GRAMTICA INGLESA

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I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

ARTIGOS ........................................................................ ADJETIVOS ..................................................................... VERBOS ......................................................................... SENTENAS CONDICIONAIS ............................................. DISCURSO DIRETO E INDIRETO ......................................... NMEROS ......................................................................

01 02 04 10 11 12

I. ARTIGOS ________________________________________________________________________________ ________ Em ingls, o artigo pode ser definido ou indefinido 1) A Artigos indefinidos a/an

AN Vem antes de Vem antes de palavras iniciadas por palavras iniciadas por vogal: consoantes: Ex.: an apple; an umbrella Ex.: a dog; a book Vem antes de Vem antes de palavras iniciadas por vogal palavras iniciadas por h com que tm som de consoante: som de vogal: Ex.: a university; a uniform Ex.: an hour; an honour Usos do artigo indefinido Os artigos indefinidos so usados antes de substantivos singulares, quando no sabemos (ou no importa) a que elemento especfico nos referimos. Ex.: I have just bought a CD. [No se trata de especificar que CD foi comprado] Artigos indefinidos so usados tambm quando se introduz um novo elemento no discurso, inesperado ou ainda no conhecido pelo interlocutor. Ex.: She is a doctor. A/an tambm so usados em expresses de tempo ou quantidade, com o sentido de a cada ou em cada. Ex.: I check my emails three times a day The beans cost thirty cent a kilo

2 No confundir o uso do artigo a com o uso do numeral one: Ex.: A car is no good. We need a van. One car is no good. We need two or three. 2) Artigo definido the O artigo definido utilizado quando o interlocutor conhece (ou ir logo conhecer) o elemento mencionado, seja pelo contexto familiar ou por referncia a elementos mencionados antes ou depois no discurso. Exs.: I enjoyed the film you talked about. Last night I saw John and his mother. The boy looked very happy. The books are only for the students who arrive early. [Somente para aqueles alunos] Emprega-se tambm o artigo definido nos seguintes casos: Republic. Antes de nomes prprios de acidentes geogrficos: rios: the Mississippi; mares e oceanos: the Pacific; cordilheiras: the Rockies; arquiplagos: the Falklands; desertos: the Saara. Antes de nomes prprios de: cinemas: the Astor; hotis: the Waldorf Astoria; jornais: the Guardian; partidos polticos: the Socialist party; Antes de nomes de pases: que so escritos no plural: the Philippines; compostos por um elemento que os qualifica: the Czech

Quando os artigos definidos no so empregados: Antes de datas/horrios, quando expresso de maneira generalizada: at ten oclock; next Friday; last year; on Sunday; Depois de verbos de movimento (leave, go, get), quando antecedem as palavras home, work, bed. Exs.: Im going home The girl went to bed Hugh gets to work very early. Em frases antes de palavras que expressam instituies, como hospital, school, church, college, university, quando existe uma relao de dois sujeitos praticando ou sofrendo aes diferentes.

3 Exs.: Did you hear about Pauls father? He had an accident and is in hospital. Lucy is going to the hospital later to see him. [O pai de Paul paciente. Lucy visita] Matthew is having a good time in college, but he hates it when his mother goes to the college to take him food. [Matthew aluno, sua me apenas o visita] II. ADJETIVOS ________________________________________________________________________________ ________ Os adjetivos no variam em gnero e nmero em ingls. Exs.: Shes intelligent, but her brother is also intelligent. There are many bealtiful. O particpio de vrios verbos pode ser usado como adjetivo. Exs.: an interesting film, frozen food, two delighted girls. Os adjetivos podem ser compostos por well + particpio dos verbos. Exs.: well-dressed man, well-kept house. Muitos adjetivos permitem variaes de grau. Exs.: a very hot day, an extremely dirty room. Alguns adjetivos que no permitem variaes de grau podem ser enfatizados por intermdio dos advrbios absolutely e really. Exs.: absolutely wonderful (e no very wonderful) really enormous (e no very enormous) Quando mais de um adjetivo qualifica um mesmo substantivo, os adjetivos devem obedecer seguinte ordem determinada: Aparncia Tamanho Idade Material Forma Cor Origem

Exs.: A light [aparncia], square [forma], stilk [material] tablecloth. An ugly [aparncia], old [idade], car. A small [tamanho], red [cor], Italian [origem] car. 1) Grau do adjetivo: o comparative e o surpelativo Superlativo Para formar o superlativo, acrescenta-se o sufixo est: logest, oldest.

