AP Human Geography Exam Study Guide

A Puman Ceography Lxam SLudy Culde
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Lxam CuesLlons!!!
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opulaLlon pyramlds and Lhe demographlc LranslLlons
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Class noLes
A Puman Ceography 8/23/2011
1he A LesL makers almosL never use Lhe Lerm mapmaklng Lhey almosL always use carLography
1he earllesL carLographers were from a long Llme ago
Muhammad Alldrlsl wroLe a long book abouL geography ln Lhe 12
Lh
CenLury 1be uellqbt of
nlm wbo uesltes to Iootoey 1btooqb tbe cllmotes
lbn 8aLLuLa (Abu Abdullah Muhammad lbn 8aLLuLa)was an lslamlc Lraveler who vlslLed much of
Lhe lslamlc world aL Lhe Llme and wroLe abouL lL ln hls book 1be klblo (1be Iootoey)
lbn khaldun (Abu Zayd 'Abdu r8arman bln Murammad bln khaldun AlPadraml) was a
geographer and an envlronmenLallsL of some sorL
8enalssance (14001600 Au)
lL was fllled wlLh voyages of dlscovery and economlc opporLunlLles
Columbus salled durlng Lhls perlod
Magellan called Lhe aclflc Ccean mot poclflco whlch means peaceful sea ln orLuguese
acques CarLler Why Canada has lrench people Pe was a lrench explorer who clalmed Canada
for lrance
MarLln lroblsher was Lngllsh explorer who searched for Lhe norLhwesL assage ln Canada
ohn CaboL was an lLallan who explored for Lngland Pls son also wenL wlLh Pe LhoughL he had
found Lhe norLhwesL assage whlch mosL llkely was Lhe Pudson 8ay
MarLln 8ehalm was a Cerman who creaLed Lhe flrsL globe whlch he called Lhe tJopfel (LarLh
apple)
8ernhardus varenlus was a Cerman geographer who ls besL known for hls spllLLlng of geography
lnLo Lhree branches
lmmanuel kanL was a Cerman phllosopher who dlvlded geography lnLo a number of sub
dlsclpllnes
CuesLlons LhaL Ceography addresses
Where are Lhlngs locaLed? Why are Lhey lmporLanL? Pow are places relaLed? Pow are places
connecLed? Pow are humans affecLed by Lhese locaLlons?
WhaL are Lhe flve Lhemes of geography?
LocaLlon Where ls lL? LocaLlon can be descrlbed ln boLh absoluLe and relaLlve Lerms lace
8esldes havlng a speclflc locaLlon every place has many oLher dlsLlncLlve characLerlsLlcs 1hese
lnclude naLural and human characLerlsLlcs PumanLnvlronmenLal lnLeracLlons Pumans lnLeracL
wlLh Lhe envlronmenL ln many ways noL only do people depend on naLure Lo meeL Lhelr needs
Lhey also adapL Lo lL and even alLer lL ln slgnlflcanL ways MovemenL eople producLs lnfo and
ldeas move ln paLLerns LhaL are mappable 8eglon Ceography dlvldes Lhe world lnLo manageable
unlLs of sLudy called reglons 1he crlLerla for deflnlng a reglon can be elLher naLural or culLural
and may change over Llme
ueflnlLlon of Ceography
SclenLlflc and sysLemaLlc sLudy of boLh Lhe physlcal and culLural feaLures of Lhe earLhs surface
lL ls a spaLlal perspecLlve looklng aL paLLerns and dlsLrlbuLlons on Lhe LarLhs surface 1he word
geography was lnvenLed by Lhe Creek scholar LraLosLhenes Ceo earLh Craphy Lo wrlLe
CarLography before Ceography
lrom Lhe earllesL days of humans Lhere have been maps LarllesL carLographers 6000 years
ago Chlnese LgypLlans hoenlclans 8abylonlan clay LableL map from 2300 8CL 1hales (624?
346? 8C) Applled prlnclples of geomeLry Lo measurlng land area Anaxlmander (610346?8C)
Made a world map based on Lhe lnformaLlon of sallors llrsL person known Lo have aLLempLed Lo
creaLe a scale map of Lhe known world

8abylonlan Map
8abylon ln cenLer Clrcles represenL oLher clLles?

Who flrsL pracLlced geography?
1he early Creeks were Lhe flrsL clvlllzaLlon Lo pracLlce a form of geography LhaL was more Lhan
mere carLography 1he anclenL Creeks saw Lhe poeL Pomer as Lhe founder of geography Creek
phllosophers and sclenLlsLs were also lnLeresLed ln learnlng abouL spaLlal naLure of human and
physlcal feaLures found on Lhe LarLh PerodoLus Cne of Lhe flrsL Creek geographers ArlsLoLle
PypoLheslzed and sclenLlflcally demonsLraLed LhaL Lhe LarLh had a spherlcal shape LraLosLhenes
1he flrsL lndlvldual Lo accuraLely calculaLe Lhe clrcumference of Lhe LarLh
1he 8omans add Lo Ceography
1he 8omans also made several lmporLanL addlLlons Lo geographlcal knowledge SLrabo flrsL
human geographer WroLe a 17 volume serles called Ceographla SuggesLed a deflnlLlon of
geography LhaL ls qulLe complemenLary Lo Lhe way many human geographers deflne Lhelr
dlsclpllne Loday Lolemy Ceographlke hyphegesls of Culde Lo Ceography CreaLed Lhree
dlfferenL meLhods for pro[ecLlng Lhe LarLhs surface on Lhe map Pe calculaLed Lhe coordlnaLes
locaLlons for some elghL Lhousand places on Lhe LarLh ueveloped Lhe concepLs of laLlLude and
longlLude

Chlnese and Musllm ConLrlbuLlons
Chlnese geography CldesL geographlc wrlLlng ls from Lhe 3Lh cenLury 8C uescrlbes economlc
resources of Lhe counLrys provlnces AlLhough Lhe Chlnese geographlcal wrlLlng ln Lhe Llme of
PerodoLus and SLrabo were of lesser quallLy and conLalned less sysLemaLlc approach Lhls would
change from Lhe 3rd cenLury onwards Chlnese meLhods of documenLlng geography became
more complex Lhan found ln Lurope hel Pslu (lel xlu) Lhe faLher of Chlnese carLography
roduced an elaboraLe map of Chlna ln Au 267 1he Mlddle LasL Arab Ceography ln Lhe Mlddle
LasL Arab academlcs began LranslaLlng Lhe works of Creek and 8oman geographers sLarLlng ln
Lhe 8Lh cenLury and began explorlng souLhwesLern Asla and Afrlca Alldlsl Lhe leasure
Lxcurslon of Cne Who ls Lager Lo 1raverse Lhe 8eglons of Lhe World lbn 8aLLuLa lslamlc Lraveler
known for hls fasclnaLlng Lravels publlshed ln Lhe 1he ourney lbn khaldun WroLe a
comprehenslve world hlsLory and geography Cne of Lhe flrsL envlronmenLal deLermlnlsLs

1he 8enalssance (14001600 Au)
voyages of Lhls perlod were economlc buL Lhey also provlded an opporLunlLy for sclenLlflc
lnvesLlgaLlon and dlscovery ChrlsLopher Columbus CompleLed four voyages across Lhe ALlanLlc
Ccean LhaL led Lo general Luropean awareness of Lhe Amerlcan conLlnenLs LsLabllshed
permanenL seLLlemenLs ln Lhe lsland of Plspanlola Columblan Lxchange vasco de Cama Cne of
Lhe mosL successful ln Lhe Age of ulscovery Commander of Lhe flrsL shlps Lo sall dlrecLly from
Lurope Lo lndla lerdlnand Magellan llrsL expedlLlon Lo sall from Lhe ALlanLlc Ccean lnLo Lhe
aclflc Ccean CompleLed Lhe flrsL clrcumnavlgaLlon of Lhe LarLh acques CarLler Pe clalmed whaL
ls now Canada for lrance 1he flrsL Luropean Lo descrlbe and map Lhe Culf of SalnL Lawrence and
Lhe shores of Lhe SalnL Lawrence 8lver whlch he named 1he CounLry of Canadas Slr MarLln
lroblsher Made 3 voyages Lo Lhe new World Lo look for Lhe norLhwesL assage Slr lrancls uuke
Carrled ouL Lhe second clrcumnavlgaLlon of Lhe world ohn CaboL Pls 1497 dlscovery of parLs of
norLh Amerlca ls held Lo have been Lhe flrsL Luropean encounLer wlLh Lhe conLlnenL slnce Lhe
norse klngdom ln Lhe elevenLh cenLury 1he offlclal poslLlon of Lhe Canadlan and uk
governmenLs ls LhaL he landed on Lhe lsland of newfoundland SebasLlan CaboL ln 13081309 he
led one of Lhe flrsL expedlLlons Lo flnd norLhWesL assage Pe may have found Lhe enLrance Lo
Pudsons 8ay ohn uavls Cne of Lhe chlef Lngllsh navlgaLors and explorers LllzabeLh l Lxplored
Lhe olar reglons and reglons ln Lhe lar LasL MarLln 8ehalm CreaLed a spherlcal globe deplcLlng
Lhe LarLh ln lLs Lrue 3u from ln 1492

new 1houghLs ln Lhe 17Lh CenLury
8ernhardus varenlus ubllshed Ceographla Ceneralls SuggesLed LhaL geography could be
subdlvlded lnLo 3 dlsLlncL branches 1he flrsL branch examlnes Lhe form and dlmenslons of Lhe
LarLh 1he second subdlsclpllne deals wlLh Lldes cllmaLlc varlaLlons over Llme and space and
oLher varlables LhaL are lnfluenced by Lhe cycllcal movemenLs of Lhe Sun and moon 1he lasL
branch of geography examlned dlsLlncL reglons on Lhe LarLh uslng comparaLlve culLural sLudles

