Michael Nolan Professor Erin Dietel-McLaughlin W&R 13300-02 3 November 2011 Research Essay Annotated Bibliography !

In this essay, I will examine the most recent, major discoveries in cosmology and

particle physics, and I will comment on the media used to publish the stories. Ive always been very interested in particle physics and space, and Im even considering adding a second major in physics with a concentration in particle physics. Besides this interest, I believe that we are currently in a golden age of scientic discoveries, for the recent breakthroughs are groundbreaking. I wish to use this paper to promote an appreciation for these incredible discoveries, while also mentioning our class themes of digital identity and community to examine how the digital publications of these ndings have inuenced the general populations appreciation for science. I will rst discuss the most recent ndings to establish the fact that we are in an accelerated era of discovery. Then, I will examine various medias portrayals of these discoveries and compare them to traditional publications. Finally, I will research articles from scientic journals that talk about the medias effect on modern science. My intended audience is the scientic community, for I will be commenting on whether the digital, instant publication of these discoveries increases appreciation for science or hurts the professional authority of science. Hawking, Stephen, and Leonard Mlodinow. The Grand Design.New York: Bantam ! Books, 2010. Print.

In this novel by theoretical physicist, Stephen Hawking, he explains his views on

physics based on the most recent theories available. He takes these theories and then discusses our place in the universe that these theories describe, connecting to the audience and promoting the common mans appreciation for science. This book does not have the language of a professional journal article, so Hawkings intended audience would include average people who are not a part of the scientic community that Hawking resides in. Hawking rst discusses scientic discoveries and theories since 7000 B.C. (15-34), which more easily lets him describe the current theories based on how they were developed. Through discussions on reality (39-59), the multiverse theory, and other common topics in the scientic community, Hawking has taught his readers enough so that he may conclude with M-Theory, the Theory of Everything (87-144). This is the most modern theory of cosmology and particle physics, so I will use his explanations as reference points to aid in my descriptions of the most recent discoveries. I will approach all of my research and writing by using the information Ive gotten from this book to guide my own and my readers understandings of the details I present. Liebscher, Dierck-Ekkehard. Cosmology. The Netherlands: Springer-Verlag Berlin ! ! Heidelberg, 2005. Print. This book is structured similarly to an encyclopedia, so it will be a great reference

source if I nd it necessary to delve deeper into one subtopic of cosmology. This book, however, is explicitly intended to supplement a graduate education of cosmology, so the terms and descriptions are very technical and difcult to understand without a previous knowledge of cosmology. There is no argumentative or big-picture aspect present in this

book, unlike in The Grand Design; it is an objective presentation of the topics, theories, and calculations of our modern understanding of cosmology. While many of the topics are too technical for me to include in my essay, I may reference some of the major topics I will discuss, such as the cosmological models (247-251), time (278-279), and the anthropic aspects (287-291) of cosmology. I will also use this professional, encyclopedia-type book in comparison with popular publications in magazines, newspapers, blogs, and even twitter, so that I may analyze the different intended reactions by the different audiences and comment on what that disparity does to our appreciation for science. Lowe, S. "Investigating media stories."Astronomy & Geophysics, 49 (2008):4.35. Web. ! ! 25 October 2011. Stuart Lowe is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Manchester, and

while he normally writes articles on astronomical research, this article describes his experience of attending a workshop about the interaction between the media and science (4.35). Because this article was published in the Astronomy & Geophysics scientic journal, the audience would be the scientic community, and I can tell that Lowe intends this group to be his audience based on the language he uses. The workshop explained how misrepresentation of scientic data through the media is not as bad or prevalent as it seems, how different media direct their publications to different groups, and what researchers can do to to accurately communicate scientic results through the media. The workshop explained the process of the publication of stories, including how a variety of people contribute to the publication of the story besides just the journalist who took the facts directly from the researchers. This explained why some

