QM Functions in Detail

Functions in Detail
mySAP Product Lifecycle Management

Quality Management
E-Quality . . .
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. . . a clever move
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Contents
mySAP Product Lifecycle Management

Quality Management
Introduction 0-1
Purpose 0-2
Key Expressions 0-3
Modern Quality Management: Internal and External Integration 1-1

Quality Management A Global Perspective 1-1
Internal Integration 1-2
External Integration: Quality Management and mySAP.com 1-3
Quality Management in the Product Life Cycle 2-1

The Planning Phase of the Product Life Cycle 2-2
Life-Cycle Data Management 2-2
Program and Project Management 2-3
Life-Cycle Collaboration 2-4
The Implementation Phase of the Product Life Cycle 2-5
Procurement 2-5
Production 2-9
Sales and Distribution 2-12
The Usage Phase of the Product Life Cycle 2-14
Service 2-14
Inventory Management 2-15
Inspection Planning: Putting Quality Strategies into Action 3-1

Integrated Inspection Planning 3-2
Task List Structure 3-2
Basic Data for Inspection Planning 3-4
Inspection Characteristic 3-4
Inspection Method 3-5
Catalog 3-5
Sampling Procedure and Sampling Scheme 3-5
Dynamic Modification Rule 3-6
Test Equipment 3-6
Work Center 3-6
Reference Operation Set 3-7
Planning Tools 3-7
Quality Inspections: Achieving Reliable Results 4-1
Inspection Lot Processing 4-2
Inspection Lot Creation 4-3
Inspection 4-4
Inspection Lot Completion 4-4
Inspection Results 4-5
Characteristic Results 4-6
Process-Optimized Results Recording 4-8
Results Recording on the Web 4-9
Mobile Results Recording 4-9
QM Link for External Inspections 4-10
Defect Data 4-10
Sample Management 4-11
Planned Physical Samples 4-12
Unplanned Physical Samples 4-12
Manual Inspection Lots for Physical Samples 4-13
Processing Physical Samples 4-13
Quality Certificates:
Guaranteed Reliability Printed or on the Internet 5-1
Certificate Processing in Sales & Distribution 5-1
Flexible Certificate Planning 5-2
Certificate Creation - Meeting Your Requirements 5-3
Certificate Processing at Goods Receipt 5-4
Collaborative Business:
Certificate Data for the Whole Company 5-5
Efficient Problem Management with Notifications 6-1

Improved Quality Through Targeted Problem Handling 6-1
Notifications in the SAP Environment 6-2
Optimized Processing Using Notifications 6-3
Using Quality Notifications 6-3
Notification Processing 6-4
Quality Notifications Made To Measure 6-5
Elements of the Quality Notification 6-5
Optimized Usage 6-6
Analysis of Items and Defects 6-7
Tasks 6-8
Support Functions 6-9
Communication 6-9
Storage and Documentation 6-10
Contents
Sustained Quality Control - Planning,

Evaluation, and Direct Intervention 7-1
Dynamic Modification of the Inspection Scope 7-2
On the Right Track with Statistical Process Control (SPC) 7-4
Vendor Evaluation 7-9
Evaluations: Keeping you Up-to-Date 7-10
Results History 7-10
SAP Business Information Warehouse 7-11
Quality Management Information System (QMIS) 7-12
Report Lists Using ABAP Query 7-13
QM-STI Interface for External Evaluations 7-13
Quality Costs 7-13
Appraisal Costs 7-14
Nonconformity Costs 7-14
On Target with Efficient Test Equipment Management 8-1

Calibration Inspections Using SAP 8-2
Master Data in a Calibration Inspection 8-3
Planning a Calibration Inspection 8-4
Calibration Inspection 8-5
Evaluations for Test Equipment 8-7
Results history 8-7
Trend analysis using run chart 8-8
Usage lists 8-8
Test equipment history 8-8
Introduction
Dear Reader,
Nowadays, an investment in business software is an investment in the future of
your company. You must ensure that all internal and external business processes
are well managed. At SAP we focus on the active participation of employees and
recognize that employees are the focal point of your business processes.
With mySAP Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and Quality Management

(QM), SAP AG has turned this vision into a reality. QM allows you to control
and maintain the quality of your products and assets throughout the entire life
cycle. It also helps you to react to unexpected events quickly and effectively.
If you are considering implementing SAP QM in your company, or have already

implemented QM and want information on current themes and new
developments, then this brochure contains all the information you need.
0-1
Introduction
Purpose
This brochure targets project planners, decision-makers, and people interested
in implementing QM. It explains how QM is integrated in mySAP.com - an
Internet-based business platform. It provides an insight into the current
functional scope of QM, including the new Internet scenarios. It also shows how
QM is integrated into Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and into the
business processes of the supply chain.
The first chapter explains the integrated QM application and its inclusion in
mySAP.com.
The second chapter describes the influence of Quality Management throughout

the product life cycle and across the supply chain.
Further chapters describe how standard quality management tasks are supported
by QM inspection planning (chapter 3), quality inspections (chapter 4), quality
certificates (chapter 5), the processing of unplanned events using notifications
(chapter 6), quality control and different evaluation methods (chapter 7), and
test equipment management (chapter 8).
For detailed information about Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and its
components, visit the PLM homepage in SAPNet: http://sapnet.sap.com/plm.
We hope this brochure fulfills your requirements.
0-2
Introduction
Key Expressions
mySAP.com
An Internet-based platform that can include all SAP products and those of other
manufacturers.
mySAP Workplace
A combination of functions tailored to the specific requirements of the

individual user and displayed in a browser
MiniApp
An application, information, or service that can be displayed in a web browser.

MiniApps provide employees with basic information and direct access to their
most frequently used functions.
Collaborative Business
Collaboration between companies using a regulated exchange of information

and data on the Internet.
Mobile Business
Business processes that involve an exchange of data between mySAP.com and

mobile devices.
0-3
Overview
Modern Quality Management:

Internal and External Integration
Quality Management A Global Perspective
PLM Quality Management recognizes the importance of e-Business and global
communication. Quality Management is no longer simply about integrating
internal business processes. The focus has shifted to the employees, their
dedication and skills, while efficient business relationships remain critical
factors for success. The fast, direct exchange of internal process information and
a worldwide information flow are the key to staying ahead of the competition.
The Quality Management solution provides the following advantages:

■ One QM system covers all your company processes
■ Employees play a central role, can access important information, and thereby
perform a wide variety of tasks quickly and efficiently
■ Direct communication and controlled data exchange with employees and
business partners is always possible
QM not only offers all the advantages of integrated software; as part of

mySAP.com, it also provides you with access to a global business environment.
Your company can use QM in the mySAP Workplace and intelligent solutions
for Collaborative Business and Mobile Business to exchange information with
external sources.
The openness of mySAP.com and the seamless integration of QM into a complete Global Base for Implementing Norms
business system support you in Total Quality Management, and satisfy the
criteria for ISO 9000 or Good Manufacturing Processes (GMP).
1-1
Overview
Internal Integration
In the integrated mySAP.com platform, quality management functions are
incorporated into other applications and systems, such as Materials
Management, Production, Sales & Distribution, and Controlling. You can
therefore access all important processes. The exchange of data with other
applications prevents information from being duplicated. For example, when a
goods receipt is posted, the system automatically starts a quality inspection and
transfers any available information relating to material, vendor, and lot size to
the inspection lot data record.
Quality Management is directly linked to various cross-application functions,

which help you to efficiently manage your business processes in Product
Lifecycle Management or Supply Chain Management and your standard QM
activities. Examples of these cross-application functions include:
■ SAP Business Workflow - a tool for targeted process control. Using the
SAP Business Workflow, you can establish a clearly defined information and
processing network to quickly and efficiently process inspection lots and
quality notifications.
■ SAP ArchiveLink a tool for storing documents. SAP ArchiveLink stores
documents that are linked to application functions in an optical archive.
(Such documents include quality records, certificates, customer complaints,
and other original internal or external documents.)
Fig. 1-1: Internal and External Integration of QM
1-2
Overview
External Integration: Quality Management and mySAP.com

With QM, you have a global quality management system that covers all aspects Personalized Cockpit:
of your company. You can use the mySAP Workplace as a cockpit for all your mySAP Workplace
business processes in QM. It is a portal that allows all employees to access
business processes on the Internet or Intranet at any time and from any location.
In addition to SAP R/3, you can integrate other independent SAP solutions in
the mySAP Workplace, such as the SAP Business Information Warehouse (SAP BW)
or SAP Knowledge Warehouse (SAP KW). You can also integrate non-SAP products.
As a result, you can adapt and enhance your working environment to suit your
own requirements.
Using clearly defined user roles, users of the mySAP Workplace can access their User Roles to Suit your Requirements
own work areas. The role describes a specific activity profile and groups together
the corresponding functions. Users can then target their involvement in business
processes. QM supplies the following roles for the various tasks in quality
management:
■ Quality Manager
■ Quality Planner
■ Inspection Planner
■ Quality Inspector
■ Notification Processor
■ Test Equipment Manager
The flexible mySAP Workplace allows you to adapt the roles to suit your
individual needs.
With the mySAP Workplace, role users always have immediate access to current Immediate Access to Information
information: MiniApps supply you with the key figures relevant for the role,
which are easy to work with and interpret.
1-3
Overview
Fig. 1-2: Quality Manual - Integrated in the Work Center
Quality Manual in the If you decide to use the SAP Knowledge Warehouse as a solution for your
mySAP Workplace company-specific Quality Manual, the role user can access the most up-to-date
version of the manual using the mySAP Workplace. This means that you can
immediately access the procedures and work instructions that are relevant for
your business processes.
Collaborative Business The QM Internet scenarios have opened up a new range of possibilities in Quality
Management. You can record results directly on the Web during a source
inspection at the vendors and vendors can supply a quality certificate on the
Internet for supplied goods or electronically transfer certificate data to a
specified destination. With mySAP.com, you can establish lasting partnerships
and build up trust.
Mobile Computing Inspection results can often not be directly recorded at the work center: For
example, for field inspections in environmental management or for the
inspection of machines that are not easily accessible. In such situations, you can
use mobile results recording.
1-4
Overview
Fig. 1-3: Mobile Results Recording with QM
You can use QM to control which inspections should be performed on a mobile

basis. The inspector records the results on location using a mobile recording
device. Using the docking station, the inspector starts a synchronization run to
transfer the inspection results to the SAP System or load the worklist for
additional inspections to the mobile recording device. Mobile results recording
is both simple and reliable.
Employees can enter internal requests or problems on the Intranet and then Company-Wide Communication
forward them for further processing quickly and efficiently. This involves all on the Intranet
employees in the continuous improvement of business processes in your
company.
1-5
Quality Management in the Product Life Cycle

SAP QM supports you, both internally and externally, throughout the entire life
cycle of a product from product and process planning in research and
development (planning phase), through procurement, production, and sales and
distribution (implementation phase), to service and usage (usage phase).
Fig. 2-1: Quality Loop According to ISO 9004
2-1
The Planning Phase of the Product Life Cycle

SAP QM supports the process of quality management in the planning phase of
the product life cycle. This phase consists of the following:
■ Life-Cycle Data Management
Used to manage product-related data and the exchange of this data with
non-SAP systems.
■ Program and Project Management
Used to plan, monitor, and control the product development process from
project planning (costs, deadlines, resources), to multi-project management
and portfolio management.
■ Life-Cycle Collaboration
Used to regulate the exchange of information and the collaboration between
virtual teams at the product development stage.
Life-Cycle Data Management

Life-cycle Data Management helps you to plan product-related master data
(such as products, plans, specifications, bills of material, and documents).
Document Management An important tool in the SAP System is the central document management
system. You can use this central document management system to create links
between inspection outlines, design drawings, technical delivery terms,
specifications, product specifications, inspection methods, and other quality-
relevant documentation and the corresponding master data in QM. You can
manage data within this system according to validity, version, and status.
Master Data Management The product-related settings that must be made when using QM during the
implementation phase are made in the material master record in the Quality
Management view.
For the management of quality information related to materials, vendors, and

customers, and for the control of vendor and customer related processes,
appropriate quality info records can be maintained (such as the assignment of
quality assurance agreements, model processing).
In material-related inspection plans, you can define either customer or vendor-

specific inspection specifications (such as inspection methods, inspection
characteristics, sampling procedures, pieces of test equipment). When you are
performing an inspection during production, these elements are integrated into
the routing or recipes.
You can make changes to the master data centrally and you can transfer it from
one source system to one or more target systems. In addition, there are tools
available for research and analysis of master data that is linked in a hierarchy
(for example, central where-used lists and the product structure browser).
2-2
Changes made to master data are coordinated by a central engineering change Engineering Change Management
management. The changes can be run through an approval procedure (for
example, according to GMP requirements). Different versions can be created and
then distributed using Workflow. It is also possible to allocate a revision level
with regard to a specific valid-from date when a change is made.
Using the integrated classification system, you can specify and assign data that Classification
is available in the SAP System (such as materials, documents, and inspection
plans), in order to be able to locate this data later according to specific search
criteria (such as batch characteristics).
Program and Project Management