1hen ln Lhe 18Lh CenLury
lmmanuel kanL(17241804) roposed LhaL human knowledge could be organlzed ln Lhree
dlfferenL ways 8y classlfylng facLs accordlng Lo Lhe Lype of ob[ecLs sLudled SLudy Lhlngs
accordlng Lo a Lemporal dlmenslon (hlsLory) undersLand facLs relaLlve Lo spaLlal relaLlonshlps
(geography) Pe dlvlded geography lnLo subdlsclpllnes hyslcal maLhemaLlcal moral pollLlcal
commerclal and Lheologlcal

19Lh and 20Lh CenLury Changes
Ceorge erklns Mash Man and naLure or 1he LarLh as Modlfled by Puman AcLlon flrsL
publlshed ln 1864 Warned of Lhe ecologlcal consequences of Lhe conLlnued developmenL of Lhe
Amerlcan fronLler Wllllam aLLlson publlshed an arLlcle ln Lhe ournal of Ceography ln 1964 LhaL
suggesLed LhaL modern Ceography was composed of Lhe followlng four academlc 1radlLlons
SpaLlal LradlLlon Area SLudles 1radlLlon PumanLand 1radlLlon LarLh Sclence 1radlLlon

hyslcal Ceography vs Puman Ceography
hyslcal geography ls Lhe sLudy of Lhe 4 spheres LlLhosphere upper crusL ALmosphere gas
area Pydrosphere waLer 8losphere everyLhlng llvlng Puman geography ls Lhe sLudy of spaLlal
dlfferenLlaLlon and organlzaLlon of Puman acLlvlLy on LarLhs surface
ulsclpllnes ln hyslcal Ceography
Ceomorphology sLudles Lhe form and sLrucLure of Lhe surface of Lhe LarLh CllmaLology
sLudles Lhe long Lerm weaLher Pydrography sLudles Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of waLer 8logeography
sLudles Lhe flora and planL llfe edology solls Lcology lnLeracLlon beLween llfe and
envlronmenL Ceology rocks and earLhs lnLerlor

koppen CllmaLe ClasslflcaLlon SysLem
1he mosL wldely used sysLem for classlfylng Lhe worlds cllmaLes CaLegorles are based on Lhe
annual and monLhly averages of LemperaLure and preclplLaLlon 1he koppen sysLem recognlzes
flve ma[or cllmaLlc Lypes Lach Lype ls deslgnaLed by a caplLal LeLLer A 1roplcal MolsL CllmaLe
All monLhs have average LemperaLures above 64 644 uegrees l 8 ury CllmaLes ueflclenL
preclplLaLlon durlng mosL of Lhe year C MolsL Mld LaLlLude cllmaLes wlLh Mlld WlnLers u
MolsL Mld LaLlLude wlLh Cold WlnLers L olar CllmaLes LxLremely cold wlnLers and summers

WhaL ls Puman Ceography?
1he sLudy of how people make places how we organlze space and socleLy how we lnLeracL wlLh
each oLher ln places and across space and how we make sense of oLhers and ourselves ln our
locallLy reglon and world (ue8ll[) 1he sclenLlflc sLudy of Lhe locaLlon of people and acLlvlLles on
Lhe LarLhs surface where and why human acLlvlLles are locaLed where Lhey are reasons
geographers look aL Lhe world from a spaLlal perspecLlve and lnLeracLlon and dlffuslon of
people and ldeas (8ubensLeln)
1ools and 1erms Ceographers use
Ceorge erklns Marsh was a 19
Lh
CenLury ecologlsL who wroLe abouL man's lmpacL on Lhe
envlronmenL
hyslcal Ceography and Puman or CulLural Ceography
4 hyslcal Lhe sLudy of Lhe four spheres
4 LlLhosphere
4 ALmosphere
4 Pydrosphere
4 8losphere
4 Puman or culLural analyzes Lhe humans and Lhelr acLlvlLles on LarLh
Ceomorphology lorm and sLrucLure of LarLh lLself
CllmaLology Looklng aL Lhe long Lerm weaLher condlLlons
Pydrography SLudles waLer and lLs dlsLrlbuLlon
8logeography SLudylng flora and fauna
edology Soll
Lcology SLudles Lhe lnLeracLlons beLween llfe and Lhe envlronmenL
Ceology SLudles rock
koppen CllmaLe ClasslflcaLlon SysLem
4 1he mosL wldely used sysLem for classlfylng cllmaLes
1he MercaLor pro[ecLlon ls a cyllndrlcal map pro[ecLlon whlch was presenL by Cerardus
MercaLor a long Llme ago
Cnomonlc pro[ecLlon dlsplays all greaL clrcles as sLralghL llnes noL as lmporLanL as Lhe MercaLor
pro[ecLlon
Slnusoldal pro[ecLlon ls an odd pro[ecLlon 1hlnk of a slne wave
AzlmuLhal up down really noL LhaL lmporLanL
8oblnson pro[ecLlon presenLs mlnor dlsLorLlon Many maps are 8oblnson pro[ecLlons
Map Scale
1he more area lncluded on a map Lhe less deLall 1he level of deLall and Lhe amounL of area
covered on a map depend on scale Scales refer Lo Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lhe feaLures slze on a map
Lo lLs acLual slze on LarLh

Map Scale ls resenLed ln 3 ways
A raLlon or fracLlon 124000 or 1/24000 A wrlLLen scale 1 lnch equals 1 mlle A graphlc scale

Why do we have map pro[ecLlons?
1he curved surface of Lhe earLh cannoL be shown accuraLely on a flaL plece of paper 1here wlll
always be sLreLchlng and dlsLorLlon Lach map pro[ecLlon has dlfferenL dlsLorLlons Shape
ulsLance 8elaLlve slze ulrecLlon

MercaLor ro[ecLlon
Cyllndrlcal made by wrapplng a plece of paper around a globe AdvanLages shapes are
accuraLe dlrecLlon ls conslsLenL map ls recLangular ulsadvanLages slze and dlsLance are off
More accuraLe Lo Lhe equaLor used for navlgaLlon
Cnomlc ro[ecLlon
Also useful for navlgaLlon CreaL clrcle rouLes

Conlc ro[ecLlon
Made by placlng a cone over a parL of Lhe globe AdvanLages shows small secLlons of Lhe mlddle
laLlLudes accuraLely dlsLance and dlrecLlons are accuraLe ulsadvanLages does noL show large
areas accuraLely uses maps of small areas

Slnusoldal ro[ecLlon
Made by keeplng all llnes of laLlLude parallel and spaced equally and keeplng Lhe rlme
Merldlan a sLralghL llne AdvanLages shows shape aL Lhe cenLer accuraLely ulsadvanLages does
noL show dlsLance accuraLely

AzlmuLhal ro[ecLlon
Made by showlng Lhe vlew of Lhe earLh from a polnL ln space AdvanLages dlsLances are
accuraLe ulsadvanLages slze and shape are dlsLorLed uses alr Lravel

Coodes lnLerrupLed LqualArea ro[ecLlon
Made by dlssecLlng Lhe earLh Lhrough Lhe oceans AdvanLages slze and shape of landmasses ls
accuraLe ulsadvanLages dlsLances are noL accuraLe uses land Lravel

8oblnson ro[ecLlon
Llnes of laLlLude are kepL equldlsLanL AdvanLages only has mlnor dlsLorLlons shape of
conLlnenLs are accuraLe ulsadvanLages land areas much smaller uses shows Lhe earLh wlLh
Lhe fewesL ma[or dlsLorLlons
uS Land Crdlnance of 1783
SysLem of Lownshlps and ranges Lach Lownshlp 6 square mlles rlnclple merldlans 8ase llnes
Subdlvlded lnLo secLlon opulaLlon Where?

Large scale vs small scale
4 Small MosL world maps large area
4 Large 8eglon small area
4 Large ls easler Lo read
WesL vlrglnla sucks
1hemaLlc maps are recenL (Mld17
Lh
CenLury)
ohn Snow mapped Lhe cholera epldemlc of 1834 ln 8rlLaln
Lnlarglng clrcle map proporLlonal symbol lL can also be a square
CarLographers ueclslons
Map pro[ecLlon SlmpllflcaLlon WhaL Lo omlL sLralghLen exaggeraLe dlsLorL eLc Map Scale Large
Scale small area (larger # 13000) Small Scale large area (smaller # 1300000) uaLa
aggregaLlon Slze of Lhe geographlc unlLs Could be clLles counLles sLaLes reglons eLc 1ype of
map
8eference Maps
Ceneral urpose maps varleLy of common feaLures ClLles boundarles mounLalns roads eLc
1hemaLlc Maps
1ype of map or charL especlally deslgned Lo show a parLlcular Lheme connecLed wlLh a speclflc
geographlc area 1here are many dlfferenL klnds 1emperaLure clLy slze crops cllmaLe eLc
ueveloped ln Lhe mld17Lh cenLury Ldmond Palley sLar charL Lrade wlnds magneLlc varlaLlon
ur ohn Snow cholera epldemlc of 1834 1hemaLlc Map
ChloropleLh
lsollne map
CarLograms map
1he World Map opulaLlon
uoL map
ClS MA