Comparativo Adjetivos de Para formar o comparativo, uma slaba. acrescenta-se o sufixo er: longer (than), older (than).

4 Normalmente, para se Geralmente usa-se o the formar o comparativo, usa-se antes do adjetivo: tambm than The Everest is the highest mountain in the world Para formar o comparativo, Para formar o superlativo, substituiu-se o y pelo sufixo substituiu-se o y pelo sufixo ier: pretier (than), busier iest: prettiest, busiest. (than). Para formar o comparativo, Para formar o superlativo, acrescenta-se more antes do acrescenta-se most antes do adjetivo: adjetivo: more modern (than) more beautiful (than) more intelligent (than) good = better (than) bad = worse (than) far = further/farther (than) most modern most beautiful most intelligent good = best bad = worst far = furthestr/fartherst

Adjetivos de duas slabas terminados em y. Adjetivos com duas slabas no terminadas em y e adjetivos com trs ou mais slabas. Adjetivos com comparativos e superlativos irregulares

Alguns adjetivos obedecem comparativo e do superlativo:

regras

especiais

na

formao

do

Nos adjetivos de uma slaba terminado em consoante + vogal + consoante, dobra-se a consoante final para formar o comparativo e o superlativo. Exs.: The leopard is big but the lion is bigger than the leopard. The Sahara is the hottest desert in world. Nos adjetivos de uma slaba terminados em e, adicionam-se r ou st. Exs.: She is nicer than her sister. The Amazon jungle is the largest in the world. Expresses comparativas Para expressar relao de igualdade entre as duas coisas. as + adjetivo + as Ex.: Chemistry is as difficult as Physics Para expressar relao de desigualdade entre duas coisas. not so + adjetivo + as not as + adjetivo + as Ex.: Skating is not so hard as surfing Para dar idia de continuidade e intensificao. Repete-se o adjetivo intercalando-se and: Ex.: The weather is getting hotter and hotter.

Less and least podem ser usados como o contrrio de more e most:

5 Exs.: The book was less interesting than I thought. He is the least attractive boy in his class. III. VERBOS ________________________________________________________________________________ ________ Existem trs tipos de verbos em ingls: Verbos principais Verbos auxiliares DO, BE, HAVE. Verbos modais CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD, MAY, MIGHT, MUST, OUGHT, NEED, SHALL, SHOULD.

1. Os verbos principais, quando combinados com verbos auxiliares, formam diferentes tempos e significados. 2. Do, be e have tambm podem ser verbos principais. 3. Os modais tambm so verbos auxiliares, mas possuem significados prprios, expressando noes de possibilidade, permisso, certeza, vontade etc. 1) Tempos verbais

A maioria dos tempos verbais em ingls possui as formas: Bsica: infinitivo sem to Contnua: infinitivo + ing Perfect: infinitivo + ed/ied (verbos regulares) Particpio passado: ed + ied (verbos regulares) Para o emprego dos tempos verbais em ingls, h que se considerar duas questes bsicas: 1. Tempo em que a ao se passa Present simple Present continuous Past simple Future simple 2. Relao do falante com o tempo Present perfect Present perfect continuous Past continuous Past perfect Future perfect Usos aes que acontecem repetidamente (hbitos). Ex.: I drink coffee every day. fatos que permanecem os mesmos por muito tempo (estados). Ex.: She lives in Austrlia.

Tempo do verbo Present simple

Como se constitui Infinitive sem to Ex.: We usually match the news. 3 pessoa do singular he, she, it: infinitive + s, es, ies.

6 fatos (verdades) sobre o mundo e pessoas. Ex.: Ice meets in the sun. acontecimentos futuros dados co certos em um calendrio ou tabela de horrios. Ex.: The plane arrives in Paris at 7.30 the next day. atividades temporrias ou em processo. Ex.: Shes drinking tea today. (normally she drinking coffee) atividades que acontecem no momento em que se fala. Ex.: Someone is playing music very loud! Listen to that noise! atividades que acontecem por um perodo limitado no presente, mas no necessariamente no momento. Ex.: Im reading a book about butterflies atividades futuras previamente planejadas. Ex.: Susan is seeing the dentist tomorrow at 9.00. atividades passadas (cujo resultado percebido no presente). Ex.: Hes made many changes to the house. Look! atividades passadas que continuam no presente. Ex.: Shes lived in this house for 10 years. atividades e experincias passadas sem data especfica. Ex.: Theyve been to England many times./Have you ever climbed a mountain? atividades e experincias passadas nicas e sem datas especficas. Ex.: Ive broken my leg once. indica que uma atividade recente pode ainda estar ou no me processo. Ex.: Whats that smell? Have

Exs.: She takes the bus every day.