QM provides several tools to help you strategically plan and control the product
development process.
The QM Manual contains the basic quality policy of a company, a description QM Manual
of the organizational and process structures within this company, and it also lists
responsibilities within the company.
A central system administration is responsible for data security and data Authorization Management
protection. You can assign individual system authorizations for the processing
of master data and movement data (so that, for example, a user has to provide
a digital signature when performing certain operations).
You can use the SAP Business Workflow to control certain complex processes Workflow
and the output associated with these processes (for example, corrective tasks
within a problem notification can automatically be transferred to the
organizational unit responsible).
Costs related to prevention of defects, inspections, and nonconformity can be Quality Costs
recorded, collected, and billed to different account assignment objects using
orders in Controlling.
With its quality key figures, the Business Warehouse offers a wide range of Key Figure Analysis
possibilities for monitoring and controlling your quality process.
Efficient catalogs provide a basis for FMEA evaluations and quality audits. The Quality Audit
analysis of defects helps to bring problems within a company to light and to
improve relationships with vendors.
2-3
Life-Cycle Collaboration
Life-Cycle Collaboration makes it possible for you to transfer product
information across the entire supply chain. Partners, manufacturers, vendors,
and customers can communicate directly with one another. They can, for
example, exchange CAD files, specifications, and inspection results.
Internet Scenario: In the product development stage, if you are cooperating with customers or
Quality Notifications partners, SAP QM offers you the opportunity to initiate product ideas or changes
to products using quality notifications. Customer complaints that can be entered
on the Internet can thereby be used to determine what product qualities the
customer requires. Vendors can ask for permission to deviate from specifications
if they cannot strictly adhere to customer specifications.
Internet Scenario: You use certificate profiles to plan which characteristics are to appear on the
Certificates certificate. You work with your customer or vendor to decide this. This certificate
data can be exchanged electronically (QDI, Quality Data Interchange) or can be
stored on the Internet as a PDF document, for example.
Internet Scenario: You can record inspection results using the Internet or Intranet. Results can be
Results Recording recorded by external service providers (for example, commercial analysts) and
internal inspectors (for example, in a source inspection) at their respective work
centers.
Internet Scenario: Internet service requests are used to enter and process queries and problems on
Service Requests the Internet. This tool is particularly useful when combined with the solution
database and used as an Intranet solution (for example, to report a printer
problem, or to send improvements to the internal recommendations
department).
2-4
The Implementation Phase of the Product Life Cycle

SAP QM ensures quality across the entire supply chain and beyond company
boundaries. It supports your quality management department in the following
areas:
■ Procurement
It manages vendor-related master data, controls the purchasing process
according to certain quality criteria, and handles inspection certificates and
goods receipt inspections.
■ Production
It integrates inspection specifications in routings and recipes, allows
inspections during production and goods receipt inspections for the
manufacturing order to take place, monitors the production process using
control charts (SPC), and confirms quality, quantity, and costs.
■ Sales and Distribution
It manages customer related master data, controls the sales and distribution
process according to quality criteria, and handles inspection certificates and
inspections at goods issue.
Procurement
Materials Management provides information for the purchasing agent about the Vendor Evaluation
vendors delivery reliability, price record, and service record. QM provides the
purchasing agent with information about the quality management system used
by the vendor, and the quality of previously delivered goods. In order to do this,
the SAP System summarizes quality scores from vendor audits, goods receipt
inspections, and complaints against the vendor.
In some industry sectors, vendors must have a quality management system (for Vendor Release
example, that complies with the ISO 9000 series of standards) in their company
and they must have this system certified by an accredited organization. Your
QM System checks if the QM system used by the vendor is adequate for certain
materials and then either releases or blocks the supply relationship accordingly.
You can limit the release of this supply relationship to a specific time frame and
a maximum delivery quantity. If the vendor has serious quality problems, you
can block requests for quotations, purchase orders, or goods receipts for specific
materials supplied by this vendor.
QM can also monitor the step-by-step release of a material. Vendor deliveries

must sequentially pass through a series of user-defined statuses, such as model,
preliminary series, and production series, using appropriately assigned
inspection plans.
2-5
In many industry sectors, suppliers are middlemen (distributors). Therefore, the

quality of produced goods is dictated primarily by the manufacturer and not the
vendor. Consequently, you can also apply the following functions to a
manufacturer: vendor release, inspection planning, dynamic modification of the
inspection scope, and complaints against the vendor.
Quality Assurance Agreement When the purchasing agent requests a quotation and issues a purchase order,
Technical Delivery Terms the vendors that are released automatically receive information about the
Certificate Requirement technical delivery terms and the current quality assurance agreement. The
vendors may also be required to include a quality certificate with the delivery.
Source Inspection Occasionally, inspections can be made at the vendors premises to replace a
goods receipt inspection. If this occurs, the system takes the target delivery
deadline into account, and creates an inspection lot in time for the source
inspection. You can now perform a source inspection at the vendors site because
it is possible for you to access your SAP System using the mySAP Workplace in
an Internet browser. The vendor does not have to have a SAP System.
Goods Receipt Certificate If you have identified a material as requiring a certificate, the receipt of this
certificate must be confirmed. The system takes appropriate action if the
certificate is missing (for example, posting the goods to blocked stock), it
supports the management of the certificate receipt process, and sends reminders
if necessary. The certificate can be created manually and stored in the optical
archive (SAP Archivelink), or it can be sent in electronic form. Using the
electronic quality data exchange system (QDI), certificate data can be transferred
directly to the goods receipt inspection lot.
Fig. 2-2: Certificate Processing at Goods Receipt
2-6
If the quality of a supply relationship is consistently high, you may want to Dynamic Modification
waive the goods receipt inspection, particularly if the vendor has a certified
QM system. For partial lots, you can set the system to inspect a goods receipt
only once for each purchase order, goods receipt, or batch. If you do not want
to waive the goods receipt inspection completely, you can reduce the scope of
the inspection as far as the quality level allows. The reduction of the inspection
scope may lead to a skip lot. If you allow a skip lot and an automatic usage
decision for a material, the system processes the skipped lots automatically
without user intervention. It then immediately posts the inspection lot quantity
to unrestricted-use stock (ship to stock).
If the prerequisites for ship to stock are not fulfilled, the system automatically Receiving Inspection
triggers inspection lot processing upon goods receipt. In addition to the goods
receipt document, the SAP System also creates an inspection lot record, selects
an appropriate inspection plan, and determines the sample size based on the
quality level.
If goods are delivered in containers, you can take physical samples in Physical-Sample Drawing
accordance with a sample-drawing procedure. The documents you need (such
as sample-drawing instructions, sample labels, and inspection instructions) are
available for printing immediately. You can then proceed with the inspection.
You can record the results for the goods receipt inspection in the form of Recording Inspection Results
inspection characteristic values and/or defect data records or texts. If serious and Defects
problems arise during a goods receipt inspection, a quality notification can be
created automatically. Inspection results can also be recorded automatically
using electronic measuring equipment.
There are costs associated with every inspection and every defect. Appraisal Appraisal Costs
costs are determined by the activity confirmations of the people involved in an
inspection. The costs that are calculated on the basis of these confirmations for
one or more inspection lots can be collected in several QM orders and then be
passed on to the cost object. Costs associated with defects are collected by
QM orders assigned to quality notifications.
The processing of an inspection lot in QM ends after the inspection is completed Inspection Completion
and the usage decision is made. The accepted inspection lot quantity is manually
or automatically posted to unrestricted-use stock. Special stock postings are
available for rejected quantities. This includes posting to blocked stock, transfer
posting to a different material, returning to the vendor, or posting to scrap.
If the material is handled in batches, the system proposes a batch status that is
compatible with the usage decision. When you release the goods receipt lot
quantity, QM is no longer responsible for managing the stock.
2-7
Fig. 2-3: Inspection Lot Processing at Goods Receipt
Once the usage decision is made, the system updates the quality level and the
QM Information System and makes the inspection lot quality score available for
the vendor evaluation. It also updates material and vendor information in the
quality data record. For example, once the inspection lot has been completed,
it updates the status of the supply relationship from model delivery to regular
delivery.
The SAP System can trigger a series of user-defined follow-up actions on the
basis of the usage decision. For example, you can print specific inspection
reports.
Invoice Verification If invoices for the delivery of goods are received before the usage decision is
made for the goods receipt inspection lot, you can prevent an automatic
payment during invoice verification.
Complaints Against the Vendor Defects in a delivered material that have been caused by the vendor or
manufacturer can be documented in a quality notification. You can use the
SAP Business Workflow to pass this notification on to the processor responsible.
This processor can then initiate various tasks (such as a posting to blocked stock
or the sending of a complaint against the vendor). It is possible to enter the
complaint on the Internet on the vendors Web site.
2-8
Production
QM integrates quality inspections into the production process. It thereby Industry Sector Independent
supports different types of production, from order-related, lot-based production
and assembly processes in mechanical engineering, through repetitive
manufacturing in the automotive industry, to batch-based process
manufacturing in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
It is possible to initiate inspections on the basis of different types of goods Manufacturing Order Inspections
movements. Inspection lots can therefore be automatically created when a
material is removed or when a product for the production or process order is
processed at goods receipt.
When you are inspecting raw materials or semi-finished products, the planned Materials Planning
duration of the receiving inspection is taken into account in materials planning.
Inspection lots for an inspection during production can be created in the Inspection During Production
following ways:
■ As an inspection lot during production when a production order is released
(not stock relevant), or as an early inspection lot for a goods receipt (is stock
relevant, that is, the stock in quality inspection in materials management is
managed using the usage decision for the inspection lot)
■ When goods are received from a subcontractor for external processing
operations
The sample size is calculated and the shop papers (such as sample-drawing and Physical-Sample Drawing
inspection instructions, and sample labels) are printed at previously determined
work centers after the valid routing or master recipe has been selected.
You can set the system to require a digital signature (electronic signature) from Digital Signature
the user who releases the physical-sample drawing or makes the usage decision
to ensure that that user has the appropriate authorization.
2-9
Recording Inspection Results Inspection results can be recorded for the following objects:
and Defects
■ Inspection characteristics: The inspection results can be recorded in
summarized form, in classes, or as single values.
■ Inspection points: Several inspections are performed for each inspection
characteristic. Inspection points can be user-defined, and can be planned in
advance if necessary. They can be based on production quantities or
production times (for example, inspecting a wire basket or silo once during
each shift or every two hours).
■ Physical samples: This can be planned in advance using a sample-drawing
procedure or it can be unplanned.
■ Partial lots: Production quantities of the same quality can be grouped
together.
■ Batches: The inspection results can be used for batch determination at a later
stage (for example, they can be applied when choosing products at the
delivery stage, or when deciding which sub-components to use for
production).
■ Serial numbers: This applies if the inspection results are to be assigned to a
single unit. In this case, the serial numbers can be copied from the production
order.
Defects can be recorded for inspection characteristics, inspection operations, or
inspection lots.
Process Control (SPC) The inspection results are the basis for statistical process control using control
charts. A control chart can be valid for several inspection lots and production
orders. The warning and action limits of a control chart are calculated using the
most recent inspection results or the results of an initial run. If an action limit
is exceeded, messages and notifications can be created.
Fig.2-4: Inspection During Production
2-10
When you are recording inspection results, you can also confirm production Appraisal Costs,
quantities and costs for the production order. Such confirmations control the Confirming Production Quantities
subsequent production process (for example, the future release of operations and
inspection operations or subsequent work that has yet to be performed).
Fig. 2-5: Quantity Confirmation and Inspection Point Valuation
The inspection is completed when the usage decision is made for the inspection Inspection Completion
lot. Users with the appropriate authorizations can, settings permitting, post stock
quantities, classify batches according to their quality, and perform follow-up
actions. In QM, you can also activate a digital signature requirement for the
usage decision.
2-11
Sales and Distribution