Ceographlc lnformaLlon SysLem(ClS)
lan McParg ScoLLlsh envlronmenLallsL ln Lhe 1960s used Lhe layers of ClS Lo deLermlne where
news roads and houses should be bullL/ Pls maps were creaLed by hand A compuLer sysLem
LhaL sLores organlzes analyzes and dlsplays geographlc daLa 1he varleLy and volume of daLa
has no llmlL ulfferenL lnformaLlon ls sLored ln dlfferenL layers and can be vlewed ln varlous
comblnaLlons lL allows dlfferenL relaLlonshlps Lo be analyzed and can be used Lo produce maps
efflclenLly
Clobal oslLlonlng SysLem (CS)
ueLermlnes Lhe preclse poslLlon of someLhlng on LarLh Lhrough saLelllLes Lracklng sLaLlons and
recelvers uS CS sysLem lncluded MlllLary saLelllLes 24 ln operaLlon and 3 ln reserve 1racklng
sLaLlons 8ecelver LhaL can locaLe 4 saLelllLes used for navlgaLlon
8emoLe Senslng
1he acqulslLlon of daLa abouL Lhe LarLh's surface from a saLelllLe orblLlng Lhe planeL or from
oLher long dlsLance meLhods
lace
Ceographers descrlbe a feaLures place on LarLh by ldenLlfylng lLs locaLlon lL ls glven a Loponym
(name) SlLe ls anoLher way Lo descrlbe Lhe locaLlon of a place SlLuaLlon ls anoLher way Lo
descrlbe Lhe locaLlon of a place relaLlve Lo oLher places MaLhemaLlcal locaLlon absoluLe
locaLlon
8eglons
CulLural landscape ls Lhe unlfylng characLer LhaL each reglon conLalns Language rellglon
economlc acLlvlLles 1here are Lhree Lypes of reglons lormal/unlform/homogeneous
luncLlonal/nodal vernacular/percepLual
lormal/unlform/homogeneous reglon
An area wlLhln whlch everyone shares ln common one or more dlsLlncLlve characLerlsLlcs Lasy Lo
recognlze and easy Lo Lrack lLs borders Slow Lo change Lxamples pollLlcal reglons long lasLlng
economlc reglons luncLlonal/nodal 8eglon
An area organlzed around a node or a focal polnL 1led Lo Lhe focal polnL by LransporLaLlon and
communlcaLlon sysLems or by economlc or funcLlonal assoclaLlons Lxamples Subway SysLems
newspaper ulsLrlbuLlon SLore ulsLrlbuLlon
vernacular 8eglon
A place LhaL people belleve exlsLs as parL of Lhelr culLural ldenLlLy lnformal and noL seL ln sLone
varles dependenL on who you are Lalklng Lo Lxamples 1he SouLh 1he CounLry
CulLural 8eglon 1ermlnology
Core Lhe mosL pure area LhaL possesses all culLural LralLs used Lo deflne a reglon uomaln Lhe
area ln whlch Lhe culLure ls domlnanL buL less lnLense Sphere Lhe zone of ouLer lnfluence where
people wlLh Lhe culLure LralLs can even be a mlnorlLy ln anoLher reglon
SyncreLlsm
When new culLural LralLs emerge as a hybrld of Lwo dlsLlncL parenL LralLs Many Llmes old and
new redomlnanL when lL comes Lo rellglons and culLures Ma[or feaLures of culLural change
PumanLnvlronmenLal lnLeracLlon
Pow hlmans modlfy adapL Lo and depend on Lhelr envlronmenL CulLural Lcology ls Lhe sLudy of
humanenvlronmenL relaLlonshlps Alexander von PumboldL (17691839) Carl 8lLLer(17791839)
lreldrlch 8aLzel Lllen Churchlll Semple LllsworLh PunLlngLon
LnvlronmenLal ueLermlnlsm
Pow a physlcal envlronmenL causes soclal developmenL
osslblllsm
eople have Lhe ablllLy Lo ad[usL Lo Lhelr envlronmenL
hyslcal rocesses
CllmaLe koppen sysLem vegeLaLlon loresL blome Savanna blome Crassland blome ueserL blome
Soll Landforms
MovemenL
1he way LhaL people producLs lnformaLlon and ldeas move from one place Lo anoLher
Ceographers have always looked aL scale buL Lhanks Lo Lhe lncrease ln movemenL Lhey look aL
many more scales concernlng Lhe effecLs on Lhe human populaLlon CloballzaLlon has made
scale exLremely lmporLanL 1ransnaLlonal corporaLlon mulLlnaLlonal corporaLlon CloballzaLlon
of culLure CommunlcaLlon revoluLlon
Space ulsLrlbuLlon of leaLures
Ceographers Lhlnk abouL Lhe arrangemenL of people and acLlvlLles found ln space 1ry Lo
undersLand why Lhose people and acLlvlLles are dlsLrlbuLed across space as Lhey are lmmanual
kanL (17241804) Compared geographys concern for space Lo hlsLorys concern for Llme
ulsLrlbuLlon 1he arrangemenL of a feaLure ln space
Pow do geographers analyze space?
ulsLrlbuLlon uenslLy ArlLhmeLlc denslLy hyslologlcal denslLy Map scale and pro[ecLlons

1he flve Lhemes of geography
4 LocaLlon
8elaLlve locaLlon
AbsoluLe locaLlon
4 lace
Puman characLerlsLlcs
hyslcal characLerlsLlcs
4 PumanLnvlronmenL lnLeracLlons
Pumans adapL Lo Lhe envlronmenL
Pumans modlfy Lhe envlronmenL
Pumans depend on Lhe envlronmenL
4 MovemenL
eople
Coods
ldeas
4 8eglons
lormal
luncLlonal
vernacular (ercepLual)
MuC More developed counLry
LuC Less developed counLry
CarLogram opulaLlon
1woLhlrds of Lhe world's populaLlon llves wlLhln a hundred mlles of an ocean or sea
SouLh Asla (osLer noLes)
4 CnefourLh of Lhe world's LoLal populaLlon
1hls group lncludes lndla aklsLan 8angladesh and Srl Lanka
O lndla ls Lhe second mosL populous counLry ln Lhe world
4 lL conLalns LhreefourLhs of SouLh Asla's populaLlon
4 A concenLraLlon of people wlLhln SouLh Asla llve along 1300 km corrldor from Lahore
aklsLan Lo Lhe 8ay of 8engal
1he populaLlon ls concenLraLed around Lhe lndus plaln and Canges 8lvers
lL ls also concenLraLed along Lhe lndlan coasLllne Arablan Sea and 8ay of 8engal
4 MosL of Lhe populaLlon are farmers and llve ln rural areas
4 1here are 18 urban areas whlch conLaln Lwo mllllon or more lnhablLanLs
4 1here are 46 urban areas whlch conLaln one mllllon or more lnhablLanLs
SouLheasL Asla (osLer noLes)
4 1he reglon conLalns Lhe world's fourLh largesL populaLlon clusLer (around 600 mllllon
people)
4 lslands ln Lhe reglon lnclude ava SumaLra 8orneo apua new Culnea and Lhe
hlllpplnes
1he largesL populaLlon concenLraLlon ls ln ava
4 MosL of Lhe populaLlon work as farmers ln rural areas
1he largesL populaLlon clusLer ls ln LasL Asla
nlgerla has 133 mllllon lnhablLanLs and ls Lhe mosL populous naLlon ln Afrlca
1hreefourLhs of Lhe world's populaLlon llves on flve percenL of Lhe world's land
Lcumene 1he porLlon of Lhe LarLh's surface occupled by permanenL human seLLlemenL
4 Cver Llme Lhe areas of Lhe earLh LhaL humans have consldered Loo harsh Lo occupy has
dlmlnlshed
nonLcumene
4 1he unlnhablLed or very sparsely populaLed reglons of Lhe world
4 ury lands Loo dry for farmlng 20 of LarLh's land surface
4 WeL lands hlgh levels of preclplLaLlon mosLly near Lhe equaLor
4 Cold lands exLreme cold polar reglons
4 Plgh lands hlghesL mounLalns of Lhe world hlgh elevaLlons
Cne half of SwlLzerland's land ls aL 3300 feeL above sea level 3 of Lhe populaLlon llves on Lhls
land
3000 8C MosL lnLenslve seLLlemenLs sLarLed Lo emerge
Au 1300 eople move ouL of deserLs [ungles and cold reglons
Au 1900 eople sLlll are noL seLLled ln deserLs Lundra and deep [ungles
opulaLlon denslLy
4 1he way Lo measure populaLlon number of people occupylng an area of land
ArlLhmeLlc uenslLy
O 1he LoLal number of ob[ecLs ln an area
O opulaLlon dlvlded by land area
hyslologlcal uenslLy
O 1he number of people supporLed by a unlL of area of arable land
O rovlded lnslghLs lnLo Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe slze of a populaLlon
and Lhe avallablllLy of resources ln a reglon
AgrlculLural uenslLy
O 1he raLlo of Lhe number of farmers Lo Lhe amounL of arable land
uemography
SclenLlflc sLudy of populaLlon characLerlsLlcs uemographers look sLaLlsLlcally aL how people are
dlsLrlbuLed spaLlally populaLlon dlsLrlbuLlon Also by age gender occupaLlon ferLlllLy healLh
eLc opulaLlon sLudy ls crlLlcally lmporLanL because More people allve now Lhan aL any polnL ln
LarLhs hlsLory 7 bllllon 1he populaLlon of Lhe world lncreased aL a fasLer raLe durlng Lhe
second half of Lhe 20Lh cenLury Lhan any oLher perlod of hlsLory Whlle populaLlon growLh has
sLablllzed ln mosL MuCs vlrLually all global populaLlon growLh ls concenLraLed ln LuCs
1wo 1hlrds of Lhe Worlds populaLlon ls concenLraLed ln four speclflc areas
LasL Asla SouLh Asla SouLheasL Asla Lurope
Sparsely populaLed reglons
Lcumene (where people llve) 1he porLlon of Lhe LarLhs surface occupled by permanenL human
seLLlemenL lourLh Level Cver Llme Lhe areas of Lhe earLh LhaL humans consldered Loo harsh Lo
occupy dlmlnlsh nonLcumene 1he unlnhablLed or very sparsely populaLed reglons of Lhe world
ury Lands Loo dry Lo farm 20 of LarLhs land surface WesL lands hlgh levels of preclplLaLlon
mosLly near Lhe equaLor Cold lands exLreme cold polar reglons Plgh lands hlghesL
mounLalns of Lhe world hlgh elevaLlons
opulaLlon uenslLy
1he way Lo measure populaLlon number of people occupylng an area of land ArlLhmeLlc
uenslLy 1he LoLal number of ob[ecLs ln an area opulaLlon dlvlded by land area hyslologlcal
denslLy 1he number of people supporLed by a unlL of area of arable land rovlded lnslghLs lnLo
Lhe relaLlonshlp beLween Lhe slze of a populaLlon and Lhe avallablllLy of resources ln a reglon
AgrlculLural uenslLy 1he raLlo of Lhe number of farmers Lo Lhe amounL of arable land
opulaLlon change ls measured Lhrough
Crude 8lrLh 8aLe (C88) 1oLal number of llve blrLhs ln a year for every 1000 people allve ln Lhe
socleLy Crude ueaLh 8aLe (Cu8) 1he LoLal number of deaLhs ln a year for every 1000 people
allve ln Lhe socleLy naLural lncrease 8aLe (nl8) ercenLage by whlch a populaLlon grows ln a year
AffecLs Lhe doubllng Llme
More ways Lo measure populaLlon
1oLal lerLlllLy 8aLe (1l8) Average number of chlldren a woman wlll have LhroughouL her
chlldbearlng years (ages 1349) lnfanL MorLallLy 8aLe (lM8) Annual number of deaLhs of lnfanLs
under 1 years of age compared wlLh LoLal llve blrLhs Llfe expecLancy Measures Lhe average
number of years a newborn lnfanL can expecL Lo llve aL currenL morLallLy levels

