 each from rice and powdered milk) showed lower apparent absorption and retention of nitrogen from brown rice than that from milled rices, additional studies with a reduced niTable 5. Properties and nitrogen balance Institute of Animal Science. Copenhagen.

trogen intake of 200 mgt kg body weight are under way. Pigments and protein quality. Seed coat pigments in cereals such as sorghum and barley are known to reduce the digestibility and solubility of protein because the pigments complex with protein. Because little study has been 'done on pigmented rices, and because red rices are common in countries such as Sri Lanka and among Oryza glaberrima, the phenolic content and nitrogen balance in growing rats for brown and milled samples of the purple rice Perurutong, the red rice H4, and nonpigmented rices IR8 and lR32 were deter-· mined. The two pigmented brown rices had more phenolics than the two nonpigmented samples (Table 5), but protein and lysine contents were similar. True digestibility was lowest for Perurutong and highest for IR8 and IR32, but the pigmented rices had higher BV for absorbed proteins. The resultant NPU was highest for IR8 followed' by IR32 and H4, and lowest for Perurutong. Thus only dark-colored rices such as the purple Perurutong had lower NPU than nonpigmented and red rices. Milling reduced the phenolic content of the grains and improved the nitrogen digestibility of the two pigmented rices (Table 5). In addition, the pigmented rices attained a NPU similar to that of lR32; however, IR8 had highest protein quality among the four samples. The higher BV and NPU of IR8 milled-rice
and nonpigmented rices in growing IR32 rats. National IRS

of brown and milled pigmented Denmark. and IR RI. 19S0. Perurutong Brown rice H4

Grain properly Color Methanol-soluble phenolics (% as catechin) Protein (% N x 6.25) Lysine Ig/16 g NI Nitrogen balance in 5 rets" True digestibility 1%) Biological value (%) Net protein utilization (%)

Purple 0.62 B.3 3.B 72.4 ±1.8 816 ±1.2 59.1 ±0.3

Red 0.25 8,,0 3.7 83.0 _0,8 80,3 ± 1,5 66,6 ±0.9 Milled rice

Light tan 0.01 8.7 3.8 96.9 ±0.5 68.9 ± 1.1 66.7±1,0

Light tan 0,02 8.0 3.9 97.1 72.7 70.6

± O,B ± 0.9

0.5

Grain property Methanol-soluble phenolics (% as catechin) Nitrogen balance in 5 rats" True digestibility 1%) Biological value 1%) Net protein utlllzatlcn (%) "Mean

007

0.05

0.01

0.02 0.40.0

97.5 ±1 ,0 68.4 ± 1,2 66,7 ± 1,3 b.Another sample of the same variety,

99.2 ±0.7b 65.7 ±O.SO 65,2 ± 0.8b

<1972 data.

98.4 67.5 66.4

1,0 1.4 1.2

96.2 73,1 70,3

O.~·o
0.1>·<

± standard

deviation,

70

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19RO

protein were probably not due to the lower final gelatinization temperature (GT) of its starch (67)C vs 76°C for H4 and IR32, and 7SOC for Perurutong). Other low-GT milled rices in earlier studies did not necessarily have higher BV and NPU. Poorly digested cooked-rice protein. The major poorly digested protein of cooked mined rice with molecular weight (MW) 16000 subunit was further characterized (Annual report for 1979). Pepsintreated cooked IR480-5-9 milled-rice protein bodies and fecal protein had properties closer to the 70% isopropanol-0.6% {3 mercaptoethanol soluble (prolamin-like) fraction of rice glutelin than to the whole MW I6000 subunit of glutelin. This prolaminlike fraction also has MW 16000 and constitutes at least 5% of glutelin, Its amino acid pattern is similar to th at of poorly digested proteins such as 1% lysine and 4% cysteine and methionine. Isoelecrric focusing in disc gels showed that the undigested protein soluble in 8 M urea has 6 bands with isoelectric points (pl) at pH 4.9, 5.1, 6.1, 7.0, 7.3, and 7.4. The prolamin-like fraction of glutelin had polypeptides with pi at pH 4.9. 6.1, 7.0, 7.3, and 7.4. In contrast, the unfractionated MW 16000 subunit of glutelin had higher lysine content (2.6%) and two major polypeptides soluble in 8 M urea with pI of7.1 and 7.5, plus II minor bands (2 with pI >7.5, 3 with pi at 7.1-7.5, and 6 with pI at 5.1-7.1) indicating its greater complexity. The minor MW < 5000 fraction of rice glutelin with VI VO of 3.1 on SDS-Sephadex G-l00 gel filtration had high UV absorption but low N content. It is probably a polypeptide - its ninhydrin color recovery increased threefold after HCI hydrolysis. Equilibrium dialysis showed the peptide to be freely dialyzable through a membrane with cutoff MW 2000. The fraction was poor in phenolics, nucleotides, or unsaturated fatty acids. The corresponding MW < 5000 fraction of fecal protein particles was about 7% of total N and increased 14-

fold in ninhydrin reaction after H CI hydrolysis. All these low MW preparations did not bind proteinstaining dyes.
OTHER NUTRIENTS

Chemisty, Agronomy, and Plant Physiology Departments Distribution of elements in rough rice (Chemistry and Agronomy). Distribution of selected elements in rough rice in milIing fractions was determined in IR8 and IR36 rices grown in the 1979 dry and wet seasons at IRRI. Rice is a major source of these elements in Asian diets. Brown rice (77.4% by wt of I R8 rough rice and 79.8% for IR36) accounted for 90% of rough rice nitrogen in IR8 and 94% in 1R36, 100% of rough rice phosphorus, 76-77% of rough rice potassi um, 95-100% of magnesium, and 70% of calcium in the two rices. Among the five microelemen ts of rough rice, 100% of zinc, 46-64% of copper, sod iu m, and manganese, and 21-23% of iron were retained in brown rice. Corresponding retention of rough rice nutrients in milled rice was 74-80% of nitrogen, 33-42% of phosphorus, 20-26% of potassium, 26-28% of magnesium, 40-55% of calcium, 60-74% of zinc, 47-65% of sodium, 22% of copper, 17-22% of manganese, and 6-15% of iron. Brown rice oils (Plant Physiology and Chemistry). Earlier work suggested the brown rice oil extracted with petroleum ether from indica rice had less polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic plus linolenic) than oil from japonica rice from grains produced at IRRl. Confirmatory analysis, however, showed overlapping values of 36-41% polyunsaturated acids in total fatty acids (mean 38%) for 4 indica oil samples, 37% for 1 javanica oil sample, and 40% for Ijaponica oil sample. Ranges of fatty acid com position for the 6 rices were 16~ 21% palmitic, 1-2% stearic, 38-44% oleic, 34-39% linoleic, and 1-2% linolenic acid of the total fatty acids.

GENETIC EVAL.UATION

AND UTI

IZATION (GElJ) PROGRAM

71

Genetic evaluation and utilization (GEU) program

Drought resistance
Agronomy, Plant Breeding, Plant Physiology, and Irrigation Water Management Departments
HYBRIDIZATION VARIETAL AND SELECTION 74 74

SCREENING

Field screening rices for drought resistance 74 Screening for drought resistance in rainfed dryland fields 74 Screening for field resistance to drought in rainfed wetland fields Drought screening in the greenhouse 75
DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN RAINFED DRYLAND RICE

75

17

DROUGHT

79 81 Rainfed wetland yield nursery for drought-prone areas Evaluation of rice yield under two water regimes 82
RESISTANCE IN RAINFED WETLAND

Dryland rice yield test 77 Field evaluation of promising dryland lines

81

ROOT STuDIES

85

Inheritance of root characteristics in aeroponic culture 85 Effect of pH on root growth 87 Comparison of three screening techniques for aluminum toxicity tolerance 87 Aluminum toxicity-tolerant and susceptible varieties 88 Histochemical technique for diagnosis of aluminum toxicity 88 Relation between soil analysis and plant tests for aluminum toxicity 88 SOIL-PLANT-WATER RELATIONSHIPS 89 Drought tolerance under limited rooting depth 89 Measurement of leaf water potentials of rice 89 Use of a line source sprinkler system to evaluate drought response of rices at various nitrogen fertility levels 90 Line source sprinkler experiments at reproductive stage 94 Effect of water stress on nitrogen uptake and yield 97 Transpiration rate and nutrient uptake of rice 98 IRRJ-INDJA COLLABORATIVE OeSER VATIONAL TRIAL 99

IRR( ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 19HO

73

HYBRIDIZATION

D SELECTION

Plant Breeding Department During 1980, 104 single crosses and 86 multiple crosses were made, primarily to incorporate insect pest and disease resistance into breeding lines that have higher levels of drought resistance and good yield potentials. In the wet season, 230 single crosses were grown in a farmer's field in Batangas and in the upland area of IRRI, and 5,451 Fz plants were selected. In addition, 425 lines were selected from more advanced generations grown at IRRI. Selection emphasized plants with early growth duration, heavy panicles, and long grains. Twenty-seven F2 bulk populations were grown in rainfed-wetland plots in both seasons and 279 F, plants were selected. Breeding efforts were directed to incorporate resistance to tungro, grassy stunt, sheath blight, and to several insect pests into a drought-resistant background.
VARIETAL SCREENING

Agronomy

and Plant Breeding Departments

Field screening rices for drought resistance (Agronomy). Tests for drought resistance at IRRI during the dry season consisted of selections from previous years' tests (233 entries); 1979 wet and 1980 dry season elite lines, irrigated and rainfed wetland replicated and observational yield trials, pedigree nurseries and hybridization blocks (3,481); 1979 wet season dryland replicated and observational yield trials (99); 1979 and 1980 International Rice Testing Program materials (657); germplasm bank (45); and miscellaneous selections (25). The rices were seeded on dry granular soil on 17 January 1980 and sprinkler-irrigated every 3-6 days until 3 March (30 days from full seedling emergence), at which lime irrigation was stopped. An 18-mm rain on 9 March and a typhoon at the end of March brought 100 mm of rainfall over a period of 4 days. That relieved soil moisture stress, which was in the range of 0.8 to 1.5 bars soil moisture tension (SMT). Another drying period followed. At S MT of 1-2 bars (14 April), the entries were individually scored for drought resistance using the Standard Evaluation System for Rice (SES) where I = no to slight effects of soil

moisture stress and 9 = all plants apparently dead. Two rices, Salumpikit and IR442-2-58, were used as drought-resistant checks, and IR20 and IRA T 9 were used as drought-susceptible checks. Scorings were also done at 4-5 barsSMT (18 April) and 8-10 bars SMT (22 April). After scoring at 8-10 bars SMT, the soil moisture stress was relieved by 2 sprinkler irrigations and drought recovery was scored 20 May by SES (I = 90% of plants fully recovered and 9 = no plants fully recovered). Because rains relieved the early soil moisture stress, many entries were in the reproductive stage when scored. Some accessions, especially those from China (composed of8 rice-sorghum hybrids). were already maturing at 1-2 bars SMT. Only 28 entries had SES scores of 3 or better at 8-10 bars S MT (Ta ble J). Of those, 6 were in the reprod uctive stage. Salumpikit and IR442-2-58 had drought scores of 5 and 6 at 8-10 bars SMTand IR20 and IRAT 9 both scored 8. Among the entries 141 scored 4 and 28 scored 3 to make a total of 169 better than Salurnpikit, the drought-tolerant check. Table 2 gives the percentages of outstanding rices among those tested for drought resistance from 1975 to 1980. Table 3 shows 7 IR lines with drought scores compara ble to or better than those of the resistant checks IR442-2-58 and Salumpikit for 3-4 years of field screening. Screening for drought resistance in rainfed dryland fields (Plant Breeding). During the dry season, 3,157 varieties and lines were screened for drought resistance in rainfed dryland fields (Table 4). Plot size was increased from one row to three rows per test entry. That eliminated shading of semidwarfs by taller plants and avoided biased scores. Of entries from the germplasm collection, the majority of which are the ARC (Assam Rice Collection) accessions from India, 9% had a score of 4 or less during vegetative growth. ARC!4101, ARCI4108 and ARCl4123 were found to have moderate resistance to drought at the reproductive stage. Most of the dryland breeding lines had a combination of high levels of drought resistance and good recovery ability at vegetative stage. Only 10 percent of the test materials from the wetland breeding nurseries scored less than 4 at the vegetative stage of growth. Most of the entries were mod-

74

lRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19KO

Tabla

1. Promising

droughl-rasistant

rlces in field screenlnq. 1st scoring (14Apr) 1-2 bars GS

IHAI. 1980 dry saason.8

2d scoring, (leApr) 4·5 bars 3d scoring' (22 Apr) 8·,10 bars DT 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2. 2 2 2. 3 3 3 GS 2. 2. DT 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 3 Recoverv score?

