Introduction

Hospital Acquired InIection (HAI) is a major health problem today. It has received
the attention oI the Government oI India and thus the Rao committee, (1968) and
the Sharad Kumar Committees in (1976) were set up to investigate the problem oI
hospital inIections in depth. Although it is diIIicult to assess the exact incidence oI
hospital acquired inIections in our hospitals, ample evidence exists to indicate the
magnitude oI HAI and related problems. Most oIten it is observed that the patient
comes to the hospital Ior treatment oI a particular ailment but has acquired
inIection prolonging his hospital stay sometimes leading to septicemia, multi
system organ Iailure and death. HAI not only prolongs the hospital stay oI patients
but also increases bed occupancy and thereIore puts extra burden on already
strained hospital resources.
However, HAI cannot be eradicated entirely because oI the Iact that whenever
more than one patient is taken care oI in one place, they are vulnerable to catch
inIections Irom each other. A well orgainsed inIection control programme can
prevent 25-50 oI HAI as stated by the "Hospital InIection Society oI India". The
literature also reveals that patients in high dependency areas such as intensive care
units (ICUs) are 5-10 times more likely to acquire HAI because oI their
compromised deIence mechanisms. HAI are not only the problem oI the patients
but also patient's Iamilies, hospital staII and the community. Thus hospital acquired
inIection control is oI prime importance in any hospital oIIering comprehensive
health care. Nurses being in direct contact with the patients round the clock and
perIorming various nursing procedures and assisting physicians and surgeons in
various procedures, play an important role in preventing and controlling HAI.
ThereIore, the need Ior a high degree oI awareness, knowledge and skill in nursing
practice is essential to prevent hospital acquired inIections. Hence, it was Ielt that
there is a need to assess the existing knowledge and practice oI nursing staII
towards inIection control measures at samariatan tertiary care teaching hospital)
with a view to identiIy the areas oI knowledge and practice deIicit and to
strengthen those areas by establishing appropriate measures. Hospital Associated
InIections (HAI) have been the bane oI hospitals since time immemorial. Despite
rapid advances in medical science in therapeutics, diagnostics and a better
understanding oI the disease process, the problem oI HAI persists throughout the
world. The incidence, type and magnitude oI HAI varies Irom hospital to hospital;
it is estimated to be around 10 oI hospital admissions. Given the prevailing
conditions in the hospitals in developing countries, this is likely to increase. Hence,
there is an urgent need to set up systematic control measures.












2. GENERAL PROFILE OF THE HOSPITAL
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Samaritan hospital Pazhanganad is the biggest unit oI action in the medical
Iield managed by the congregation oI the sisters oI the destitute. This hospital acts
as a nerve centre Ior all the socio medical activities oI the congregation and as a
reIerral center Ior the many small medical units located in the peripheral villages.
Samaritan hospital Pazhanganad is a 350 bedded multispecialty hospital
having all departments such as department oI cardiology, department oI general
medicine, department oI ophthalmology, department oI general surgery, etc. with a
medical staII oI around 40 physicians and 200 health care employees. Samaritan
hospital oIIers a wide range oI services unequalled by hospitals oI comparable size
in the region. Currently the hospital has 17 Iull Iledged medical and surgical
departments with 27 consultants and 12 resident medical oIIicers. As most oI the
doctors, nurses and technicians reside in the campus itselI their service is available
round the clock. More than 50 medically or technically qualiIied religious sisters
do voluntary services in the hospital.
The hospital runs clinics Ior the poor and the needy where medicines
and treatment are given Iree oI cost to all irrespective oI their religious convictions.
In additions teams oI doctors and nurses conduct medical and health camps and
immunization programs in the villages routinely. The school oI nursing visit homes
collects vital inIormation on the health status oI the villagers and educates them,
especially expectant mothers, on health, hygiene and child care.


.1.1 LOCATION
The hospital is located in village Kizhakambalam, 10 KM, Irom
Alwaye, on the Alwaye Thripunithura road and about 25 KM Irom Cochin.
Public transport Iacility to reach the hospital is available Irom Alwaye, Cochin,
perumbavoor and Thripunithura.
.1.2 HISTORY
Samaritan hospital was started back in 1962 as a small dispensary
handling minor medical needs oI the rural community in the nearby village. In
1969 the dispensary was upgraded to a 70 bedded hospital providing basic medical
services and the course oI the last 33 years it was developed into a 350 bedded
general hospital catering to the health needs oI the rural poor.

.1.4 FUTURE PLANS
The management is planning to build a new block consisting oI 12
Iloors, and also planning to widen the dialysis unit.

. VISION AND MISSION
O The mission oI the congregation is the care oI the destitute and the sick
irrespective oI their religious convictions.
O The sisters began their ministry by setting up homes Ior the destitute, the
aged and the sick.
O The congregation also operates homes Ior the dying and the terminally ill
and Ior the rehabilitation oI the mental and physically challenged.
.4 OB1ECTIVES OF SAMARITAN HOSPITAL.
1. To make quality health services available aIIordable and accessible to all,
especially in the underserved areas.
2. To promote health education, training and research.
3. To manage, maintain and develop Samaritan Hospital and any other hospital
or dispensary as a charitable organization and on a non-proIit basis in the true
spirit oI Christian services, ideals and principles.
4. To co-operate and collaborate with the government and other agencies to make
health care accessible to all.
5. To encourage multi dimensional programs on promotion oI health and
prevention oI diseases in communities.
.5 STRATEGIES
1. EIIective collaboration with the government, national, and international
agencies Ior accessing vaccines and medicines and Ior participation in the various
diseases control programs will be encouraged.
2. Patients and Iamilies will be counseled and enabled to comply with treatment
regimens and prevention methods to control the transmission oI diseases.
3. Patients with HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Leprosy and other debilitating diseases
will be admitted and treated in the health care institutions with provision Ior
treatment, including surgery.
4. The health care institutions will conduct awareness programs against smoking,
alcohol and drug abuse.
5. The institution will encourage their staII and students to have a multi
disciplinary approach to health care.

























CHAPTER-4
ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE








4.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Organization structure may be considered as the anatomy oI the
organization, which provides the Ioundation within which the organization
Iunctions. Organization structure is believed to aIIect the behavior oI its members.
As Hall (1977) noted, this belieI is based on a simple observation. Buildings have
halls, stairways, entries, exits, walls and rooIs. The speciIic structure oI a building
is a major determinant oI the activities oI people within it. similarly behavior in an
organization is inIluenced by the organizational structure, though not as apparent
as that oI building.
The inIluence is assumed to be pervasive. Organization as Hall noted has
2 basic Iunctions each oI which is likely to aIIect individual behavior or
organization perIormance. Structures are designed to minimize or at least regulate
the inIluence oI individuals.