opulaLlon Why?

Crude 8lrLh 8aLe (C88)
4 1oLal number of llve blrLhs ln a year for every 1000 people allve ln Lhe socleLy
Crude ueaLh 8aLe (Cu8)
4 1oLal number of deaLhs ln a year for every 1000 people allve ln Lhe socleLy
naLural lncrease 8aLe (nl8)
4 ercenLage by whlch a populaLlon grows ln a year
4 AffecLs Lhe doubllng Llme
1he uemographlcs 1ranslLlon Model
A process wlLh several sLages and every counLry ls ln one of Lhem Pas a beglnnlng mlddle and end
PlsLorlcally Lhey move from one sLage of Lhe process Lo Lhe nexL rogress Lhrough Lhe sLages ls
lrreverslble unless a caLasLrophe occurs Afrlca may be experlenclng a reversal because of Lhe AluS
epldemlc Lxplalns Lhe LranslLlon from hlgh blrLh and deaLh raLes Lo low blrLh raLes and deaLh raLes as a
counLry from a prelndusLrlal Lo an lndusLrlallzed economlc sysLem
SLage 1 low growLh
SLage 2 hlgh growLh
SLage 3 moderaLe growLh
SLage 4 low growLh

SLage 1 Low CrowLh
eople depend on hunLlng and gaLherlng for food relndusLrlal MosL of human hlsLory spenL durlng Lhls
sLage 1he nl8 ls essenLlally zero Plgh C88 and Cu8 AgrlculLural revoluLlon around 8000 8C 1here ls no
counLry sLlll ln sLage 1
SLage 2 Plgh CrowLh
8roughL abouL by Lhe lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon 8egan wlLh a Luropean agrlculLural revoluLlon ln Lhe 18Lh
cenLury Cu8 lummeLs whlle Lhe C88 remalns Lhe same as ln sLage 1 Allowed Lo spread Lo Lu8s by Lhe
medlcal revoluLlon(20Lh cenLury)
SLage 3 ModeraLe growLh
8roughL abouL by culLural changes CharacLerlzed by a sudden drop ln Lhe C88 Cu8 conLlnues Lo fall buL
aL a slower raLe Lhan sLage 2 1here ls sLlll growLh buL noL as fasL as ln SLage 2 eople have fewer chlldren
due Lo economlc changes
SLage 4 Low CrowLh
1he C88Cu8 Zero opulaLlon CrowLh (ZC) Low 1l8
SLage 3 negaLlve CrowLh
1hough noL offlclal some say LhaL Lhere ls a SLage llve ln sLage flve Cu8 ls greaLer Lhan C88 largely
because of an aglng populaLlon 1he nl8 ls below Zero Much of Lurope ls enLerlng Lhls sLage
opulaLlon yramlds
opulaLlon pyramld ls a graphlcal lllusLraLlon LhaL shows Lhe dlsLrlbuLlon of varlous age groups as well
as Lhe sex raLlo Lhe number of males per hundred females and Lhe dependency raLlon Lhe number of
people who are Loo old or Loo young Lo work MeLhod of dlsplaylng dlsLrlbuLlon of a counLys populaLlon
by age and gender 8ase represenLs Lhe youngesL Lop Lhe oldesL Crouped ln 3 year age secLlons
uependency raLlo number of people who are Loo young or old Lo work 1oo young 014 years 1oo old
63 and above AbouL 30 of all people ln sLage 2 counLrles are dependenLs ln sLage 4 approxlmaLely 1
dependenL for every 2 workers
u1M and M comparlson
uemographlc 1ranslLlon Model
urawn as a llne graph uoesn'L show male and female populaLlon Shows LoLal populaLlon as a separaLe
llne Clves deLalls of counLrles ln sLages Show Lhe relaLlonshlp bLw blrLh and deaLh raLes and how Lhese
affecL LoLal populaLlon Cnly one dlagram necessary Lo show all sLages
opulaLlon yramld Model
urawn as a bar graph Shows male and female populaLlon proporLlons 1oLal populaLlon ls shown as Lhe
LoLal area of Lhe graph Shows greaLer deLall abouL Lhe populaLlons aL each sLage Shows dlrecL
relaLlonshlp bLw blrLh and deaLh raLes and how Lhese affecL LoLal populaLlon lndlrecLly lour dlagrams
necessary Lo show all sLages

1homas MalLhus(17661834)


1esL 2 SLudy 1oplcs

opulaLlon concenLraLlons and dlsLrlbuLlon clusLerlng ln LasL Asla SouLh Asla SouLheasL Asla and
Lurope uS clusLerlng
Lcumene reglons
nonecumene reglons
opulaLlon denslLy
ArlLhmeLlc
hyslologlcal
AgrlculLural
LocaLlons of Lhe world where populaLlon has lncreased
naLural lncrease of populaLlon and measures of lL
Crude blrLh raLe (C88)
Crude deaLh raLe (Cu8)
naLural lncrease raLe (nl8)
Scurve
opulaLlon lncrease and lLs effecLs on doubllng Llme
Carrylng capaclLy
1oLal ferLlllLy raLe (1l8)
lnfanL morLallLy raLe (lM8)
curve
Llfe expecLancy raLes
uemographlc LranslLlon sLages
1 Low growLh
2 Plgh growLh
3 ModeraLe growLh
4 Low growLh
3 (1heoreLlcal) no/negaLlve growLh
uemographlc equaLlon
uemographlc momenLum
uemographlc reglons
varlous ldeas and evenLs assoclaLed wlLh demographlc LranslLlon sLages such as agrlculLural revoluLlon
medlcal revoluLlon zero populaLlon (ZC)
opulaLlon pyramlds
Age dlsLrlbuLlon
uependency raLlo
Sex raLlo
SLandard of llvlng
SusLalnablllLy
CounLry sLudles of Lhose ln dlfferenL sLages of demographlc LranslLlon
Cape verde
Chlle
uenmark
apan eLc
Comparlsons of demographlc LranslLlon and world populaLlon growLh
MaladapLaLlon
1homas MalLhus and overpopulaLlon
MorLallLy
naLallLy
neoMalLhuslans
MalLhus and geographers
uecllnlng blrLh raLes and Lhe reasons for Lhem
Lpldemlologlc LranslLlon/epldemlology
SLages of epldemlologlc LranslLlon
8lack lague/pandemlc
ulsease dlffuslon
ollo wldespread ln aklsLan AfghanlsLan lndla nlgerla (Aln)
1homas MalLhus
8orn ln Surrey Lngland 6Lh of seven chlldren LducaLed aL home laLher was a uLoplan frlend of uavld
Pume ln 1791 he earned hls masLers degree economlsL As Lssay on Lhe rlnclple of opulaLlon as lL
AffecLs Lhe luLure lmprovemenL of SocleLy wlLh 8emarks on Lhe SpeculaLlons of Mr Codwln M
CondorceL and CLher WrlLers ubllshed anonymously ln 1798 LengLhy pamphleL crlLlclzlng Lhe vlews of
Lhe uLoplans rlnLed Lhe slxLh edlLlon ln 1826 Awarded professorshlp ln ollLlcal Lconomy aL Lhe LasL
lndla Companys College aL Palebury LlecLed Lo Lhe 8oyal SocleLy ln 1819 1oday ofLen known as Lhe
paLron salnL of demography
MalLhus 1heory
1he populaLlon ls growlng Loo rapldly opulaLlon lncreases geomeLrlcally lood supply lncreases
arlLhmeLlcally MalLhus argued LhaL Lwo Lypes of checks hold poslLlon wlLhln resource llmlLs oslLlve
Check whlch ralse Lhe deaLh raLe revenLlve ones whlch lower Lhe blrLh raLe MalLhus also advocaLed
welfare reform no lncrease ln welfare asslsLance for lncreased numbers of chlldren lor malLhus
avallable producLlve farmland was a llmlLlng facLor for populaLlon growLh osL lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon LhaL
ls noL as much a facLor
neoMalLhuslans
Pls Lheory became valld Lo many geographers/demographers durlng Lhe laLLer half of Lhe 20Lh CenLury
unprecedenLed populaLlon growLh 1odays followers belleve Lhere characLerlsLlcs ln Lodays socleLles
LhaL make MalLhuss Lhesls even more frlghLenlng MalLhus Lheory dld noL Lake lnLo accounL Lhe rapld
growLh of LuCs World populaLlon ls noL [usL sLrlpplng food buL a loL of oLher resources as well
MalLhuss CrlLlcs
Pls Lheory ls based on a bellef LhaL Lhe worlds supply ls flxed raLher Lhan expandlng 8ased on Lhe Lheory
of osslblllsm A larger populaLlon could sLlmulaLe economlc growLh Lo produce greaLer resources More
cusLomers and more ldeas MarxlsLs malnLaln Lhere ls no connecLlon beLween populaLlon growLh and
economlc developmenL overLy hunger eLc are Lhe resulL of un[usL soclal and economlc lnsLlLuLlons
Lngels dlsmlssed hls Lheory arLlfacL of caplLallsm needed Lo share resources equally World leaders (ln
some areas) opulaLlon growLh power
1heory vs 8eallLy
lood producLlon has lncreased durlng Lhe lasL half of Lhe 20Lh cenLury more rapldly Lhan MalLhus
predlcLed Lconomlc wealLh ls Lhe reason for hunger noL lnsufflclenL global producLlon
CovernmenLal lnpuL
Lxpanslve populaLlon pollcles encourage large famllles 8esLrlcLlve populaLlon seek Lo reduce Lhe raLe of
naLural lncreases
World PealLh 1hreaLs
1he Lpldemlologlc 1ranslLlon Model locuses on dlsLlncLlve causes of deaLh ln each sLage of Lhe
demographlc LranslLlon 1heory orlglnally poslLed by Abdel 8 Cmran ln 1971 ulvlded Lhe epldemlologlcal
LranslLlon of morLallLy lnLo Lhree phases 1he Age of esLllence and lamlne 1he Age of 8ecedlng
andemlcs 1he Age of uegeneraLlve and ManMade ulseases
SLage 1
1he SLage of esLllence and lamlne 1he black deaLh SLage 2
1he sLage of recedlng andemlcs Cholera SLage 3
1he sLage of degeneraLlve and humancreaLed dlseases Cancer and Cardlovascular ulsease SLage 4
1he sLage of delayed degeneraLlve dlseases Cancer and dlsease ls slowed or sLopped by medlcal
advances SLage 3 (posslble)
8eemergence of lnfecLlous and paraslLlc dlseases LvoluLlon overLy lmproved 1ravel MlgraLlon