Designation

Origin

Dr
1 1 1 1 1 1 2. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

GS 2. 2. 2

IR45 IIR2D35·242- 1,1 I.R32.59-P5·160·1 IR5624· 1 W·2·A, lR5793·55·1-1.' lR7790·l8·l.2. IR6098·194·2 IR8103-12.0-3-A, IR82.35-194 IR9266·12.4 IR9669 selection IR9782.-111·2-1-2 IR9852-19-2 IR9852.-22.·3 IR9852-53·2 IR102.06·29·2 IR 11288·8-B·288·' IR 11297-170-3-2 I,R13149-23·2 IR 13149·71-3-2-3 IR l' 3576-18-2-3-1 IR 1571 8-28-2·2 IH15821·73·2 IR I5849-132-3-3 IR 1.7076·61 -1 8KN6986·147-2. (R019]. 8U69 LAC 23 Mal Siraz aGrOvu1h stage (GS) n limbers on 1975 SES.

2 2 2. 2.

2.
2 5

4
2 2. 2 2. 2. 4 2. 2 2. 2

2.
4 2. 2 2 4 2. 4 2

2.
2 2. 4 2. 5 2 2. 2.

3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3
3 3 I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5

2. 2.
2.

3
2. 2 2 2. 2 2 2 4

2.
2. 2 2 2. 2 2 2. 2 Thailand Nigeria Liberia 8a'lgladesh
-..

2.
2 2 2 2 2 2. 4 2 2 5 2
-

3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3
3 2 2 2 3

2.
2 5 2 2

2.
4

2
1 2 2

3
3

2. 2.

2.

2.

2.

5
3

and drouqht

tolera nee (DT].scores are from the 1975 Sta ndard Evaluation

Syste m lor Rice (SES). bBased

Ta ble 2., Entries and outstandlng selections of rices for drought resi stance at vegetative to 1980 dry season, IRR'!. Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

in !iald screening stage from 1975 selections' Percentage 3.19 0.59 '.24 0.90 3.72

Emdes
(no.) 1003 1016 4119 4757 3897 4540

Outstanding No. 32 6 51 43 145 169

3.. 2 7

"Drought tolerance score cornpa rable 10 or better than that of IR442.·2-58 and Salumpi~it at 10 bars so;1 moisture tension (SMTI, except in 1979 test which was at 5 bars.

erately susceptible to drought at the reproductive stage. The four progenies of the rice-sorghum cross headed during the stress period and were completely sterile, Their drought resistance at the vegetative stage was not outstanding. Screening for field resistance to drought in rainfed wetland fields (Plant Breeding). During the dry seas 0 n 914 varieties and lines from the wetland breeding nurseries were tested for field resistance to

drought in a simulated rainfed-wetland culture. The test varieties were transplanted in a puddled soil and allowed to grow for 20-30 days, after which the field was d rained and allowed to dry. They were scored 20 days later when the susceptible check (J ntan) showed distinct symptoms of stress. Table 5 shows the distribution of drought resistance scores. Those that scored 4 or less at the reproductive stage probably escaped drought because they headed near the end of March when there were rains. Most of the entries that headed during the rainless days of April showed panicle sterility. Lines found to be moderately resistant to drought at the reproductive stage of growth were IR8235~ 196-3-2, IR9129-320-3-3-3, IR9224-223-2-2-2-1, IR9698-16-3-3-2, IR9830-27-2-3, and IR21335-29. They were also entered in the 1980 wet season hybridization block and are being used in crosses. Those lines are resistant to several insect pests and have good yield potentials .. Drought screening in the greenhouse (Agronomy). A speciaJ greenhouse screening facility for drought resistance was used from 1976 until the

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

75

Table 3. Outstanding selections for drought resistance. IRRt 1977-1980 dry seasons. Possible source of resists nce Nam Sagui Aus12 Aus197 Carreon Khao Oawk Nam Sagui Nam Sagui 19

resistance

at vegetative

stage

in field

screening, Drought

and their score" 1979 5 bars 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 5

possible

source

of

Designation IR5953-118·5 (lR52) IR8098·194·2 IR8103·120·3 IH9669 selection IR5624·11 O· 2 IR8234·174·3 IR9995·96·2 Nam Sagui 19 Carreon Leb Mue Nahng 111 Khao Oawk Mali 105 IR442·2·58 Salumpikit IRAT9 IR20 8Based on 1975 Standard

Origin 4 bars

1977 10 bars 3 3 3 4 5 bars 1 3 1 1 1 2 1

1978 10 bars 3 7 1 3 3 3 3 7 5 4 6 5 4 9 8 tension

1980 5 bars 10 bars 6 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 6 7 6

3
2

5
2 3

3
4 Mali 105 19 19 Thailand Philippines 7 3 3 3 4 4

3
3 4 4

7
3 3 6 5 5 8

3
3 2

5
4

Thailand
Thailand Leb Mue Nahng 111 Philippines Ivory Coast Evaluation System

3
1 1 6

5
4 4

5
8 8

7
7

7
6

tor

Rice. A dash indicates

no test. Soil moisture

ranged lrom 4 to 10 bars.

Table 4. Summary season. Type of entry Germplasm Dryland

of drought

resistance Stage scored

scores of 3,157 Entries (no.) 1,783 1.017 571 118

varieties

and lines grown

in rainfed-drvland

fields,

IRRI.

1980

dry

Entries (no.) with decimal" 2 3 7 7 10 7 4 156 3 84 1 54 10 14 5 683 16 326 I 235 1 53 21 3 1 6 830 19 132 I 241 1 104

SCOres ot 7 101 196 10 17 22 10 27 5 3 8 6 68 2 6 15 3 9 715 92 53 19 18 3

collections nurseries nurseries erurles

breeding

Wetla nd breeding International

nursery

Hear-toteranttl-ies Rice·sorghum hybrid

Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reprod uc tl vs Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive

559
80 198 32 44 26 2 4

1
8

7
2

aOecimal score for vegetative stage based on 1 =plam has no or slight leaf roiling. remains green with few leaf tips drying and no stunting: to 9 tube -like leal rolling, all leaves dried. and severe stunting. Reproductive staqe score based on 1 = no heading delay. lull panicle exsertion. normal panicle size. 91· I 00% spikelet fertility. mostly well·filled grain and slight leaf rOiling: to 9 hatt-exserted panicle. panicle size reduced by hall, 0-10% spikelet fertility. mostly empty grain, and tight leal rolling or no heading until after moisture is replenished.

Table 5. Summary of drought resistance scores of 914 varieties and lines grown growth stages, 1980 dry season, IRRI, Plant B.eeding Department. Type of entry Lines in collaborative ralnted-wenand triats Lines in replicated rainfed· wetland yield Ifial Lines for irrigated culture In replicated yield trial International Rainfed Lowland Rice Observational Nursery entries Stage scored Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reprod uctive Entries (no.) 1 63 50 200 166 400 394 251 221 6 5 5 2 23 21 95 11

under .ainfed-wetland

culture

and rated at 2 Entries Ino.) not headed at end of test 13 34 6

Entries (no.) with decima I" score of

J
12 1 69 5 155

4 6 1
55 4 113 12 99

!2
7

7 1 11 11 43 6 155 9 46

4
20 10 23 30 31 8

8
8 19 23 3 58 11 22

a
3 28 24 3

Ii!
25 78 109 1 131

65
3

30

DDeci mal score for vegetative stage based on 1 plant ha s no or sligh t leaf roiling. remains green with few leal lips drying a nd no stu nling; to 9 =tube-l ike leaf rOiling. a II leaves dried and seve re stunt; ng. Reprod uctlve stage score based on 1 no heading dela V.lull nanlcle exsertion, normal pa nicle size, 91.100% spikelet feni lit v, mostly welt .filled grain. and slight leal roiling: 10 9 = half -exserted panicle. panicle size reduced by half. 0·10% spikelet fertility, mostly empty grain. and tight leaf rolling Or no heading until after moi stu re is replenished.

76

IRRI AN

UAL REPORT FOR 1980

1600,--------------------------------,

Entries (no,)

1200

backgrounds. Some of those that scored 2 and 3 are from wetland environments, and others are hybrids. Table 6 lists selected entries that had 3 or more replications and scores of 2.0 to 3.0 as a representative sample.
DROUGHT DRYLAND RESISTANCE RICE IN RAfNFED

Agronomy and Plant Breeding Departments DryJand rice yield test (Agronomy). The 1980 wet
season dry land rice yield test consisted of the 27 entries in the 1980 International UpJand Rice Yield Nursery; 36 selections from the 1977, 1978, and 1979 field drought screenings; 10 entries from the 1979 yield test; and 8 other rices, including traditional and other varieties used as checks in field drought screenings. The test was conducted at IRRI, in two Barangas farmers' fields, and at two Philippine Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) experiment stations. Two seedings (I-month interval) were made at IRRI and at the Batangas sites to determine the effect of delayed seeding on dryland rice. The first seeding above and the only seeding at the BPI stations coincided with the start of the planting season in each area.
Tabla 6. Selected entries with scores" of 2.0 to 3.0. 1980.
Entry IAC1131 Holamaldiga IRAT10 Ram Kajara IR7777·7·1·1 IRAT13 IRS853· 118·5 Maleba L Sikodok TRl Naung Tu BR1SS·2B·S IRAT8 IR32S0·P91· 100 Gogo Putin CR141·313S·2·234 CR410·1·3·4 Dacca 14 00118 Dova H ARCl1430C IAC5544 Score 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 I± SEj, IRRI. ±SE 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 03 0.3 0.3 1.5 1,5 0.5 0.5 0.4 00 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 00 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0

1976

1977

1918

1979

1980

I. Distribution
screening Entries (no)

greenhouse,

of the 4, j 87 entries screened at the IRRI drought 197~O.