4.2 LEVEL OF AUTHORITY
The top level management oI Samaritan Hospital includes the Governing
board, director, and Administrator. They are the major decision making bodies.
The middle level management includes principle oI school oI nursing, nursing
superintendent, principal oI school oI medical lab training, Public relation oIIicer,
ChieI Medical oIIicer, Accounts, department heads and Iinance oIIicer.
The lower level management includes ward in charge .






















CHAPTER-5
DEPARTMENTS








5.1 CLINICAL DEPARTMENT
Samaritan Hospital is a multispecialty having a lot oI departments such as;
5.1.1 GENERAL MEDICINE &OP:
This department was Iirst to be started when the hospital started Iunctioning
in 1969.The general medicine is the part oI the O.P. no emergency cases come on
their own. In the ground O.P services oI diagnostic or therapeutic nature are taken
care oI. The O.P is situated near to the Reception.
Facilities:
ICU with ventilator and monitoring Iacilities.
Lung Iunction analyzer
5.1.2 CARDIOLOGY:
Started in 1974, this is one oI the Iirst department oI cardiology in the state
oI Kerala. The unit serves as a reIerral centers Ior many peripheral hospital.
Facilities:
Computerized stress testing (TMT).
Echocardiography with color Ilow mapping.
Stress echocardiography.
24 hrs ambulatory ECG monitoring and analysis.
Temporary pacing.
Ventilator.
Pulse oximetry.
ull- Iledged unit with 12 bedded air conditioned intensive coronary care unit
(ICCU).
5.1. DEPARTMENT OF PEDIATRIC MEDICINE:
This department is recognized by UNICE as one oI the baby Iriendly
resource hospitals` in Kerala.
Facilities:
Multi parameter monitoring.
5.1.4 DEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
It is one oI the Iirst and busiest departments oI the hospital.
Facilities:
etal cardiac monitor
Ultra sound scanning.
5.1.5 DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SURGERY:
This department handles all types oI adult and pediatric surgical problems.
Facilities:
Upper GI endoscopy.
Laparoscopy.
Bronchoscope.

Cryosurgery.
5.1.6 DEPARTMENT OF ENT SURGERY:
This department undertakes all types oI ENT surgeries including video
monitored endoscopic sinus surgeries (ESS).
Facilities:
Impedance audiometric.
Operating microscope.
5.1.7 DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY:
Well equipped Ior treating cataract, glaucoma, squint, etc.
Facilities:
Computerized reIactometry.
A-scan
Operating microscope.

5.1.8 DEPARTMENT OF ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY:
This department handles all types oI muscular-skeletal injuries and poly
trauma cases. The unit also handles surgical procedures like joint replacement,
limb length correction and arthroscopic surgery.
Facilities:
C arm image intensiIier.
Diagnostic arthroscopy.
5.1.9 DEPARTMENT OF UROLOGY:
Procedures like TURP and surgical procedures Ior kidney tumors stones, etc.
are routinely undertaken.
Facilities:
Endoscope and Laparoscope.
Ultrasound lithotripsy.
5.1.10 DEPARTMENT OF NEPHROLOGY:
It consist modern Iacility Ior diagnosis and treatment oI kidney diseases.
acilities Ior renal biopsy, radiological and ultra son logical investigation exist.
Facilities
State oI the art dialysis machine.
Multi parameter monitoring.
5.1.11 DEPARTMENT OF NEUROPSYCHIATRY:
A wide spectrum oI psychiatric problems like psychoses, alcohol and drug
dependence, and childhood and adolescent psychological disorders are treated.
5.1.12 DEPARTMENT OF DERMATOLOGY:
It is another important department oI the hospital. This department
deals with skin and its diseases.

5.1.1 DEPARTMENT OF DENTISTRY:
This department is Iunctioning since 1969.
5.1.14 DEPARTMENT OF ANESTHESIOLOGY:
It handles over 2500 major surgeries every year.
Facilities:
Patient Monitoring equipment.
DeIibrillator.
Pulse oximeter.
Capnography
5.1.15 DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE (CASUALTY):
It is the Iirst place oI contact in emergency. It`s a 4 bedded casualty.
Emergency cases are Iirst entered into this department. The hospital has a 24 hours
trauma and accident care unit. They provide comprehensive emergency medical
services to patients with severe illness or suIIering Irom traumatic injuries. A
trauma center oIten requires complex multi disciplinary treatment including
surgery to give the victims the best possible chance Ior survival and recovery.
Trauma is a liIe threatening occurrence either accidental or intentional that causes
injuries. The cases in trauma are motor vehicle accidents, Ialls, assaults etc..
5.1.16 DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY:
It is one single department whose quality oI services is
paramount Ior the overall perIormance oI this hospital. It plays the Iollowing role.
O As a vital aid to diagnosis.
O Establishing the cause oI death through autopsy reports.
O Education, training and research activities.
O Validation oI diagnosis through tissue studies.
O Early detection and prevention oI diseases in asymptomatic cases.
5.1.17 PHYSIOTHERAPY
The physiotherapy oIten known as physical therapy provides
Treatment to improve large muscle mobility and to prevent or limit
permanent disability.
Treatments include exercise, massage, hydrotherapy, ultra sound,
electrical, stimulation, and heat application.
The department is concerned with identiIying maximizing prevention, treatment,
habilitation and rehabilitation. It encompasses physical/ emotional, psychological
and social well being.
5.2 SUPPORTIVE DEPARTMENTS
5.2.1 RADIOLOGY:
This department has the Iacilities like C.T scan, ultra sound scan, X-
ray, ECG, etc.
5.2.2 PHARMACY
It is common Ior outpatient and inpatient. All the medicines are
arranged in alphabetic order. IP and OP have separate pharmacy.
5.2. BLOOD BANK:
The unit provides 24 hrs service and having 3 bed capacities.
5.2.4 LABORATORY.
A laboratory or lab is a Iacility that provides controlled conditions in which
scientiIic research equipments and measurement may be perIormed. The lab is
divided into collecting and testing area. The machines used are sodium potassium
analyzer, semi auto analyzer, haemogram Ior platelets, WBC count taking. Elisa
reader, Ilame photometer, calorimeter, microscope, centriIuge, Hot air oven,
incubator, autoclave. In the collection lab, only extraction oI blood sputum or urine
and likewise takes place. They have a Iully automatic lab.
5.2.5 AMBULANCE & MORTUARY
There are 2 ambulances on the run and a mortuary that can accommodate 6 bodies
with Ireezers.
5.2.6 MEDICAL LIBRARY
It is a part oI health care services department.
5.2.7 I.C.U
An intensive care unit, intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit is a
specialized department used in many hospitals that provide intensives care
medicines. There are specialty intensive cares that take care oI special needs or
areas as dictated by the needs oI each hospital. Samaritan hospital has specialized
I.C.U, Neonatal I.C.U,
Cardiac I.C.U, Pediatric I.C.U, Medical Intensive Care Unit.
Common equipment in I.C.U includes mechanical ventilator to
assist breathing, cardiac monitors, dialysis equipment Ior renal problems,
equipments Ior constant monitoring oI bodily Iunctions Ieeding tubes, nasogastric
tubes, suction pumps, drains and catheters and wide array oI drugs to prevent
secondary inIections.
5. ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT:
The general administration is done by the administrator. Their
responsibilities are:
1. Ensures that physical Iacilities and equipment are adequately available and
Iunctioning properly to support good and speedy patient care.
2. Ensures proper up keep and conIidentiality oI medical records and patient
documentation.
3. Promotes positive image oI the hospital and develops good public relations
with the government, oIIicial agencies, vendors and public at large.
5..1 PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT:
The primary Iunction oI a public relation oIIicer is to act as an agent in
organization. The hospital has a public relations oIIicer who manages and
supervises the Iollowing public relations Iunctions oI the hospital:
Responsible to improve the internal and external public relations oI the
hospital.
To develop and maintain good relation with the government organization
departments, etc.
To look to the patients problems, complaints and suggest ways and means
to solve them.
To prepare press report.
5..2 ENQUIRY:
The enquiry is common Ior OP and IP there are 2 staII in enquiry. The
enquiry provides 24 hrs Iacilities. There is a new registration counter Ior
registering new cases and old registration Ior previously existing cases.
5.. BILLING SECTION:
Billing section is there Ior collecting cash. There is Iour staII in this
section. IP & OP have separate billing.