Quality Assurance Agreement and Customer-related quality documents can be stored in the quality info record for
Technical Delivery Terms Sales and Distribution. In addition, you can use the quality info record to control
the time and type of the quality inspection (for example, an inspection prior to
a delivery or a model inspection).
Variant Configuration When the sales order is created, it is possible to enter customer-specific
in the Sales Order inspection specifications as characteristic values for one of the variants
requested by the customer. This information then flows into all inspections
during production.
Fig. 2-6: Characteristic Specifications from Variant Configuration
Batch Determination If you manage the stock of a material in batches, QM allows you to select
suitable batches at delivery using batch characteristics.
2-12
Inspection lots can be created at the picking stage or at goods issue. After you Inspection for Delivery or
have chosen a suitable inspection plan, the sample size is calculated and the for Goods Issue
shop papers (sample-drawing items, inspection instructions, sample labels) are
printed. When the inspection results have been recorded, the inspection is
completed with the usage decision.
At goods issue, you can use a quality certificate to document that the inspection Certificate at Goods Issue
results are in accordance with the customer specifications. You can enter
inspection characteristics from the inspection plan, and characteristics that were
defined in the batch determination as inspection specifications on the certificate.
The form, content, and means of output are customer-specific. These are derived
from the specifications made by the recipient of the certificate at picking or at
goods issue.
The formatted quality data contained in a quality certificate can be sent Quality Data Exchange
electronically and then automatically transferred into an inspection lot at the
vendor site. It is also possible to make this data available on the Internet.
Customer complaints can also be created and processed as quality notifications Processing Complaints and
on the Internet. You can document defects and tasks in a notification. You can Handling Returns
also perform various follow-up functions using the action box. You can, for
example, process return or repair orders, enter costs, perform stock postings, or
trigger inspections.
2-13
The Usage Phase of the Product Life Cycle

In the usage phase of the product life cycle, service providers can process
inspections (outsourcing) with QM. They can use QM to identify serviceable
items, plan and confirm services, and create invoices for services rendered.
Service
Variant Configuration Internal and external inspection laboratories perform inspections as a service
in the Sales Order (commercial analysis). When creating the sales order, these laboratories can
transfer the inspections requested by the customer from inspection plans into a
service order.
Service Order Inspection The inspections can be selected using variant configuration in the sales order,
or by selecting inspection operations in the service order. Once the inspections
have been selected, inspection lots can be created when the service order is
released. Then the inspection can begin and inspection instructions and sample-
drawing instructions can be printed.
Results Recording Using a Inspection results can be recorded using mobile devices, or directly in the
Mobile Device, the Internet, or QDI customer system using the Internet. If required, it is also possible to transfer
inspection results in electronic form (Quality Data Interchange [QDI]).
Resource-Related Billing Document After the inspection results have been confirmed, it is possible to invoice the
customer for the inspection costs.
Calibration Inspection A calibration inspection is also treated as a service. In the master data for
calibration planning (maintenance plan with a maintenance strategy, equipment
master records, master inspection characteristics, maintenance task list), you can
define how a piece of test equipment is to be calibrated in a planned cycle (time-
dependent or performance-dependent).
Recording Inspection Results The maintenance plan is used to create an inspection lot for the planned
and Defects inspection date. The inspection results can be recorded for the equipment or for
the functional location according to the specifications defined during
calibration planning. Results for the calibration inspection can also be recorded
using mobile devices or on the Internet.
Inspection Completion The calibration inspection is completed when the usage decision is made. When
making the usage decision, you decide when the next inspection will take place
and you release or block the test equipment for use.
2-14
Inventory Management
Materials Management categorizes inventory by the stock types unrestricted- Stock Categories
use, blocked, and in quality inspection. Usually, the specified quantity of a
material received is posted to inspection stock for the duration of the goods
receipt inspection. This stock can only undergo a transfer posting during
inspection lot processing (for example, when the usage decision is made, it can
be posted to unrestricted-use stock). In the inspection lot, you can view all of
the posting documents that relate to the lot stock.
If you use Warehouse Management, Quality Management also manages the Warehouse Management
inspection lot samples and the units that are created due to the usage decision
or while locating a storage bin. The inspection lot identifies each unit and
transfer requirement. The system performs the following tasks according to the
strategy required for placement in storage: it triggers the transport of samples
and partial quantities and it posts the stock.
Handling units can also be used as transport units. A handling unit is a physical Handling Unit Management (HUM)
unit consisting of packaging and the materials or batches stored within or on
this packaging. The system allows you to move these handling units, as opposed
to just moving the materials. A quality inspection can, therefore, also be
performed with reference to handling units.
Materials Management can manage stocks for materials in batches and it can Batch Management
recognize the difference between batches in unrestricted-use or blocked stock.
You can use QM to monitor the shelf-life of batches and the deadlines for
recurring inspections. In addition, you can use it to change the batch status and
perform stock postings automatically (for example, post to blocked stock when
the expiry date is exceeded).
The batch where-used list helps you to determine which raw material batches Batch Tracking
or semi-finished products make up the batch of a finished product (top-down
analysis) or, conversely, which batches of semi-finished or finished products are
made up of a particular batch of a raw material (bottom-up analysis). The where-
used list also forms the basis for printing inspection results from the previous
assembly stages (for example, semi-finished products) for an end product on a
quality certificate.
2-15
Inspection Planning
Inspection Planning:
Putting Quality Strategies into Action
As Inspection Planner, you implement predefined planning strategies in your

company. This includes:
■ Defining the trigger, type, and scope of quality inspections
■ Creating and managing task lists as the basis for quality inspections
■ Managing and processing the basic data used in task lists
■ Determining the procedure for statistical process control
To complete these tasks, you can use the reusable basic data as building blocks
and flexible planning tools.
3-1
Inspection Planning
Integrated Inspection Planning

With integrated inspection planning, you can create and process different task
list types to adapt quality inspections to suit the respective business processes:
■ Inspection plan for inspections during goods movements
■ Routing for inspections during production in discrete manufacturing
■ Rate routing for inspections during production (repetitive manufacturing)
■ Master recipe for inspections in the process industry
■ Maintenance task lists for calibration inspections
■ Material specification for simplified inspection planning at the client level
Task lists that differ only slightly in terms of content can be grouped together
in common task list groups. The information that can differ within a task list
group may consist of the task list usage, vendor assignment, or the validity of
certain lot size intervals.
Task List Structure

A task list consists of the task list header, operation, characteristic, and
production resources/tools.
Fig. 3-1: Task List Structure
3-2
Inspection Planning
You define the following information in the task list header: Task List Header
■ Material-task list assignments
Assignment of a task list to materials (you can assign several materials to a
task list and there can be several task lists for one material). Inspection plans
can also be assigned to a vendor or customer, in addition to the material.
■ Administrative data (such as the validity date, change status, responsible
planner group, task list usage, processing status)
■ Control data (such as the dynamic modification rule for adapting the
inspection scope)
You can store the following information for each inspection operation: Operation
■ Description of operation and control parameters for operation
■ Reference to work a center
■ Specifications for scheduling and calculating the appraisal costs
In the inspection characteristic you: Inspection Characteristic
■ Specify the characteristic description and define the control parameters for
results recording
■ Can reference an inspection method, sampling procedure, or a dynamic
modification rule
■ Define qualitative or quantitative specifications for the attributive/variable
inspection and results recording, depending on the characteristic type
■ Can define individual specifications for every task list assignment to a
material, vendor, or customer. This means you do not have to create
redundant inspection plans to modify customer or material-dependent target
values and tolerances.
Test equipment is listed for each operation. For each inspection characteristic, Test Equipment
you can specify with which equipment the characteristic values must be
measured.
3-3
Inspection Planning
Basic Data for Inspection Planning

Basic data consists of reusable building blocks for inspection planning. To
simplify your work as an Inspection Planner, you should plan and include this
data in your task lists:
Fig. 3-2: Inspection Plan Structure and the Use of Master Data in Inspection Plans
Inspection Characteristic
An inspection characteristic describes what should be inspected. You can create
an inspection characteristic directly in a task list or predefine it as an inspection
characteristic master record (master inspection characteristic). Master inspection
characteristics can be:
■ Referenced in several task lists or material specifications
■ Linked to characteristics in the SAP classification system, for example, to
transfer inspection results for a batch to the batch classification
3-4
Inspection Planning
Inspection Method
An inspection method describes how a characteristic is to be inspected. You can
also assign documents that are stored in the SAP Document Management
System (for example, drawings, descriptions) to an inspection method.
Inspection methods are assigned to master inspection characteristics or
inspection characteristics in task lists. You can assign several inspection
methods to a master inspection characteristic.
Catalog
A catalog is a summary of codes for content-related terms. Catalogs make it
easier to uniformly describe qualitative data (for example, attributes for
qualitative characteristics, defect types, or usage decisions). For each catalog,
you can:
■ Define code groups with codes and enter explanatory texts in different
languages
■ Select codes from one or more code groups and combine them in a selected
set. This allows you to create a value list that applies to a specific application.
Sampling Procedure and Sampling Scheme

The sampling procedure specifies how the sample size is calculated and the
inspection characteristic valuated (attributive, variable, or manual). You assign
sampling procedures in the material master or in the task list at header or
characteristic level.
QM supports all common sampling types (for example, 100% inspection, sample
based on percentage, fixed sample, sample in accordance with a sampling
scheme). If the sampling types and valuation rules provided with the standard
SAP System are not sufficient, you can supplement them with your own self-
defined function modules.
You can also plan independent and dependent multiple samples and record the
inspection results from several samples for an inspection characteristic. Each of
these samples may contain several values and each is valuated individually. On
the basis of the individual sample results, the SAP System automatically
determines the characteristic result, for example, based on the worst-case
principle.
Ready-to-use sampling schemes are contained in the delivery system in

accordance with ISO 2859-1 for qualitative inspections and ISO 3951 for
quantitative inspections. You can also create your own AQL sampling schemes
and define rules for automatic stage changes up to an inspection skip. You can
also implement industry-specific procedures.
3-5
Inspection Planning
Dynamic Modification Rule

In a dynamic modification rule, you define the number of inspections and skip
stages, and the rules that control such stage changes, either in accordance with
appropriate standards such as ISO 2859-3 or to suit your own requirements. The
sample size may vary between a 100% inspection and a skip. When you use a
sampling scheme, the system switches between a normal, reduced, and tightened
inspection, depending on the quality level.
The inspection stage is then changed depending on the inspection results for
inspection lots or characteristics. You can control the dynamic modification of
the inspection stages either by accepting or rejecting the inspection lot or
inspection characteristics. You can also assign a dynamic modification rule to
the inspection type in the material master (inspection type level) or at the header
or characteristic level in the task list.
Test Equipment
Test equipment consists of fittings, objects, documents, or materials that are
needed for a quality inspection. They can be fixed parts of a work center or
consist of moveable equipment. In the inspection plan, you can define test
equipment at different levels and it can be represented by various master
records, such as production/resource tools (PRT), material, equipment, or
document.
The PRT master record contains administrative data and information relating
to status, location, and a possible PRT group assignment. If you use the
SAP classification system, you can define additional properties. You can
reference document master records from the PRT master record or use document
master records as test equipment in task lists. You can access drawings and other
documents using the document management interfaces to CAD systems or to
the SAP ArchiveLink.
Work Center
The work center specifies where an operation is to be performed and who should
process it. The available personnel and machine capacities are also managed by
the work center. You provide the basis for capacity planning and scheduling of
operations when you specify the work centers in which the operations are to be
performed in the task lists.
3-6
Inspection Planning
Each work center is assigned to a cost center. The activities in a work center are
valuated using rates that are determined by cost centers and activity types (for
example, working time or quantity). You can record both inspection results and
the activities performed in a single step.
You can also generate worklists for specific work centers when you record
results or make the usage decision.
Reference Operation Set