1200

Drought sC()re

2. Distribution by drought score of the 4,187 entries tested for the period 1976-80 at the IRRI drought screening greenhouse.

end of 1980. Of 4,187 entries tested, 2,435 were germplasm bank accessions. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the number of entries successfully screened each year and the frequency of entries falling in each of the SES scores I to 9. The entries that scored I are generally from dryJand ecological

lntan
PNS77·1 Nam Sagui 19 Paedi Kalibungga '021 (Guatemala] IR8S08· 79· 3·2

• Scores are Ihe mea n of 3 or more replications

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

77

Daily rainfall (nun) and solar radiation (g call em' daily) were monitored at all sites. Soil moisture tension (S MT) in centibars (cb) was recorded at IRRI and the two Batangas sites. Figure 3 shows SMT for 3 sites and rainfall for all sites. The rainfall in 4 of the 5 test sites (llagan was the exception) was relatively high for June-Octo ber 1980. The distribution, however, was erratic. A 2-week dry spell at IRRI and Cuenca in late July and early August caused the SMT to rise above 50
Weekly fO,,!Q1l(rrmJ Soil moisture tension (00) 5 100

300 250 200

150 100 3,

New 1M/farm 'I Rom oil

cb for a period of from 7 to 9 days. SMT at IRRI was above 80 cb for 7 days. The limited rainfall at IJagan caused prolonged soil moisture stresses, various degrees of wilting and leaf desiccation, and delayed and nonuniform heading. Solar radiation data for IRRI and the Batangas sites are seen in Figure 4. For comparison with standard varieties of varying growth durations, the entries were grouped into the early-maturing and the medium- and latematuring consisting of 39 and 42 entries including check varieties. Fourteen of the early-maturing rices are presented in Table 7. Twelve performed better than IR36 and M 1-48, the early-maturing checks. Yields of 17 medium- and late-maturing rices are in Table 8. IR43, IR9560-2-6-3-1, and IR9669 Sel were earlier identified as tolerant of imposed soil moisture stresses of 5 and 10 bars SMT during dry season drought screenings. Another six from the list in Table 8 were drought-resistant selections, indicating that high yield potential can be incorporated into drought-resistant varieties.

100

280 240 200

160 120

160 120

eo
40

e45 O"""'-.. ...... oJUJlIf!!.!:;=~:l..!!:. I- Jun --+-- Jul-----l--Aug

--+- Sep---t-Ocl___,
4. Solar radiation and weekly rainfall at IRRland two Batangas (Philippines) sites used in dryland rice yield trials. Numbers olj ba rs are rai ny days per wee k. I980 wet seaso n..

3. Weekly rainfall and number (on bars) of rainy days per week at 5 Philippine sites for dryland rice yield trials, with corresponding soil moisture tension at IRRI and 2 Batangas sites. 1980 wet season.

78

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980

Tobie 7. Groin yield of early·maturingri~s Designation IR5931.11 0·' 8733C·167 -3·2 1R.9782·111-2·1-2 IR.5716·18-1 IR5929· I 2-3 IR2061- 5.2.2· ·9 6 IET4094 ICR156-5021-207) KMP34 IR7473·118-2-2-3 IR8085·48·2 IH860S-3·2-2·3 IR9828·36·3 IR36 (check) Ml-48 (check) IRAI 3 Jun 2.9" 2.8' 2.5 22L9 2.1 2.6 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.4

in dryland yield trials at 4 Philippine sites", 1980 weI season. Grain vieldll/ha) Santo Tomas. 23 May 25 Jun 3.6" 3,2' 4,0" 2.9 3.0 3.5" 2,3 2.6 2,.3 2.7 3.4' 2.8 2.3 1,0 4,5' 4.6" 5.0" 4.1
3.9

Cuenca 15 May 20 Jun 3.5" 3,3' 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.9 3.3' 3.2' 3.0 3.5" 3.1 3.1 2.6 2.3

La Granja lOJun 3.9 3.8 2.6 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.8 3.2 3.7 2.9 3.3 3.2 3.3

Mea,n 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3,1 3.1 3.1 2.9 2..1 significantly

4.6" 4.9" 4.7" 3'.8 3.7 4.1' 3.8 4.0 4.1' 3.9 3.7 4.0 1.7 2.2 3.3 1.4 2.2 811agandata nOI included because of crop la'i,lure; Santo Tomas different from tR36 I.check)at 5% and 1% levelS.

3.4

3.4 4,1 3.5 3,6 33 3,2 3,7 3,5 2.3

and Cuenca had 2 seedings each .•

and "iMicale

Table 8. Grain yi",ld of medium' and lal""mat",ring rices in dryl.and' yield Irials at 4 Philip,pinesilO .... 1980 wet season. Grain yield (t/ha) Designalion IRRJ 3 Jun Santo Tomas 23May 25 Jun 3..4" 3.9" 3.0" 2.2' 2..2' 2.5" 2.9" 3.0" 2.S'· 1.9 3.0" 2.S" 2.5" 1.9 2.0' 1.9 2.3" 1.1 5.0' 4.3 3.9 4.4 5.6" 4,4 4.4 4.2 3.6 3,8 4.4 4.1 4,,9' 4,3 4,6 4,3 3.8 4,0 Cuenca 15 May 20 Jun 3,7' 3.9" 3.9" 3.6' 3.7' 3.,6' 2.9 3.0 3.2 3,3 2.8 3.8' 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.0 La Gre,nia 10 Jun Mean

IR43 4.9" 2.8" 4,5" 2.5" IR9560-2-6-3·1 4,7" IR9669 selection 2.3" 4.5'" C171·136 2.6" 2.3" 3..5 B2433B-KN-l0·1·'·' 2.S," 3.,8 Garna 318 IR8098·41. 3 4.5'" 2.8" 2.1' IR91Dl·124·1 4," 4.6" IET1785 2.S" 3,S KN95 3.2" ,35 IR5643·17S·1' 1.9 4,,3" IR5677-22-S·2 2.4'" 3.4 2.3" IR9995·96·2 3.8 IRS2 2.3" 4.2' 8448·50· 2-2·5-'. I 2.2' 4.0' C166·135 I.S IR45 2.0 3.7 3.2 1.6 C22 (check! 8Hagan data nOI included because 01 crop failure. Santo Tomas dilleren1 from C22 (check) at 5% and 1% levels,

3.6 3.9 2.6 3.6 2.9 3.5 3.8 3.5 2.S 3A 3.4 3.8 2.2 3.3 3.1 3.3 2.9 3.3 3.9 3.3 3.7 3.2 2.7 3.2 .2.7 3.2 3.2 3.1 2.6 3.1 3,.1 3.5 2.9 3.0 3.9 2.S and Cuenca had 2 seedings 'each. ' and ~. indicate si9nifi~a"1Iy

Yield data for the two seedings at Santo Tomas and Cuenca indicate a generally lower yield in later seedings (Table 7, 8) because of reduced tilJering and shorter panicles. Soil moisture stress in early August coincided with the active vegetative stage of the second seeding at both sites. In addition, disease pressure was hea vier on the later seeded crops. Expected favorable effects of the solar radiation on the later seeded rices were masked by thecombination of soil moisture stress and disease pressures. A summary of agronomic characteristics for entries reported in Tables 7 and 8 is given in Table

9.
Drought at Hagan delayed beading and, conse-

quently, maturity of all the entries. Rices that had better scores than the drought-resistant checks IR442~2-58 and Salumpikit were IR9560-2~6--3~1, IR9995~96--2 (both identified earlier at IRRI as drought resistant), and M148. A review of the yield trials since 1976 showed that IR43, IR2061-522~&-9, IR9669 Sel, and Gama 318 were consistently among the highest yielders (Table 10). Field evaluation of promising dryland lines (Plant Breeding). Eighty varieties and lines were evaluated in a farmer's field in Batangas Province, on a fertile, wet site at IRRI, and on a well-drained, low-soil-fertility site at IRRI.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

79

Table 9. Summary of grain yield and other agronomic trials at IA AI. Santo Tomas. Cuenca. and LB Granja. Av grai'l yield (t/ha)

characteristics of ,early·. medium Philippines. 1980 wet season. Plant

.• and late-maturinq

rices in dryland

yield

Designatio'l

Growth durauon (09") Mea'l Range

hI
(em]

Panicles (noJm2)

lmportant

disea,sesl'

Early. meluring
IR5931·110-1 8733C·167·3·2 IH9782·111·2,'·2 1115716-18·1 IR,5929-12·3 ,IR2061-522·6·9 IET4084 (eR 156·5021.207) KMP34 IR7473·118·2·2·3 IR8085-48·2 IIR8608-3·2-2·3 I,R9828-36·3 IR36 (check) MIAS (check) 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 29 2.1 117 120 114 122 115 116 120 116 118 122 '12 116 1,14 121 111-132 114-134 109·126 112·143 105-131 109-130 112.133 107·132 110·136 117-138 105-126 109·130 109-131 114·132 101 109 76 92 107 95 82 82 90 88 82 74 69 118 263 257 314 244 213 268 258 267 226 242 247 267 273 161 81, LSm, ShB lSm,. NalS, sna 81" is-, NBlS, ShS ise. NBlS, Sha lSm" NBlS, Sh,S si lSc" NBlS. 81, NBlS. ShB lSm. NBlS, ShB lSm, NalS. sns tsc N8lS, Sh8 lSm. N8lS. ShB lSm, NBlS, Sh,8 81. NBlS,. Sha

s-a

ise.

s-a

Medium· and lau!·malUring

IA43 IA9560·2·6· 3·1 IR9669 selectlon C171·136 824336·KN·'0-'·'·1 Gam a 318 IR8098· 41 ·3 m9101·124.1 IH1785 KN96 1R5643-178·' IR56 77 ·2.2·5.2 IR9995·96·2 IR52 844,8-50-2·2-5.1-1 e166-13S 1R45 C22 (check) 8DS =davs after seeding, brown spot.
baL

3.9 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.0 2.8 =1~albla's.!,LSC

126 131 132 126 136 129 129 124 12, 128 126 132 132 124 133 128 130 126

117·142 124.151 124·149 119·141 129·154 123·145 123-142 115·141 122·143 123·147 119·145 124-146 122-147 120·134 125-154 124-143 122·147 117·143

82 81 82 109 104 95 93 80 79 105 82 84 91 90 97 111 80 117

254 251 233 222 257 251 241 260 270 241 240 252 233 261 222 209 272 205

ShB lSm. NlBS. Sh8 as, ise. lSm, NBlS. Sha NalS. ShB 81, LSc, ShS BI, NeLS, ShB LSc. lSm, NeLS, Sh8 N8lS, Sh8 LSm, NBlS, ShS 81. i.se, NBlS, sna LSc. lSm, ShB BI. ise, N8lS, She as, NBLS, Sh8 81, LSm, NBlS, ShB 81. LSc, Sha LSc, ShB LSc. NBlS, ShB 81,lSc, sna

NBlS.

tse.