5..4 HOUSEKEEPING DEPARTMENT
Housekeeping services also called environmental services are oI
paramount importance in providing a saIe pleasant orderly and Iunctional
environment Ior both patients and hospital personnel`s.
It takes care oI cleaning, sterilizing and concerns itselI with changing linen,
handling waste and keeping premises clean.
5..5 CANTEEN
It provides quality Iood at a very subsidized rate and hygienic and
prevention oI Iood. There is about 8 staII in this department.
5..6 PURCHASE
The department has a purchase manager and an assistant purchase manager.
There are 2 purchases mainly general purchase & medical purchase (pharmacy).the
general purchase include all day to day items Irom toilet soaps to Iurniture`s.
whereas medical purchase includes drugs, medical equipments or laboratory
items. The goods are procured as needs arise. II the medical store Ior e.g..
Requires an item a local purchase order (LPO) is issued addressed to the purchase
manager. Nobody except the P.M is entitled to buy the items. The head oI each
department should sign and recommend the purchase aIter evaluating the needs.
The store`s manager should have the discretion to choose the best. II an order is
received he should probe into it and check iI the item exists, iI it does is there a
way to repair it instead oI buying new one. OIten medical equipments are sent to
the biomedical engineer instead oI buying a new one. In case oI medical purchases
medical representatives Irom various companies meet the doctors and present their
products. The doctor gives intent to the medical representatives who go to the
purchase manager. The purchase manager then checks the rates and negotiates or
turns down the oIIer iI they are procuring the product at a lower rate. He also
checks the credibility oI the company.






Review oI literature
Introduction
MEANING AND FUNCTIONS OF NURSING
Nurse means to Ioster or cherish (to nurse one`s meagre talents) ; to
treat or handle with adroit care ( to nurse one`s egg); to bring up, train or
nurture; to clasp or handle careIully or Iondly ( to nurse a memento`) to
preserve (to nurse a drink)- Random House Dictionary 1966. So the term
nurse suggests attendance and service. Its antonym is neglect. Accordingly, a
nurse is a person, a woman generally, who takes care oI the sick or inIirm; a
woman who has a general care oI the child or children; a woman employed to
suckle an inIant, or any Iostering agency or inIluence. Now, meaning oI nurse
is a person Iormally educated in the care oI the sick or inIirm, especially a
registered nurse.

'Nursing as an integral part oI the health care system, encompasses the
promotion oI health, prevention oI illness and care oI physically ill, mentally ill
and disabled people oI all ages, in all health care and other community settings.
Within this broad spectrum oI health care, the phenomenon oI particular
concern to nurses is individual, Iamily and group response to actual or potential
health problems. These human responses range broadly Irom health restring
reactions to an individual episode oI illness to the development oI policy in
promoting the long term health oI a population (DeIinition oI nursing, as
approved by CNR, 1987).

The unique Iunction oI nurses in caring Ior individuals, sick or well, is to assess
their responses to their health status and to assist them in perIormance oI those
activities contributing to health, recovery or to digniIied death, that they would
perIorm unaided iI they had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge and to
do this in such a way as to help them gain, Iull or partial independence as
rapidly as possible. Within the total health care environment, nurses share with
other health proIessionals those in other sectors oI public service, the Iunctions
oI planning, implementation and evaluation to ensure the adequacy oI the health
system Ior promoting health, preventing illness and caring Ior ill and disabled
people.

ProIessional Nursing is an art and science dominated by an ideal service in
which certain principles are applied in the skillIul care oI the such an
appropriate relationship with the physician and with others who have related
responsibilities. It is concerned equally with the prevention oI disease and the
conservation oI health. SkillIul care embraces the person body as a whole, his
mind and soul, his physical, mental and spiritual well being. Nursing
encompasses:
O Caring Ior sick and injured, bringing to bear the resources oI the patient,
his Iamily and environment and the services oI available co-operating
personnel to Iacilitate his recovery and rehabilitation in accordance to the
diagnosis made and treatment prescribed by a licensed physician.
O Helping an individual and his Iamily to take positive action in relieI oI
illness and improvement oI his individual, Iamily and community health
needs.
O Training students and auxiliary personnel to Iunction as the members oI
the team.
O Adapting nursing service to co-operate with responsible planning
authorities in emergencies due to disasters caused by disease and natural
causes or war.

O Evaluating and conducting research to continually improve methods
whereby nursing in particular and health medical care adequately met
society`s needs.
O Sharing with others in the dissemination oI general health inIormation to
individuals and community groups to Iurther the cultivation oI health.

2.2.1. FUNCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING

A Iunction is a nucleus oI activities responsibilities or duties so
homogenous in character as to Iall logically into a unit Ior purpose oI education.
ProIessional groups have distinctive Iunction to perIorm. It has not been easy
to identiIy Iunctions Ior the nursing proIession. According to Lensnik and
Anderson there are seven areas oI Iunction in proIessional nursing, based upon
legislative and judicial decisions. Six oI these are classiIied as independent
areas and one as a dependent area.


Independent functions are:
O The supervision oI a patient involving the whole management oI care,
requiring the application oI principle based upon the biological, the
physical and social sciences.
O The observations oI symptoms and reactions, including symptomatology oI
physical and mental conditions and needs, requiring evaluation or
application oI principles based upon biological, the physical and social
sciences.
O The accurate recording and reporting Iacts, including evaluation oI the
whole care oI the patient.
O The supervision oI others, except physicians, contributing to the care oI the
patient.
O The application and execution oI nursing procedures and techniques.
O The direction and education to secure physical and mental care.