A reference operation set is a task list that defines the standard process flow for
performing a task. In a reference operation set, you define frequently required
inspection operations and corresponding inspection characteristics. Since a
reference operation set does not have a material reference, it can be used
universally.
Planning Tools
The Engineering Workbench is an efficient tool, which you can use to process Engineering Workbench
several task lists simultaneously (routings, reference operation sets, and
inspection plans). The data you require can be read from different task lists and
restructured. You can perform various tasks using the Engineering Workbench,
including the following:
■ Generate worklists for replacing data within task lists (for example, by
selecting task lists that use a certain dynamic modification rule or sampling
procedure)
■ Process individual operations from different task lists in one work step
■ Simultaneously process complex task lists by blocking objects (at task list
header or operation level)
■ Create where-used lists (for example, for production resources/tools, dynamic
modification rules, sampling procedures, sample-drawing procedures,
selected sets)
■ Display documents defined in the SAP Document Management System in
your own screen area (for example, technical drawings)
3-7
Inspection Planning
Fig. 3-3: Inspection Planning with the Engineering Workbench
Product Structure Browser Using the Product Structure Browser, you can display related objects for a
product structure hierarchically. During inspection planning, for example, you
can determine whether or not task lists or material specifications exist for a
certain material. If you expand the product structure further, additional detailed
information can be displayed (such as inspection characteristics, and
documents).
Where-Used Lists A where-used list shows you in which task lists master inspection
characteristics, inspection methods, or sampling procedures are used.
Mass Data Changes With the function Mass data change, you can adapt objects from the where-used
list (master inspection characteristics, inspection methods, or sampling
procedures) to suit new conditions. You can also use this function to create and
change inspection setup data in the material master.
3-8
Inspection Planning
The system maintains separate engineering change statuses for each structural Engineering Change Management
element in a task list. When you make a change using a change number, you
can determine what was contained in a plan at a specific date, and the date on
which a change is to become effective.
Using Application Link Enabling (ALE), you can transfer specific basic data (for Cross-System Transfer of Master Data
example, inspection setup for materials, inspection methods, inspection
characteristics, or catalog/code groups) from a source system to one or more
target systems. This means that it is quick and easy to transfer basic data used
in one plant to another plant.
3-9
Quality Inspections
Quality Inspections: Achieving Reliable Results
As Quality Inspector, you have to prove that a material meets predefined quality
requirements. With QM, you can show that these requirements have been met.
Inspections can be triggered for inspection points during production, physical
samples in the process industry, or automatically for goods movements. In
addition to a planned inspection for which you can document quality using
quantitative and qualitative inspection results, you can also make a record of
unplanned events in the form of defect data or quality notifications.
■ For all quality inspection tasks, the mySAP Workplace provides you with the
tools you require for the role of Quality Inspector and the opportunity to
customize the settings.
■ With collaborative business, it is possible for your internal and external
business partners to record inspection results on the Intranet or Internet.
■ Using mobile computing, you can record inspection results on site and later
transfer the data to your QM System.
4-1
Quality Inspections
Inspection Lot Processing

Supported by quality planning specifications, the inspection supplies important
data for quality control purposes. The inspection lot is the central element for
the quality inspection in QM. It also contains all information related to the
quality inspection, such as, inspection specifications, inspection results, and
usage decisions.
The material master record is the basis for the control of inspection lot
processing. The control is defined in Customizing for material-independent
inspection processes (for example, calibration inspections). The SAP Business
Workflow can trigger follow-up steps using the processing status of the
inspection lot.
Inspection Type There are different variants for inspection lot processing. In QM, these are
defined as inspection types (for example, goods receipt inspection, inspection
during production).
■ Inspection with/without a task list or material specification
■ Recording of inspection characteristic results/defects
■ Manual/automatic specification assignment, sample determination, and
usage decisions
■ Control of inspection stock posting
Fig. 4-1: Stages in Inspection Lot Processing
4-2
Quality Inspections
Inspection Lot Creation

The system generally creates inspection lots automatically, but they can also be Inspection Lot Creation
created manually. Inspection lots may be created as a result of the following:
■ Goods movements (for example, goods receipt, goods issue, stock transfer,
and return delivery from a customer)
■ Deadline monitoring for batches (recurring inspection)
■ Release of production orders, process orders, maintenance orders, service
orders, and production versions
■ Delivery creation in shipping
Fig. 4-2: Inspection Lot Creation
For inspections with an inspection plan, the system selects the corresponding Inspection Specifications
inspection specifications (for example, inspection plan, material specification,
or batch characteristics). If a customer has specific product requirements, these
can be copied from the sales order to the inspection.
Shop papers are printed and inspection results recorded on the basis of the
inspection specifications.
Examples of shop papers are: Shop Papers
■ Sample-Drawing Instructions
Contain the information required for the physical-sample drawing and for
distributing samples to work centers or laboratories.
■ Physical-Sample Labels
For labeling of physical samples.
■ Inspection Instructions
Lists information about the test equipment and inspection characteristics for
each inspection operation, and specifies the inspection methods,
specifications, and sample size for each inspection characteristic. The Quality
Inspector can record inspection results on the inspection instruction, if the
layout is suitable.
4-3
Quality Inspections
Inspection
During the inspection, you can:
■ Record, valuate, and close inspection results for characteristics
■ Record defect data and quality notifications
■ Confirm activities
Direct transfer of results is possible if you link electronic test equipment to QM.
Inspection results can also be recorded for serial numbers and batches. The
inspection results recorded in QM can be transferred to the batch class. As a
result, the system can search for a batch with specific characteristic values at
goods issue.
Inspection Lot Completion

After results recording is completed or the inspection is cancelled, the Quality
Manager makes the usage decision for the inspection lot. An automatic usage
decision can be made if no inspection characteristics have been rejected and no
defects recorded.
Fig. 4-3: Inspection Lot Completion
If a material requires documentation, a comment must be entered for the usage

decision if the inspection is cancelled or the usage decision differs from the
valuation for the inspection results.
Stock Posting If materials are posted to inspection stock using an inspection lot, they can only
be posted from this stock using the usage decision (for example, posting to
unrestricted-use stock or return to vendor).
Quality Score If the usage decision has been made, the system determines the quality score
for the inspection lot using a procedure defined in the inspection setup for the
material master record and updates the vendor evaluation.
4-4
Quality Inspections
The quality level is also updated. Consequently, the inspection stages for the Quality Level
next inspection are determined.
The usage decision can also trigger a chain of automatic follow-up actions (for Follow-Up Actions
example, sending a mail to purchasing if an inspection lot is rejected). In
addition, the statistical data for the inspection lot is updated in the information
system.
QM logs all user actions using the name, date, and time. This means all actions
can be tracked. An electronic batch record can also be created for materials that
are managed in batches.
The usage decision has significant consequences and therefore, requires a special Authorization for the
authorization concept (for example, material-specific authorizations). Using Usage Decision
digital signatures, you can ensure that the usage decision can only be made by
authorized users.
Inspection Results
There are two types of inspection results in QM:
■ Results for the planned inspection of inspection characteristics (characteristic
inspection results)
■ Unplanned defects defined during the inspection (defect data)
Characteristic inspection results are generally recorded for each operation. For
this, inspection specifications must be assigned to the inspection lot and sample
calculation must be completed. Both characteristic inspection results and defect
data can be recorded for an inspection lot with a task list.
If characteristics were rejected as a result of negative inspection results, the

system can create defect data records automatically. Defects can also be
recorded in an inspection without inspection specifications (for example,
inspection plan).
4-5
Quality Inspections
Fig. 4-4: Types of Inspection Results
Characteristic Results
You record and valuate characteristic results according to inspection
specifications.
Characteristic Types You can record inspection results for the following types of characteristics:
■ Qualitative characteristics
Non-numerical characteristic values or variables stemming from these values
(for example, the number of defects) are entered as results.
■ Quantitative characteristics
Measured values or variables stemming from these values (for example, the
mean value) are entered as results.
Recording Forms Depending on the detail you require, you can choose from the following
recording forms for a characteristic:
■ Summarized values (for example, the mean value and standard deviation of
several measured values, or an individual measured value)
■ Classed values (number of results within value classes)
■ Single values (for example, several measured values)
In addition to single values, you can note the serial numbers of the items to
be inspected.
4-6
Quality Inspections
Within results recording, you can also: Additional Functions

■ Define unplanned characteristics
■ Process conditional characteristics. This deals with planned characteristics
that must only be inspected if a corresponding controlling characteristic has
either been accepted or rejected.
■ Record inspection results for characteristics that are in a skip stage
■ Calculate results using calculated characteristics. For calculated
characteristics, results are calculated using the results for other characteristics
If the sampling procedure specifies independent multiple samples, you can Samples
record results for more than one sample for each inspection characteristic. The
number of samples may then be greater than the number specified in the
sampling procedure.
In an attributive inspection, you can also plan dependent double and multiple
samples. If the result for the current sample lies between the acceptance and
rejection numbers, the sample size is increased according to the sampling
scheme. Once you have recorded the results for this new sample, the sample is
valuated again using the updated valuation parameters.
You can confirm the characteristic inspection results recorded in different Valuation
inspection operations. During results recording, an inspection characteristic
undergoes a series of status changes. The authorization management function
controls who has the authorization to record, valuate, or close results. To fulfill
special security requirements (for example, Good Manufacturing Practices,
GMP), you can define that a digital signature is required.
You can use the following valuation modes to accept or reject an inspection
result:
■ Manual valuation
■ Attributive inspection based on the number of nonconforming units or
defects
■ Decision based on the attribute codes of qualitative characteristics
■ Decision based on the tolerance range of quantitative characteristics
■ Variable inspection with single-sided or double-sided tolerance limits
■ Valuation based on the action limits of a control chart
Characteristics with independent multiple samples are valuated at sample level,
for example, based on the worst-case principle, last-case principle, or best-case
principle. Inspection points must also be valuated.
4-7
Quality Inspections
Inspection Points You can use inspection points to perform several inspections on one
characteristic. You can define various inspection points in the system:
■ Time-dependent (for example, one inspection every hour)
■ Quantity-related (for example, an inspection after 100 units have been
produced)
■ Freely-defined (for example, one inspection per shift)
Distribution Functions After results recording, the system determines the fraction of nonconforming
units for all inspection characteristics and uses this information to estimate the
fraction of nonconforming units in the inspection lot. The most common
mathematical distribution methods are supplied in the system (normal, binomial,
and Poisson distribution).
Statistics You can display the following graphics in results recording:
■ Histogram
A histogram illustrates the frequency distribution of the sample results in the
form of a bar chart. In this chart, you can identify typical and extreme values
for a sample, as well as the location, dispersion range, and form of the
distribution.
■ Run Chart
This displays the run of measured values for a characteristic over a period of
time as a line chart. You can identify the dispersion and systematic location
changes, and display trend analyses.
■ Control Chart
The control chart shows the time run of characteristic values in the
production process with warning and action limits.
Process-Optimized Results Recording

Worklists The results recording function can be adapted to fulfill functional or
organizational requirements. As a result, you can select inspection lots using
personalized worklists. Examples include the following:
■ Results recording for physical samples during laboratory inspections
■ Results recording for equipment or functional locations during calibration
inspections
4-8
Quality Inspections
You can also record inspection results in tabular form: Tabular Results Recording
■ Processing characteristics for several inspection lots
In this view, you can record results for the inspection characteristics that
occur in several inspection lots. In the recording table, the inspection lots
selected in the worklist are displayed in columns, the characteristics are
displayed in rows.
■ Processing several inspection points in an operation
In this view, you can record results for several inspection points in an
operation. In the recording table, the inspection characteristics are displayed
in columns, the corresponding inspection points are displayed in rows.
■ Processing master inspection characteristics for all inspection lots
In this view, you can record the results for a specific master inspection
characteristic for all inspection lots. In the recording table, the inspection lots
are displayed in rows for the master inspection characteristic that has been
selected.
Results Recording on the Web

The Internet provides you with new possibilities for results recording. Results
recording for source inspections is one such Web scenario. You provide your
vendor with access to a specific Internet or Intranet page. This requires special
authorizations. The vendor records inspection results directly on the Web and
saves the data. As a result, the QM data can be processed further in your
QM System.
Mobile Results Recording

The mobile results recording function in QM supports you when performing
quality inspections in inaccessible locations (for example, inspections for cracks
on tankers). You plan when mobile results recording should be used for
inspections and transfer this data to the mobile recording device. As a result,
the inspector can record measured values, codes, nonconforming units, and the
number of defects. When these inspections are completed, the data is transferred
to QM using a docking station. Using status control, you can always identify
who performed which inspections and when they were performed.
4-9
Quality Inspections
QM Link for External Inspections