8aslc 1erms
LmlgraLlon mlgraLlon l8CM a locaLlon lmmlgraLlon MlgraLlon 1C a locaLlon neL MlgraLlon Lhe
dlfference beLween Lhe number of lmmlgranLs and Lhe number of emlgranLs When lmmlgranLs
emlgranLs poslLlve neL mlgraLlon When emlgranLs lmmlgranLs negaLlve neL mlgraLlon MoblllLy
general Lerm for all Lypes of movemenLs from one place Lo anoLher ClrculaLlon shorLLerm repeLlLlve
or cycllcal movemenL LhaL occur on a regular basls
Why do eople mlgraLe?

LC 8avensLelnss (1883) Laws of MlgraLlon
MosL mlgranLs move only a shorL dlsLance and Lhen Lyplcally Lo ma[or clLles 8apldly growlng clLles are
populaLed by mlgranLs from nearly rural areas ln Lurn Lhe gaps lefL ln Lhe rural populaLlon are fllled
by mlgranLs from more dlsLanL areas 1he process of dlsperslon ls Lhe lnverse of Lhe process of
absorpLlon and exhlblLs slmllar feaLures Lach maln currenL of mlgraLlon produces a compensaLlng
counLer currenL LongdlsLance mlgranLs Lend Lo move Lo ma[or clLles 8ural people have a hlgher
propenslLy Lo mlgraLe Lhan urban people Women have a hlgher propenslLy Lo mlgraLe Lhan men
8eason for MlgraLlng
MosL people mlgraLe for economlc reasons CulLure and envlronmenLal facLors do lnduce mlgraLlon buL
noL as ofLen as economlc facLors eople declde Lo mlgraLe because of push pull facLors ush facLor
lnduces people Lo move ouL of Lhelr presenL locaLlon ull facLor lnduces people Lo move lnLo a new
locaLlon 1here are Lhree ma[or klnds Lconomlc CulLural LnvlronmenLal lnLervenlng obsLacle a block
LhaL hlnders mlgranLs from reachlng Lhelr deslred desLlnaLlon
Lconomlc CondlLlons
MlgranLs wlll ofLen rlsk Lhelr llves ln hopes of economlc opporLunlLles LhaL wlll enable Lhem Lo send
money home remlLLances Lo Lhelr famlly members who remaln behlnd
CulLural CondlLlon
MlgranLs moved lnLo Lhe uS durlng Lhe laLe 1800s and early 1900s ln masslve numbers Many were
escaplng oppresslon ln Lhelr homelands and looklng Lo make a beLLer llfe for Lhelr famllles
LnvlronmenLal CondlLlon
ln MonLserraL a 1993 volcano made Lhe souLhern half of Lhe lsland lncludlng Lhe caplLal clLy of
lymouLh unlnhablLable eople who remalned mlgraLe Lo Lhe norLh or Lo Lhe uS
ulsLance of MlgraLlon lnLernal
lnLernal mlgraLlon permanenL movemenL wlLhln Lhe same counLry lnLerreglonal mlgraLlon MovemenL
from one reglon of a counLry Lo anoLher lnLrareglonal mlgraLlon MovemenL wlLhln one reglon
lnLernaLlonal MlgraLlon
volunLary mlgraLlon Lhe mlgranL has chosen Lo move usually economlc SLep MlgraLlon when a
mlgranL follows a paLh of a serles of sLages or sLeps Loward a flnal desLlnaLlon lnLervenlng opporLunlLy
aL one of Lhe sLeps along Lhe paLh pull facLors encourage Lhe mlgranL Lo seLLle Lhere Chaln mlgraLlon
when a mlgranL communlcaLes Lo famlly and frlends aL home encouraglng furLher mlgraLlon along Lhe
same paLh along klnshlp llnks lorced mlgraLlon 1he mlgranLs has been compelled Lo move usually
culLural MlgraLlon LranslLlon Changes ln a socleLy comparable Lo Lhose ln demographlc LranslLlon
volunLary MlgraLlon
MlgranLs welgh push and pull facLors Lo declde flrsL Lo emlgraLe from Lhe home counLry and second
where Lo go ulsLance uecay welghs lnLo Lhe declslon Lo mlgraLe leadlng many mlgranL Lo move less far
Lhan Lhey orlglnally conLemplaLe
CharacLerlsLlcs of MlgranLs
CurrenLly women consLlLuLe 33 of uS lmmlgranLs 40 are young adulLs (2339) 3 are over Lhe age of
63 16 are under Lhe age of 13

ulsLance uecay Craph

Where are MlgranLs ulsLrlbuLed?

ulsLance of MlgraLlon lnLernal
4 lnLernal mlgraLlon permanenL movemenL wlLhln Lhe same counLry
lnLerreglonal mlgraLlon
O MovemenL from one reglon of a counLry Lo anoLher
lnLrareglonal mlgraLlon
O MovemenL wlLhln one reglon
lnLernaLlonal MlgraLlon
4 volunLary mlgraLlon Lhe mlgranL has chosen Lo move usually economlc
SLep mlgraLlon when a mlgranL follows a paLh of a serles of sLages or sLeps
Loward a flnal desLlnaLlon
O lnLervenlng opporLunlLy aL one of Lhe sLeps along Lhe paLh pull facLors
encourage Lhe mlgranL Lo seLLle Lhere
Chaln mlgraLlon when a mlgranL communlcaLes Lo famlly and frlends aL home
encouraglng furLher mlgraLlon along Lhe same paLh along klnshlp llnks
4 lorced mlgraLlon
1he mlgranL has been compelled Lo move usually culLural
4 MlgraLlon LranslLlon
Changes ln a socleLy comparable Lo Lhose ln demographlc LranslLlon

MlgraLlon ConLlnued
ulsLance uecay
4 Welghs lnLo Lhe declslon Lo mlgraLe leadlng many mlgranLs Lo move less far Lhan Lhey
orlglnally conLemplaLed
CharacLerlsLlcs of MlgranLs
4 CurrenLly women consLlLuLe 33 of uS lmmlgranLs
4 40 of lmmlgranLs are young adulLs (2339)
4 3 of lmmlgranLs are over Lhe age of 63
4 16 of lmmlgranLs are under Lhe age of 13
Clobal MlgraLlon aLLerns
neL ouLmlgraLlon Asla Afrlca LaLln Amerlca neL lnmlgraLlon norLh Amerlca Lurope
Cceanla 1he uS has Lhe largesL forelgn born
uS lmmlgraLlon aLLerns
73 mllllon mlgraLed Lo Lhe uS beLween 1820 and 2010 1hree maln eras of lmmlgraLlon Colonlal
lmmlgraLlon Lngllsh and Afrlcan slaves Mld 19Lh cenLury Lo early 20Lh cenLury nearly all
Luropeans lrom Lhe 1970s Lo Loday More Lhan LhreefourLhs from LaLln Amerlca and Asla
uS lmmlgraLlon ollcles
1882 8ars Aslan lmmlgraLlon for Len years (exLended) 1921 CuoLa AcL counLry by counLry
quoLas 1924 naLlonal Crlglns AcL counLry by counLry quoLas 1963 lmmlgraLlon AcL quoLas
for counLrles replaced ln 1968 wlLh hemlsphere quoLas of 170000 for LasL and 120000 for
WesL 1978 lmmlgraLlon AcL global quoLa of 290000 1980 8efugee AcL quoLas do noL apply
Lo Lhose seeklng pollLlcal asylum 1986 lmmlgraLlon 8eform and ConLrol AcL admlLLed large
numbers of former lllegals 1990 lmmlgraLlon AcL ralsed global quoLas Lo roughly 673000 1993
vlsas lssued referenLlally 480000 Lo relaLlves of people here 140000 Lo Lhose wlLh speclal
skllls and educaLlon 33000 Lo dlverslLy candldaLes(noL laLln amerlca or asla) CurrenL LoLal
673000
lmpacL of lmmlgraLlon on Lhe uS
Legacy of Luropean mlgraLlon Luropes demographlc LranslLlon SLage 2 growLh pushed
Luropeans ouL 63 mllllon Luro emlgraLe ulffuslon of Luropean culLure Changed world culLure
especlally wlLh language and rellglon Areas of sparse populaLlons are now closely relaLed Lo
Lhelr culLure

