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Introduction to Management Science 8th Edition by Bernard W. Taylor III Chapter 2 Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution
Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution 1
Model Formulation A Maximization Model Example Graphical Solutions of Linear Programming Models A Minimization Model Example Irregular Types of Linear Programming Models Characteristics of Linear Programming Problems
40 hrs of labor per day 120 lbs of clay x1 = number of bowls to produce per day x2 = number of mugs to produce per day Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 Where Z = profit per day 1x1 + 2x2 40 hours of labor 4x1 + 3x2 120 pounds of clay x1 0; x2 0
Feasible Solutions
A feasible solution does not violate any of the constraints: Example x1 = 5 bowls x2 = 10 mugs Z = $40x1 + $50x2 = $700 Labor constraint check: 1(5) + 2(10) = 25 < 40 hours, within constraint Clay constraint check: 4(5) + 3(10) = 70 < 120 pounds, within constraint
Infeasible Solutions
An infeasible solution violates at least one of the constraints: Example x1 = 10 bowls x2 = 20 mugs Z = $1400 Labor constraint check: 1(10) + 2(20) = 50 > 40 hours, violates constraint
Graphical Solution of Linear Programming Models Graphical solution is limited to linear programming models containing only two decision variables (can be used with three variables but only with great difficulty). Graphical methods provide visualization of how a solution for a linear programming problem is obtained.
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Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
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Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
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Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
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Alternative Objective Function Solution Lines Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (8 of 12)
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
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Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
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Optimal Solution for New Objective Function Graphical Solution of Maximization Model (12 of 12)
Maximize Z = $40x1 + $50x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Maximize Z = $70x1 + $20x2 subject to: 1x1 + 2x2 40 4x2 + 3x2 120 x1, x2 0
Figure 2.12 Optimal Solution with Z = 70x1 + 20x2 21 Chapter 2 - Linear Programming: Model Formulation and Graphical Solution 22
Slack Variables
Standard form requires that all constraints be in the form of equations. A slack variable is added to a constraint to convert it to an equation (=). A slack variable represents unused resources. A slack variable contributes nothing to the objective function value.
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Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 16 4x2 + 3x2 24 x1, x2 0
Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 16 4x2 + 3x2 24 x1, x2 0
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Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 16 4x2 + 3x2 24 x1, x2 0
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Minimize Z = $6x1 + $3x2 + 0s1 + 0s2 subject to: 2x1 + 4x2 s1 = 16 4x2 + 3x2 s2 = 24 x1, x2, s1, s2 0
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An Infeasible Problem
Every possible solution violates at least one constraint: Maximize Z = 5x1 + 3x2 subject to: 4x1 + 2x2 8 x1 4 x2 6 x1, x2 0
Figure 2.19 Graph of an Infeasible Problem
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An Unbounded Problem
Value of objective function increases indefinitely: Maximize Z = 4x1 + 2x2 subject to: x1 4 x2 2 x1, x2 0
The decision is represented in the model by decision variables. The problem encompasses a goal, expressed as an objective function, that the decision maker wants to achieve. Constraints exist that limit the extent of achievement of the objective. The objective and constraints must be definable by linear mathematical functional relationships.
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Maximize Z = 4x1 + 5x2 subject to: x1 + 2x2 10 6x1 + 6x2 36 x1 4 x1, x2 0 Step 2: Determine the feasible solution space
Figure 2.22 Feasible Solution Space and Extreme Points
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Maximize Z = 4x1 + 5x2 subject to: x1 + 2x2 10 6x1 + 6x2 36 x1 4 x1, x2 0 Step 3 and 4: Determine the solution points and optimal solution
Figure 2.22 Optimal Solution Point
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