Present continuous

am/is/are (presente do verbo to be) + present participle (ing)

Exs.: I am calling Tom now. We are watching TV. Shes listening to music.

Present perfect

have (pesente do berbo to have) + past participle Exs.: I have written the book. We have lived here since 1998.

Present perfect continuous

have + been (particpio passado do verbo to be) + present participle (-ing)

7 Exs.: you been cooking? I have been doing yoga for indica a repetio de one year. atividades passadas (cujo Theyve been working hard. resultado percebido no presente). Ex.: Hes been working out at the gym. indica que uma atividade recente ainda continua no presente, de forma temporria. Ex.: Shes been working here for a few days. verbos regulares: infinitivo atividades e experincias + ed ou ied passadas com data especfica. Ex.: She visited her aunt last Exs.: Sunday. They enjoyed the film last indica o trmino de night. atividades e experincias He studied English last year. passadas (cujo resultado no tem relao com o presente). verbos irregulares: cada Ex.: He wrote 15 books before verbo tem forma distinta his death. (Hes dead now). Hbitos passados. Exs.: Ex.: I took the bus everyday We went to the cinema last to go school. night. (verbo to go) Narrar fatos e eventos em uma histria. Ex.: Once upon a time, a pretty girl lived alone in a castle. past simple do verbo to be + atividades passadas em present participle (-ing) processo. Ex.: She was cooking dinner Ex.: when the kids got home. We were having dinner when descries de situaes ou the show started. de diversas atividades I was cleaning the kitchen passadas em processo. when Tom called. Ex.: It was raining and the cars were moving slowly when I looked out of the window. Interrupo de atividades passadas em processo. Ex.: I was having a shower when the phone rang. atividades passadas incompletas. Ex.: I was writing an essay last night and I had an idea. (I

Past simple

Past continuous

8 still need to finish writing it). atividades futuras ainda no passado. Ex.: Julia was excited. She was taking the plane to Disneyworld later that evening. had (past simple do verbo to atividades passadas que be) + past simple aconteceram antes de uma data passada especfica. Ex.: Ex.: I went to his house at 9 I had seen that man before. but he had already left. fatos e eventos anteriores queles narrados em uma histria. Ex.: He opened the door and saw the room where his parents had slept. had + been + present atividades passadas em participle (-ing) processo, anteriores a uma data passada especfica. Ex.: Ex.: In the evening, she I had been travelling for two looked tired: shed been months when I got to India. cleaning all the rooms in the house. atividades passadas repetidas, anteriores a uma data passada especfica. Ex.: When her family took her to the hospital, they discovered she hadnt been eating well for months. will + infinitive sem to atividades e acontecimentos futuros, quando expressos de Ex.: maneira genrica. She will love this new shirt. Ex.: He will be champion before he is 25./I think it will be hot tomorrow. decises no premeditadas, tomadas no momento da fala. Ex.: Ill have a hamburger, please. promessas e ameaas no premeditadas. Ex.: Ill pick you up tomorrow, them. ofertas de ajuda e intenes no premeditadas. Ex.: Ill do it tomorrow, dont worry.

Past perfect

Past perfect continuous

Future simple

9 Future continuous will be + present participle (ing) Ex.: They will be studying hard. atividades que estaro em processo em determinado momento futuro. Ex.: He will still be sleeping at 9. Its no use phoning him. eventos dados como certos em determinado momento futuro. Ex.: Shell be staying with friends when she goes to Sydney. atividades que estaro terminadas antes de determinado momento no futuro. Ex.: He will have painted the room by the time we get home.

Future perfect

will + have + past participle Ex.: He will have finished it by 5.00.

2)

Formas verbais Present simple Negativa Interrogativa do not + infinitive sem to Do + pronome + infinitivo 3 pessoa do singular: sem to does not 3 pessoa do singular: does I do not eat ice-cream. Do they want a new car? She does not dance very Does she know the boy? well.

