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Chapter Topics

Introduction to Management Science 8th Edition by Bernard W. Taylor III Chapter 2 Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution
Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution 1

Model Formulation A Maximization Model Example Graphical Solutions of Linear Programming Models A Minimization Model Example Irregular Types of Linear Programming Models Characteristics of Linear Programming Problems

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Linear Programming An Overview


Objectives of business firms frequently include maximizing profit or minimizing costs. Linear programming is an analysis technique in which linear algebraic relationships represent a firms decisions given a business objective and resource constraints. Steps in application: Identify problem as solvable by linear programming. Formulate a mathematical model of the unstructured problem. Solve the model.

Model Components and Formulation


Decision variables - mathematical symbols representing levels of activity of a firm. Objective function - a linear mathematical relationship describing an objective of the firm, in terms of decision variables, that is maximized or minimized Constraints - restrictions placed on the firm by the operating environment stated in linear relationships of the decision variables. Parameters - numerical coefficients and constants used in the objective function and constraint equations.

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Problem Definition A Maximization Model Example (1 of 2)


Product mix problem - Beaver Creek Pottery Company How many bowls and mugs should be produced to maximize profits given labor and materials constraints? Product resource requirements and unit profit:

Problem Definition A Maximization Model Example (2 of 3)


Resource Availability: Decision Variables: Objective Function: Resource Constraints: Non-Negativity Constraints:
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40 hrs of labor per day 120 lbs of clay x1 = number of bowls to produce per day x2 = number of mugs to produce per day Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 Where Z = profit per day 1x1 + 2x2 40 hours of labor 4x1 + 3x2 120 pounds of clay x1 0; x2 0

Product Bowl Mug

Resource Requirements Labor Clay Profit (hr/unit) (lb/unit) ($/unit) 1 2 4 3 40 50

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Problem Definition A Maximization Model Example (3 of 3)


Complete Linear Programming Model: Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Feasible Solutions
A feasible solution does not violate any of the constraints: Example x1 = 5 bowls x2 = 10 mugs Z = $40x1 + $50x2 = $700 Labor constraint check: 1(5) + 2(10) = 25 < 40 hours, within constraint Clay constraint check: 4(5) + 3(10) = 70 < 120 pounds, within constraint

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Infeasible Solutions
An infeasible solution violates at least one of the constraints: Example x1 = 10 bowls x2 = 20 mugs Z = $1400 Labor constraint check: 1(10) + 2(20) = 50 > 40 hours, violates constraint

Graphical Solution of Linear Programming Models Graphical solution is limited to linear programming models containing only two decision variables (can be used with three variables but only with great difficulty). Graphical methods provide visualization of how a solution for a linear programming problem is obtained.

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Coordinate Axes Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (1 of 12)

Labor Constraint Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (2 of 12)

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.1 Coordinates for Graphical Analysis

Figure 2.1 Graph of Labor Constraint

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Labor Constraint Area Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (3 of 12)

Clay Constraint Area Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (4 of 12)

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.3 Labor Constraint Area

Figure 2.4 Clay Constraint Area

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Both Constraints Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (5 of 12)

Feasible Solution Area Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (6 of 12)

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.5 Graph of Both Model Constraints

Figure 2.6 Feasible Solution Area

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Objective Solution = $800 Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (7 of 12)

Alternative Objective Function Solution Lines Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (8 of 12)

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.7 Objection Function Line for Z = $800

Figure 2.8 Alternative Objective Function Lines

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Optimal Solution Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (9 of 12)

Optimal Solution Coordinates Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (10 of 12)

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.9 Identification of Optimal Solution

Figure 2.10 Optimal Solution Coordinates

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Corner Point Solutions Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (11 of 12)

Optimal Solution for New Objective Function Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (12 of 12)

Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Maximize Z = $70x1 + $20x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.11 Solution at All Corner Points

Figure 2.12 Optimal Solution with Z = 70x1 + 20x2 21 Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution 22

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Slack Variables
Standard form requires that all constraints be in the form of equations. A slack variable is added to a constraint to convert it to an equation (=). A slack variable represents unused resources. A slack variable contributes nothing to the objective function value.

Linear Programming Model Standard Form


Max Z = 40x1 + 50x2 + s1 + s2 subject to:1x1 + 2x2 + s1 = 40 4x2 + 3x2 + s2 = 120 x1, x2, s1, s2 0 Where: x1 = number of bowls x2 = number of mugs s1, s2 are slack variables

Figure 2.13 Solution Points A, B, and C with Slack

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Problem Definition A Minimization Model Example (1 of 7)


Two brands of fertilizer available - Super-Gro, Crop-Quick. Field requires at least 16 pounds of nitrogen and 24 pounds of phosphate. Super-Gro costs $6 per bag, Crop-Quick $3 per bag. Problem: How much of each brand to purchase to minimize total cost of fertilizer given following data ?
Chemical Contribution Brand Super-gro Crop-quick Nitrogen (lb/bag) 2 4 Phosphate (lb/bag) 4 3
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Problem Definition A Minimization Model Example (2 of 7)