Why do MlgranLs lace CbsLacles?
lmpacL of lmmlgraLlon on Lhe uS
4 Legacy of Luropean mlgraLlon
Lurope's demographlc LranslLlon
O SLage 2 growLh pushed Luropeans ouL
4 63 mllllon Luropeans emlgraLe
ulffuslon of Luropean culLure
O Changed world culLure especlally wlLh language rellglon
O Areas of sparse populaLlons are now closely relaLed Lo Lhelr culLure
CuoLa Laws
4 uS passed flrsL ln 1921 and 1924
4 CuoLas Lo llmlL Lhe number of people who could enLer Lhe uS
WanLed Lhem Lo be Luropean norLhern and WesLern ln parLlcular
4 CurrenL quoLa ls 673000 worldwlde (620000 ls Lhe base number)
no more Lhan 7 from any one counLry
CerLaln excepLlons for close famlly members
4 AdmlLLed wlLh Lhe followlng preferences
lamlly based reunlfy famllles LhreefourLhs of Lhose admlLLed
O 1yplcal walL for a spouse ls 3 years
LmploymenL based skllled workers/excepLlonally LalenLed professlonals
O 8raln draln charge by oLher counLrles
LoLLery for vlsa of anyone else who applles
4 8efugees and Asylees (asylum seekers) are noL parL of Lhe quoLa sysLem
2010 80000 were allowed presldenLlal decree
1emporary MlgraLlon for Work
4 CuesL Workers WesLern Lurope and Mlddle LasL
MlgranLs whom a counLry allows ln Lo flll a labor need assumlng Lhe workers
wlll go home" once Lhe labor need subsldes
O Pave shorL Lerm work vlsas
O roLecLed by mlnlmumwage laws labor unlons eLc
1hey serve a useful role for Lurope
O 1ake lowsLaLus lowskllled [obs
O 1hey sLlll earn far more Lhan Lhey would aL home
O 8educes Lhe unemploymenL ln Lhelr home counLrles and sLlmulaLes
Lhelr economles
4 Send remlLLances Lo home counLry
Lconomlc MlgranLs vs 8efugees
4 MlgranL someone seeklng economlc opporLunlLles
4 8efugee someone fleelng from governmenL persecuLlon
A person who flees across an lnLernaLlonal boundary because of a wellfounded
fear of belng persecuLed for reasons of race rellglon naLlonallLy membershlp
of a parLlcular soclal group or pollLlcal oplnlon
Cuba PalLl and vleLnam 23000
LmlgranLs from Cuba
4 uS consldered pollLlcal refugees posL 1939/ CasLro
600000 enLered ln decade afLer Lhe revoluLlon
123000 enLered agaln ln 1980
O Aprll 20
O CasLro released pollLlcal prlsoners crlmlnals and menLal paLlenLs
O Marlel boaLllfL" eople from Lhe uS senL shlps Lo Cuba Lo plck up Lhelr
remalnlng famllles ln Cuba 2700 were senL back Lo Cuba
LmlgranLs from PalLl
4 ln 1937 lrancols uuvaller apa uoc" lnsLalled a dlcLaLorshlp
used bloody Lerror LacLlcs
8eplaced by hls son ean Claude uuvaller 8aby uoc" ln 1971
O Llved a rlch llfesLyle whlle hls people suffered
4 overLy sLrlcken governmenL corrupLlon murderous represslon
4 1housands of PalLlans salled ln makeshlfL boaLs Lo uS ln 1980s
ShorLly afLer Lhe 1980 Marlel boaLllfL
Clalmed Lhey mlgraLed for economlc advancemenL
uS lmmlgraLlon dld noL leL Lhem sLay
O ulfference from Cuba noL allled wlLh Lhe SovleL unlon
4 AfLer 1991 coup over ean8erLrand ArlsLlde Lhousands fled agaln
PalLlan 8oaL eople"
LmlgranLs from vleLnam
4 vleLnam War ended ln 1973
uS evacuaLed several Lhousand people
All had been closely ldenLlfled wlLh Lhe Amerlcan poslLlon
CLhers Lrled Lo leave by boaL
4 AnoLher round of boaL people came ln Lhe laLe 1980s
no longer seen as refugees economlc mlgranLs
laced ln deLenLlon camps evenLually senL back
4 CurrenLly a ma[or source of lmmlgranLs
More Lhe pull of economlc opporLunlLy Lhan push of persecuLlon
CulLural Challenges laced Whlle Llvlng ln CLher CounLrles uS and lmmlgranLs
4 PlsLorlcally Amerlcans regard new arrlvals wlLh susplclon
1empered durlng Lhe 19
Lh
cenLury
Pelped seLLle Lhe wesLern fronLler
4 Larly 20
Lh
cenLury Amerlcans LhoughL lmmlgranL should be closed
lronLler close
lmmlgranLs comlng dlfferenL locaLlons (SouLhern/LasLern Lurope_
4 CurrenLly varlous sLaLes have voLed Lo deny unauLhorlzed lmmlgranLs access Lo publlc
servlces
ulfflculL Lo enforce
uublous lf consLlLuLlonal
CulLural Challenges laced Whlle Llvlng ln CLher CounLrles Lurope and CuesL Workers
4 Many guesL workers suffer from poor soclal condlLlons
Lonely llfe
Always seen and belleves arrangemenL ls Lemporary
ulsllked by many WesLern Luropeans
4 CurrenLly numbers are down due Lo Lhe economlc recesslon
lmmlgranL pollcles of PosL CounLrles
CuoLa laws us passed flrsL ln 1921 and 1924 CuoLas Lo llmlL Lhe number of people who could
enLer Lhe uS WanLed Lhem Lo be Luropean norLhern and WesLern ln parLlcular CurrenL quoLa
ls 673000 worldwlde (620000 ls Lhe base number) no more Lhan 7 from any one counLry
CerLaln excepLlons for close famlly members AdmlLLed wlLh Lhe followlng preferences lamlly
based reunlfy famllles 3/4 of Lhose admlLLed 1yplcal walL for a spouse ls 3 years LmploymenL
based skllled workers/excepLlonally LalenL 8raln uraln charge by oLher counLrles LoLLery for
vlsa of anyone else who applles 8efugees and Asylees are noL parL of Lhe quoLa sysLem 2010
80000 were allowed presldenLlal decree
1emporary MlgraLlon for Work
CuesL workers wesLern Lurope and Mlddle LasL MlgranLs whom a counLry allows ln Lo flll a
labor need assumlng Lhe workers wlll go home once Lhe labor need subsldes Pave shorL Lerm
work vlsas roLecLed by mlnlmumwage laws labor unlons eLc 1hey serve a useful role for
Lurope 1ake low sLaLus lowskllled [obs 1hey sLlll earn far more Lhan Lhey would aL home
8educes Lhe unemploymenL ln Lhelr home counLrles and sLlmulaLes Lhelr economy Send
remlLLances Lo home counLry
Lconomlc MlgranLs vs 8efugees
MlgranL someone seeklng economlc opporLunlLles 8efugee someone fleelng from
governmenL persecuLlon A person who flees across an lnLernaLlonal boundary because of a well
founded fear of belng persecuLed for reasons of race rellglon naLlonallLy membershlp of a
parLlcular soclal group or pollLlcal oplnlon Cuba PalLl and vleLnam 23000
LmlgranLs from Lurope
uS consldered pollLlcal refugees posL 1939/CasLro 600000 enLered ln decade afLer Lhe
revoluLlon 123000 enLered agaln ln 1980 Aprll 20 CasLro released pollLlcal prlsoners crlmlnals
and menLal paLlenLs Marlel 8oaLllfL
LmlgranLs from PalLl
ln 1937 lrancols uuvaller apa uoc lnsLalled a dlcLaLorshlp used bloody Lerror LacLlcs
8eplaced by hls son ean Claude uuvaller 8aby uoc ln 1971 Llved a rlch llfesLyle whlle hls
people suffered overLy sLrlcken governmenL corrupLlon murderous represslon 1housands of
PalLlans salled ln makeshlfL boaLs Lo uS ln 1980s ShorLly afLer Lhe 1980 Marlel boaLllfL Clalmed
Lhey mlgraLed for economlc advancemenL uS lmmlgraLlon dld noL leL Lhem sLay ulfference from
Cuba noL allled wlLh Lhe SovleL unlon AfLer 1991 coup over ean8erLrand ArlsLlde Lhousands
fled agaln PalLlan 8oaL eople
LmlgranLs from vleLnam
vleLnam War ended ln 1973 uS evacuaLed several Lhousand people All had been closely
ldenLlfled wlLh Lhe Amerlcan poslLlon CLhers Lrled Lo leave by boaL AnoLher round of boaL
people came ln laLe 1980s no longer seen as refugees economlc mlgranLs laced ln deLenLlon
camps evenLually senL back CurrenLly a ma[or source of lmmlgranLs More Lhe pull of economlc
opporLunlLy Lhan push of persecuLlon
CulLural Challenges laced Whlle Llvlng ln CLher CounLrles uS and lmmlgranLs
PlsLorlcally Amerlcans regard new arrlval wlLh susplclon 1empered durlng Lhe 19Lh cenLury
Pelped seLLle Lhe wesLern fronLler Larly 20Lh cenLury Amerlcans LhoughL lmmlgranL should be
closed lronLler closed lmmlgranLs comlng from dlfferenL locaLlon (SouLhern/LasLern Lurope)
CurrenLly varlous sLaLes have voLed Lo deny unauLhorlzed lmmlgranLs access Lo publlc servlces
ulfflculL Lo enforce uublous lf consLlLuLlonal
CulLural Challenges laced Whlle Llvlng ln CLher CounLrles Lurope and CuesL Workers
Many guesL workers suffer from poor soclal condlLlons Lonely llfe Always seen and belleves
arrangemenL ls Lemporary ulsllked by many WesLern Luropeans CurrenLly numbers are down
due Lo Lhe economlc recesslon
lolk and opular CulLure