Dependent function is:

O The application and execution oI legal orders oI physicians concerning
treatments and medications with an understanding oI cause and thereoI.
These are the main Iunctions oI the proIessional nursing.


2.2.2RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACTIVITIES OF NURSING
DEPARTMENT
The Iollowing statements relate to speciIic nursing responsibilities:
O Nursing assessment, including Risk Assessment and Mental state
examination.
O Communicates with the community team to obtain collateral history
O Gathers inIormation Irom relatives/carers who accompany the patient to
hospital.
O Maintenance oI a constant saIe environment Ior the client based on the
Risk Assessment.
O Complete a Missing persons report Iorm
O Orientate the client to the ward environment and daily routine.
O Collaborate with the client to complete an individual activity proIorma.
O acilitate the daily Therapeutic group programme.
O Ensure treatment and procedures are completed i.e., X-rays, bloods and
preparation Ior ECT.
O Ensure clients and their carers are provided with written statement oI their
'Rights and Responsibilities.
O Ensure that patients are aware oI, understands and is involved in their
treatment plan.
O Provide an explanation oI and ensure patients understanding or rights and
responsibilities.
O Ensure saIe storage oI the client`s valuables.
O Administer prescribed medication and PRN medication.
O Provide ongoing monitoring and reporting oI patient`s mental stage.
O Negotiate Individual daily counseling sessions with primary clients to
identiIy and problems solve various issues.
O Complete and distribute a Nursing discharge summary.
The Iollowing responsibilities relate to broader nursing practice
O Using the nursing process to deliver comprehensive care to patients/clients.
O SaIety oI patients / clients
O The quality oI patient care provided to own speciIic care load and/or
delivered by supervised staII.
O Providing direction and supervision to less experienced Registered Nurses,
Enrolled Nurses and students in the care oI their clients.
O Establishing and maintaining communication that Iacilitates nursing team
work and inter disciplinary collaboration.
O unctioning in accordance with common law, legislation and the
proIession`s code oI ethics.
O Participating in research and policy development within the practice
setting.
O Maintaining contemporary nursing knowledge.
O Delivering direct and comprehensive nursing care and individual care
management to the patients within the practice setting. Providing
education, counseling and group work services oriented towards the
promotion oI health status improvements oI patients within the practice
setting.
O Providing support, direction and education to newer or less experienced
staII and enrolled general nurses, students nurses and student enrolled
nurses.
O Participating in action research and policy development within the practice
setting.
O Nursing staII will assume the overall management oI a patient`s episode oI
care.
O During ward Rounds nursing staII will outline the relevant details and
history oI patient, Ior example name, age, home town, diagnosis and the
context oI current admission. Nursing staII will summarize the decisions
made in the Ward Round and will document the Nursing care plan as soon
as possible aIter the ward round.
Although the above statement covered most oI the responsibilities that nurses
will assume, it may not be an exhaustive list. ThereIore prudent judgment
should always be considered as to whether or not a particular task should
become the responsibility oI nursing especially iI the matter relates to client
saIety care or comIort.
Nursing service is an essential in total patient care as medical treatment. These
two departments must work hand in hand. Hence, arises the need Ior a nursing
superintendent who is not only responsible Ior nursing service but has an
important role to play in IulIilling the primary objectives oI the hospital which
are patient care, education, research and community health.

2.2. FUNCTIONS OF NURSING SUPERINTENDENT
O Plan Ior total patient care.
O Select department personnel and assign activities.
O ConIer with and plan programmes, with the assistance or ward sisters,
to Iacilitate implementation.
O Conduct various as required, to maintain good communication.
O Supervise organizational and clerical activities oI the nursing service
oIIice.
O Receive periodical reports Irom the nursing units and review them.
O Allocate personnel to various departments.
O Investigate complaints regarding nursing services.
O Keep records.
O Conduct general supervision.
O Maintain relationships with other departments.
O Plan rotational duties Ior the staII and supervise the same.
O Attend departmental, patient care committee meetings, and when
needed, doctors meeting.
O Be a member oI the management team, and budget committee; ward
administration team.
O Work closely with nursing education in co-ordinating in service
education.
O Participating in the Iormulation oI nursing service policies and
procedures and coordinating all activities related to nursing services.

2.2.4 STAFFING PATTERN FOR NURSING SERVICE
According to High Power Committee (1987) the staIIing pattern Ior
nursing service and education is Iixed as Iollows:

Nursing Superintendent: 1:200 Beds (with 200 beds)
Deputy Nursing Superintendent: 1:300 beds (whenever beds are over 200)
Assistant Nursing Superintendent: 1:150 Beds (Whenever beds are over 150)
(Total 7:1000 Beds)
Ward Supervisors 1:25 beds with 30 leave reserve.
StaII Nurse 1:3 beds or (1:9 Ior each shiIt) with 30 leave reserve
I.C.U. 1:1 bed (1:3 Ior each shiIt) with 30 oI leave reserve.

These are the pattern proposed by High Power Committee in 1987. But
Hospitals are not strictly practice these pattern because oI its own speciIic
reasons. So the works load in high to the nurses.










Methodology
Title
To study the knowledge and practice oI nursing staII regarding Hospital Acquired
InIection.
Objective
eneral objective
To study the knowledge and practice oI nursing staII regarding Hospital Acquired
InIection.
Specific objective
To assess the level oI knowledge nursing staII towards Hospital Acquired InIection
To assess the level oI practice oI nursing staII towards Hospital Acquired InIection
To assess the relationship between knowledge and practice
Theoretical Definitions
nowledge
Knowledge is some inIormation that is acquired or gained through learning,
experience