facts get over-exaggerated or misrepresented; they get lost in translation. While the scientic ndings may initially be presented to someone who fully understands the terms and the concepts of the data, most media publications, even scientic ones such as Chemistry World, construct their publications for reading ages between 9 and 12 (4.35). I can use this article to guide my research of the popular publications of scientic discoveries in astronomy cosmology, and I will use it to support the argument that dumbed-down publications of scientic ndings in popular media does not negatively affect the credibility or authority of the ndings. Scott, Douglas. "The standard cosmological model."Canadian Journal of ! ! ! Physics84.6/7 (2006): 419-435.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Web. 25 October 2011. This technical article, written by Douglas Scott, researcher of physics and

astronomy at the University of British Columbia, describes the two modernly accepted standard models of physics and cosmology: the Standard Model of Particle Physics (SMPP) and the Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC). This report is fairly technical, but it does a very thorough job of dening and describing the technical terms used so that a variety of people not a part of the scientic community may understand it. The intended audience, however, is the scientic community, for this report is meant to educate researches on the modern views and aspects of the SMPP and SMC. Like the encyclopedia-type book, Cosmology, I will use this report as a reference when I describe the modern views and ndings on cosmological theories. This report also touches on the extent of our understanding of the SMPP and the SMC, so I may incorporate Scotts position on the scientics understanding of these topics when I

discuss how the medias publications affect the general populations understanding of the topics. Smith, Pamela H. "Science on the Move: Recent Trends in the History of Early Modern ! ! ! Science."Renaissance Quarterly, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Summer 2009), pp. 345-375. Web. 25 October 2011. This is a scholarly article was written by Pamela Smith, a professor of modern

European history and the history of science. Thus, the article does not take on a scientic tone and is not intended to have the scientic community as an audience, but rather the community of historians. In this article, Smith traces the major scientic publications from the 1700s to the early 2000s, focusing mainly on the past 60 years. While explaining the path general science has evolved in by chronologically listing the major publications from scientic writers known to the scientic community, Smith also comments on how societys changes have inuenced the development of science and vice-versa, and this will be especially useful in my paper. I plan on using some of the points she makes about societys effect on science to describe my opinion on the relationship between the two, and I will explain how one is necessary for the other. With this explanation, I hope to prove that it is necessary for scientic breakthroughs to be easily accessible to the public through popular publication. Jtotheizzoe [Joe Hanson]. DEEP BREATH. In. Out. Be calm. Its Okay to Be Smart. ! ! Tumblr, 23 September 2011. Web. 31 October 2011. This blog post, by Joe Hanson, who is a biology Ph.D. student and science

communicator, is a reaction to the recent discovery at the CERN and OPERA particle accelerators. CERN and OPERA performed an experiment where neutrinos (subatomic

particles with small mass and no charge) were created at CERN, Geneva, and then sent to OPERA, Italy, where they apparently arrived at OPERA quicker than light should have. The reason there is such a brouhaha about this nding is that it contradicts Einsteins theory of relativity (E=mc2). While Hanson agrees that this is a groundbreaking discovery, he is rationally skeptical, stating, when it comes to extraordinary claims, you have to provide extraordinary proof (Hanson). While this is a blog post, making it accessible to the public, especially other Tumblr bloggers, Hansons blog is very credible and recognized as an accurate, communicative publication of science news. His blog posts dominate when one searches for #science hashtags on Tumblr, so this blog is one of the most-viewed science blogs on the network. I will use this specic blog to compare to the following source, the actual report from CERN regarding this discovery, and comment on the differences between the informality and ease of understanding of this blog post and the technicality of the CERN report. T. Adam, N. Agafonova, A. Aleksandrov, O. Altinok, P. Alvarez Sanchez, S. Aoki, A. Ariga, T. Ariga, D. Autiero, A. Badertscher, A. Ben Dhahbi, A. Bertolin, C. Bozza, T. Brugire, F. Brunet, G. Brunetti, S. Buontempo, F. Cavanna, A. Cazes, L. Chaussard, M. Chernyavskiy, V. Chiarella, A. Chukanov, G. Colosimo, M. Crespi, N. DAmbrosio, Y. Dclais, P. del Amo Sanchez, G. De Lellis, M. De Serio, F. Di Capua, F. Cavanna, A. Di Crescenzo, D. Di Ferdinando, N. Di Marco, S. Dmitrievsky, M. Dracos, D. Duchesneau, S. Dusini, J. Ebert, I. Eftimiopolous, O. Egorov, A. Ereditato, L.S. Esposito, J. Favier, T. Ferber, R.A. Fini, T. Fukuda, A. Garfagnini, G. Giacomelli, C. Girerd, M. Giorgini, M. Giovannozzi, J. Goldberg, C. Gllnitz, L. Goncharova, Y. Gornushkin, G. Grella, F. Grianti, E. Gschewentner, C. Guerin, A.M. Guler, C.