Decision Variables: x1 = bags of Super-Gro x2 = bags of Crop-Quick The Objective Function: Minimize Z = $6x1 + 3x2 Where: $6x1 = cost of bags of Super-Gro $3x2 = cost of bags of Crop-Quick Model Constraints: 2x1 + 4x2 16 lb (nitrogen constraint) 4x1 + 3x2 24 lb (phosphate constraint) x1, x2 0 (non-negativity constraint)

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Model Formulation and Constraint Graph A Minimization Model Example (3 of 7)

Feasible Solution Area A Minimization Model Example (4 of 7)

Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 16 4x2 + 3x2 24 x1, x2 0

Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 16 4x2 + 3x2 24 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.14 Graph of Both Model Constraints

Figure 2.15 Feasible Solution Area

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Optimal Solution Point A Minimization Model Example (5 of 7)

Surplus Variables A Minimization Model Example (6 of 7)


A surplus variable is subtracted from a constraint to convert it to an equation (=). A surplus variable represents an excess above a constraint requirement level. Surplus variables contribute nothing to the calculated value of the objective function. Subtracting slack variables in the farmer problem constraints: 2x1 + 4x2 - s1 = 16 (nitrogen) 4x1 + 3x2 - s2 = 24 (phosphate)

Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 16 4x2 + 3x2 24 x1, x2 0

Figure 2.16 Optimum Solution Point

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Graphical Solutions A Minimization Model Example (7 of 7)

Irregular Types of Linear Programming Problems


For some linear programming models, the general rules do not apply. Special types of problems include those with: Multiple optimal solutions Infeasible solutions Unbounded solutions

Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 + 0s1 + 0s2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 s1 = 16 4x2 + 3x2 s2 = 24 x1, x2, s1, s2 0

Figure 2.17 Graph of Fertilizer Example

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Multiple Optimal Solutions Beaver Creek Pottery Example


Objective function is parallel to a constraint line. Maximize Z=$40x1 + 30x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0 Where: x1 = number of bowls x2 = number of mugs
Figure 2.18 Example with Multiple Optimal Solutions

An Infeasible Problem

Every possible solution violates at least one constraint: Maximize Z = 5x1 + 3x2 subject to: 4x1 + 2x2 8 x1 4 x2 6 x1, x2 0
Figure 2.19 Graph of an Infeasible Problem

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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An Unbounded Problem

Characteristics of Linear Programming Problems


A linear programming problem requires a decision - a choice amongst alternative courses of action.

Value of objective function increases indefinitely: Maximize Z = 4x1 + 2x2 subject to: x1 4 x2 2 x1, x2 0

The decision is represented in the model by decision variables. The problem encompasses a goal, expressed as an objective function, that the decision maker wants to achieve. Constraints exist that limit the extent of achievement of the objective. The objective and constraints must be definable by linear mathematical functional relationships.

Figure 2.20 Graph of an Unbounded Problem

Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Properties of Linear Programming Models


Proportionality - The rate of change (slope) of the objective function and constraint equations is constant. Additivity - Terms in the objective function and constraint equations must be additive. Divisability -Decision variables can take on any fractional value and are therefore continuous as opposed to integer in nature. Certainty - Values of all the model parameters are assumed to be known with certainty (non-probabilistic).

Problem Statement Example Problem No. 1 (1 of 3)


Hot dog mixture in 1000-pound batches. Two ingredients, chicken ($3/lb) and beef ($5/lb). Recipe requirements: at least 500 pounds of chicken at least 200 pounds of beef Ratio of chicken to beef must be at least 2 to 1. Determine optimal mixture of ingredients that will minimize costs.

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Solution Example Problem No. 1 (2 of 3)


Step 1: Identify decision variables. x1 = lb of chicken x2 = lb of beef Step 2: Formulate the objective function. Minimize Z = $3x1 + $5x2 where Z = cost per 1,000-lb batch $3x1 = cost of chicken $5x2 = cost of beef
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Solution Example Problem No. 1 (3 of 3)


Step 3: Establish Model Constraints x1 + x2 = 1,000 lb x1 500 lb of chicken x2 200 lb of beef x1/x2 2/1 or x1 - 2x2 0 x1, x2 0 The Model: Minimize Z = $3x1 + 5x2 subject to: x1 + x2 = 1,000 lb x1 50 x2 200 x1 - 2x2 0 x1,x2 0
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Example Problem No. 2 (1 of 3)


Solve the following model graphically: Maximize Z = 4x1 + 5x2 subject to: x1 + 2x2 10 6x1 + 6x2 36 x1 4 x1, x2 0 Step 1: Plot the constraints as equations
Figure 2.21 Constraint Equations

Example Problem No. 2 (2 of 3)

Maximize Z = 4x1 + 5x2 subject to: x1 + 2x2 10 6x1 + 6x2 36 x1 4 x1, x2 0 Step 2: Determine the feasible solution space
Figure 2.22 Feasible Solution Space and Extreme Points

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Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution

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Example Problem No. 2 (3 of 3)

Maximize Z = 4x1 + 5x2 subject to: x1 + 2x2 10 6x1 + 6x2 36 x1 4 x1, x2 0 Step 3 and 4: Determine the solution points and optimal solution
Figure 2.22 Optimal Solution Point

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