!ractice
Practice means contemplation oI rules and knowledge that lead to action

Aurse
By International Council oI Nurses (1965), 'The nurse is a person who has
completed a programme oI basic nursing education and qualiIied and authorized in
her country to supply the most responsible services oI nursing Ior the promotion oI
health, prevention oI illness and the care oI the sick
ospital Acquired Infection
Nosocomial inIection is that which develops in the patients aIter more than 48
hours oI hospitalization
Operational definitions
nowledge
Knowledge oI nursing staII in Samaritan hospital on inIection control measurs
Very high knowledge
A score between 1 to .8 is indicative oI having very high knowledge
High knowledge
A score between .8 to .6 is indicative oI having high knowledge
Average knowledge
A score between .6 to .4 is indicative oI having high knowledge
Low knowledge
A score between .4 to .2 is indicative oI having low knowledge
Very low knowledge
A score between .2 to 0 is indicative oI having very low knowledge
!ractice
Practice oI Hospital Acquired InIection by nurses in Samaritan hospital
Good practice
A score between 2 to 4 is indicative oI having good practice
Bad practice
A score between 0 to 2 is indicative oI having bad practice
Aurse
The nurse is a person who has completed a programme oI General nursing or
B.sc nursing and authorized by IMC\INC and is present in Samaritan hospital
Irom 1
st
july to 15
th
july 2011
ospital Acquired Infection
Measures to prevent inIection by nurses in Samaritan hospital
Research design
A descriptive study was conducted in Samaritan hospital Pazhanganad.
Subjects Ior study were registered staII nurses working in causality, Dialysis unit,
wards and Intensive Care Unit. Subjects were selected by StratiIied sampling
random sampling.
Universe
The universe oI the study is the nursing staII Irom the period oI 01
th
July to
15
th
july 2011 in Samaritan hospital Pazhanganad.
Sources of data
Primary source
The nursing staII Irom the period oI 1
st
July to 15
th
July in Samaritan
hospital Pazhanganad
Secondary source
Booklets, brochures, books and journals regarding inIection control
Hospital records
Tools of data collection
Structured Interview
Structured interview schedule is prepared to collect the data regarding the
knowledge and practice oI inIection control . The interview schedule contains 35
questions in three parts. Part one contains demographic Iactors. Part 2 contains
questions on knowledge about the inIection control and part 3 contains questions
on practice in inIection control.
Sample design
StratiIied random sampling
The sampling method is stratiIied random sampling. Total nursing staII oI
hospital will be stratiIied in to causality, medical, Dialysis unit, surgical wards and
Intensive Care Unit. Minimum 5 nurses Irom each strata.
Departments No of staffs Sample size
Wards 76 40
Physiotherapy 1 1
Causality 11 8
operation theater 10 6
Dialysis unit 5 5
10 60


Processing and analysis oI data
Coding
W The questions regarding gender and marital status had two options each and
are coded as A and B
W The questions regarding age and experience oI work have three options and
are coded as A, B, and C.
Classification
W In this study the questionnaire is divided in to three parts. irst part deals
with demographic Iactors and the second part includes questions are based
on the knowledge, and third part deals practice.

Tabulation
TABULATION
The Iollowing tables were developed by Iinding the simple averages:
The result will be tabulated as Iollows:
O Total average score
O Demographic Factors wise Average Score
Gender wise average score
Age wise average score
Experience wise average score
Education wise average score
Marital status wise averse score
O Comparative analysis between knowledge and practice level oI staII nurse
CALCULATION OF THE RESPONSES
Assessment oI knowledge:
S A score between 0 -.2 : very poor knowledge
S A score between .2-.4 : poor knowledge
S A score between.4-.6 :avg knowledge
S A score between ..6-.8 : good knowledge
S A score between ...8-1 : Very good knowledge
Assessment oI practice
A score between 0 to 2: bad practice
A score between 2 to 4: good practice
Analysis
Total average scores will be calculated by dividing total score with sample number
and again the answer divided by no. oI questions
Demographic Iactor wise average score will be attained by dividing the total score
oI respondents corresponding to each Iactor in a variable with no. oI respondents
oI that Iactor and no. oI questions
Correlation between knowledge and practice oI nursing staII towards inIection
control will also be computed. Here x knowledge, y practice.















ANALSIS AND IN1LkkL1A1ICNS CI 1nL SUkVL

41 IN1kCDUC1ICN
ln Lhls chapLer Lhe researcher analyzes Lhe daLa collecLed durlng Lhe level of quallLy
of work llfe survey conducLed among nurses aL Lakeshore PosplLal Lrnakulam AfLer
analysls Lhe lnLerpreLaLlons are also glven 1he masLer charL of whole analysls of
quallLy of work llfe survey ls also glven ln Appendlxlll for reference

42 NUkSING SLkVICL
1he nurslng servlce whlch normally consLlLuLes Lhe largesL slngle group of hosplLal
personnel and ls Lhe malnsLay of organlzaLlon ls responslble for provldlng
comprehenslve and conLlnulng nurslng care Lo all paLlenLs ln collaboraLlon wlLh
oLher healLh care personnel Cood nurslng care ls Lhe resulL of coordlnaLed
admlnlsLraLlve and cllnlcal plannlng 1o be effecLlve Lhe nurslng servlce should be
self governlng Lo Lhe exLenL LhaL lL exerclses responslblllLy for esLabllshlng and
malnLalnlng sLandards and for supervlslng Lhe work of professlonal and supporLlve
servlce personnel 1he deparLmenL ls also responslble for Leachlng programs as Lhe
hosplLal's repuLaLlon ls ofLen based on lLs nurslng care Peadlng Lhe deparLmenL ls
nurslng SuperlnLendenL

nurslng servlce ls Lhe servlce LhaL musL be malnLalned conLlnuously LhroughouL Lhe
24 hrs perlod 363 days ln a year 1he prlmary purpose of Lhe dlvlslon of nurslng
servlce ls Lo provlde efflclenL nurslng servlce as an lnLegral hosplLal resource for Lhe
achlevemenL of LoLal dellvery of Lhe healLh program offered by Lhe hosplLal ln
Lakeshore hosplLal Lhere ls hlghly skllled efflclenL and sLrong nurslng unlL394
nurses are Lhere ln Lhe hosplLal lncludlng observers Lralnees sLaff AnM AnM
Lralnees nurslng ald nurslng ald Lralnees and supervlsors
421 C8ILC1IVLS CI 1nL NUkSING SLkVICL
1he ob[ecLlves of nurslng servlce ls Lo ensure paLlenL safeLy and care by provldlng
sLandards for Lhe admlnlsLraLlon of medlcaLlon
Oulldlng aL Lhe lowesL posslble caplLal cosL
O9rovlslon of Lhe hlghesL quallLy paLlenL care
O9rovldlng Lhe mosL deslrable paLlenL comforL and envlronmenL
O1he mosL efflclenL operaLlon of Lhe unlL
O1he greaLesL degree of [ob saLlsfacLlon for nurslng and medlcal sLaff
OMeeLlng Lhe needs of vlslLors

422 IUNC1ICNS CI 1nL NUkSING SLkVICL
O 9rovlde paLlenL safeLy and care
O 1o asslsL Lhe lndlvldual paLlenL ln performance of Lhose acLlvlLles
conLrlbuLlng Lo hls/ her recovery
O 1o help and encourage Lhe paLlenL Lo carry ouL Lhe LherapeuLlc plan lnlLlaLed
by Lhe physlclan
O As a member of Lhe healLh Leam Lo asslsL oLher members of Lhe Leam Lo
plan and carry ouL Lhe LoLal program of care