QM has other interfaces to connect to external systems for special tasks within
quality inspections:
Keyboard Interface Test equipment, such as electronic caliper gauges, barcode readers, or laboratory
balances, can be linked using a keyboard wedge. There are various interface
boxes on the market that differ in the number and type of test equipment that
can be connected. Keyboard interfaces convert the measured values that have
been entered into keyboard entries.
PC Interface You can transfer inspection results from a measuring device to QM using a file
transfer. The results transfer can be triggered from both external systems and
from QM using driver programs. SAP provides examples for the driver programs.
Inspection Data Interface (QM-IDI) QM IDI supports data exchange with external quality systems (CAQ/LIMS). You
use these interfaces to process inspections in a subsystem.
You decide in inspection planning in which system an inspection operation

should be processed. The inspection specifications are transferred to the external
system during inspection lot creation in QM. After results are recorded in a
subsystem, the inspection results or usage decisions are confirmed in QM. Your
capital is protected using a certification program for a subsystem provider.
Defect Data
Defects recording provides information to control quality and optimize
processes. It enables pareto analyses of types of defects or their causes,
according to their weighting or how frequently they occur. It also provides
empirical values for risk indicators in failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA).
You record defects with reference to an inspection lot, inspection operation, or

inspection characteristic. To record defects, you do not need inspection
specifications. If an inspection plan is available, the defect data records can be
assigned to an inspection characteristic contained in the plan. The system then
suggests the type of defects recording that is suitable for the material, work
center, or user.
Qualitative defect data can be described with the help of cataloged terminology
(for example, defect type, defect location, or defect cause), and additional text.
Activating a Quality Notification A defect data record can be converted into a quality notification. As a result,
the whole range of functions in notifications can be used (for example, link to
SAP Business Workflow).
4-10
Quality Inspections
Sample Management
In many branches of the process industry (especially in the chemical,
pharmaceutical, and food industries), products are inspected several times
during the manufacturing process to ensure they fulfill the required quality
criteria. To perform these inspections, physical samples are drawn during
production, or when goods are received.
The QM sample management component uses the inspection planning,

inspection processing, and results recording functions. With sample
management, you can draw and inspect physical samples either at goods receipt
or during production, and to manage the sample data in the SAP System.
Fig. 4-5: Types of Planning and Processing for Physical Samples
4-11
Quality Inspections
Planned Physical Samples

Sample-Drawing Procedure Planned physical samples are samples that you plan in a sample-drawing
procedure and are created automatically at inspection lot creation. You define
the following information in the sample-drawing procedure:
■ Instructions for physical-sample drawing (for example, the number of
physical samples to be taken, the size of each physical sample, or the
physical-sample container to be used)
■ Types of samples to be formed:
◆ Primary samples (one-stage physical-sample drawing)
◆ Primary and pooled samples (two-stage physical-sample drawing)
◆ Reserve samples (to be stored for subsequent inspections)
■ Whether the system should calculate the physical samples on the basis of the
lot container type, or the lot quantity, and whether the drawing of the
physical samples needs to be separately confirmed. If materials are delivered
in different types of containers, you can define different sample-drawing
items in the sample-drawing procedure, based on the physical-sample
container.
You assign the sample-drawing procedure to the inspection plan, routing, or
master recipe. The items in a sample-drawing procedure apply to all materials
that are assigned to the respective task list.
Unplanned Physical Samples

Unplanned physical samples are samples that are not planned in a sample-
drawing procedure and are therefore not created automatically at inspection lot
creation.
In sample management, you can:

■ Supplement an existing physical-sample drawing that contains planned
physical samples by creating physical samples manually
■ Create physical samples manually without reference to an existing physical-
sample drawing or inspection lot
■ Create a new physical-sample drawing manually, with reference to an
existing inspection lot, production order, process order, or production version
4-12
Quality Inspections
Manual Inspection Lots for Physical Samples

When you create inspection lots manually for existing physical samples, the
system creates an inspection lot for each physical sample. You can use this
function to:
■ Check the stability of reserve samples
■ Inspect samples from competitors
■ Inspect samples from a customer complaint
The manually created inspection lots cannot manage stock.
Processing Physical Samples

A unique physical-sample record is created in the system for each physical Physical-Sample Records
sample. The physical-sample record contains the following information for the
sample:
■ Physical-sample number
■ Physical-sample type (for example, sample from goods receipt, production,
or customer complaint)
■ Physical-sample category (primary sample, pooled sample, or reserve sample)
■ Information for the physical-sample drawing with data on the sample origin
(such as, material and order)
■ Detailed information about the physical sample (for example, the inspection
lot or storage information)
■ Processing status for the physical sample
For automatically created physical samples, the system can print a sample- Sample-Drawing Instruction
drawing instruction at inspection lot creation. This instruction contains
information from the inspection plan and physical-sample drawing procedure
about drawing, processing, and distributing samples at work centers or
laboratories.
The system assigns a unique physical-sample number to all physical samples Physical-Sample Drawing
that were automatically created for an inspection lot. This number helps you to
identify how many physical samples were drawn from the lot, and how many
pooled and reserve samples were formed. The physical-sample number is stored
in all physical-sample records. The physical-sample drawing allows you to:
■ Release physical samples and record comments for the physical-sample
drawing
■ Lock physical samples (this prevents you from recording inspection results
for the samples)
■ Set a deletion flag for the physical samples
4-13
Quality Inspections
Label Printing You can trigger label printing for physical samples using the physical-sample
drawing. The labels contain important information and can be used to identify
the sample containers. The labels can be printed with bar codes. You can use a
bar code scanner to quickly enter information.
For automatically created physical samples, the system can print labels at
inspection lot creation. With the physical-sample data record and the physical-
sample drawing, labels can be reprinted or manually printed.
Confirmation Requirement When physical samples are automatically created, the sample-drawing
procedure controls whether the physical-sample drawing is to be confirmed
manually or automatically. If a physical-sample drawing requires confirmation,
all physical samples contained in the sample drawing are released. If physical
samples are created manually, they must always be released manually,
irrespective of whether they have been added to an existing physical-sample
drawing, or belong to a new sample drawing.
Digital Signature A digital signature may be required when a physical-sample drawing is
confirmed (for example, in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices
[GMP]). This signature guarantees that only specifically authorized users can
perform certain activities.
Results Recording Planned physical samples are displayed automatically in a worklist for results
recording. You can process these physical samples immediately, provided that
they have the appropriate status. If you want to record results for an unplanned
physical sample, you must first release the sample manually and then record its
results.
Valuation Once you have recorded all the results for a physical sample, you valuate the
physical sample based on the operation (for example, accepted or rejected).
When all physical samples in the inspection lot are valuated, you make the usage
decision for the lot.
4-14
Quality Certificates
Quality Certificates: Guaranteed Reliability

Printed or on the Internet
Certificate Processing in Sales & Distribution

Your company produces high-quality products. As Quality Manager, it is your
responsibility to provide evidence of the quality of your goods for your
customers quickly and reliably using quality certificates. Whether you require
certificates of analysis for the chemical or pharmaceutical industry, or
certificates of conformity, test certificates, works test certificates, or inspection
certificates for material inspection laboratories in the steel industry the SAP quality
certificate will fulfill all of your requirements.
In addition to the usual output forms for certificates (printer or fax), you can
make certificates available to your customers on the Internet or transfer
certificate data electronically for further processing.
5-1
Flexible Certificate Planning

You define the layout and content of a certificate in certificate planning. The
form determines the layout of the document that is, the appearance and logo,
for example. You define the content that you require in the copy model. As a
result of the flexible interaction of the certificate profile and form, you can meet
multiple requirements using few forms.
Certificate Profile You specify the data origin for each characteristic in the certificate profile. For
each characteristic, you can include texts (such as inspection methods) and
values (specification values and inspection results) in the certificate. The system
selects data from inspection lots, batch specifications, or characteristic master
records. Texts for characteristics can also come straight from the certificate
profile. Only those inspection lots that meet specific selection criteria that have
been defined in the certificate profile are considered for data formatting.
Consequently, inspection lots that have, for example, reached a predefined
quality score can be selected. If there is no inspection result for a characteristic
due to a skip, the system looks for other data sources using predefined strategies.
The data procurement functions and replacement strategies that are available
in the system can be enhanced using function modules programmed by the user.
The form master record allows you to tailor your certificates to your companys
needs. The standard SAP System contains an example of a form to simplify this
process.
Data from Raw Materials and In addition to printing characteristics that are directly linked to the product
Semi-Finished Products requiring the certificate, you can also define that characteristic data from raw
materials and semi-finished products used when creating the finished product
are printed on the certificate. At this point, you can refer to inspections or batch
classifications. The system selects batches for data formatting that are linked to
one another by production orders, process orders, or production versions. The
characteristic values for these materials in the production chain can also be
taken from other plants.
5-2
Apart from the characteristic data defined in the certificate profile, the certificate
can also be structured to contain all other information that is available at
certificate creation; this includes, for example, data from the sales order.
Fig. 5-1: Example of a Quality Certificate for a Finished Product with Characteristic
Values from Raw Materials and Semi-Finished Products
Certificate Creation - Meeting Your Requirements

For single delivery items, certificates are issued automatically when goods are
shipped, together with delivery notes. These certificates are then included with
goods deliveries. You can create certificates at any stage of the shipment process,
as long as the data required is accessible, for example, when picking is
completed or goods are issued. If you want to make certificates available to
customers before goods delivery, you can make them accessible on the Internet
or send them electronically.
The system finds the correct certificate profile, recipient, and shipping terms
with the help of the flexible condition technique. The system can search for the
address of the certificate recipient by using, for example, the sold-to-party, the
ship-to-party, delivery type, or shipping point, and then decide whether the
certificate is to be issued in printed form, by fax, or electronically. It then
searches for the corresponding profile for the material group, material, customer,
or a combination thereof. All the information required for these searches is
contained in data for the delivery.
5-3
As a last step, the system determines the contents of the certificate based on the
requirements in the certificate profile, such as characteristic values in picking
batches. It structures the information according to the specified form, and
transfers the resulting certificate to the output medium, and, if required, the
optical archive.
You can also manually trigger the creation of certificates for deliveries,
inspection lots, or batches, and control their output. You can create a print
preview to check the contents of the certificate, before it is finally issued.
Shipping Status The processing status of delivery item data is consistently maintained so that
you can always tell if a certificate was created properly.
Certificate Processing at Goods Receipt

As Quality Inspector, you are responsible for monitoring the receipt of
certificates during the procurement process. If you have marked a material as
requiring a certificate, you must confirm that a quality certificate has been
received for purchase orders or goods receipts. This is generally confirmed at
goods receipt. However, you can wait to confirm that a certificate has been
received until the usage decision is made for the incoming inspection lot. If a
certificate has not been received, the system may post the stock to restricted-
use stock. You can store certificates that have been received using
SAP ArchiveLink, send reminders for missing certificates, and monitor reminder
statuses. You can also process the receipt of certificates before the goods have
actually been received. This is often the case with certificates that are sent
electronically. If you receive an electronic certificate with reference to a delivery,
you can copy the quality data from the certificate for further processing in your
system.
5-4
Collaborative Business:
Certificate Data for the Whole Company
As the vendor, you can allow your customers to access the SAP System over the Certificate Access on the Internet
Internet and call up a quality certificate for their purchased goods. Depending
on the customers needs, it is possible for them to access a certificate created
on call, or one that was created for a delivery item and is already stored using
SAP ArchiveLink.
Fig. 5-2: Quality Certificates on the Web
If you want a recipient to be able to use the quality data displayed on your Quality Data Exchange
certificate, you should send the certificate electronically to the target system.
If the quality certificate refers to a delivery to a customer, the inspection results

printed on the certificate can be automatically transferred to a goods receipt
inspection lot, or manually copied to another inspection lot, for example, a
source inspection lot.
5-5
The certificate data can also be transferred to a recipient system without a link
to a specific delivery and be processed further there. In such cases, the certificate
data refers to the inspection lot or batch.
Fig. 5-3: Quality Data Exchange
It is possible to transfer data to your business partners that do not use a

SAP System using the SAP Business Connector - a system that uses XML format.
5-6
Notifications
Efficient Problem Management

with Notifications
Improved Quality Through Targeted Problem Handling
To optimize business processes in a company, you must respond to requests or

problems quickly and efficiently. As Notification Processor, you coordinate the
processing of incoming requests or problem notifications and propose suitable
tasks. You can therefore ensure that all problems are correctly assigned and
solved. You are involved in the analysis, cause determination, and handling of
problems, and also check the implemented tasks for their effectiveness. In this
way, you are involved in continuous process improvement within your
company.
6-1
Notifications
Fig. 6-1: Notification System for Continuous Process Improvement in a Company
Notifications in the SAP Environment