Why do eople MlgraLe wlLhln a CounLry?
lnLerreglonal and lnLrareglonal
lnLerreglonal MlgraLlon ln Lhe uS
4 llrsL promlnenL mlgraLlon Lhe openlng of Lhe Amerlcan WesL
Census 1790 populaLlon cenLer was Lhe Chesapeake 8ay area
Larly 1800s LransporLaLlon lmproved movemenL began
Mld19
Lh
cenLury Callfornla Cold 8ush
O opulaLlon cenLer shlfLed Lo Creensburg lndlana ln 1890
LaLe 20
Lh
cenLury growLh ln Lhe SouLh [ob opporLunlLles
O opulaLlon cenLer shlfLed souLh Lo cenLral Mlssourl
opulaLlon CenLer Changes
4 opulaLlon CenLer Lhe average locaLlon of everyone ln Lhe counLry
lnLerreglonal MlgraLlon ln CLher CounLrles
4 8ussla
lmporLanL ln developlng Lhe former SovleL unlon
WanLed Lo develop 8ussla' lar norLh
4 8razll
ALLempLed Lo move populaLlon from Lhe ALlanLlc CoasL
Moved caplLol Lo 8rasllla
4 lndonesla
CovernmenL has pald people Lo mlgraLe from ava
O Cne way LlckeL 3 acres of land bulldlng maLerlals seeds pesLlcldes
and food
4 Lurope
MovemenL from Lhe easL and Lhe souLh Lo Lhe norLh and wesL
4 lndla
8equlre a permlL Lo mlgraLe Lo Lhe SLaLe of Assam
lnLrareglonal MlgraLlon
4 8ural Lo urban MlgraLlon
8egan ln Lhe 1800s ln Lurope and norLh Amerlca lndusLrlal 8evoluLlon
employmenL pull facLor
O uS urban populaLlon ln 1800 was 3 ln 1920 was 30
CurrenLly movlng Lo LuCs
O Aslans llvlng ln urban areas lncreased from Z bllllon (1982) Lo 1 bllllon
(2007)
4 urban Lo Suburban MlgraLlon
MuCs saw a decllne of urban populaLlon ln 2
nd
half of 20
Lh
cenLury
LlfesLyle pull facLor
4 urban Lo 8ural MlgraLlon
LaLe 20
Lh
cenLury MuCs saw more people movlng Lo rural areas Lhan emlgraLlng
ouL of Lhem
CounLerurbanlzaLlon
lolk and opular CulLure
ChapLer 4
4 WhaL ls culLure?
ChapLer 1 values maLerlal arLlfacLs pollLlcal lnsLlLuLlon
CulLure ls Learned noL blologlcal
O 1ransmlLLed wlLhln a socleLy Lo nexL generaLlons by lmlLaLlon LradlLlon
lnsLrucLlon
4 PablL
4 CusLom
4 CulLure provldes
A general framework"
Lach lndlvldual learns and adheres Lo general rules
Also Lo speclflc subgroups
O Age sex sLaLus occupaLlon behavlors loyalLles bellefs
4 ChrlsLmas
4 Church aLLendance on Sunday
4 lolk CulLure
1radlLlonally pracLlced by a small homogeneous rural group llvlng ln relaLlve
lsolaLlon
SLable and close knlL
Pomogeneous ln cusLoms eLhnlclLy
usually a rural communlLy and coheslve
SubslsLence economles goods are made by hand accordlng Lo LradlLlon
1radlLlon conLrols reslsLance Lo change
8ulldlngs erecLed wlLhouL archlLecL or blueprlnL uslng locally avallable bulldlng
maLerlals
Anonymous orlglns dlffuses slowly Lhrough mlgraLlon uevelops over Llme
ClusLered dlsLrlbuLlons lsolaLlon/lack of lnLeracLlon breeds unlqueness and Lles
Lo physlcal envlronmenL
Some folk LralLs uLlllze asLrology songs dances and food
ueflnlLlon 8apldly changlng and/or dlsappearlng LhroughouL Lhe world AlmosL
nonexlsLenL ln Lhe developed world
4 1he Amlsh lolk CulLure
lllusLraLe how relocaLlon dlffuslon dlsLrlbuLes fold culLure
CurrenLly number abouL 230000 adherenLs ln 19 sLaLes
Shun mechanlcal and elecLrlcal power
ulsLlncLlve cloLhlng farmlng rellglous pracLlces and oLher cusLoms
CrlglnaLed ln 8ern SwlLzerland
O lollowers of akob Ammann
Came Lo Lhe norLh Amerlca ln Lhe 1700s and 1800s
llrsL group seLLled ln ennsylvanla
Second group wenL Lo Chlo llllnols lowa and CnLarlo
Moved from Lhose areas Lo addlLlonal locaLlons where land avallable
ConLlnue Lo do so for less expenslve land
WhaL ls CulLure?
ChapLer 1 value maLerlal arLlfacLs pollLlcal lnsLlLuLlon CulLure ls learned noL blologlcal
1ransmlLLed wlLhln a socleLy Lo nexL generaLlons by lmlLaLlon 1radlLlon lnsLrucLlon PablL
CusLom
CulLure provldes
A general framework Lach lndlvldual learns and adheres Lo general rules Also Lo speclflc sub
groups Age sex sLaLus occupaLlon naLlonallLy olned by common LradlLlons behavlors
loyalLles bellefs ChrlsLmas Church aLLendance on Sunday
lolk CulLure
1radlLlonally pracLlced by a small homogeneous rural group llvlng ln relaLlve lsolaLlon
Pomogeneous ln cusLoms eLhnlclLy SLable and close knlL usually a rural communlLy and
coheslve SubslsLence economles goods are made by hand accordlng Lo LradlLlon 1radlLlon
conLrols reslsLance Lo change 8ulldlngs erecLed wlLhouL archlLecL or blueprlnL uslng locally
avallable bulldlng maLerlals Anonymous orlglns dlffuses slowly Lhrough mlgraLlon uevelops
over Llme ClusLered dlsLrlbuLlons lsolaLlon/lack of lnLeracLlon breed unlqueness and Lles Lo
physlcal envlronmenL Some folk LralLs uLlllze asLrology songs dances and food
lolk CulLure rapldly changlng and/or dlsappearlng LhroughouL much of Lhe world AlmosL
nonexlsLenL ln Lhe developmenL world

1he Amlsh lolk CulLure
lllusLraLe how relocaLlon dlffuslon dlsLrlbuLes folk culLure CurrenLly number 230000 adherenLs
ln 19 sLaLes Shun mechanlcal and elecLrlcal power ulsLlncLlve cloLhlng farmlng rellglous
pracLlces and oLher cusLoms CrlglnaLed ln 8ern SwlLzerland lollowers of akob Ammann Came
Lo Lhe norLh Amerlca ln Lhe 1700s and 1800s llrsL group seLLled ln ennsylvanla Second group ln
Chlo llllnols lowa and CnLarlo Moved from Lhose areas Lo addlLlonal locaLlons where land
avallable ConLlnued Lo do so for less expenslve land
lolk loods
PablLs are sLrongly Lled Lo Lhelr envlronmenL AdapL food preferences Lo condlLlons Lxamples
Asla 8lce ln warm cllmaLes wheaL ln colder cllmaLes Lurope SouLh qulckly prepared foods
norLh sLewlng or roasLlng of foods lold cusLoms usually lnclude bellefs LhaL everyLhlng ln
naLure has beneflclal or harmful LralLs 1aboos are lmposed on Lhose planLs or anlmals wlLh
negaLlve LralLs ln general a Laboo ls a resLrlcLlon on behavlor lmposed by soclal cusLom lood
Laboos ewlsh canL eaL anlmals LhaL chew cud LhaL have cloven feeL canL mlx meaL and mllk
or eaL flsh lacklng flns or scales Musllms no pork Plndus no cows
lolk Pouslng
roducL of boLh culLural LradlLlon and naLural condlLlons Can also reflecL currenL fashlon and
funcLlonal needs 8ulldlng maLerlals for folk houslng lnfluenced by resources avallable Wood and
brlck Lwo mosL common bulldlng maLerlals around Lhe world Clder homes ln Lhe uS dlsplay
local folkculLure LradlLlon lred knlffen ldenLlfled Lhree ma[or hearLhs or nodes of folk house
forms ln Lhe uS 1he Lower Chesapeake or 1ldewaLer sLyle house 1he Mlddle ALlanLlc l house
new Lngland house Lypes***** WhaL Are Local and opular CulLures