Afirmativa

We usually watch the news.

Afirmativa Shes music. listening

Present continuous Negativa to be + not + present participle (-ing) to I am nor reading a book at the moment. Present perfect Negativa to have + not + past participle the You give not the answer.

Interrogativa to be + pronome + present participle (-ing) Are they giving the right answer?

Afirmativa I have essay. written

Interrogativa to have + pronome + past participle Have you eaten the cake?

Afirmativa

Present perfect continuous Negativa Interrogativa to have + not + been + to have + pronome + present participle (-ing) been + present participle (-ing)

10 They have working hard. been You have not been reading the paper. She hasnt been studying a lot lately. Past simple Negativa did not + infinitivo sem to You did not phone the doctor. Have you been cooking? Have they been having problems?

Afirmativa I danced a lot at the party last night.

Interrogativa did + pronome + infinitivo sem to Did they bring any food? Did the students do their homework?

Past continuous Afirmativa Negativa was/were + not + present participle (-ing) We were having dinner They were not dancing at when the show started. the party when Tom left. She was nor sleeping when we arrived. Past perfect Afirmativa Negativa had + not + past participle She had eaten there We had not seen the twice. woman arrive. They had never said It had not rained the night those things. before. Past perfect continuous Negativa had + not + been + present participle (-ing) They had been Ha had not been trying travelling for two hard when he failed the months when I go to exam. India. Afirmativa

Interrogativa was/were + pronome + present participle (-ing) Was he driving when the car hit he bus? Were they going out when you looked?

Interrogativa had + pronome + past participle Had you taken the keys that day? Had she brought a friend with her?

Interrogativa had + pronome + been + present participle (-ing) Had she been sleeping well before her exams?

Afirmativa She will love this new shirt.

Future simple Negativa Interrogativa will + not + infinitivo sem will + pronome + infinitivo to sem to He will not travel to USA Will she marry him? anymore. Future continuous Negativa will + not be + present

Afirmativa

Interrogativa will + pronome + be +

11 She will hard. be working participle (-ing) You will not be driving next week. They will not be having dinner. present participle (-ing) Will I be getting help? Will he be taking the bus?

Future perfect Afirmativa Negativa will + not have + past participle Will you have eaten We will not have done dinner before you everything if we leave leave? now. 3) Verbos modais So os seguintes os verbos modais em ingls: Presente can/be able to may will shall must ought to need Passado could might woul should

Interrogativa will + pronome + have + past participle Will she have brought the food before we arrive?

Usos dos verbos modais Os modais so usados para emprestar significado a outros verbos. Os modais servem para indicar: Habilidade She can sing very well. They will be able to drive at the end of the course. Possibilidade I can see you next week. Richard could go by plane. It may rain tomorrow. The e-mail might arrive at any minute. Deduo He must be rich. Look at his car! That cant be Debbie: shes much younger!

12 Howard should understand this. He studied French. Certeza Call Linda. Shell be at home now. Conselho You should study much harder if you want to pass. The doctor said my father should do some exercise. Obrigao The students must do the test in pencil. People mustnt smoke in this room. Necessidade She need not come if she doesnt want to. Oferta Would you like a drink? Shall I open the door? May I take your coat? Permisso Can I make a phone call? May I speak freely?

Formas dos verbos modais Afirmativ a Negativa pronome + modal + infinitivo sem to Ex.: I can sing very well. pronome + modal + not + infinitivo sem to Ex.: I will not go there. Interrogat modal + pronome + infinitivo sem to iva Ex.: Should she call you?

IV. SENTENAS CONDICIONAIS ________________________________________________________________________________ ________

13 Em ingls, existem trs formas de sentenas condicionais: Sentenas condicionais 1 Refere-se a uma situao futura. Usada quando o falante v como provveis tanto a condio como resultado da ao. 2 Refere-se a uma situao presente. Usada quando o falante v tanto a condio como resultado da ao de maneira improvvel, imaginria ou impossvel. 3 Refere-se a uma situao passada. Usada quando, para o falante, tanto a condio como o resultado de uma ao passada no mais podem ser alteradas no presente. Como se forma if + present simple future simple (will) Ex.: If it rains on Sunday. I will sleep late. if + past simple would Exs.: If I had a lot of money, I would travel all over the world. If she liked the dress, she would buy it. if + past perfect would + have + past participle Ex.: If Liza had know the tests were so difficult, she would have studied harder.