Gustavino, K. Hamada, T. Hara, M. Hierholzer, A. Hollnagel, M. Ieva, H. Ishida, K. Ishiguro, K. Jakovcic, C. Jollet, M. Jones, F. Juget, M. Kamiscioglu, J. Kawada, S.H. Kim, M. Kimura, N. Kitagawa, B. Klicek, J. Knuesel, K. Kodama, M. Komatsu, U. Kose, I. Kreslo, C. Lazzaro, J. Lenkeit, A. Ljubicic, A. Longhin, A. Malgin, G. Mandrioli, J. Marteau, T. Matsuo, N. Mauri, A. Mazzoni, E. Medinaceli, F. Meisel, A. Meregaglia, P. Migliozzi, S. Mikado, D. Missiaen, K. Morishima, U. Moser, M.T. Muciaccia, N. Naganawa, T. Naka, M. Nakamura, T. Nakano, Y. Nakatsuka, D. Naumov, V. Nikitina, S. Ogawa, N. Okateva, A. Olchevsky, O. Palamara, A. Paoloni, B.D. Park, I.G. Park, A. Pastore, L. Patrizii, E. Pennacchio, H. Pessard, C. Pistillo, N. Polukhina, M. Pozzato, K. Pretzl, F. Pupilli, R. Rescigno, T. Roganova, H. Rokujo, G. Rosa, I. Rostovtseva, A. Rubbia, A. Russo, O. Sato, Y. Sato, A. Schembri, J. Schuler, L. Scotto Lavina, J. Serrano, A. Sheshukov, H. Shibuya, G. Shoziyoev, S. Simone, M. Sioli, C. Sirignano, G. Sirri, J.S. Song, M. Spinetti, N. Starkov, M. Stellacci, M. Stipcevic, T. Strauss, P. Strolin, S. Takahashi, M. Tenti, F. Terranova, I. Tezuka, V. Tioukov, P. Tolun, T. Tran, S. Tufanli, P. Vilain, M. Vladimirov, L. Votano, J.-L. Vuilleumier, G. Wilquet, B. Wonsak, J. Wurtz, C.S. Yoon, J. Yoshida, Y. Zaitsev, S. Zemskova, A. Zghiche. Measurement of the neutrino velocity with the OPERA detector in the CNGS beam. 22 September 2011. Cornell University Library. Web. 1 November 2011. ! This is the scientic report from the OPERA Particle accelerator in Italy,

technically outlining the experiment and stating the results. I nd it very difcult to understand myself, but I will use this fact as the evidence in my paper. While the news of this breakthrough is exciting, nearly all of the excitement gets lost in the technical jargon of this formal report. The report is denitely intended to be read by another

scientist in the eld of particle physics; the average physics fan would not come across this report by chance. I will use this report in comparison with the blog post mentioned earlier to comment on a readers reaction to each publication, referencing logos, ethos, and pathos as parts of the readers supposed reaction. Gilroy, William G. Installation of new accelerator underway. ND Newswire. Notre Dame ! News, 7 October 2011. Web. 7 November 2011.