=Ieal scald, LSm =Ieaf smut, NaL.S =narrowbrown teat spot, Sha =sheath btight, as=

Table 10, Grain yield of rices that performed well for at least 2. years in wet season dryland yield tests ·pI 4·5 Philippine sites. EmfY Grain yield" (Vha) 1977 1978 1979 1980

€arlY'maluring

rices 3.5 3.2 23 2,3 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.3 1.9 3.2 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.8 3,2 29 2,1

IR2061·522-6-9 IR5716-18-1 IR7473·118·2,2·3 IR9828-36·3 8733C·167-3-2 IET4094 (CRI56-5021.207] IR36 (checkl M '·48 (check) Medium· and late-maturing 1R43 IR52 IR9560-2 ·6-3-1 IR9669 selection e166-135 Gama 318 IETl785 C22. (check) • A dash (-) means not tested. rices

3,6 2.2

3.2 3.3 3.5 2.8

l.7

3.6

3.3 3.5 36 3,4 3.2 2,8

2.8

3.9 3.' 3.6 3.,5 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.8

2.5
3.2 3,2 2.6 2,8 2,6 2,2

3.5 3.5 3.4

There was no serious drought spell throughout the crop season in the farmer's field at Batangas. However, severe lodging caused by typhoons at ripening and a high incidence of sheath blight lowered the yield of the susceptible entries. Leaf folders also damaged some entries .. The highest yields obtained at Batangas were from IR6115-1~1-1, CJ064-5,and IR43 (Table II). The coefficient of variation was computed at 18.8% and the average site yield was 2.8 tfha. Of three agronomic traits, the number of days from seeding to maturity was positively correlated with grain yield (r = 0.28**), while plant height was negatively correlated (r = ..().41**). Late-maturing lines lodged heavily because of a series of heavy downpours at the flowering-to-ripening stage of 120- to nO-day-old varieties. Panicle number did not appear to affect the yielding ability of the varie-

80

JRRJ ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Table 11. Grain yield and other agronomic traits of selected lines grown at a farmer's field. Santo Tomas. Batangas Province, Philippines. 1980 wat season. Line IA3179·25-3-4 IA3839-1 IA3858·6 IR3880-1O IR3880-17 IR5420-1-1 -2 IR5873-9-1 IR5873-13-2 IA5929·12-3 IA5931-110-1 IA5931-113-1 IR5982-7·6·1 IA6023·10·1·1 IR611S-1-1·1 IA9669 selection Cl064-5 IA36 (check) IA43 (check) Pian! I'll (em) 111 90 124 120 125 117 128 123 106 107 122 88 130 95 92 114 70 88 Panicles (no.) 36 40 34 38 39 40 38 35 37 36 34 39 37 38 40 32 45 38 MaturilY (days) 120 109 121 120 118 116 120 118 113 114 118 120 120 120 126 120 110 123 Grain yield (t/ha) 3.6 c 3.8 abc 3.5 c 3.4 c 3.7 be 3.6 e 3.4 c 3.4 c 3.4 c 3.9 abc 3.8 abc 3.3 c 3.4 c 4.0 abc 3.8 abc 4.5 ab 2.0 d 4.6a

Table 12. Grain yield andl other agronomic traits of selected lines grown at a well·drained and low-fertility site at IRRI. 1980 wet season. Pian! Variety or line

Panicles (no.) 45 40 44 46 43 48 42 40 44

Ma!u· (OS·) 120

hi
(em) 61 79

';IV

Grain yield (t/ha) 2.0 abc 2.0 abc 1.5 cde 2.1 eb 1.9 bed 1.5 bede 1.3 de 2.5a l.O abc 0.5 2.6 a 1.1 e

IR36 (check) IR43 (check) IR45 (check) IA3839·1 IR5931-11O-1 IR5931-113·1 IR6023·10·1·1 IR6115-1-1·1 IR9669 selection IA12740-24·1 C10M·5 Kinandang Patong (check)

77 81
95 102 96 90 84 128 94 144

122

33
35 34

129 115 118 118 122 123 126 145 118 120

·Oays after seeding.

ties (r = 0..31") at this site. The crop grown on the fertile, wet site at IRRI received evenly distributed rainfall from seeding to harvest and had no serious drought spell. Adverse weather in October caused severe lodging in almost all the plots. High incidences of sheath blight and leaf folder were noted, especially in the middle of the field. The highest yield obtained was only 3.0 t/ha from CI064-5, the lowest was 0..5 t/ha from IR 12740-24-1. The average yield was 1.7 tf ha and the coefficient of variation was 23.9%, the highest among the three test sites. Correlation coefficients showed that plant height was negatively correlated (r = -44**) with yield, and panicle number was positively correlated (r = 0..48**). Growth duration was not significantly correlated with yield (r = - 0.0.5 ns), At the well-drained, low-fertility site at IRRI, the crop suffered from moisture stress at 60-70.days after seeding, which coincided with the panicle initiation stage of the early- and medi urn-maturing entries. A 7-day dry spell during the last week of September affected the ripening and heading stage of the late and very-late entries. The yield ranged from 0.0.8 tfha to 2.5 tfha with an average yield of 1.3 tfha. The coefficient of variation was 19.3%. Table 12sbows the grain yield and three other agronomic traits of selected lines and varieties. The highest yielders were IR61l5-I-l and CI064-5. IR36, IR45, and IR9669 selection, which were slightly affected by the early short dry spells, recovered and produced a yield higher than

that of the traditional upland variety Kinandang Patong, but their heading was markedly delayed. Other high yielding lines, which also have high levels of drought resistance and recovery ability, generally gave higher yields without delay in heading or maturity, or both -IR3839-1, IR593 I-I 10I, and IR6IJ5-I-J-1. Correlation coefficients showed that panicle number was positively correlated with yield (r 0.62**), but plant height and yield were negatively correlated (r 0.38**). No correlation (r 0..07 ns) was observed between growth duration and grain yield. Analysis of variance for each test site showed highly significant variation among varieties and lines for the four characters studied (plant height, panicle number per unit area, number of days to maturity, and grain yield). Variances among sites were heterogeneous for three characters, but plant height showed independent response at each site. Figure 5 shows some selected lines representing the different yield responses of the entries at different test sites ..The new 1R lines showed a higher yield potential and more stable yields than the named varieties, mainly because of the high levels of drought resistance being incorporated. Rainfall varied from 1,184 mm at the well-drained site to J ,221 mm at the wet, fertile site at IRRI farm, and 1,396 mm in the farmer's field in Batangas.

=-

DROUGHT RESISTANCE

RAINFED

WETLAND

Agronomy, Plant Breeding, and Irrigation Water Management Departments Rainfed wetland yield nursery for drought-prone areas (Agronomy). A rainfed wetland yield nursery
AND UTILIZATION (GElJ) PROGRAM 81

GENETIC EVALUATIQ,

GI'(IO-Iyioi(f

(kq/tlO)

5000
fI~lIH3

I>-c/OU-!i

t;-~-N-I 141~1

~-II1593t-1IIH '-~-I

g.fR96H_ h-JR6t'J23-KH..,

-os .... ---

-'--

---1.

-'---

--'

Wi!ekly runful.l !mm )

J--

.". ...~T.J4~1' 1'I-'I'I6HO~

2D Silo """"'" (OIIlIh" """ 1ICIririe.)

3.0

S. Yield performance of selected varieties and lines across] sites, dryland culture, !980 wet season.

-20
-40

'----

200m

of selected entries from the Genetic Evaluation and Utilization (G EU) program and International Rice Testing Program (IRTP) was first grown at Guim ba, Nueva Ecija, in 1979.1 n 1980 other sites at Liloan (Cebu) and Oton (Iloilo) were added. Crop management practices included 60-30-30 kg NPKI ha added basally. Insect and disease incidence were minimal, but at Guimba the leaf folder and whorl maggot occurred at the vegetative stage. Hand weeding was done as needed. Crop weather was favorable at all sites. In 1980 the free water level in the paddy above the hardpan was measured, In addition, the free water level below the paddy was recorded. Figures 6-8 give an indication of the soil water conditions and show the three hydrologically related variables rainfall, soil matric potential, and free water level at the sites. At Guimba, both short-term water deficits such as those that occurred 16-27 October and the soil drying and decline of free water levels after the final storm of the monsoon season about 5 November are well illustrated (Fig. 6). Table 13 shows the yield at these sites for the 32 entries and IR8, which was the farmer's variety at Liloan. At

-so
-80
-100"'------'--------'------'-------' Sep Oct Nov
100<m

Dec

6. Soil rnatric potential (lS-cm and J(km soil depth), water

level in paddy (piezometer at 20 em) and below the paddy (piezometer at 100 em), and rainfall at the 3 rainfed wetland areas where the rainfed wetland yield nursery ford rought-prone areas was grown in the 1980 wet season, Guirnba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.

Liloan and Oton, water did not appear to be limiting and rainfed yields were relatively high. Guimba also experienced a rather well-distributed rainfall and high wa ter level conditions except at the end of the season. As previously reported the higher yields for Guimba were associated with the very early maturity groups. Evaluation of rice yield under two water regimes

(Plant Breeding and Irrigation Water Management). Yield performance of 20 IRRI lines, 4 Indonesian varieties and lines, 14 breeding lines from Thailand, and 2 Philippine varieties was tested under two water regimes at 3 sites - IRRl, and Gapan and Guimba, Nueva Ecija province.

82

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Soil rnotrl: PQtenIiol (bas)

e
]l
.l.l

O~~~,.--~--rx~~n-v-~~VT~-'
-001
-QQ2_

OCt

NoV'

Dec

1i

-0.03

~-004 ~ -0.05 '-----------------'

200.--------------------------------.
Wee~ly rainfall (mm I 160

Free wah!< level lem I

~ ~ , ill
t.L

200 200m -40 :rmnspi:mfed -60I

Aug

Sep

OCt

Nov

Dec

8. Soil rnatric potential (15--cm and 30<m soil depth), water level in paddy (piezometer at 20 em) and below the paddy (piezometer at 100 em), and rainfall at the 3 rainfed areas where the rainfed wetland yield nursery for drought-prone areas was grown in the 1980 wet season, Liloan, Cebu, Philippines.

7. Soil metric potential (15--cm and 30<m soil depth), water level in paddy (piezometer at 20 em) and below the paddy (piezometer at 100 ern), and rainfall at the 3 rainfed wetland areas where the rainfed wetland yield nursery for drought-prone areas was grown in the 1980 wet season, Oton, Iloilo, Philippines.

Gapan data are not included because, although the crop had no visible moisture stress, many susceptible entries were damaged by tungro. IRRI. The IRRI trial was transplanted 29 July in a rainfed-wetland area and in an irrigated area. Total rainfall from transplanting to harvest was 1,161.6 rnrn, Short dry spells of 4-5 days occurred during the last week of September and the second week of October, which coincided with the heading time of the early-maturing entries but no pronounced symptoms of crop moisture stress were observed. The highest yields obtained from the rainfed plots were 4.3 and 4.8 t/ha from IR92 I7-58-2 and

JR 13149-19-1. The mean yield from the rainfed test was 2.8 t/ ha, Light infection of about 10-15% of rice tungro virus slightly affected the yields of susceptible plants, especially the breeding lines from Thailand. Analysis of variance of plant height, panicle number, number of days to head, and grain yield showed highly significant variation among varieties grown in rainfed plots. In the fully irrigated plots, the highest yield obtained was 5.4 t/ha from IR9852-22-3. The mean yield of the irrigated plots was 3.5 t/ ha. A highly significant correlation coefficient between the yield of rainfed plots and the yield of irrigated plots was obtained (0.83**). The coefficient of variation was 20.4% for rainfed plots and 16.6% for the irrigated plots. Among the varieties that had no significant yield difference between the two water regimes were IR52 (3.7 vs 3.9 i] ha), IR4432-28-5 (3.6 vs 3.9 tl ha), IR9217-58-2-2 (4.3 vs 4.6 t/ha), and IR13149-19-1 (4.8 vs 4.2 t/ha).

GENETIC EVALUATION

ANO UTILIZATION

(GEl)) PROGRAM

83

Table 13. Grain vield of 33 entries in the rainfed Iloilo; liIOlln. Cebu, Philippines, 1980. Entry IR5853-198-1-2 IR4707·14·3·1 IR5629·64·3 IR54 IR9129·192·2 IR4707·140·1·3 IRI4753·72-1 IR2823-103-5·' IR4570-83·3·3·2 IR7149·35·2·3·2 IR43 IR2307-437·'·2 IR52 IR9209-26-2 MR7 IR 13426·19·2 IR9129-161-2 IET1444 IR36 IA3304·23 IR3941-25-' IR26 IR9764·45·2·2 IR5931·81-1-1 IR5931-110-' Gama 318 IA3858·6 B2039C-Kn-7·2·5·3·1 BG35·2 IR5716·45·1 IR5440·1·1·3 IR7790-18·1 -2 IR8 Maturitv·

wetland

yield nursery

for drought·prone

areas: Guimba.