The integrated notification system supports you when you create and process
various subjects and problems. As a special feature of the Quality Management
component, you can record quality-relevant problems, document defects and
causes, and implement corrective tasks for quality improvement using the
quality notification.
The following notifications are available in addition to the quality notification:

■ General notification for recording and processing general requests or subjects
(firstly without a business assignment)
■ Maintenance notification for recording and processing problem notifications
for technical objects (for example, equipment or functional location)
■ Service notification for processing service activities within Customer Service
■ Feedback notification for recording and processing requests or problems
when using the SAP System
■ Claim for recording and processing deviations from a project plan (for
example, schedule deviation or cost variance)
■ Change notification for recording changes to product data within engineering
change management
6-2
Notifications
Optimized Processing Using Notifications

Notifications are an efficient tool for processing exception situations. Using
quality notifications, you can deal with both simple problems and problems
related to complete processes in the logistics supply chain (for example,
complaints processing for deliveries or processing of returns).
Using Quality Notifications

The subjects defined in quality notifications generally refer to exceptions in Notification Types
everyday business processes. If you create a notification, you use the
notification type to define the subject from a business viewpoint. This then
determines the remainder of the process flow. The following quality notification
types are supplied in the Standard System:
■ Customer complaint
■ Complaint against the vendor
■ Internal problem notification
Fig. 6-2: Quality Notification Types
6-3
Notifications
Requests or problems are created using the general notification that cannot, at
first, be assigned at a business level. As the responsible Notification Processor,
you assign a suitable notification type to a general notification, depending on
the subject of the notification. This controls all further processing.
Recording Options Quality notifications can be recorded manually or automatically:
■ You create a notification manually on the Internet, Intranet, or directly in a
SAP System.
■ For defects recording during inspection processing, a quality notification can
be created automatically.
Notification Processing
Processing Views If you manually enter and process quality notifications, you can use a simplified
or an enhanced processing view. The simplified view is meant for occasional
users who do not require the whole range of notification functions. This view is
used to quickly record problem notifications. All notification functions are
available in the enhanced view. This view is particularly useful for regular users.
Recording When manually entering notifications, the person creating the notification first
describes the subject in text form, names a reference object, if possible (for
example, a sales order or delivery note), and assigns an appropriate priority to
the problem. QM copies the linked information to the notification.
The person entering the notification can immediately see if, for example,
notifications already exist for the same material or customer. They can
immediately switch to the one of these notifications and call up information
about how to solve the problem.
Processing As the responsible Notification Processor, you are informed about notifications
using worklists or the SAP Business Workflow. You can implement tasks and
record costs immediately. You can also perform defects analysis for the
individual problems. You define the necessary corrective tasks and assign them
to the appropriate employees.
Completion You complete the problem notification after all tasks have been successfully
completed and their costs have been calculated. The steps you perform mirror
the status of the individual tasks and the complete quality notification. You can
display the most significant processing steps of a notification in the action log.
6-4
Notifications
Quality Notifications Made To Measure

You can adapt the structure and information in a quality notification to meet
your requirements. In addition to the notification types supplied by SAP, you
can define your own notification types. For each notification type, you can:
■ Select a simple or enhanced processing view
■ Determine screen areas and their content
■ Structure notification data by displaying or hiding tab pages
■ Determine the display and attributes for the action box
■ Configure shop papers for printing
Elements of the Quality Notification

Notification Header
Figure 6-3 shows the layout of data in a quality notification. The header data
record contains a description of the subject matter and depending on the
notification type, assigns objects affected by the notification (for example,
purchase order, material, vendor, and inspection lot, or sales order, material, and
customer). The priority and processing status are documented in the notification
header. You can also call up other objects linked to the notification in the
notification header, such as documents or QM orders used for recording costs.
Partners
The people involved in the creation or processing of a notification (for example,
vendors or customers) are marked as partners in the notification. Departments
and people within your company who are involved in notification processing
can also be included as partners. You therefore have a complete overview of all
people involved.
Fig. 6-3: Structure of a Quality Notification
6-5
Notifications
Notification Item
Problems or errors that have occurred are documented as notification items.
They contain information relating to defects analysis, such as the defect type
and location. You can assign various causes to a notification item. You can
access user-defined catalogs to describe the defect type, location, and cause.
Tasks/Activities
The tasks and activities used to correct the defects are subordinate to the
notification item. Tasks and activities can also be assigned to the notification
header, so that you can take the first steps to resolve a problem even before the
analysis is available.
Optimized Usage
Action Box You can use the action box to flexibly enhance the functions in the notification
to suit your needs. You can simplify usage and control problem processing with
regard to procedures. The action box includes typical tasks and activities for
processing notifications. These tasks or activities are represented as follow-up
functions and can be executed with a mouse-click. These follow-up functions
are available:
■ Creation of letters of compliance or 8D reports for complaints against the
vendor
■ Send request for permission to deviate from specifications
■ Create new quality notification from an existing notification
■ Send decisions by e-mail, fax, or print preview (for example, confirmation
of receipt, interim notice, or final notice)
■ Call up the solution database
■ Initiate calls from the notification
The process is simplified by using colors to mark the processing statuses of
activities. In this way, you can immediately recognize which process steps have
already been processed and which are outstanding.
Solution Database Complaints must be processed quickly and efficiently. With the integrated
solution database, you can quickly find solutions when processing notifications.
You call up the solution database from the action box and start a free-text search
in the database using the entered problem description. You can therefore quickly
determine whether similar problems have occurred in the past and which tasks
were used to successfully solve them.
6-6
Notifications
Worklists are available for processing quality notifications, defect items, tasks, Flexible Worklists
and activities. In particular for notifications or tasks, you can select and process
objects that you:
■ Created
■ Processed last
■ Are responsible for processing or which are within your area of responsibility
■ Are responsible for processing within a specific partner function
If the SAP Business Workflow component is used, all parties involved in Workflow
notification processing are informed about the tasks they must perform.
Depending on the status of notifications or tasks, work items are entered in the
mailbox of the responsible parties. You can call up the necessary processing
functions directly from a work item. If the processor responsible is unable to
complete the task within the deadline, the SAP System forwards the operation
to a department responsible for urgent outstanding tasks (escalation).
Depending on the priority of the notification, you can define a sequence of System Response
standard tasks using a response profile. These tasks can then be proposed on
request in the notification and must be completed within a specified period of
time.
If you create new documents in the system when processing notifications (for Document Flow
example, a sales order), then these are linked to the quality notification using
the central document flow. You can display all documents that are linked to the
notification in a list or as a graphic.
Analysis of Items and Defects

Quality notifications are designed to analyze defects in products or services.
There is one notification item (defect data record) for each defect that has been
recorded. In this record, you can describe the defect type and location, and
document the problem using company-specific codes, which can later be
evaluated. Additional input fields are available for each notification item,
including fields for defective quantities and a field for a quantitative defect
valuation.
Using the classification system, you can classify defects, define additional defect
characteristics, specify value ranges for these characteristics, and record
characteristic values.
Defect analysis is enhanced by documenting the causes of defects and defining

corrective tasks.
6-7
Notifications
Tasks
A task is a processing step that is performed during notification processing. With
a user-defined status sequence, you can track the processing status of the task.
You can define the completion deadline and the person responsible for each task.
The system manages the status of each task and only allows you to complete a
quality notification once all the tasks have been processed.
The structure of the quality notification differentiates between immediate and

corrective tasks.
Immediate Task The purpose of an immediate task is to provide an immediate response to the
problem that produced the quality notification, and to prevent any further
damage from occurring. These types of tasks are assigned to the quality
notification header and can be implemented without specifying a defect or
defect cause. Examples of immediate tasks include:
■ Blocking the warehouse stock
■ Triggering an additional inspection
■q Sending a confirmation letter
Corrective Task The purpose of a corrective task is to eliminate the defect and its cause, and to
prevent it from recurring. Corrective tasks are assigned to an individual
notification item (defect). Examples of corrective tasks include:
■ Changing a work instruction
■ Implementing training
■ Modifying a routing
Follow-Up Actions You can link tasks with automatic follow-up actions. As a result, you can, for
example, initiate inspections, block supply relationships, or create a purchase
order for a return delivery.
Activities Activities can also be defined in the system. An activity merely documents that
a specific action should be or has been implemented.
6-8
Notifications
Support Functions
Communication
Notifications on the Internet and Intranet
In the age of e-Commerce, the Internet provides many opportunities for
customers and vendors to communicate directly. Using the Internet connection
for quality notifications, you can reduce the resources and time needed for
recording a complaint, thereby improving notification processing. The customer
records the problem on the Internet. QM then triggers internal operations using
the Business Workflow. The customer can display the processing status of the
notification at any time on the Internet.
If notifications are created for general requests or problems from the users
working environment, the Internet Service Request is the Internet and Intranet
medium for finding answers and solutions quickly.
The notifications are easy to enter and process, and provide solutions quickly.
All employees are involved in continuous process improvement within your
company using the Internet service request. The Internet service request is the
medium:
■ With which different subjects can be recorded
■ Which searches for solutions using the integrated solution database
■ Which triggers multiple internal service processes
■ With which a problem analysis is documented for complex subjects
■ Which forwards the notification to the person responsible for processing
using the SAP Business Workflow
SAPphone
SAPphone enables you to integrate computer and telephone services. Quality
notifications support incoming and outgoing calls:
■ If customer calls to complain, the customer data is copied directly to the
customer complaint.
■ If you process a quality notification, you can initiate a telephone call to the
customer, vendor, or another partner directly from the notification.
6-9
Notifications
Sending E-Mails
When processing a notification, you can send important data to an internal or
external address (Internet) as a fax or by e-mail.
Permission to Deviate from Specification

Using the action box, you can contact a business partner to request permission
to deviate from the specification. For example, if a vendor part does not meet
the specification, you document this as a defect in a quality notification. During
notification processing, you can then use the action box to request permission
from an internal or external notification partner to use the same vendor part in
production.
Storage and Documentation

Shop Papers
Although the SAP System supports paper-free processing of quality
notifications, it is sometimes useful to have printed shop papers to present the
information either in the form of a fax, or to store them in a file. QM provides
the following shop papers:
■ Notification overview
■ Notification items
■ Complaint report
■ Confirmation report
■ Interim notice
■ Final report
■ 8D report
If required, you can also create your own shop papers and structure them with
the help of the SAPscript text processing function. You can use the examples
delivered with the SAP standard system as copy models for your own design.
Assignment of Documents
Using the SAP Document Management System, documents, such as CAD
drawings, Word, and HTML documents can be assigned to the notification. These
documents are then available during notification processing.
6-10
Notifications
Storage with SAP ArchiveLink

Using the SAP ArchiveLink, which is accessible in the quality notification, you
can archive and manage printed or electronically transmitted documents.
Outgoing documents, printed or transmitted by fax, are stored in an optical
archive. Incoming documents can be recorded with SAP ArchiveLink and
assigned to a new or an existing quality notification. If processing is to start
immediately, a workflow can be triggered when the incoming document is
recorded. The workflow forwards the tasks to the partner responsible for
processing (work items) using the SAPoffice function.
6-11
Quality Control
Sustained Quality Control - Planning,

Evaluation, and Direct Intervention
As Quality Manager it is your responsibility to ensure that your company

consistently maintains high quality standards. Quality control involves strategic
planning, continuous monitoring, and intervening rapidly to deal with
unexpected events. SAP offers you a complete set of instruments for this
purpose.
The role of Quality Manager in the mySAP.com Workplace provides the basis
for your quality control related tasks, which range from strategic planning, to
monitoring and evaluating inspections and notifications. MiniApps provide an
overview of all important key figures and evaluations in QM. As a result, you
can continuously evaluate your quality strategy and modify it at a moments
notice if a problem arises.
The easy-to-use Business Information Warehouse (SAP BW) consolidates data

to give you the reliable company key figures you need.
7-1
Quality Control
Dynamic Modification of the Inspection Scope