Outras formas de sentenas condicionais O zero conditional expressa fatos que no sofrem variao entre condio e resultado. Seu uso semelhante a when. Ex.: If he drinks a lot, he always gets a hangover. Mixed conditionals so sentenas em que o falante v a condio e o resultado da ao em tempos diferentes. A condio pode se referir ao passado, mas o resultado pode estar ligado ao presente. Ex.: If my mother had taught me how to cook, I would know what to do now.

V. DISCURSO DIRETO E INDIRETO ________________________________________________________________________________ ________ Discurso direto: forma exata como o falante disse alguma coisa. Discurso indireto: forma como outra pessoa reproduziu as palavras do falante. Para transformar uma forma em outra, muda-se o tempo verbal. Quando o tempo verbal usado no No discurso indireto vamos ter: discurso direto for: present simple past simple He lives in Rio. He Said (that) he lived in Rio. present continuous past continuous

14 They are working in the kitchen. present perfect simple She has never been to Rome. present perfect continuous He has been practising plano a lot. past simple Linda went to the cinema. past continuous She was driving to the beach. past perfect He had already done all the work. shall/Will I will be late. must They must study hard. can Tom can paint very well. We Said (that) they were working in the kitchen. past perfect simple I Said she had never been to Rome. past perfect continuous He said he had been practising plano a lot. past perfect simple I said Linda had been driving to the cinema. past perfect continuous He said she had gone to the cinema. past perfect She said had already done all the work. would She said (that) she would be late. had to I said they had to study harder. Could She said Tom could paint very well.

Em alguns casos, para passar do discurso direto ao indireto, necessrio tambm adaptar a frase original, no que se refere a local ou tempo: Discurso direto She is cooking now. Ill go there tonignt. Shell do that tomorrow. They are at home this morning. Tom saw the play last Friday. The tests will start next week. Carl took the papers 3 days ago. The children want this game. Discurso indireto He said she was cooking then. He said he would go there that night. He said she would do that the following day the day after. They said they were at home that morning. She said Tom had the play the previous Friday. He said the tests would start the following week. He said Carl had taken the papers 3 days before. She said the children wanted that game.

Quando o discurso for uma pergunta, a passagem para o discurso indireto obedece s mesmas regras, atentando-se apenas para o fato de que no h inverso entre verbo auxiliar e sujeito.

15 Discurso direto How old is she? Where do you live? Do they like apples? Can she play the guitar? Discurso indireto She asked how old she was. They asked where I lived. He asked if/whether they liked apples. They asked if/whether she could play the guitar.

VI. NMEROS ________________________________________________________________________________ ________ 1) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Numerais cardinais zero US, nought UK one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen

16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 101 102 110 200 201 202 300 400 500 1.000 1.001 1.002 1.100 1.200 eighteen nineteen twenty twenty one twenty two twenty three twenty four twenty five twenty six twenty seven twenty eight twenty nine thirty thirty one thirty two forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred one hundred and one one hundred and two one hundred and ten two hundred two hundred and one two hundred and two three hundred four hundred five hundred one thousand one thousand and one one thousand and two one thousand and one hundred one thousand and two

17 2.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000 2.000.000 1.000.000 .000 hundred two thousand ten thousand one hundred thousand one million two million one billion/ one thousand million uk Usos dos numerais cardinais Para indicar dzia ou quantidades aproximadas, usa-se dozen. Meia dzia: half a dozen. Para indicar quantidades indeterminadas, acrescenta-se s depois de hundred ou million: hundreds of books millions of people O decimal indicado por ponto: 0.56 point fifty-six 3.9 three point nine O milhar indicado por vrgula: 345,000; three hundred and forty-five thousand 2) Numerais ordinais

Para formar os ordinais, acrescenta-se o sufixo th ao cardinal, exceto os ordinais 1, 2 e 3. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth

18 19th 20th 30th 40th 50th 60th 61st 70th 72nd 80th 83rd 90th 94th 100th 101st 1.00 0th nineteenth twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth sixty-fist seventieth seventy-second eightieth eighty-third ninetieth ninety-fourth one hundredth one hundred and first one thousandth Usos dos numerais ordinais Os ordinais tambm so usados: Para indicar fraes: Ex.: - one-fourth 2 3/5 two and three-fifths Para indicar os dias do ms: Ex.: May 4 the fourth of May