Nueva Eclja: Oton, Alink (across 3 sites) 8 11 5 7 1 19 161 9 30 6 16 15 4 3 18 25 2 12 14 29 13 24 28 31 21 26 17 22 23 27 32 33 20

Grain yieldb (t/ha) Guimba 3.34a 3,22 ab 2,98 abc 2,96 abe 2,79 abed 2,74 abede 2.69 abedel 2.63 bedel 2.60 bcdet 2.60 bede! 2..39 cdelg cde!g 2.38 2,33 cdefgh 2.30 cdefgh 2,18 defghi delghij 2.10 2,09 detghijk 2.06 efghiik 2,00 Ighijkl 1.87 ghijkl 1.81 ghijklm ghijklm 1.79 1.73 ghiJklm 1.71 ghijklm 1.63 hijklmn ijklmn 1.54 jklmnop 1.45 klmnop 1.38 Imnop 1.29 mnp 1.16 np 0.99 0.83 p

Oton
2,38 hijklm 2.74 e!ghi]kl cdelgh 3.23 etghijkl 2.75 4.13ab elghi] 2.93 3.09 ede!ghi edefgh 3.15 p 0.85 413ab ghijklm 2.54 Ighijkl 2.67 3.35 bodelg 3.83 abed ghijklm 2.55 1.90 Imn 3.51 abcde! 3.90 abc 3.21 cdelgh 2.26 ljklmn 3.92 abc defghi] 3.05 0.97 p jklmn 2.21 ghijklm 2,59 2.04 klmn 3.58 abcde ghijklm 2.59 4.25a elghijk 2.98 np 1.57 1.81 mn rnuttlple

Liloan 4.24 abcdetg cdetg 339 4,00 abcdelg 4,26 abedel 4,97 ab elg 3.02 4,18 abedefg 4,19 abcdefg cdelg 3.46 3.28 delg 4,08 abcdefg 3.97 abcdelg 4.75 abc 4.69 abed 4.06 abcdelg 3.74 bedelg 5.24 a 3.99 abcdelg 4.43 abede Ig 2.82 4.12 abedefs 3.47 cdetg 4,53abcd Ig 286 4.41 abede 3.87 abede!g 3.88 abedefg 4.48 abcde 2.79 9 cdelg 3.35 2.93 Ig Ig 2.82 Ig 288

E
E

E E
VE E

E
M E VE

E E
E VE E

E
VE E

E
E

E
E E

E
E M

E
M VE E E VE M

°E = early. VE = very early. M '" medium. bSeparation

of means in a Column by Duncan's

range test at the 5% level.

IR 13149-19-1 produced more panicles in rainfed plots than in the irrigated plots. Panicle number was positively and significantly correlated with yield under both water regimes (Table ]4). A significant negative correlation between yield and plant height and between yield and the number of days to head was also observed in both water regimes. Guimba, Nueva Ecija. Most rice fields at Guimba are rainfed, The experimental site was on high ground and the irrigated treatment was not flooded at all times because of pump failure. The irrigated field had dry periods in 28 September-5 October, and 15-27 October, but there was no visible sign of moisture stress among the entries because there were light rains at those periods. The highest yield was 5.6 tf ha from IR46; the lowest yield was 3.1 t/ha from Intan and IR3351-38-3-1. Figure 9 shows the weekly rainfall distribution, evaporation. depth of water table, and stress days at the rainfed Guimba site. There was a series of dry spells from 21 September to 23 October. The water

Table 14. Correlation coefficients of 3 plant characters with yield of 40 varieties at 2 water regimes at 2 sites. Philippines. 1980. Correlation Site, water regime JRRIIarm Rainfed Irrigated Guimba, Nueva Ecija -.55" -.42" .52" .25" -.39' -.50" -,66'· -,60" .50" .49" -.43*' -,23 Yield and plant ht coeftfcient Yield and no. of days to heading

Yield and panicle no.

Rainled Irrigated

table remained at the 35-50 ern depth. Light showers fell when the crop was 70-98 days old. Most entries showed visible symptoms of moisture stress. At maturity, IR30, IR34, IR36, IR5420-1-1-2, and Nam Sagui 19 lodged because the basal leaves and culms dried up. The yield of IR36, which recovered quickly after light showers, was not seriously reduced.

84

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Depth (

mm 1of sronding wn ter

Oepth of ViOle r fable ( em

3.1 tl ha at IRRI, Gapan, and Guirnba,

20

______ L
Ground surface

10

The correlation coefficient between yields of rainfed and of irrigated plots was highlysignificant. Panicle number was positively correlated with yield at the rainfed plot but no significant correlation was observed at the irrigated plot (Table 14). Shorter plant height and earlier heading were significantly correlated with higher yields.
ROOT STUDIES

~
30

40

Agronomy, Plant Breeding, and Plant Physiology Departments

Rainfall (mm) 100

9. Daily rainfall distribution, daily evaporation, water table depth, and stress days at the fanner'S rainfed-wetland field, Guirnba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, 1980wet season.

The highest yields obtained from the rainfed field was 3.9 tfha from BI141C-KN-43-1-8; the lowest was 0.9 tlha from BKN7130-l132-1. The check varieties BPI-76 (n.s.) and Intan yielded 2.4 and 1.4 tfha. Intan was severely affected by drought but recovered when the rains came during the last week of October. Its heading was uneven and maturity was delayed, however. Table 15 shows the grain yield and three agronomic traits of selected varieties and lines at the drought-prone site of Guimba, Among the better performers, IR46 gave a more stable yield across 3 sites, producing 3.8, 4.0, and

Inheritance of root characteristics in aeroponic culture (Plant Breeding and Agronomy). In past field experiments, the length, thickness, and number of roots were shown to be associated with drought resistance and recovery ability. In 1980a new aeroponies system was used to investigate the inheritance of different components of the root systems and their relationships with the aboveground shoots in a number of crosses involving talldryland and semidwarf-wetland varieties. Rice seedlings were symmetrically spaced on the lid of an aeroponics tank and the roots were suspended in the air. Water and nutrients were continuously supplied in a uniform mist inside the tank. Diallel analysis of an eight-parent set of crosses showed that the FI plants frequently excelled the deep-rooted dryland parents in maximum root length. Three dryland varieties had an excess of dominant alleles for deep roots, and one dryland and one semidwarf carried an excess of recessive alleles for long roots (Fig. 10).On the other hand, crosses involving the shallow-rooted variety IR20 showed the predominance of shallow roots controlled by an excess of dominant alleles present in IR20. Root thickness was measured at three positions on the thick roots, and the data from three sampling sites were generally positively correlated. Thickness of the root tips appeared to be the significant element in varietal differences. Again, many FI plants showed a predominance of roots that were thinner than those of the thin-rooted semidwarf parents. An excess of dominant alleles controlled thin roots ofIR20, IR841-67-1,and MGL-2. Only one African variety, OS4, contained dominant alleles for its thick root tips. In the two other

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

85

Table 15. Grain yield and otheragrQnomic traits of selected lines and check varieties drought·prone Guimba. Nueva Eeij8, Philippines. 1980 wet season." Variety IR36 IR46 or line Ra infed rice Plant ht (em) 84 92 100 94 94 92 88 103 102 92 107 116 126 were significantly different Panicles tno.) 14 14 10 14 12 11 13 12 13 12 11 8

under 2 water

regimes

(tainfed,

irrigeted)

at

Yieldb (t/ha) Days to heading 79 88 103 82 88 90 88 87 84 86 87 86 108 check)at Rainfed 3.02 3.09 2.83 3,13 3,15 3,09 3.34 3.95 3,16 3.02 3.02 2.44 1.44 the 5% level. ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns Irrigated 4,87 ns 5.62' 3.69 ns 4.66 ns 4.41 ns 4.18 ns 4.07 ns 4.14 ns 3.34< 3.72 ns 4.2B ns 3.97 3.08

IA48
IR52 IR9852·22·3 IRI3146·41-3 IRI3426-19-2 B 1141C-KN-43·1-8 KKN7409·SRN-245·2 SPR7421 ·3·1 ·2 KKN7205-39-3-SKN-l-1 BPI·76 (nonsensitive check) lntan (check) "Avof only. 2 replications.
b.

10
from BPI-76 (nonsensitive

=rneans

<From one observation

dryJand parents, Moroberekan and 20A, recessive alleles controlled thick root tips (Fig. 11). The semidwarfs generally have more roots than the dryland varieties. Most of the FI plants surpassed the semidwarfs in root number, indicating an overdominance of high root nuinber. High root number was controlled by dominant alleles in two parents: IR8 and the Indian dryland variety MGL2. Low root number may be due to recessive alleles in three dryland varieties and to dominan t alleles in one semidwarf, In terms of dry weight of roots, the FI plants
Wr

frequently surpassed the heavy-rooted parents. Among different parents, high root weight was controlled by recessive alleles in three parents (IR8, lR480-5-9-3, and MGL-2) and by dominant alleles in two African dryland varieties (Moroberekan and 20A). Among the FI populations, root length was positively correlated with plant height and root thickness. Root thickness was positively correlated with plant height, dry weight of the roots, and root-toshoot-weight ratio. Root number was positively correlated with tiller number, and the dry weight of

+ vr

Wr

+ Vr

2.0

(-,+)
1.5 1.0 0.5

MGL-2

(+,+)
(-,+)

2.0 20A®
r

~ 'z:
&:
1!

(+,+)
1.0 @ IR480-5-9-3

;0.9676

....

IR480 - 5-9-3

--~---r--~--+---~~---+---r--~---~
-2.0® -1.5 IR20 -10 -05 IR6® 05 10 1.5 2.0

Shallow IR641-67-1 ®

OelljJ

®
Thin

IR8 Thic.l< 1,0

®
0.5 1.5

Morooerekon

--~---r--~--+---~~---+--~--+---~
-2.0 - 1,5 -1.0 -0.5 2,0 IR84I-67-1-1-i IR2o.®

-OS
-1.0 -1.5 ® 20A ® Morotlerekon ®OS4

-0.5 -1.0.

OS4

(-,- ) -2.0

~
J:;

.3
(-,-)

(+,-)

MGl-2

-2.0

(+,-)

1.0. Standardized deviation graph between Yr (parental measurement) and Wr = Vr (order of d om ina nee) 0 r rna );im urn root length in an eight-parent diallel cross. IRRI, 1'i80.

II. Standardized deviation graph between Y, (parental measurement) and Wr + Vr (order of dominance) of root thickness (tip) in an eight-parent diallel cross. IRRJ, 1980.

86

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 19HO

roots and shoots. However, there was no correlation between root number and root length, root number and plant height, and root number and thickness. Herita bility estimates (in the narrow sense) were moderately high for root length (0.61) and for root-tip thickness (0.62) and moderately low for root number (0.44) and root weight (0.43). On the other hand, the estimates were high for plant height at 50 days after seeding (0.75), and moderately high for root-to-shoot-weight ratio (0.53) and tiller number (0.63). The distribution of F2 plants in three crosses indicated that the prospects for obtaining F2 plants with long and many roots (Fig. 12) are better than those for very thick roots (Fig. 13). These findings may partly explain the difficulty in recombining deep and thick roots with a moderate number of roots in semidwarf-dryland crosses when deep and thick roots were controlled by various combinations of dominant and recessive alleles in different parents. Association of traits appeared to be mostly in the undesired directions. Moreover, FI partial sterility, restricted F2 segregation, and aberrant recombination of other traits in such wide crosses was noted. Effecl of pH on root growth (Plant Physiology). Effect of pH on root growth of 5 varieties was studied in solution culture. Root elongation was extremely impaired at pH 3.0; no varietal difference was observed (Fig. 14). Within a pH range of from 3.5 to 6.0, root lengths were not much affected by pH. A slight reduction in root length at pH 6.0 was attributed to possible iron deficiency because chJorosis was observed in Jeaves. Comparison of three screening techniques for aluminum toxicity tolerance (Plant Physiology). Among available screening techniques for tolerance for aluminum toxicity - relative root length, root regrowth, and hematoxylin staining - relative root length technique was the simplest and most reliable. Seedlings were grown in culture solution with and without aluminum (30 ppm) for 2 weeks. Relative root length (ratio of root length at 0 ppm Al to that at 30 ppm AI) was taken as a measure of aluminum toxicity tolerance. Ratios were greater than 0.85 for tolerant varieties, less than 0.60 for susceptible varieties, and between 0.60 and 0.85 for intermediate varieties. When tolerant varieties are

Plants (00.)