Dynamic modification controls the inspection scope (based on inspection
characteristics and sample sizes) for a series of inspection lots, to achieve a
predetermined quality goal. General technical rules, such as the sampling
systems of ISO 2859-1 and ISO 3951, follow this principle. QM contains a
complete set of sampling tables for these standards.
To reach the quality goal, the SAP System determines inspection stages for the
next inspection lot after each usage decision. It uses the dynamic modification
rule in the task list to determine inspection stages and then writes them to a
quality level data record. The SAP System takes the quality level into account
when determining the inspection scope and it specifies the inspection scope in
the inspection instruction. The inspection lots are summarized in a quality level
according to specific criteria. For example, inspection lots in production are
summarized according to material, plant, and task list, while inspection lots for
goods receipt inspections are summarized according to material, vendor,
manufacturer, plant, and task list.
Fig. 7-1: Dynamic Modification of the Inspection Scope
7-2
Quality Control
Figure 7-1 shows how master data and transaction data interact during dynamic
modification of the inspection scope. The main features of this interaction are
as follows:
■ Dynamic modification rules apply uniformly for all inspection characteristics
in a task list, or individually for certain inspection characteristics, or
generally for the inspection type that is active for the material.
■ Tightening or reducing the inspection scope based on the results of a previous
inspection is controlled either by the valuation of the inspection lot (dynamic
modification by lot) or by the valuations of the individual inspection
characteristics (dynamic modification by characteristic).
When several lots of the same material are to be inspected simultaneously, there
are two times when the system can dynamically modify the inspection scope:
■ The inspection scope is modified in advance by assuming that all open
characteristics will be accepted. If a lot is rejected as a result of an inspection,
the inspection scope will be updated again after the usage decision has been
made.
■ The inspection scope is modified after the usage decision for the current
inspection lot has been made.
7-3
Quality Control
On the Right Track with Statistical Process Control (SPC)

Statistical process control (SPC) allows you to monitor, regulate, and improve
the quality of processes.
Fig. 7-2: Illustration of an x-bar-s Control Chart
Quality Control Chart The most important tool for statistical process control is the quality control
chart, a graphic tool for documenting, analyzing, and controlling processes. You
can use this chart in an inspection during production and during the
procurement or shipping process.
You choose one or more control variables for the relevant characteristic,
determine their values at regular intervals by taking samples from the process
and enter them in the chart in chronological order.
Types of Control Charts QM provides the following types of control charts for inspection characteristics
with a normal distribution:
■ Mean value chart with tolerances (acceptance chart)
■ Mean value chart without tolerances (Shewhart chart)
■ Standard deviation chart (Shewhart chart)
■ Range chart (Shewhart chart)
7-4
Quality Control
■ Moving average chart

■ Exponentially weighted moving average chart
■ Individual moving range chart for sample size n=1
■ Charts for qualitative characteristics (np-, p-, u- and c-chart)
You can show the mean value and standard deviation of a characteristic on one
control chart with two tracks.
In addition to the control variable, each track also contains control limits. If
these limits are exceeded, you intervene in the process. For some control chart
types, you can predefine warning limits or a center line. The limits are
determined using statistical methods from the current process data, or from the
results of an initial run. You can also enter them manually on the basis of
existing data. Various algorithms can be used for the calculation.
■ The acceptance charts are based on your predefined tolerances. They
determine the share of scrap in the process. The limits of these charts are
extended if a long-term reduction in the process variance is achieved.
■ If you are using a Shewhart chart, the limits become tighter as a result of a
long-term reduction in the process variance. These charts only take internal
process parameters into account and not external tolerance specifications.
They use a continuously recurring statistical test to check that the controlled
status of the process has not changed.
As an Inspection Planner, you determine whether a quality control chart is to
be maintained for a given inspection characteristic. The charts may include
several inspection lots or production orders. The SAP System creates the quality
control charts when preparing the quality inspection and updates them when
you record results. As a Quality Inspector, you can display the charts when you
are recording results and, if you have the appropriate authorization, you can use
them to calculate the action and warning limits. If necessary, you can exchange
the algorithms.
You can evaluate inspection results using the quality control chart. The standard
SAP System contains a valuation rule that rejects a sample as soon as any action
limit is exceeded. When this occurs, the SAP Business Workflow automatically
notifies the department (as long as the defect class has been set appropriately
in the defect code of the task list characteristic).
7-5
Quality Control
Worklist for Control Charts You can view all of the control charts you are responsible for in a worklist. In
the role of Quality Manager, you can access a MiniApp which shows you all
charts where control limits have been exceeded.
Western Electric Rules Apart from showing where control limits were exceeded, control charts can
indicate that a process may be running out of control on the basis of unusual
patterns (for example, runs or trends). The criteria used to detect such patterns
are referred to as Western Electric Rules. In the worklist for control charts, you
can check the stability of processes according to the following criteria:
■ 1 point outside of control limits
■ 2 of 3 consecutive points outside 2/3 of the control limits
■ 4 of 5 consecutive points outside 1/3 of the control limits
■ 8 consecutive points above or below the center line (run)
■ 15 consecutive points within 1/3 of the control limits
■ 6 consecutive points in ascending/descending order (trend)
On the selection screen, you can decide whether:
■ The check according to Western Electric Rules should be carried out
immediately. In this case, all control charts that correspond to the selection
criteria are checked.
■ You want to view a list of control charts, from which you can then choose
individual control charts to be checked.
Violations of the Western Electric Rules are displayed in a list along with the
chart number, track, and sample number. From this list, you can branch to the
inspection results to display detailed information on the individual inspections
and to view the control chart.
Process Capability Indices In the mean-value chart, you can display the process capability indices cp and
cpk in a second window.
7-6
Quality Control
Fig. 7-3: Process Capability Index cpk
You can use a histogram evaluation to display the frequency distribution of Histogram
measured values in a bar chart. This allows you to recognize typical and extreme
values of a sample, as well as to judge the location, dispersion, and form of the
distribution. You can blend the histogram out and replace it with a normal
distribution if required.
The histogram contains the following data:

■ All valid results for the sample
■ Upper and lower specification limits
■ Target value
■ Distribution function and statistical values
If the inspection results are already divided into classes, the SAP System uses
these classes to display the histogram. Otherwise, it divides the existing values
into appropriate classes. You can increase or decrease the number of classes
using the zoom function.
7-7
Quality Control
Fig. 7-4: Example of a Histogram
Quality Scores Quality scores for inspection lots are a proven tool for quality control. QM provides
you with several ways of determining the quality score. It uses information from
the following sources:
■ Usage decision
■ Estimated fraction of nonconforming units in the lot
■ Estimated fraction of nonconforming units for characteristics
◆ Maximum share of defects
◆ Weighted average share of defects
■ Quality score of the characteristic defect classes
◆ Minimum (worst) quality score
◆ Weighted average quality score
7-8
Quality Control
Vendor Evaluation
When procuring materials, you can use the vendor evaluation to select a suitable
vendor. This function provides you (as the purchaser) with a summarized score
that has been calculated for the vendor according to main and subcriteria.
Fig. 7-5: Vendor Evaluation
The subcriteria for the main criterion Quality come from the following sources:
■ Goods receipt inspection:
The average of the quality scores of all goods receipt lots from the vendor
for a specific time period.
■ Complaints:
The number of valid complaints in relation to the turnover.
■ QM System audit:
Either the average quality score of all system audits executed during a
specified time period, or the quality score of the most recent system audit.
You define the criteria and their relative weighting according to your company
requirements.
7-9
Quality Control
Evaluations: Keeping you Up-to-Date

The following evaluation tools are available in Quality Management:
■ Results history of mean and single values with integrated analysis of trends
■ Business Information Warehouse with integrated Business Content
■ QM Information System (QMIS)
■ Report lists programmed using ABAP
◆ Predefined SAP Reports
◆ Logical databases as the basis for customer-specific reports
These tools complement each other. Report lists primarily evaluate operative
data. SAP BW and QMIS, however, analyze summarized data that can be stored
for a long period of time.
Results History
With the help of the results history, you can analyze single values that were
recorded for a characteristic when you recorded results and when you made the
usage decision. You define the period of time to be analyzed. You can prepare
the data in list form and graphically represent the progression of values over a
period of time using a run chart. With the help of a trend analysis, you can
represent the predicted course of the values. Exporting the data, for example,
to a Microsoft EXCEL® file provides additional options for processing the
information.
Fig. 7-6: Evaluations and Representations Using the Results History
7-10
Quality Control
SAP Business Information Warehouse

The SAP Business Information Warehouse (SAP BW) offers modern Data
Warehouse Architecture, which fits effortlessly into the IT landscape of SAP and
other software systems. It contains preconfigured Business Content for you in
your role as Quality Manager or Quality Planner. Business Content includes data
extraction, meta-data and information models, and ready-made templates for
tables and graphs in Excel® or HTML.
The specifications and results of your quality inspections can be evaluated down Inspection Results
to the sample level of an individual characteristic. The spectrum of key figures
ranges from the number of inspected or rejected samples to key performance
indicators (KPIs) for process capability, such as cp and cpk. You can interactively
analyze quality using criteria such as material, vendor, or work center.
Inspection lots can be transferred to the SAP BW once the usage decision has Inspection Lots
been made. You can get information on the frequency of individual usage
decisions, the number of inspected and skipped lots, the actual inspected
quantity, the fraction of nonconforming units, or the quality score in graphic
or tabular form. For example, the information can be summarized and sorted
according to vendor or purchasing organization.
Quality notifications reflect unplanned events that occur during the quality Quality Notifications
process. For every notification, a selection of attributes and key figures are
transferred to the SAP BW. In this way, you receive summarized or detailed
information regarding the notification process, with an emphasis on reference
objects such as customer, vendor, material, or assembly. On the organizational
side, the emphasis is placed on purchasing and sales, divisions, material groups,
or the country of origin of your customers. Among the key figures, you can find
the number of notifications, the cumulative or average processing time, the
defective and the returned quantities, and the proportion of notifications
completed on time. In addition, you can get information on new, outstanding,
and successfully completed tasks.
In SAP QM, defects are documented in the inspection lot or as notification items. Defects, Defect Location, Cause,
The SAP BW shows you which defects occurred, where they occurred, and what Activities, Tasks
caused them. Activities and tasks associated with the notification are also
extracted. For example, you can determine which defects occur regularly in a
specific location.
Many key figures used by the Quality Manager are based on information coming
from outside QM. Examples of this are the vendor evaluation in purchasing,
returned quantities in stock management, scrap and rework quantities in
production, or returns in sales. This information is integrated in the SAP BW
Business Content and can be linked with the key figures from QM, thereby
providing you with a complete picture of the quality in your company.
7-11
Quality Control
Quality Management Information System (QMIS)

Inspection results and quality notifications are summarized on the basis of time,
plant, or work center and updated in the Quality Management Information
System (QMIS). You can decide whether you want the update to be performed
on the basis of material, material/vendor, or material/customer.
Since the QM Information System is part of the Logistics Information System,

you can combine evaluations with information from other areas of logistics,
such as production or purchasing. Output data is displayed in list form or as a
graphic and can be sent as a mail. Other features include ABC or portfolio
analyses. Using the standard SAP Query tools, you can freely define your own
evaluations and reports.
Standard Analysis The QM Information System contains a selection of standard evaluations for
your materials, vendors, and customers including key figures such as process
capability indices, defect frequencies, or skip quotas. Both the presentation and
the content of the QMIS can be tailored to the users needs.
Flexible Analyses You can configure your own reports on the basis of standard information
structures or self-defined structures. You can link your key figures to company
key figures using formulas. Even if you have no programming experience, you
can quickly and easily create reports using flexible analysis.
Early Warning System The Early Warning System helps you to identify problems at an early stage by
warning you if an exception situation occurs. You can define the exception
situations. If an exception situation arises, the SAP System will immediately
inform you per mail or Workflow. An exception situation can, for example,
occur if the quality score of a vendor falls below 90 points. You define exception
analyses using standard information structures, or using your self-defined
structures. You can use mathematical algorithms, or you can set the system to
recognize threshold values or upcoming trends.
7-12
Quality Control
Report Lists Using ABAP Query

You can create evaluations that are not available in the Standard System with
a simple mouse-click using the ABAP Query tool or pre-defined logical
databases. The link to printing and presentation functions automatically occurs.
QM-STI Interface for External Evaluations

