Acknowledgements

Praise be to Allah Who gave me power and determination to accomplish this study. My sincere gratitude and thanks go to my supervisor Dr. Ahmed Hayder Sigar for his constant guidance, comments and recommendations in the course of writing this thesis. I would like also to express my deepest thanks, gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Aabdul-Latif Al-Jumaily for his sincere guidance and help. I also like to thank Dr. Asm' Bamarni (Head of English Department, College of Arts, University of Duhok) for her encouragement. Many thanks go to Dr. Aabdul-Wahab Khalid (Head of Kurdish Department, University of Duhok) for his appreciated help in providing related sources in Kurdish language and for his invaluable

recommendations. I am grateful to the sincere advice of Pro. Dr. Muhammad Maa'rf, Dr. Ismaail M. Fahmi, and the whole staff of the College of Languages, University of Salahaddin who were helpful and truthful in their contributions. A word of thank goes to Mr. Bahaddin and Mr. Saa'daddin, high school teachers of Arabic language for their advice and I also thank the staff of the English Department (College of Arts, University of Mosul) for their help and advice. My thanks and gratitude are extended to the staff of the libraries of English and Kurdish Departments (University of Duhok), and the library staff of College of Arts, English Department, University of Mosul. I would like also to thank sincerely all friends and colleagues especially Mr. Sarbast Lazgin, Dr. Mvan arif, Mr. Sagvan Barwary, and Mr. Aumar Ahmad for their invaluable help and support. Finally, I would like to express my true gratefulness and love to my family and my relatives, particularly my mother, wife and brothers and sisters for their support, help, encouragement and prayers.

Abstract
The present study investigates the linguistic stylistic features of selected speeches of President Masoud Barzani. It aims at viewing the stylistic features of the President's speeches to show the linguistic characteristics that distinguish his style and the linguistic shifts in styles that occur due to translating his speeches from Kurdish into Arabic and English. The study is based on the hypothesis that there are certain stylistic markers in President Masoud Barzani's speeches that are more frequently used than others. It is also hypothesized that there will be shifts in styles when the original texts are translated into Arabic or English and that these shifts are bound to affect the markedness of the President's style. The data consist of the official speeches of President Masoud Barzani collected from the official sources, namely, from the Kurdistan Regional Presidency's official website. Concerning the analytical approach used in this study, to investigate the linguistic features of these texts, the approach of Linguistic Stylistic Analysis is adopted. This approach refers to the general features of various types of language use, i.e., the stylistic features of the main varieties of language. It can also be used as a cover term for the analysis of non-literary varieties of language or registers. The practical part involves the analysis of the source and target language texts. It adopts Leech and Short's (1981) model which provides a checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories necessary for a more comprehensive view of the nature of these texts. It also explores the stylistic shifts that occur as a result of translating the source language into the target languages. The study has come up with the conclusion that President Masoud Barzani has a distinctive style of making speeches to the public such as the heavy repetition of certain lexical items, the intensive emotional
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vocabulary, and the avoidance of confusing or ambiguous vocabulary. It has also been concluded that stylistic shifts in translation from the source language into the target languages have affected the markedness of the President's style. The outputs of this study can be used for further linguistic and stylistic research in the future to enrich this field of study in Iraq in general and in Kurdistan in particular.

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Table of Contents

Subject Acknowledgements Abstract Table of Contents List of Abbreviations and Symbols List of Figures and Diagrams List of Transliteration Symbols Chapter One: Introduction 1.1 The Problem 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Hypotheses 1.4 Data Collection and Procedures 1.5 Limits of the Study 1.6 The Significance of the Study Chapter Two: Literature Review 2.1 Preliminary 2.2 Style and Stylistics: Concepts and Definitions 2.3 Trends of Stylistics 2.4 Style as a Choice 2.5 Style in Context 2.6 The Domain of Style 2.7 The Scope of Modern Stylistics 2.8 The Purpose of Stylistics 2.9 Stylistics and Linguistic Levels 2.10 The Structure of Stylistics 2.11 Linguistic and Literary Stylistic Analysis 2.12 The Position of Stylistics 2.12.1 Stylistics as a Branch of Linguistics 2.12.2 Stylistics as a Link between Language and Literature 2.12.3 Stylistics as an Intermediate Stage between Linguistics and Criticism 2.13 Public Speaking 2.13.1 Language and Politics 2.13.2 Political Speeches 2.13.3 Public Speaking and Conversation 2.13.4 The Speech Communication Process 2.14 Some Pragmatic Considerations
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Page i ii iv vi vi vii 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 11 11 12 13 17 19 22 26 28 30 30 30 31 32 32 34 36 37 38

2.14.1 Grice's Cooperative Principle 2.14.2 Leech's Politeness Principle 2.14.3 Face and Face- Threatening Act 2.15 Approaches to Stylistic Analysis 2.16 The Adopted Model Chapter Three: Analysis of the Kurdish Texts 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Analysis of Text 1 3.3 Analysis of Text 2 3.4 Analysis of Text 3 3.5 Conclusions Chapter Four: Analysis of the Arabic and English Versions 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Translation Procedures 4.3 Translation Methods 4.4 Translation Shifts 4.5 Analysis of the Arabic and English Versions 4.5.1 Analysis of the Arabic Texts 4.5.1.1 Analysis of Text 1 4.5.1.2 Analysis of Text 2 4.5.1.3 Analysis of Text 3 4.6 Conclusions 4.7 Analysis of the English Texts 4.7.1 Analysis of Text 1 4.7.2 Analysis of Text 2 4.7.3 Analysis of Text 3 4.8 Conclusions Chapter Five: Conclusions, Recommendations and Suggestions for Further Research 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Suggestions for Further Research Bibliography Appendix

39 41 43 45 47 54 55 70 87 106 107 109 110 113 114 114 114 126 138 150 151 151 160 171 182

183 184 185 186 194

List of Abbreviations and Symbols

CP F FTA KRG KRP PP SL TL SLT TLT ()

Cooperative Principle Face Face- Threatening Act Kurdistan Regional Government Kurdistan Regional Presidency Politeness Principle Source-language Target-language Source-Language Text Target-Language Text Omitted or does not exist

List of Figures and Diagrams

Figure/ Diagram Figure (1) Figure (2) Diagram (1) Philological Circle

Title

Page 39 55 35

Possible Strategies for Realising FTAs Matrix of Variety

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List of Transliteration Symbols Consonants

Arabic

Transliteration

Example Gloss

Kurdish

Transliteration

Example Gloss

' th j kh th sh s dh dh a gh q h

water three crime love expert tail sun prayer light way shadow flag anger heart air

__

__ p j ch kh zh sh a gh v q g h

__

__ foot place skin seven dream colour life sweet cloud sad love dates rose dumb came

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Semi-vowels

w y

weight right

w y

home player

Short Vowels

Arabic

Transliteration

Example Gloss

Kurdish

Transliteration

Example Gloss

a u i

went used thumb

a u i o

come killed then day

Long Vowels

Arabic

Transliteration

Example Gloss

Kurdish

Transliteration

Example Gloss

helped raspberry softness

far here

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