60

FI

80

100

120

Rool IengIh (an)

11. Distribution and means of parents and F, and F~ plants by maximum root length classes in the cross of OS4 (P,) by IR8 (PI). Solid horizontal lines show the range of parents and F, plants about the means (dotted circles). lRRI. 1980.
Pkmls (no.) 70
r0o-

60 f-

50

.--

30

20 f-

10

~r.,
l...-

i-

P2
FI

.J..Pl

Fz ~

0.2&> 0.380 0.530 0.680

Q830

0.980

1.800 1.950 2.105

Root -lip Ihid<ness (mm)

13. Distribution and means of parents and F, and Fl plants by root-tip thickness classes in the cross of OS4 (P,) by IR8 (PI). Solid horizontal lines show the range of parents and F, pl.anlS about the means (dotted circles). IRRI, 1980.

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

87

Mo:<;mum rool length (em)

20

Table 16. Aluminum toxicity tolerance on rela.tiv8 root length.. [R RI, 1980. Varletles with given reaction Moool'ayo Tolerant Agulha Arnarelao Bengue Blco Branco Bluebonnet 50 Cateto Canto Dourado Colombia I CIZ011 CIZ01Z CI2013 Dowado Aguma E425 IAC-1 IAC·3 IAC-9 ICA·162 Iguape Catito Monolaya Ml·48 OS4 Intermediate

of 70 varieties based toxicity Susceptible Bomb ilia C4·63 Cera 4 Cka 4 IRS IRS IRZO IRZZ IRZ6 IRZ8 IR29 IR30 IR32 IR34 [R38 IR40 IR42 IR43 IR44 IR45 IR46 I'R.50

to aluminum

Ilkleoonnet 50 IRS lR24

I'ROO

:3

OS6

14. Effect of pH on root elongation

of 5 varieties grown in

.culture solution. lR RI, 1980.

Fronfic P.a tao Proc oce Tr as Meses

Ardito Batataes Bosque Sel 693 Canalro A£c. No, 3307 Canairo Ace. No_ 10753 Catibao Dourado Dalil'a Dawk Mali Huk 00 IRZ4 [R36 IR48 IR52 I'R 442.2,. 58 Khao Lo Mamoya Moroberekan Palawan Fe,rol'a Secane Starbonnet Succa 20A

to be screened, visual comparison of roots facilitates screening; measurement of root length is not necessary. The root regrowth technique required two measurements of root length and was tedious. The hematoxylin staining technique, used successfully in wheat, is simple and fast but when applied to rice it does not give a clear separation between tolerant and susceptible varieties. Examination of stained root segments under a microscope gave a much better separation but was time-consuming. Aluminum toxicity-tolerant and susceptible varieties (Plant Physiology). The tolerance of 70 varieties for aluminum toxicity was tested by the relative root length technique (Table 16). Most dryland varieties are tolerant of aluminum toxicity, and wetland varieties are susceptible. Thus, deep rooting habit and aluminum tolerance appear to be interrelated. Histochemical technique for diagnosis of aluminum toxicity (Plant Physiology). A typical and consistent symptom of aluminum toxicity in rice is impaired root growth indicated by shortened root axis, less branching, and brittle root material. Leaves do not normally show any specific symp-

toms. Impaired root growth, however, is not always caused by aluminum toxicity. Thus, some direct means by which aluminum toxicity can be diagnosed - soil pH, exchangeable aluminum, and percent aluminum saturation - are commonly used. Species and varietal differences in aluminum tolerance, however, make it difficult to identify aluminum toxicity for a particular soil based on soil analysis alone. Histochemical examination of the root tip region of the rice plant gave a clear indication of al uminum toxicity. A cross section of the near-tip region of a root was stained by hematoxylin and examined under a microscope. Blue stains in cortical cells indicated aluminum deposition. Aluminum deposition coincided with significant reductions in root growth by high levels of aluminum. The results indicate that histochemical examination of root cross sections can be used to diagnose aluminum toxicity in growing crops. Relation between soil analysis and plant tests for aluminum toxicity (Plant Physiology). Eight acid soils were collected from the Philippines, Thailand, and Brazil. Among them, three had high percentages of aluminum saturation. There was good agreement in aluminum saturation (%) between

88

IRR[ ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

Table 17. Relation Soil

between

soil analysis pH 5.0

end plent tasts·

for aluminum

loxicityof AI saturation (%) 4

.,ice-growing

soils.

I RRI.1980. HislOchemical lest

Exchangeable AI (meq/l 00 g soi'!) 1'.4 0.7

RoO! growth lest

Adtuyon. Philippines Banlug. Philippines Lulslana .. Philippines Malinao. Philippines Carnaca, 8razil Klang Luanq, Thailand Muang., Tha,iland O"gkarak. Thaila"d

4.7
45 3.5 4.4 4.7

0.4
7.7

3
64 81

6.0
0.7

+
+ +
lest t,he plus sign indicateshiqhlv

3
1 4,9 response to nemetoxvtin

+ + +
impai red rOOI

5..5
3.4

0.1
9.2

"The negative sign implies normal root growth and negative growth a nd pos ilive re spo nse 10 he mato xyl i n te st.

root growth tests in the glasshouse and the histochemical test using hematoxylin (Table 17). Luisiana soil of the Philippines is often suspected of being aluminum toxic but examination, indicated it is low in aluminum saturation (%), negative in root growth and histochemical tests, and not aluminum toxic. In Thailand, deepwater rice is sown and grown for about 2 months in dryiand soils. Acid sulfate soils are considered aluminum toxic under those conditions. A preliminary study indicated that only Ongkarak soil (pH 3.4) is aluminum toxic.
SOll-PLANT-WATER RELATIONSHIPS

Table 18. Drought tolerance ratings at vegetative stage. drought. recovery scores of promising G.EU elite linn selocwd ontrios. IRRlgreenhouse. 1980 dry season. Variety or line Drought IO.lerance ratingS 7

and and

Drought recovery rating" 1 1 1

Khao DaWk Mali Ket'ap. Cere PN 677-2

IR15318-2-2·2-2
IR8192· 31·2-1-2 Chungla 312 Hac

IR3839-1
IR4568·86·'·3-2 Nam Sagui Cauvery

+ 8inaslia n

5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7
5

IRl'4632·22· 3 IR9852-22-3 IR5929-12-3 IR8192-1'66-2-2-3

Leb Mue Nahng (torsra nt check) BScored with the 1976 Standard Evaluation

7
6

1 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 5
6 6

8
8

Agronomy Department
Drought tolerance under limited rooting depth. Testing for drought tolerance at shallow rooting depth and the ability to recover from drought stress was continued in the greenhouse. A total of 105 entries (GEU elite lines and selected entries from the previous season's test) were evaluate-d for drought tolerance at the vegetative stage. Three entries, including the indicator plant Leb Mue Nahng, were seeded into dry soil in steel drums with effective rooting depth of 45 cm. The soil in the drums was watered regularly until 30 days after seeding, then the soil was allowed to dry naturally. As soon as Leb Mue Nahng was apparently dead from moisture stress the entries were scored for drought tolerance, the soil was sampled for moisture content, and the plants were rewateredo Recovery ability was scored 3 weeks later. The average soil moisture contents for both seasons were 8.2 and 12.7% at 20- and 30~cm soil depths. Table 18 shows the entries that performed better than Leb Mue Nahng (the tolerant check) and their corresponding drought tolerance and

9
System for Rice.

recovery scores during the dry season screening. Among the entries tested in the wet season, IR 14753~120-3, IR 1354()..56-3~2~,and J R9729-67 ~3 I showed relatively high levels of drought tolerance and good recovery (Table 19). Two IR9209 lines also appeared promising ..IR9411~5-3~3,. IRI.3426~ 19~2,.and IR6023~IO-l~l, which were apparently dead, were able to recover; IAC5544 which had a better drought score of 7 performed almost as well when rewatered. Results indicate that the degree of drought recovery is independent of the ability to resist drought. Measurement of leaf water potentials of rice. Comparisons of rice leaf water potentials by isopiestic psychrometer, Merrill soil psychrometer (single junction, #75-1), dew-point method, and pressure chamber were made to identify the most reliable technique for future research. Pressure chamber measurements were highly correlated (r = 0.98**) with those of the isopiestic psychrometer, a method considered accurate for measuring tissue

GENEnC

EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

89

Table 19. Drought tolerance ratings al vegetative stage. and drought recovery scores of promising GEU elite lines and selected entries. IRRlgreenhouse, 1980 wei season. Variety or line Drought tolerance ratinga 7 7 7 6 6 6 7 6 Drought recovery ratinq" 3 4 4 5 5

IR14753·120·3 IR 13540·56·3·2 -1 1R97Z9·67-3 IR2909-262- 1-3-' IR 17494-32·1·1-3·2 IR5260-1 IR9209·181·3·5 IR19759.29-2·'-3 IR9764·45-2·2 IR 13429·299·2-'·3 IR9411-5·3-3 Cauvery IET1444 IR9852·22·3 IR13426·19·2 IAC5544 IR6023·10·1-1 Leb Mue Nahng (tolerant check)

5
6 6 6

8
8

9
6 7 8 9

7 7 7 7
7

7
9 9

7 8 8
9

bScored with the 1976 Standard Evaluation System for Rice.

water potentials (Fig. 15a)_Agreement between the Merrill psychrometer and the pressure chamber was poor with correlation coefficient r = 0.80"'*, the lowest among 4 comparisons (Fig. 15b). Pressure chamber values were less positive than dewLocI ........
·28 -24 -!20 _!bono),_'" -,S -'2 __ _"

point determinations at leaf water potentials>-8 bars and the opposite trend was true at potentials < -8 bars (Fig. 15c). Comparison of the Shardakov dye method and pressure chamber gave the best agreement with the second highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.94**) and the data falling on the I: 1 line (Fig. 15d)_ The sampling variance of the pressure chamber readings was the lowest (S2 = 0_12) and that of the Merrill psychrometer (S2 = 8.2) was the highest among the five methods used to measure leaf water potentials of fully turgid leaves (Table 20). The Merrill psychrometer gave the lowest mean (x -7.3) leaf water potential of fully hydrated leaves. It was concluded that the pressure chamber provides reliable estimates of leaf water potential of nee. Use of a line source sprinkler system to evaluate drought response of rices at various nitrogen fertility levels. Drought response of rice at various nitrogen fertility levels was studied with a line source sprinkler system. Treatments consisted of seven levels of wa ter application, four cultivars, and three nitrogen rates replicated four times. Each subplot (14 X 3 m) was subdivided into 7 consecutive indi-28 -<II

""r ..... _!bo<»,_do<o·...,,~

-20 -16 -12 -8

-4

fAI

fe) o

15. Campa rison of the different mel hods of measuri ng leaf water potential in rice. IRRI. 1980. 1·'820+0902.'"
'''0.'00°

o e

to 25)
o

1·F\j~--1
OT __ " ..