423 NUkSING S1A1ICNS
1he pollcy of Lhls deparLmenL ls nurslng and helplng Lhe paLlenL of Lhe hosplLal Lo
recover from Lhelr dlseases and help Lhem conLlnue a healLhy llfe
IUNC1ICNS
nurses work ln Lhe LP8C hosplLal on Lhe basls of Lhree shlfLs So Lhose who have Lhe
mornlng shlfL Lake charge from Lhose of Lhe nlghL shlfL ln Lhe mornlng1hese nurses
Lhen go for rounds Lo meeL Lhe paLlenLs 1hey enqulre abouL Lhe paLlenLs' condlLlon
and complalnLs lf any AfLer provldlng Lhe paLlenLs Lhe medlclne Lhey have Lo Lake ln
Lhe mornlng nurses check wheLher any paLlenL ls prescrlbed for any parLlcular LesL
lf so Lhey Lake Lhem for Lhe LesL
nurses aLLend Lhe paLlenLs accordlng Lo Lhelr need Sponge baLh ls glven Lo bed
rldden paLlenLs lnsulln ls Laken for dlabeLlc paLlenLs wound dresslng wlLh Lhe
dresslng seLs recelved from CSSu accompanylng docLors durlng rounds eLcln each
floor Lhere are flxed number of nurses
4231 NUkSING S1A1ICNS IN LnkC
1oLal number of nurslng SLaLlon ln LP8C 26
ased on Lhe lCu's Lhe nurslng sLaLlons are as follows
O Surglcal lCufor afLer Lhe surgery
O lCCufor afLer Lhe cardlac surgery
O 1ransplanL lCufor afLer Lhe LransplanLaLlon surgery
O neuro lCu for afLer Lhe neuro surgery
O Medlcal lCu exLenslonal lCu
O CSl afLer Lhe cardlac Lhoraclc sugery
O nlCu for lnfanLs
O CPSu surgery hlgh dependenL unlL
O SLep down lCu
AparL from Lhese Lhere are 23 nurslng sLaLlons ln l9 deparLmenLs
4232 WAkD MANAGLMLN1
lor good ward managemenL Lhe nurse supervlsors undersLand Lhoroughly abouL Lhe
followlng facLors
O nowledge of ward
O LsLabllshmenL of rouLlnes
O rlenLaLlon of personnel
O MalnLanance of sulLable envlronmenL
O 8ecord keeplng reporLlng esLabllshmenL of good relaLlonshlp asslgnlng duLles
and responslblllLy Llme plannlng eLc

424 1kAINING kCGkAMMLS ICk NUkSLS IN LnkC
O rlenLaLlon 9rograms
O aslc Llfe SupporL 1ralnlng
O llre and SafeLy 1ralnlng
O lood 1ransmlsslon 1ralnlng
O lnfecLlon ConLrol 1ralnlng
O Advance Cardlac SupporL Mechanlsm
O LffecLlve CommunlcaLlon Skllls
O 1ralnlng concernlng Lhe maLLers llke emergency codes accredlLaLlon eLc
O Any oLher Lralnlng as lnsLrucLed by Lhe managemenL

44 MAN CWLk IN NUkSING SLkVICLS
1oLal Man 9ower ln nurslng ueparLmenL ls 394 (lncludlng sLaff Lralnees asslsLanLs
and supervlsors)
441 DLAk1MLN1AL nILkAkCn CI NUkSING SLkVICL

MLulCAL Su9L8ln1LnuLn1

nu8SlnC Su9L8ln1LnuLn1

nu8SlnC Su9L8vlS8S

PLAu nu8SL

SLnl8 nu8SL


nu8SlnC ASSlS1An1S

SL8vL8S

INTRODUCTION
In this chapter the researcher shall be analyzing the data that were collected
during the study regarding the study the knowledge and practice oI nursing staII
towards inIection control measures in Mar baselious hospital kothamangalam. The
collected data has analyse basis oI question wise,respondent wise and
demographic Iactor wise.The analysis data will be recorded given below.

QUESTION WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN KNOWLEDGE
TABLE:1 showlng quesLlon wlse average score

".
NO
Questions Total
score
No oI
Respon
dents
Averag
e
Remark
1 Hospital acquired inIections is
the result oI
17 50 .4 Poor
knowledge
2 What is the simplest and most
important practice a nurse can do
to reduce contamination and
spread oI inIection?

33 50 .7 Good
knowledge
3 What all are the body Iluids Ior
which universal precautions can
45 50 .9 Very good
knowledge
be applied?

4 What all are the methods by
which nosocomial inIections can
be prevented?


42 50 .8 Good
knowledge
5 Universal precautions were
initially developed speciIically to
prevent the transmission oI
what?


14.5 50 .3 Poor
knowledge
6 Whether the number oI people
occupied the room, the amount
oI activity and the rate oI air
exchange will inIluence the
number oI organism present in
the room?

47 50 .9 Very good
knowledge
7

What all are the roots by which
inIections can be transmitted?
43 50 .87 Very good
knowledge
8 What all are the high risk areas
oI the hospital?


32 50 .64 Good
knowledge
9 What all are the patient Iactors
inIluencing transmission oI
diseases?

27.5 50 .55 Avg.
knowledge
10 What immediate action should
be taken in case oI direct blood
contact with HIV patient?

31 50 .62 Good
knowledge
11 What all vaccines should be
taken Ior health workers?

41 50 .82 Very good
knowledge
12 AIter use oI gloves Ior a patient,
what is you do with them?

41.5 50 .83 Very good
knowledge
13 HAI is also known as


41 50 .82 Very good
knowledge
14 What is the Iactor which
enhances the trans-mission oI
micro- organisms?
43 50 .86 Very good
knowledge
15 What is the Iactor which
enhances the trans-mission oI
micro- organisms?

15 50 .3 Poor
knowledge
16 What is the a method Ior
sterilization
25 50 .5 Avg.
knowledge

17 When is alcohol an eIIective
disinIectant?

34 50 .7 Good
knowledge
18 Say any oI the most common
Iorms oI HAI

33.5 50 .7 Good
knowledge
19 What all Colour coding methods
are there in hospital waste
storage?
45 50 .9 Very good
knowledge
20 Do you think isolation is
important in inIection control?

45 50 .9 Very good
knowledge

Above table shows that the question wise average score , 9
questions have very good knowledge in nursing staII towards inIection control
measures.6 questions have good knowledge in nursing staII towards inIection
control measures. 2 questions shows average knowledge in nursing towards
inIection control measures.3 questions have poor knowledge in nursing staII
towards inIection control measures.

