CHAPTER 1 Biology Biology is the science inquiry into the nature of life Findings support advanced in medicine, agriculture,

re, energy and environmental policy What is life? Life is characterized by a collection of properties Biological Order Atom Smallest stable unit of matter Molecule Atoms united by a chemical bond Organelle Structural and functional component of a cell Biological organization has a hierarchical structure New emergent properties are seen at each level Biological Order Cell Smallest functional unit of life Tissue Cooperative assembly of cells Organ Assembly of tissue with a common function Biological Order Biosphere -> Organism Ecosystem All biotic and abiotic components of the environment Community All living things near by Population All members of 1 species living in a specific area Energy processing To do work organisms require a source of energy Exchange of energy may involve transformation from one form to another No energy transformation is 100% efficient Energy Flow Producers convert light into chemical energy Consumers feed on other organisms Energy enters ecosystems as light and exits as heat Regulation Molecules called enzymes speed up the reactions that support life Each acts during a specific process in a pathway Living organisms regulate enzyme actions to maintain a dynamic balance Feedback Negative feedback : Accumulation of an end product often slows a process Positive feedback : A product less commonly speeds up its own production It finishes; go to the end Response To Environment Organisms sense to respond to their enternal environment Allows living things to acquire needed resources and stay safe from harm. Biological Diversity

 Biologists have identified 1.8 million species Includes 5 000 prokaryotes, 100 000 fungi, 290 000 plants

CHAPTER 2 Chemistry of Life Living organisms are subject to basic laws of physics and chemistry Emergent properties arise from changes in the behavior of matter when chemicals react Structure of Matter Matter is made up of elements, substances that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions Each naturally occurring elements is composed of unique atoms and has a unique symbol Essential Elements The elements CHNOPS make up most living matter Trace elements are required only in minute amounts Compounds A compound A substance that consists of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio Ex : NaCl -> pure sodium (metal) + Chloride (gas) Atoms combine in equal proportions Atomic Structure Atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element Neutrons and protons form a dense atomic nucleus Electrons form a cloud of negative charge around it Describing Atoms The atomic nucleus Isotopes Radioactive Decay Isotope Technology Use of Isotopes Energy of Electrons Electron Shells Electron Configuration