DRUGS AND MODE OF ACTIONS A) PANTOPRAZOLE Pantoprazole inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump function thereby reducing gastric acid

d secretion. It also has a role in the eradication of H. pylori. Absorption: Well absorbed; peak plasma concentrations: Approx 2-2.5 hr after oral dose. Oral bioavailability: Approx 77% with enteric-coated formulation (does not vary after single or multiple doses).

B) MESALAMINE Appears to be topical rather than systemic Mucosal production of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites, both through the cyclooxygenase pathways, i.e., prostanoids, and through the lipoxygenase pathways, i.e., leukotrienes (LTs) and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), is increased in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease Mesalamine diminishes inflammation by blocking cyclooxygenase and inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) production in the colon.

C) OCTREOTIDE Octreotide suppresses secretion of serotonin and the gastroenteropancreatic peptides including gastrin, motilin, and secretin. stimulates fluid and electrolyte absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and prolongs intestinal transit time Octreotide suppresses secretion of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I.

D) ETORICOXIB Etoricoxib selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase 2 E) ADEFOVIR Adefovir works by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that is crucial for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) to reproduce in the body.

F) METADOXINE Accelerates the transformation of alcohol into acetaldehyde and there on its urinary excretion. G) MEBEVERINE Belongs to a group of compounds called musculotropic antispasmodics. Compounds act directly on the gut muscles at the cellular level to relax them. Mebeverine is also an inhibitor of calcium-depot replenishment. Mebeverine has dual mode of action which normalizes the small bowel motility. H) PREGABALIN Essentially a neuralgesic. I) ZOLPIDEM Zolpidem binds with high affinity and acts as a full agonist at the 1containing GABAA receptor. Zolpidem has a preferential binding for the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the brain but a low affinity for the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor complex in the spine. J) METAXALONE Non sedative muscle relaxant. K) ENOXAPARIN Enoxaparin binds to and accelerates the activity of antithrombin III. activating antithrombin III, enoxaparin preferentially potentiates the inhibition of coagulation factors Xa and IIa. Factor Xa catalyzes the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, so enoxaparins inhibition of this process results in decreased thrombin and ultimately the prevention of fibrin clot formation L) PACLITAXEL Mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy. Used to treat patients with lung, ovarian, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and advanced forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. Paclitaxel is also used for the prevention of restenosis. M) DOCETAXEL Anti-mitotic chemotherapy medication. Used mainly for the treatment of breast, ovarian, prostate and non-small cell lung cancer.

N) FILGRASTIM Analog used to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of granulocytes. Used to treat neutropenia. O) OXALIPLATIN The cytotoxicity of platinum compounds is thought to result from inhibition of DNA synthesis in cancer cells. Colorectal cancer. P) GEMCITABINE Gemcitabine is used in various carcinomas: non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. Q) GEFTINIB Gefitinib is the first selective inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor's (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain. Advanced NSCLC.

R) IMATINIB Functions as a specific inhibitor of a number of tyrosine kinase enzymes. Imatinib is used in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).

S) CAPECITABINE It inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. Metastatic breast and colorectal cancers. T) ALPRAZOLAM Binds to the aminobutyric acid (GABA)-specific sites throughout the CNS, leading to an increase in the inhibitory effect of GABA on neuronal excitability. Increases neuronal permeability to chloride ions thus results in hyperpolarisation and stabilisation.

1) Atherosclerosis (also known as arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD) is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the accumulation of fatty materials such as cholesterol.

2) Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus; Greek: ) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel is injured, the body uses platelets and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss. Thrombus formation in an atheromatous vessel. 3) Pulmonary Embolism - The obstruction of the pulmonary artery or a branch of it leading to the lungs by a blood clot, usually from the leg, or foreign material causing sudden closure of the vessel.

4) Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) mainly affects the large veins in the lower leg and thigh. The clot can block blood flow and cause swelling and pain. When a clot breaks off and moves through the bloodstream, this is called an embolism. An embolism can get stuck in the brain, lungs, heart, or other area, leading to severe damage. 5) LMW heparins are effective and safe in the prevention of thromboembolic complications in gynecologic surgery 6) LMW heparins do not cross the placenta in any trimester. 7) There is no evidence of any mutagenic and teratogenic effect of these drugs. 8) The clinical experience, although limited, suggests their safety and effectiveness in thromboprophylaxis and treatment during pregnancy.