Y" "'1463- + O.S23X

,1087!1111t
(1'1"53)

I·F""'~_I
OT-..e:q;JQllldlCoIt

-<II ~_28

"-''''"·,-----------~-28
.28 t.ocf ....... _ -20 -20 .. U".. ),_,_ ·IS -12 -8 -4

~,·,~ lA<If..,.,. ....... !_I. __ ·,2 ·8 ·4

-28

"20

-20

·IS

(81

"

;'2_+<1=>,
,=000181
(0=56)

o 'iii

; .. ~107O+09IS-X ,10:94101 tn. 32l

T

90

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980

Tabla 20. Tobia of means .. $8mp1ing variances Is'). and co.lif,. cionlS of variations (eV) for different'leafwBter potential measurem&nts on fully hydrated leaves.8 IRRI. 1980. Method Merrill psychrometer
Pressure chamber

Toiol waler applied (mm)

900
0011.04 (before swilChinQ full irrilla!lon )

n 14 13 8 6 4

Mean lPars) -7.3 c -10 a -'2.8 ,b -3.5 b -3.6 b

$2

CV (%1

to

Snardakovmethod Wesco. psychrometer

Isopiestic psychrometer 8Separation 01 values lest at the 5% level,

8,20 c39.2 0.12 a 34.5 0,86 b 33.1 087 b 26.,5 0,58 b 21.4

in a column by Duncan's multiple range

vidual plots or positions of8 rows each (positions I, 2, . . . 7) where position I received the highest application rate and 7 the lowest. The center of each plot was I to 13 m from the line source sprinkler at 2-m increments starting from the nearest plot. IR20, IR36, IR52, and Kinandang Patong were hand-drilled in 2S-cm rows parallel to the sprinkler line at the ra te of 100 kg! ha, for I R20, and at a rate adjusted to give about equal seed numbers for the other cultivars. Nitrogen at 0, 60" and 120 kg! ha was basally applied at seeding together with 30 kg each of P2~ and K20/ha. Four sets of sprinklers spaced 12.2 m apart were used to establish the seedlings to day 34. Starting on day 40, irrigation was with a single sprinkler line (6.1 m between sprinklers) to give variable water supply across the plots. Water applied at each irrigation schedule was measured from several sets of catch cans installed at specific places in the field. Tensiorneters and neutron access tubes were also installed to monitor soil water changes at different soil depths. Leaf water potential by pressure chamber technique, visual scoring for degree of leaf rolling and drought tolerance, and measurements of other parameters were done at desired growth stages. Grain yield and dry matter production were sampled from the four middle rows of each plot, Test results. A linear decrease in water supply farther from the line (Fig. 16) permitted visual evaluation of some traits at a particular irrigation level. The amount ofwater applied to control plots (I m from the sprinkler line) was adequate (Fig. 17) and was necessary to minimize horizontal seepage except in case of too much rain. Inadequate water could have resulted in water stress in the control plots. Visual scores on the degree of leaf rolling and drought tolerance showed that water stress was

Oll1llnot (m 1from IJII'InI!ltr Ii 08 16. Total water applied (including rainfall) measured at different distances from a line source sprinkler'. IRRI. 1980 dry season,

Wotu,(mm)

120 __ ROlnMll

~31
0
21

17. Weekly rainfall, pan evaporation (upland farm). and maximum irrigation applied to control plots by a line source sprinkler. IRR1, 1980 dry season.

more evident in the three positions farthest from the sprinkler line. The effect of drought stress was least on Kinandang Patong and greatest on IR20 (Table 21). Increasing the nitrogen level from zero to 60 and 120 kg N/ha increased the degree of water stress especially in plots' farthest from the sprinkler line. Measurement of leaf water potential (LWP) on day 64 showed that the application of 120 kg N I ha

GENETIC

EVAUJATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

91

Table 21. Effect Nitrogen applied Ikglhal 0

of nitrogen

level and water

applied

on leaf .oWng and drought score" K,i,namlanQ Patong 1.0 1.0 1.3 2.3 1.0 1.0 1.8 2.3 1.0 1.0 1.8 2.8 1.5 Mean 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.1 1.0 1.0 2.3

toterance

scores.IRR', Drought

1980 dry season. score"

Mean 1,0 12 2,0 2,7 1.0 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.0 1.0 2.5 3.8 Kinandang Pa10ng 1.0 1.0 1,8 2.0 1.0 1,0 1.5 2,,0 1.0 ),0 1,8 2.3 1,5

Distance 1m) from the sprinkler line 1 5

Leaf rolling IR20 1'.0 1.0 1,5 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.8 1.0 1.0 2.5 4.5 1.9 IR36 1,0 10 1,3 2,5 1,0 10 2,0 3,3 1,0 1.0 2.3 3,8 1.8 5 =' tightly IR52 1.0 1.0 1.8 2.8 1.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.5 4.3 1.9 rolled,

tolerance

[R20 1.0

IR36 1,0 1,3 2,3 2,8 1.0 1,0 2.3 3.5 1.0 1.0

tA52 1.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.3 3.0 1.0 1.0 2.8 4.5 2.0

1.3
2,,0 3.0 1,0 1,3 2,3 3,8 1,0 1,0 28 4,8 2,,'

9
13 60 1 5

9
13 120 1

5 9
13 Mean

3.9

2..5
3.5 1.9 Evaluation

aSased on scale of 1-5: 1 '" no roiling.

bScored with the 1980 Standard

System for Rice

'Tllblo 22. Effect of nitrogen level end IJprinkl"lrline on leaf wllt,er potential.IRAt,

distance

from

the

1980 dry ,el'l$on.

line

Day. Ie heO!l~ 100

N itrog en a PI' I.i ed

IJo;g/ha)

Leaf water potenrial" (bars) at indicated dista nee from sprinkler 3m -13.7 -13.4 -13.8
II

7m a a -15.3 II -15.2 II -17.2 a

11m -19,0 -22.0 -23.1 b ab

o
60 120

"Av of 4 varieties. Separation of means ina column by Dunca n's multiple range lest at the 5% level. Table 23. leaf water potential of 4 varieties gell levels and lit a distance of1' m from IRR1, 1980 dry season. Variety tA20 IR36 IR52 Kinandang

at differellt "itrothe sprink.ler line.

Leaf wa te r pote n t ia I" Iba rs) 0 ~23.0 a -21.5 ab -17.0 ab -14.6 b 60kg N/h~ -30.3 a -21.6 b -194 b -16.9 b 120.kg Nlha -29.0 a -23,4ab -23.6 ab -16.3 b Disi(JlOO from sprinkler fine (m)

Patong

·$epar.a,t:ion of means by Duncan"s multiple level.

range test at the 5%

decreased LWP when. the distance from the sprinkler line was II m (Table 22), At all levels of N, Kinandang Patong significantly gave higher LWP than IR20 (Table 23), IR36, IR52, and Kinandang Patong were not significantly different although Kinandang Patong had the highest numerical value. There was a curvilinear increase in the number of days to heading and a linear decrease in plant height with increase in the distance from the sprinkler line (Fig, 18, 19). Total. dry matter production at harvest was also affected (Fig. 20). The effect on Kinandang Patong was less pronounced perhaps because water stress had little effect on that variety.

J 8. Effect of distance from the sprinkler line on day.s to heading of 4 varieties (mean of J nitrogen levels), IRRI, 1980 dry season.

The yield-water-fertilizer relationships of the four cultivars revealed different production surfaces (Fig. 21,22) ..The following equation provided a good fit in predicting the yield for various cornbinations of water and fertilizer applied: y= a
/\

+ b-N + b2W + b~/'If+

b«W2

+ b5NW

were grain yield (g(m2),N= nitrogen level (kg N I hal, and W = water applied (mm). The m ultiple correlation coefficients were highly significant for all cultivars tested. Predicted maximum yields of 562, 802, and 837

Y=

92

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT FOR 1980

-.--

IR&;:; '~Z301 + 2Ill N + 6.79 W-ODI99N2-0:004IWI? R'O.W"", "'21 mgo;p, -rr79-4.62N+5.56W-Qogl4~-.QOO35W2 /i"QW··," ,·21

+O.OOO46NW

+ O.OIOO4NW

;:;:2

:3

It

13

l c .~
C>

Distonce (m) from sprfl<ler line

I? Plan! height at harvest of 4 rice va rieties at different d islances from a line source sprinkler (mean of 3 nitrogen levels). IRRI. 1980 dry season.

DryrMtlerprodoction 1600

(g/m 2)

1R52 ;" 15G2!1-55.2x

r "-0'9'7"\n=7

.21. Response surfaces of IR29 and IR36 varieties at d ifferent water and nitrogen levels. I RRJ, 1980 dry season.

IR36 Y=12B2.2-41.6X r "-O.99"~,n"7

IR!S2: -.5<I8-402N+1.$ W-OOW",2. o.OOO3W2+0Ott9I_

R,;;:0.89·"tn;;;21
lGoaodonij

po

1'Il!oro;:;

e -16,·0.431/

+(I,n.w-00205~

-1lOOCI!I

w2 +0.00328_

11:0 .. 2.... , 0:0:21 9

_.-1R52 /i'-=089 ....

-~~'g1-.
600
II Distance (m) !fom !;prunl<ler1018

20. Total dry matter production at harvest of4 rice varieties at differem dista nces from a line source sprinkler (mean of 3 nitrogen levels). I R R I. 1980 dry season.

gj m2 were obtained with IR20, I R36, and IR52 at 120 kg Njha and with 850 mm water. Kinandang 2 Patong attained a maximum yield of 342 gj m at 60 kg N I ha with the same amount of water applied. However, with no N fertilizer application, Kinandang Patong gave the highest predicted yield of255 g/ m2 with 550 mm water; its yields at 0 kg N I ha were almost constant irrespective of water applied.

22. Response surfaces oflRS2 and Kinandang Patong varieties at different water and nitrogen levels, lRRl, 1980 dry season.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

AND UTIUZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

93

At a combination of 120 kg N / ha and 550 mm water, IR36 was superior to the other cultivars. The line source sprinkler system proved useful in assessing the effects of different moisture levels on rices with various plant types. Although main moisture effect could not be tested statistically because of systematic arrangement of water treatments, interactions between several varia bles could be evaluated. Line source sprinkler experiments at reproductive stage. Waterstress atflowering stage. The 1979 annual report indicated the great sensitivi ty of the flowering stage of rice to water stress. That report also gave an initial evaluation of the line source sprinkler (LSS) system as a drought-screening method. During the 1980 dry season the use of the LSS system at the flowering stage was investigated. The study was initiated with particular attention to quantifying the soil, plant, and atmospheric conditions during the stress period. The LSS was used to create a gradient of soil moisture just before flowering ..The maximum water application (near the Line)decreased progressively to a dry-farming condition (15 m from the line). Eight plot positions (8 = wettest near the sprinkler; and I = driest, far from the sprinklers) were sampled across the gradient. Irrigation was sufficient in the wetter positions (8 and 7), and they are omitted in the following section. The J 5-day cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) values of 14 cm at irrigation level 6 and 13 cm at level 5 resulted in similar yield of 5 t/ ha (Fig. 23). Those ET va lues were 20% and 15% more than pan evaporation, respectively. However, yield reductions of8 to 81%(levels 4 to I) were obtained when ETvalues were 6to 27% less than pan evaporation, respectively, indicating sensitivity of the flowering phase to water stress. Figure 24 shows that grain yield is linearly related to evapotranspiration, and spikelet sterility strongly influenced grain yield when optimum ET requirement was not met. Flowering and other growth processes are directly controlled by plant water status, which is a result of both atmospheric evaporative demand and soil water stress. The midday leaf water potential under 6 irrigation levels decreased from -9 to -25 bars on 22 April (Fig. 25), a trend similar to that of ET and grain yield in Figure 23. Due to higher irradiance and vapor pressure deficit on 22 April,

Applied wotE!f (em)