RESPONDENT WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN KNOWLEDGE
TABLE:2 showlng respondenL wlse average score

Respondent No oI
questions
Total
score
Average Remark
R1 20 16.5 .8 Good
knowledge
R2 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R3 20 16 .8 Good
knowledge
R4 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R5 20 17 .85 Very good
knowledge
R6 20 15.5 .78 Good
knowledge
R7 20 13 .65 Good
knowledge
R8 20 14 .7 Good
knowledge
R9 20 16.5 .83 Very good
knowledge
R10 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R11 20 14.5 .73 Good
knowledge
R12 20 14 .7 Good
knowledge
R13 20 14.5 .73 Good
knowledge
R14 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R15 20 10 .5 Avg.
knowledge
R16 20 16.5 .83 Very good
knowledge
R17 20 14 .7 Good
knowledge
R18 20 13.5 .68 Good
knowledge
R19 20 11.5 .56 Avg.
knowledge
R20 20 16 .8 Good
knowledge
R21 20 15.5 .78 Good
knowledge
R22 20 13.5 .68 Good
knowledge
R23 20 9 .45 Avg.
knowledge
R24 20 12 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R25 20 13 .65 Good
knowledge
R26 20 13.5 .68 Good
knowledge
R27 20 14.5 .73 Good
knowledge
R28 20 16.5 .83 Very good
knowledge
R29 20 15 .75 Good
knowledge
R30 20 11.5 .58 Avg.
knowledge
R31 20 15 .75 Good
knowledge
R32 20 16 .8 Good
knowledge
R33 20 13.5 .68 Good
knowledge
R34 20 13 .65 Good
knowledge
R35 20 16 .8 Good
knowledge
R36 20 15 .75 Good
knowledge
R37 20 13.5 .68 Good
knowledge
R38 20 11.5 .58 Avg.
knowledge
R39 20 10 .5 Avg.
knowledge
R40 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R41 20 13.5 .68 good
knowledge
R42 20 14 .7 good
knowledge
R43 20 15 .75 good
knowledge
R44 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R45 20 16.5 .83 Very good
knowledge
R46 20 17 .85 Very good
knowledge
R47 20 10 .5 Avg.
knowledge
R48 20 15 .75 good
knowledge
R49 20 12.5 .6 Avg.
knowledge
R50 20 13.5 .68 good
knowledge

Study shows that, 6 employees have very good knowledge in towards inIection
control measures.29 employee have good knowledge towards inIection control
measures. 15 employees shows average knowledge towards inIection control
measures.









DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
GENDER WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN KNOWLEDGE
TABLE: showlng gender wlse average score



Sl

actor
No oI
respon
No oI
question
Total
score
Average Remark
N
o
dent
1 Male 3 20 42.5

.7 good
knowledge
2 emale 47 20 654 .7 Good
knowledge

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
This table does not show too much diIIerence between male and Iemale
knowledge in towards inIection control measures.





MARITAL STATUS WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN KNOWLEDGE
TARBLE:4 showlng marlLal sLaLus wlse average score


Sl

actor
No oI
respon
No oI
question
Total
score
Average Remark
No dent
1 Married 20 20 287

.72 good
knowledge
2 Single 30 20 409.5 .7 good
knowledge

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
The above table shows that staII in there is no diIIerent between knowledge oI
married and unmarried nursing staII towards inIection control measures.
AGE WISE AVERAGE SCORE in KNOWLEDGE
TABLE:5 showlng age wlse average score

Sl
No

actor
No oI
respon
dent
No oI
question

Total
score
Average Remark
1 Grp;Less
than 25
28 20 391

.7 good
knowledge
2 Grp;25 to 35 17 20 238 .7 good
knowledge
3 Grp;above
35
5 20 67.5 .68 good
knowledge

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
rom the above table it`s clear that age diIIerence is not
inIluence the knowledge oI nursing staII towards inIection control measures .
EDUCATION WISE AVERAGE SCORE in KNOWLEDGE
TABLE:6 showlng educaLlon wlse average score

Sl
No

actor
No oI
respon
dent
No oI
question

Total
score
Average Remark
1 Grp; G N M 10 20 134

.67 good
knowledge
2 Grp; B .Sc 39 20 549 .70 good
knowledge
3 Grp; others 1 20 13.5 .68 good
knowledge


IN1LkkL1A1ICN
rom the above table employees whose educational qualiIication
diIIerence is not inIluence the knowledge oI nursing staII towards inIection
control measures .


QUESTIONS WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN PRACTICE
TABLE:7 showlng quesLlon wlse average score
".
NO

Questions
Total
score
No oI
Respon
dents

Average

Remark
1 Whether you are isolating the
patients on immuno
suppressive drugs to prevent
HAI?



154


50


3

Good
practice
2 Whether you are Iollowing
sterile technique Ior all the
process?

158 50 3.1 Good
practice
3 Whether universal precautions
are Iollowed to all the
patients?

112 50 2.3 Good
practice
4 Whether you are using soap
and water or any other
disinIects Ior hand washing
practice?

174 50 3.5 Good
practice
5 Whether you are using tissue
paper or any other materials
aIter hand washing?

131 50 2.6 Good
practice
6 The solution used in
humidiIiers is distilled water
not compulsory

92 50 1.8 Bad
practice
7
Where should disposable
needle be discarded?

95 50 1.9 Bad
practice
8 Is proper hand washing
practice be above the elbow?

168 50 3.4 Good
practice
9 Is it necessary to wear gloves
in gastric lavage procedure?

167 50 3.4 Good
practice
10 Should unused sterile articles
be re autoclaved

166 50 3.3 Good
practice
11 Why do nurses in kerala don`t
wear gloves Ior i/v injection?

42 50 .84 Bad
practice
12 In your unit, staII's Iinger
swabs Ior c/s are regularly
180 50 3.6 Good
practice
sent.

13 In your unit, staII's Iinger
swabs Ior c/s are regularly
sent.


138 50 2.8 Good
practice
14 Which oI the Iollowing has
the highest rate oI
transmission via saliva?


164 50 3.3 Good
practice
15 What immediate action should
be taken in case oI direct
blood contact with HIV
patient?

113 50 2.3 Good
practice
16 Whether you will Iollow the
color coding Ior disposing the
waste saIely in your
department?


191 50 3.8 Good
practice
17 Whether there is a clean
clinical environment is
maintained here?
162 50 3.2 Good
practice




IN1LkkL1A1ICN
Above table shows that the question wise average score , 3 questions have given
bad practice in nursing staII towards inIection control measures.17 questions
have good knowledge in nursing staII towards inIection control measures. 2
questions shows good practice in nursing towards inIection control measures.


18 Do you wear mask and cap
while doing procedures?

169 50 3.4 Good
practice
19 Whether you are Iollowing
any instruction manual Ior
inIection control?

170 50 3.4 Good
practice
20 Within what time the
biomedical waste are usually
taken away out oI the
department?