QM-STI (Statistical Data Interface) is an open interface used for evaluating
inspection results in external systems. You configure it in Customizing and
trigger the external application by simply pushing a button in the following
QM functions:
■ Results Recording
■ Usage Decision
■ Control Chart
■ Results History
Quality Costs
Within the SAP System, the Controlling component plans, collects, and Controlling
evaluates all costs incurred by a company. These costs include quality-related
costs (quality costs). In QM, you record appraisal costs originating from quality
inspections or nonconformity costs originating from quality notifications.
Quality costs from other applications (for example, Human Resource
Management) can also be included in the cost calculation.
The Controlling component uses QM orders to manage quality costs. The QM Order
following types of QM orders are provided in the standard SAP System:
■ Appraisal costs order
◆ For individual settlement
◆ For collective settlement
■ Nonconformity costs order
You can also define your own specific order types. When creating an inspection
lot, or a quality notification, you can create or assign a corresponding QM order.
7-13
Quality Control
Appraisal Costs
Appraisal cost orders are stored in the material master and assigned by the
SAP System as cost collectors to individual inspection lots. If, however, a special
settlement is required for an inspection, that settlement takes precedence. This
is the case, for example, when the lot belongs to a production order or when it
comes from a goods receipt for a purchase order that is assigned to a cost center
account.
Activity Confirmation The SAP System calculates appraisal costs using the activities that you, as the
inspector, confirm. You can confirm activities, for example, on the basis of the
hours worked. Accounting fixes the types of activities, such as set-up or
inspection time, and the valid charges for the cost center that performs the
activity. The activities performed for inspection lots are logged during results
recording or when the usage decision is made. Activities performed for
inspections during production are confirmed at the same time as confirmations
for production orders are made.
Other inspection costs, such as material usage, are settled to the order in which
you confirm the inspection activity.
Nonconformity Costs
To settle nonconformity costs for a quality notification, you create a QM order
when processing a notification. You assign the order to the notification header
and use it as a cost collector for costs such as those relating to a warranty, to
scrapping or to the settlement of activities performed. You can also assign
rework orders to this cost collector account. This allows you to debit all costs
for a quality notification to the appropriate personnel and analyze the costs.
7-14
Test Equipment Management
On Target with
Efficient Test Equipment Management
As Test Equipment Manager you are responsible for managing, monitoring,

calibrating, and maintaining test equipment, thereby ensuring that the
production process runs smoothly. Test equipment management involves the
following activities:
■ Planning and performing calibration inspections
■ Releasing or blocking test equipment
■ Creating trend analyses
■ Tracking test equipment with usage lists and results and test equipment
history
■ Determining calibration costs
8-1
Calibration Inspections Using SAP

Test equipment management in the SAP System combines important planning
and processing functions from Asset Lifecycle Management and Quality
Management, that are needed for master data management and for planning and
performing calibration inspections.
Releasing Test Equipment You can use the inspection results to decide whether a piece of test equipment
can be released for further use. Using the results history, you can verify the
suitability of each piece of equipment and the accuracy of the inspections
performed using this equipment.
Test Equipment Tracking During a calibration inspection, you notice that a piece of test equipment is no
longer fit for use. In this case, you can check which inspection lots and
characteristics were inspected using this piece of equipment in the test
equipment history. You can then initiate appropriate actions.
Monitoring Technical Installations In addition to calibration inspections, you can use inspection lots created for
maintenance orders for the extended recording of measured values in plant
maintenance (for example, to monitor technical installations, where critical
values have to be recorded on a regular basis). Consequently, you can record
inspection results for functional locations as well as for test equipment.
Fig. 8-1: Functions of Test Equipment Management
8-2
Master Data in a Calibration Inspection

Your companys test equipment data is stored in an equipment master record. Equipment
This master record contains all of the data relevant to test equipment (such as
acquisition value and date, manufacturer, work center, cost center, location).
To organize your test equipment and make it easier to locate, you can:
■ Combine similar test equipment in groups
■ Use the classification system to categorize test equipment according to
technical features
■ Assign the test equipment to a construction type (material)
The maintenance plan is the central planning object, in which you assign the Maintenance Plan
list of equipment to be inspected, the maintenance task list, and the calibration
schedule. The maintenance plan specifies which types of activities must be
performed periodically and how often they are to be performed. In the
maintenance plan, you can enter time-based or performance-based intervals for
performing these activities. When maintenance deadlines are automatically
called, the system creates maintenance orders.
In the task list, you plan the recurring work processes in a standardized form. Maintenance Task List
To perform a calibration inspection, you can include inspection characteristics
in the maintenance task list.
In turn, you can include a maintenance task list in a maintenance plan. The task
list specifies the activities to be performed for individual maintenance deadlines.
8-3
Planning a Calibration Inspection

The automatic or manual scheduling of a maintenance plan triggers calibration
inspections that are to be performed at regular intervals. When a maintenance
plan is scheduled, the system creates a maintenance order and when this
maintenance order is released, an inspection lot is created. The inspection lot
contains all data required for the calibration inspection (such as a list of
equipment to be inspected and the inspection specifications).
Fig. 8-2: Objects in a Calibration Inspection
To plan a calibration inspection, you must:

■ Create master data
(Equipment master records, maintenance plan, master inspection
characteristics, and the maintenance task list).
You define operations and the characteristics associated with these operations
in the maintenance task list.
■ Define inspection specifications
Quantitative and qualitative inspection characteristics contain the inspection
specifications (such as target values, tolerances, and codes for attributive
valuations) and they determine how results will be recorded.
■ Define inspection intervals
You can define inspection intervals using a central maintenance strategy that
can apply to several maintenance plans. You can use maintenance strategies,
for example, to define different intervals for each operation within a
maintenance task list. You also have the option of defining a maintenance
cycle (single-cycle plan) at maintenance plan level, which is valid for all
operations of the maintenance task list.
8-4
You define inspection intervals either based on time, or based on

performance. A time-based inspection interval could, for example, consist of
an annual calibration on a key date. A performance-based inspection interval
may involve a calibration after 1000 uses of a piece of equipment. You can
also combine time-based and performance-based calibrations in a multiple
counter plan (for example, inspect after 6 months, or, at the latest, after 1000
uses of the equipment).
Calibration Inspection
The calibration inspection covers the following activities:
■ Scheduling the maintenance plan and creating the maintenance order and
inspection lot
The maintenance plan is usually scheduled automatically using a periodically
run program. When this program is run, the system creates calls and converts
these calls into orders when they become due. You can make a setting in
Customizing that releases the orders directly, causing the inspection lots to
be created.
■ Inspecting and calibrating test equipment
You can create a worklist of the calibration inspections that are planned for
a specific period, according to various criteria (for example, all test equipment
to be calibrated in the next week, or test equipment sorted by cost center or
work center). You can use this information to identify and prepare the test
equipment for inspection.
When a maintenance order is released, the system automatically creates an
inspection lot. All orders that have been released, and all inspection lots that
are to be processed appear in a worklist for results recording and can be
processed in any sequence.
If test equipment unexpectedly fails during use, you can create a maintenance
notification (malfunction report). Within this maintenance notification, you
can manually create a maintenance order to schedule a calibration
inspection.
■ Recording results
You can record results in the worklist for the equipment. You can use the
characteristic types and recording functions of QM.
During a calibration inspection, you can make confirmations for the
maintenance order (for example, to record costs for activities performed or
for materials that were required for the calibration inspection). In addition,
there are other order processing functions available, such as capacity
planning.
If characteristics are rejected, you can create maintenance notifications, start
corrective tasks, and document the success of these corrective tasks.
8-5
Fig. 8-3: Follow-Up Actions When Making the Usage Decision
■ Equipment Valuation and Follow-Up Actions

Once you have recorded all the results for the equipment in each operation,
you make an equipment valuation for the test equipment (accept or reject).
When all the test equipment for an inspection lot has been valuated, you
make the usage decision for the inspection lot. As a result of the usage
decision, the system can perform certain follow-up actions:
◆ Update equipment status
The system manages a status for each item of test equipment in the
equipment master record. This status determines whether a piece of test
equipment is released for use or blocked. On the basis of the equipment
valuation, the system proposes the future status. This status can be
updated in the equipment master record. If a piece of test equipment is
blocked, the system will alert you to this fact when the next order is
released.
◆ Change inspection interval
If an inspection shows that a piece of test equipment is still fit for use, but
maintenance will be due before the next inspection date, you can change
the cycle modification factor when you make the usage decision. You can
thereby reduce the length of the next inspection interval.
8-6
◆ Create measurement documents

If you have defined measuring points for your test equipment, the system
can create measurement documents automatically for each measuring
point. When this follow-up action is executed, the results of the calibration
inspection are automatically entered in new measurement documents. You
can call up these documents in the equipment history.
◆ Complete maintenance order
You can set the system to automatically complete the calibration order
when the calibration inspection has been completed.
◆ In addition to the follow-up actions described above, you can also define
your own follow-up actions (such as printing self-adhesive calibration
labels specifying the date of the next calibration inspection).
Evaluations for Test Equipment

Results history
You use this history to display the results of previous inspections for specific
characteristics of a piece of test equipment.
Fig. 8-4: Results History with Trend Line
8-7
Trend analysis using run chart

If you display inspection results for an inspection characteristic as a run chart
using the time axis in the results history, the system can indicate a trend
(regression line) for the run of values. This provides you with an indication of
when a tolerance limit will be exceeded.
Usage lists
The usage list for test equipment allows you to determine the cost center of the
test equipment, its current or previous location, or the work center in which it
was used.
Test equipment history
Using the test equipment history, you can determine which inspection lots and
characteristics were inspected with a specific piece of test equipment. This is
important, for example, if, during a calibration inspection, you determine that
a piece of test equipment should no longer be in use (test equipment tracking).
8-8
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Mailing address
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SAP Communication Center
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Functions in Detail

mySAP Product Lifecycle Management

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mySAP Product Lifecycle Management

Modern Quality Management: Internal and External Integration 1-1

Quality Management in the Product Life Cycle 2-1

Inspection Planning: Putting Quality Strategies into Action 3-1

Efficient Problem Management with Notifications 6-1

Sustained Quality Control - Planning,

On Target with Efficient Test Equipment Management 8-1

With mySAP Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) and Quality Management

If you are considering implementing SAP QM in your company, or have already

The second chapter describes the influence of Quality Management throughout

We hope this brochure fulfills your requirements.

A combination of functions tailored to the specific requirements of the

An application, information, or service that can be displayed in a web browser.

Collaboration between companies using a regulated exchange of information

Business processes that involve an exchange of data between mySAP.com and

Modern Quality Management:

The Quality Management solution provides the following advantages:

QM not only offers all the advantages of integrated software; as part of

Quality Management is directly linked to various cross-application functions,

Fig. 1-1: Internal and External Integration of QM

External Integration: Quality Management and mySAP.com

Fig. 1-2: Quality Manual - Integrated in the Work Center

Fig. 1-3: Mobile Results Recording with QM

You can use QM to control which inspections should be performed on a mobile

Quality Management in the Product Life Cycle

Fig. 2-1: Quality Loop According to ISO 9004

The Planning Phase of the Product Life Cycle

Life-Cycle Data Management

For the management of quality information related to materials, vendors, and

In material-related inspection plans, you can define either customer or vendor-

Program and Project Management

The Implementation Phase of the Product Life Cycle

QM can also monitor the step-by-step release of a material. Vendor deliveries

In many industry sectors, suppliers are middlemen (distributors). Therefore, the

Fig. 2-2: Certificate Processing at Goods Receipt

Fig. 2-3: Inspection Lot Processing at Goods Receipt

Fig.2-4: Inspection During Production

Fig. 2-5: Quantity Confirmation and Inspection Point Valuation

Sales and Distribution

Fig. 2-6: Characteristic Specifications from Variant Configuration

The Usage Phase of the Product Life Cycle

As Inspection Planner, you implement predefined planning strategies in your

Integrated Inspection Planning

Task List Structure

Fig. 3-1: Task List Structure

Basic Data for Inspection Planning

Sampling Procedure and Sampling Scheme

Ready-to-use sampling schemes are contained in the delivery system in

Dynamic Modification Rule

Reference Operation Set

Fig. 3-3: Inspection Planning with the Engineering Workbench

Quality Inspections: Achieving Reliable Results

Inspection Lot Processing

Fig. 4-1: Stages in Inspection Lot Processing

Inspection Lot Creation

Fig. 4-2: Inspection Lot Creation

Inspection Lot Completion

Fig. 4-3: Inspection Lot Completion

Quality Certificates: Guaranteed Reliability

Quality Notifications Made To Measure