Pan E= 11.6cm Roinfull =0

E lKIpot rClrllipirollon (em)

8
4

Groin yield (t/ho) 9 6

3

5
Irrioa~on level

23. Evapotranspiration (applied water plus depletion assuming negligible drainage and upward now) and grain yield of IR36 under six irrigation levels. Pan E refers 10 total evaporation during the treatment period 8-23 April. IR RI. 1980dry season.

leaf water potentials for levels 6 and 5 were slightly more negative than those of 9 April. However, for levels 4 to I increased differences in leaf water potential between the two dates is an indication of the intensity of water stress due to reduced capacity to rehydrate during the dark period when evaporative demand was low. Root length density of IR36 decreased ex ponentially with depth (Fig. 26). Of the total root length density in the 75-cm soil profile, 70 to 80% was found in the upper 30-em soil layer. Available soil water in the 90~m profile is the water potential in the profile plus water applied. For levels 4 to I, it is worth noting that 60 to 70% of the total water extraction occurred in the upper 30-cm soil layer. Evidently, as the surface layers dried, additional water uptake in the subsoil depended on the portion of the root system in that layer. As illustrated in level I (Fig. 27), depth and density could playa major role in further uptake that could reduce stress at a very sensitive growth stage. Further increase in root length density occurred between flowering and crop maturity. The increase in root density was greater in levels 3 to I where the plants experienced a relatively higher degree of stress. Since stress-induced sterility reduced the productivity of the spikelets, assimilates could have been rechanneled for further root growth. For levels 6

94

IRRI ANNUAL

REPORT

FOR 1980

Groin yield (t/ho)

•
J 3
2

and 5, the green leaf area index dropped from 5 to 3 because of senescence; the reduction from 5 to 1.2 (Fig. 28) was due to the confounding effect of water stress. The drop in green leaf area index paralleled the decline in leaf water potential in Figure 25.

Effec: oj water stress on panicle emergence. y=

-5,67 0.37 + r = 0,e9~ n = 5 (excludinq level 6 )

•
I

0~--~8----~9----~~--~1I--~12~--='3--~~~~
Evapolranspiration Grain yield (t thO ) (em 1

; = -0,85+ om r = 0.99 ....

Filled spikel"'" (%)

24. Relationship between grain yield and evapotranspiration. and grain yield and sterility of IRJ6. IRRI, 1980.

Water stress of varying intensity was created across six plots usinga continuously variable water application method (line source sprinkler) at the heading and flowering stages of IR36 rice. The objective was to investigate the effect of water stress on panicle exsertion rate and final exsertion percentage of the panicles and the relation of those parameters to spikelet sterility and yield. Water stress reduced the rate of panicle exsertion; however, the reduction was not significant because the water stress experienced by the plants on 14 April or during the early flowering period was slight (-5 to -7 bars)(Fig. 29). Reduction of panicle growth was significant when moderate water stress (-7 to -12 bars) occurred at the maximum flowering period (17 Apr). Figure 29 shows that the effect of water stress on panicle exsertion rate was influenced by the growth stage of the plants. Late panicles were observed to have lower growth rates even at stress levels of -5 to -7 bars. Panicle exsertion was also inhibited, bu t not significantly, at late flowering stage (22 Apr). The rate of panicle exsertion affected the degree of final exsertion, which, in tum, contributed to spikelet sterility. Panicles with extremely low exserTime (h)

1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 2000 0400 2000 0400 2000 0400 2000 0400 2000 0400 2000

-4

4
Irrlqotion level

25. Trends in diurnal leaf water potential oflR36 under the highest soil moisture content at level 6 to the lowest at level I. IRRI. 1980.

GENETIC

EVALUATION

A. D UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

95

4
Irrigation level

26. Volumetric moisture content and root length density of I R36 at various depths under 6 irrigation levels, IRRI,

1980.

tion rates were the least exserted at maturity (Fig. 30). This study has shown that one potential cause of spikelet sterility in rice is poor panicle exsertion. Water stress of varying intensity affected the sterility of rice by causing poor panicle exsertion. Poorly exserted panicles were associated with as high as
Root

Green leaf area index 6 8 Apr 4

21 Apr

1612

length density (cm/cm3) a 4

Crop water e.troction 01020

{mm}

3040

ReIoti\le reduCtion (%) 80

o~--~--~----~--~--~----~~
Ponicle dry wi __ ,

,
" Relative increase ("I,,) in 10101root lenoth density (0 -75 CIT! depth)

, "

Leaf dry wt

o~--~~~~--~--~--~----~~

60

27. Root length at harvest. cumulative water extraction beyond the range of available water in the upper 45 em soil. and extraction within the range of available water in the subsoil. IRRI. 1980.

23. Green leaf area index, percentage of red uction in plant pans, and percen ta ge of increa se in root length de nsi t y un d er 6 irrigation levels for lR36. JRRJ. 1980.

4
Irrigofi 01\ level

96

IRRI AN

UAL REPORT

FOR 1980

Panicle exserlion rote (mm /doy)

60

Spikelet sterility

(%)

40 14 Apr
}=81.98-1.0IX 0.94"''' o

.»,

oL_----~----~~----~----~ o -5 -10 -15

Plont wote, potential (bars)

-20

1900
~ leol,4-h inlen,ol

5 Flnol e)(Sl!rticn (%1

75

85

29. The effect of water stress on panicle exsertion rate in IR36. IRRI, [980 dry season.
Fincl e.serlicn (%) 85

31. Percentage of spikelet sterility attributed exsertion in IR36. IRRI, 1980 dry season.

to poor panicle

20%,30%, and 60% sterility when stress occurred at early, maximum, and late flowering stages (Fig. 31).

Effect of water stress on nitrogen uptake and

yield. A field trial similar to that reported in the 1979 annual report estimated the nitrogen uptake and yield of rice in simulated rainfed wetlands. Fertilizer rates (0, 45, 90,. and 1.35kg N I ha) as in 1979 were applied, but water-deficit (stress days) treatments were reduced by 5 days in each water regime (scbeduled at 0, 10, 20, and 40 stress days) because of rains in March 1980. Data points were therefore fitted into a regression to estimate the effects on yield and nitrogen uptake based on 0, 5, 15, and 35 actual stress days. As in the previous experiment at Santa Rosa Laguna, seepage from flooded treatments to stress plots were minimized by plastic sheets buried 40 cm deep. Regression analysis on nitrogen uptake and yield is shown in Figure 32. In general, the yield

•
~14

___

17Ap-;

Apr:f~3255 + 0.84 X r"= 0.93* 0.77 Y ~ 36.08 +* X r"=0.71*

~22Apr:;~45.79

r"~0.26"

+ 1.16X
60

30. The relationship between exsertion rate and degree of final exsertion of the panicle in IR36. I R R I. [980 dry season.

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEU) PROGRAM

97

GfOjn yield (11110)

6~~--------------------------~---'
•
o
o o

;0 L55 + 004
r' 0.89"*
• $ankl

Rosa, Loguno (1979)

IL-

__ ~

•
20

I
~ __ ~

o IRRI form (1980)

~ __ ~~ __ ~ __ ~ 140

40 60 eo 100 Nitrogen uptaloe (kQ/htI) ot 60 OT

120

32. Grain yield as a function of nitrogen upta ke, DT = days after transpla nting. Philippines, 1980.

%~ 8IodI418 IFIRI. Y' 3759-0466"1 O.ol3x,Xe

.:',,:.:: Sonta RooI:

+06Q3Xr

The response of nitrogen uptake to the combined effects of water stress and applied nitrogen was linear. Nitrogen uptake was affected by increasing water stress, but a more severe result was observed at Santa Rosa. The magnitude of the stress at IRRl was very much less than that observed in Santa Rosa. The water table depth for the duration of stress treatments in both places is shown in Figure 34. In the IRRI wetland field, the water table depth and upward movement of water from it are within the root zone. Thus, even after the crop experienced 35 stress days, nitrogen uptake and yield were still relatively high. Multiple regression on the effect of stress days and applied nitrogen on yield is shown in Figure 35. Grain yield was affected by the number of stress days and applied nitrogen at both sites. But water table depth at a site can significantly influence the yield response to the combined effects of water stress and applied nitrogen.

He. 0,96"" (n.16)

Transpiration rate and nutrient uptake of rice.

A greenhouse experiment determined the effect of water stress on nutrient uptake of IR36. Pregerrninated seeds were sown in plastic containers (32 cm X 24 cm X 10 ern), Nitrogen [(NH4h(S04)], phosphorus (solophos), and potassium (muriate of potash) were added at a rate of 200:30:30/1-ha furrow slice. Twenty-eight days after seeding, aU containers were covered with polyethylene sheets. Water was withheld from the stress treatment, but the control treatment received water daily. Figure 36 illustrates transpiration rate and total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake during the 18-day treatment period. The transpiration

; = 42,226-0999l«t

0237 X2 He=0.73 .... (n= 16)

Day

O~--'_-'--.--''--.--~-.--.--r--~-'
33. Multiple Linear regression showing the combined effects of stress days and applied nitrogen on nitrogen uptake of rice. DT = days after transplanting. Philippines. 1980.
20

13

17

21

2,5

29

53

57

41

was higher at IRRI (1980) than at the Santa Rosa site (1979). For both sites, however, use of data points in the regression showed that yield was greatly influenced by the nitrogen uptake of rice. Figure 33 shows the multiple linear regression on nitrogen uptake as a function of water stress and nitrogen applied in the two sites and years.

Sonl<> Rooo, Loguna

34. Water ta ble depth throughout pine sites, 1980.

the stress period at 2 Philip-

98

IRRI AN. UAL REPORT FOR 1980

~'~:' So nta Roso, ;, 2.4760-O{l27G.1;+QQ227 ';' x2•' o.OOIl7~X2+0.oo00lfUfX2 R2=O.94"~(n=16) IRRI.

y=

3.49-o.026I~+Q0t406X2 ",2=093'" (noI6)

the stress period, uptake of the nutrients was only about 60 to 70% of that by the control plants . As the soi Idries, nutrient availa bility diminishes. Transpiration and nutrient availability are factors that could affect nutrient uptake at low soil moisture content and, consequently, the response to drought.
IRRI-lNDIA TRIAL COLLABORATIVE OBSERVATIONAL

Plant Breeding and Agronomy

Departments

35. Multiple regression showing the combined effects of stress days and applied nitrogen on grain yield at 2 Philippine sites, 1980,

rate of water-stressed plants was significantly lower (by as much as 60%) than that of the control plants on the 11th day. The stressed plants accumulated nitrogen, phosphorus" and potassium more slowly than the well-watered plants. Toward the end of
35 Tronspirolion 'role (Q/dm2 per dey)

A collaborative drought resistance observational trial with India was planted during the 1980 wet season. Twenty-two entries were grown in a soil of low fertility and good drainage at IRRI. Table 24 shows the yield and agronomic traits of the 22 entries. Correlation coefficients showed a positive significant correlation (r = 0.48) between plant height and yield, although the value was rather low. Panicle number was not significantly correlated with yield (r -0.33 ns). The highest yielders did not necessarily have the highest panicle number per unit area. A significant negative correlation between number of days to full head and yield (r = -0.52) and between percentage of spikelet sterility and yield (r

Total nilrogenupro.ke (q/piGnl)

0.6
0,5

30
25 20

0.4

Toiol phosphorus uploke l""l/plonl)

Tol<ll polcssium uplcke (g/planf)

2.6 2.2 1.8

II

13

19

36. Transpiration rate and total nitrogen, phosphorus, the I8-day stress pe ri od. J R RI, 1980 d ry season.

and potassium uptake of IR36 rice during

GENETIC EVALUATION

AND UTILIZATION

(GEll) PROGRAM

99