192 50 3.8 Good
practice
RESPONDENTS WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN PRACTICE
TABLE:8 showlng respondenLs wlse average score
Respondent No oI questions Total score Average Remark
R1 20 65 3.3 Good practice
R2 20 74 3.7 Good practice
R3 20 62 3.1 Good practice
R4 20 67 3.4 Good practice
R5 20 62 3.1 Good practice
R6 20 63 3.2 Good practice
R7 20 54 2.7 Good practice
R8 20 53 2.7 Good practice
R9 20 52 2.6 Good practice
R10 20 51 2.6 Good practice
R11 20 66 3.3 Good practice
R12 20 61 3.1 Good practice
R13 20 61 3.1 Good practice
R14 20 56 2.8 Good practice
R15 20 42 2.1 Good practice
R16 20 65 3.3 Good practice
R17 20 68 3.4 Good practice
R18 20 56 2.8 Good practice
R19 20 52 2.6 Good practice
R20 20 56 2.8 Good practice
R21 20 68 3.4 Good practice
R22 20 65 3.3 Good practice
R23 20 58 2.9 Good practice
R24 20 59 3 Good practice
R25 20 54 2.7 Good practice
R26 20 57 2.9 Good practice
R27 20 69 3.5 Good practice
R28 20 63 3.2 Good practice
R29 20 65 3.3 Good practice
R30 20 60 3 Good practice
R31 20 59 3 Good practice
R32 20 57 3.5 Good practice
R33 20 58 2.9 Good practice
R34 20 68 3.4 Good practice
R35 20 56 2.8 Good practice
R36 20 48 2.4 Good practice
R37 20 45 2.3 Good practice
R38 20 52 2.6 Good practice
R39 20 42 2.1 Good practice


IN1LkkL1A1ICN
Study shows that, all employees have good practice in towards inIection control
measures.
DEMOGRAPHIC WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN PRACTICE
TABLE:9 showlng gender wlse average score
R40 20 57 3.5 Good practice
R41 20 69 3.5 Good practice
R42 20 59 3 Good practice
R43 20 65 3.3 Good practice
R44 20 56 2.8 Good practice
R45 20 52 2.6 Good practice
R46 20 65 3.3 Good practice
R47 20 42 2.1 Good practice
R48 20 48 2.4 Good practice
R49 20 74 3.7 Good practice
R50 20 65 3.3 Good practice


Sl
No

Factor
No of
respon
dent
No of
question

Total
score

Average

Remark

1

Male

3

20

171

2.8
Good
practice

2

emale

47

20

2767

2.9
Good
practice

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
This table does not show too much diIIerence between male and Iemale
practice in towards inIection control measures.


MARITAL STATUS WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN PRACTICE
TABLE:10 showlng marlLal sLaLus wlse average score


Sl
No

Factor
No of
respon
dent
No of
question

Total
score

Average

Remark
1 Married 20 20 1188

3 Good
practice
2 Single 30 20 1750 2.9 Good
practice

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
The above table shows that staII in there is no diIIerent between knowledge oI
married and unmarried nursing staII towards inIection control measures.






AGE WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN PRACTICE
TABLE:11
showlng age wlse average score

Sl
No

Factor
No of
respon-
dent
No of
question

Total
score
Average Remark
1 Grp;Less than 25 28 20
1648
2.9 Good
practice
2 Grp;25 to 35 17 20 1001 2.9 Good
practice
3 Grp;above 35 5 20 289 2.9 Good
practice

IN1LkkL1A1ICN

rom the above table it`s clear that age diIIerence is not
inIluence the practice oI nursing staII towards inIection control measures .





EDUCATION WISE AVERAGE SCORE IN PRACTICE
TABLE:12 showlng educaLlon wlse average score

Sl
No

Factor
No of respon-
dent
No of
question
Total
score

Average

Remark
1 Grp; G N M 10 20 593

3 Good
practice
2 Grp; B .Sc 39 20 2331 3 Good
practice
3 Grp; others 1 20 13.5 2.3 Good
practice

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
rom the above table employees whose educational qualiIication diIIerence is
not inIluence the knowledge oI nursing staII towards inIection control measures .






CCkkLLA1ICN ANALSIS CI know|edge and pract|ce of nurs|ng staff towards
hosp|ta| acqu|red |nfect|ons
1able no13 showlng sample wlse average score knowledge and pracLlce of
nurslng sLaff Lowards hosplLal acqulred lnfecLlons
X Y
(knowledge) (Practice) X2 Y2 XY
.8 3.3 0.64 10.89 2.64
.6 3.7 0.36 13.69 2.22
.8 3.1 0.64 9.61 2.48
.6 3.4 0.36 11.56 2.04
.85 3.1 0.7225 9.61 2.635
.78 3.2 0.6084 10.24 2.496
.65 2.7 0.4225 7.29 1.755
.7 2.7 0.49 7.29 1.89
.83 2.6 0.6889 6.76 2.158
.6 2.6 0.36 6.76 1.56
.73 3.3 0.5329 10.89 2.409
.7 3.1 0.49 9.61 2.17
.73 3.1 0.5329 9.61 2.263
.6 2.8 0.36 7.84 1.68
.5 2.1 0.25 4.41 1.05
.83 3.3 0.6889 10.89 2.739
.7 3.4 0.49 11.56 2.38
.68 2.8 0.4624 7.84 1.904
.56 2.6 0.3136 6.76 1.456
.8 2.8 0.64 7.84 2.24
.78 3.4 0.6084 11.56 2.652
.68 3.3 0.4624 10.89 2.244
.45 2.9 0.2025 8.41 1.305
.6 3 0.36 9 1.8
.65 2.7 0.4225 7.29 1.755
.68 2.9 0.4624 8.41 1.972
.73 3.5 0.5329 12.25 2.555
.83 3.2 0.6889 10.24 2.656
.75 3.3 0.5625 10.89 2.475
.58 3 0.3364 9 1.74
.75 3 0.5625 9 2.25
.8 3.5 0.64 12.25 2.8
.68 2.9 0.4624 8.41 1.972
.65 3.4 0.4225 11.56 2.21
.8 2.8 0.64 7.84 2.24
.75 2.4 0.5625 5.76 1.8
.68 2.3 0.4624 5.29 1.564
.58 2.6 0.3364 6.76 1.508
.5 2.1 0.25 4.41 1.05
.6 3.5 0.36 12.25 2.1
.68 3.5 0.4624 12.25 2.38
.7 3 0.49 9 2.1
.75 3.3 0.5625 10.89 2.475
.6 2.8 0.36 7.84 1.68
.83 2.6 0.6889 6.76 2.158
.85 3.3 0.7225 10.89 2.805
.5 2.1 0.25 4.41 1.05
.75 2.4 0.5625 5.76 1.8
.6 3.7 0.36 13.69 2.22

.68

3.3 0.4624 10.89 2.244

_X 4.5


_Y 149.4

_X
2
24.118

_Y
2
454.8

_XY 10.725


Co efflclenL of correlaLlon J { {
J

{{

{{

Pere n30 (LoLal number of samples )
n 30 xy 103723 x 343 y 1494 x2 243118 y2 4348

Co efflclenL of correlaLlon 30 103723 (3431494 )
v 30 243118 (343)
2
v 304348 (1494)
2

5186.25 - 5154.
\1215.59 1190.2 \22740 22320.36

31.95
\25.39 \ 419.64




31.95
5.033 x 20.485


31.95
103.101


Co efflclenL of correlaLlon .3099

IN1LkkL1A1ICN
1he analysls shows knowledge and practice oI nursing staII regarding Hospital Acquired
InIection LhaL have moderaLe poslLlve corelaLlon Pence Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween
Lhem ls subsLanLlal