lolk foods
4 PablLs are sLrongly Lled Lo Lhelr envlronmenL
AdapL food preferences Lo condlLlons
Lxamples
O Asla rlce ln warm cllmaLes wheaL ln colder cllmaLes
O Lurope SouLh qulckly prepared foods norLh sLewlng or roasLlng of
foods
4 lolk cusLoms usually lnclude bellefs LhaL everyLhlng ln naLure has beneflclal or harmful
LralLs
1aboos are lmposed on Lhose planLs or anlmals wlLh negaLlve LralLs
ln general a Laboo ls a resLrlcLlon on behavlor lmposed by soclal cusLom
lood Laboos
O ewlsh can'L eaL anlmals LhaL chew cud LhaL have cloven feeL can'L mlx
meaL and mllk or eaL flsh lacklng flns or scales
O Musllms no pork
O Plndus no cows
lolk Pouslng
4 roducL of boLh culLural LradlLlon and naLural condlLlons
Can also reflecL currenL fashlon and funcLlonal needs
4 8ulldlng maLerlals for folk houslng parLly lnfluenced by resources avallable
Wood and brlck Lwo mosL common bulldlng maLerlals around Lhe world
4 Clder homes ln Lhe uS dlsplay local folkculLure LradlLlon
lred knlffen ldenLlfled Lhree ma[or hearLhs or nodes of folk house forms ln Lhe
uS
O 1he Lower Chesapeake or 1ldewaLer sLyle house
O 1he Mlddle ALlanLlc l" house
O new Lngland house Lypes
Pouslng SLyles ln 1he unlLed SLaLes
Log Cabln
1630
4 new Lngland
4 Clapboard
4 CenLral Chlmney
4 Sloplng 8ack 8oof Llne
Ceorglan/lederal Colonlal
4 SymmeLrlcal CenLer uoor
4 uual Chlmneys
4 vernacular lorm ln Clapboard also called lPouse
A Puman Ceography 1122011
Local CulLure
A group of people ln a parLlcular place who see Lhemselves as a collecLlve or a communlLy who shares
experlences cusLoms and LralLs and who work Lo preserve Lhose LralLs and cusLoms ln order Lo clalm
unlqueness and Lo dlsLlngulsh Lhemselves from oLhers opular CulLure
A wlderanglng group of heLerogeneous people who sLreLched across ldenLlLles and across Lhe world
and who embrace culLural LralLs such as muslc dance cloLhlng and food preference LhaL change
frequenLly and are ublqulLous on Lhe culLural landscape
opular CulLure
Wlde ulsLrlbuLlon ulfferences from place Lo place uncommon more llkely dlfferences as one place over
Llme Pouslng Cnly small reglonal varlaLlons more generally Lhere are Lrends over Llme lood lranchlses
cargo planes superhlghways and freezer Lrucks have ellmlnaLed much local varlaLlon LlmlLed varlaLlons
ln cholce reglonally especlally wlLh alcohol and snacks SubsLanLlal varlaLlons by eLhnlclLy CloLhlng eans
have become valuable sLaLus symbols ln many reglons lncludlng Asla and 8ussla desplLe longsLandlng
folk LradlLlons LffecLs on Landscape 8reeds homogenous placeless(8elph1976) landscape Complex
neLwork of roads and hlghways Commerclal sLrucLures Lend Lowards boxes uwelllngs may be
aesLheLlcally suggesLlve of older folk LradlLlons lanned and gaLed CommunlLles more and more
common ulsconnecLed wlLh landscape lndoor swlmmlng pools deserL surflng
CulLure Complex
lndlvldual culLural LralLs are funcLlonally lnLerrelaLed Masal of kenya culLural LralLs cenLered on caLLle
Amerlcan looLball sporLs culLure
CulLure 8eglon
orLlon of Lhe LarLhs surface occupled by populaLlons sharlng recognlzable dlsLlncLlve culLural
characLerlsLlcs ollLlcal organlzaLlons/boundarles 8ellglons Lconomy Lype
1ypes of CulLural 8eglons
Core Area nucleus uomaln domlnanL exLenslon Sphere zone of ouLer lnfluence for a culLure reglon
SubnaLlonal culLural area LhaL ls parL of a larger culLure 1he Mormons naLlonal CulLures lrench
CulLure
CulLural 8ealm
A seL of culLural reglons showlng relaLed culLural complexes and landscapes Large reglon LhaL has
assumed fundamenLal unlformlLy ln lLs culLural characLerlsLlcs and showlng slgnlflcanL dlfferences from
surroundlng realms Large reglon LhaL has assumed fundamenLal unlformlLy ln lLs culLural characLerlsLlcs
and showlng slgnlflcanL dlfferences from surroundlng realms
Why ls opular CulLure Wldely ulsLrlbuLed?
ulffuslon opular houslng cloLhlng and food llourlshes where people of a socleLy have sufflclenL
lncome Lo acqulre Lhe elemenLs of popular culLure and Lhe lelsure Llme Lo make use of Lhem MuCs
greaLer adopLlon of popular culLure 8eglonal varlaLlons sLlll exlsL Alcohol consumpLlon wlne
producLlon snack foods CloLhlng sLyles are also dlsLrlbuLed across Lhe landscape wlLhouL regard Lo
physlcal feaLures 8eflecLs avallablllLy of lncome soclal forms ([ob characLerlsLlcs) lmproved
communlcaLlon has permlLLed rapld dlffuslon eans have become an lmporLanL symbol of WesLern
popular culLure
MaLerlal CulLure
1he Lhlngs a group of people consLrucL such as arL houses cloLhlng sporLs dance and food
nonmaLerlal CulLure
1he bellefs pracLlces aesLheLlcs and values of a group of people
WhaL are CulLural PearLhs?

Where do lolk and opular CulLures CrlglnaLe and ulffuse?
Crlglns of lolk and opular CulLures Crlgln of lolk Muslc Muslc exempllfles Lhe dlfferences ln Lhe orlglns
of folk and popular culLure lolk muslc conveys an ldea or lnformaLlon abouL a group Crlgln of opular
Muslc WrlLLen by speclflc lndlvlduals for Lhe purpose of belng sold Lo a large number of people
CrlglnaLed around 1900 ulffuslon of lolk and opular CulLures 1he Amlsh 8elocaLlon ulffuslon of lolk
CulLure Came across Lhe ocean Slowly dlffused from ennsylvanla SporLs Plerarchlcal ulffuslon of
opular CulLure lolk CulLure Crlgln of Soccer MosL popular sporL Larly soccer games resembled mob
scenes CloballzaLlon of Soccer 1800s Lurned soccer lnLo a global popular culLure SporLs ln opular
CulLure Lach counLry has lLs own preferred sporLs CrlckeL 8rlLaln and lLs former colonles lce Pockey
Colder cllmaLes Canada norLhern Lurope and 8ussla MarLlal arLs Chlna 8aseball norLh Amerlca apan
Common elemenL LhaL people wllllngly pay Lo waLch Lhe sporLs Why ls lolk CulLure ClusLered?
lnfluence of Lhe hyslcal LnvlronmenL lood references and Lhe LnvlronmenL eople adapL Lhelr food
preferences Lo condlLlons ln Lhelr envlronmenL eople refuse Lo eaL cerLaln foods LhaL are LhoughL Lo
embody negaLlve forces ln Lhelr envlronmenL 1he 8lble shows whaL foods are Laboo Lhe besL Musllms
agalnsL pork Plndus agalnsL cows lolk Pouslng and Lhe LnvlronmenL 1he Lype of maLerlals used Lo
consLrucL a bulldlng depend on Lhe resources around Lhem

1he Ceography of Language

CllmaLe Change and Convergence
4 AcculLuraLlon process whereby one culLure ls subsLanLlally changed Lhrough Lhe
lnLeracLlon of anoLher culLure
4 AsslmllaLlon process where Lwo or more culLures fuse buL noL necessarlly culLural
characLerlsLlcs
4 1ransculLuraLlon changes LhaL occur from Lhe lnLeracLlon of culLures LhaL ls equal
4 MlgranL ulffuslon by Lhe Llme Lhe new ldeas and lnvenLlons reach a place Lhey have
faded away aL Lhelr polnL of orlgln
4 LLhnocenLrlsm Lendency Lo evaluaLe oLher culLures agalnsL Lhe sLandards of one's
own
CommodlflcaLlon
4 1he process Lhrough whlch someLhlng LhaL prevlously was noL regarded as an ob[ecL Lo
be boughL or sold becomes an ob[ecL LhaL can be boughL sold and Lraded ln Lhe world
markeL
Could be a name good ldea or person
Lx Crazy Porse 8eer
4 LffecLs local culLures ln several ways
1helr maLerlal culLure can be commodlfled by oLhers or Lhemselves
nonmaLerlal culLure can also be commodlfled ofLen by nonmembers selllng
local splrlLual and herbal cures
Local culLures can also be commodlfled as a whole when golng slghLseelng Lo
observe" Lhem Lx Amlsh
4 AuLhenLlclLy ls Lhen broughL lnLo quesLlon
CommodlflcaLlon causes one lmage or experlence Lo LypecasL LhaL auLhenLlc"
lmage or experlence of LhaL culLure
Local culLures are dynamlc cannoL use one slngle experlence Lo deflne
Pow do culLural LralLs dlffuse?
4 PearLh Lhe polnL of orlgln of a culLural LralL
4 ConLaglous dlffuslon
4 Plerarchlcal dlffuslon
1he Ceography of Language
4 Language ueflned
A sysLem of communlcaLlon Lhrough speech a collecLlon of sounds LhaL a group
of people undersLands Lo have Lhe same meanlng
Crganlzed sysLem of spoken words by whlch people communlcaLe wlLh one
anoLher wlLh muLual comprehenslon (CeLls 1983)
Many have a llLerary LradlLlon or wrlLLen sysLem of communlcaLlon
Languages subLly graduaLe one Lo anoLher ulalecLs and oLher reglonal
dlfferences may evenLually lead Lo lncomprehenslblllLy a new language
MlgraLlon and lsolaLlon explaln how a slngle language can laLer become Lwo or
more
4 A Ceographer's erspecLlve on Language
Language ls an essenLlal elemenL of culLure posslbly Lhe mosL lmporLanL
medlum by whlch culLure ls LransmlLLed
Languages even sLrucLure Lhe percepLlons of Lhelr speakers
O ALLlLudes undersLandlngs and responses are parLly deLermlned by Lhe
words avallable
Languages are a hallmark of culLural dlverslLy wlLh dlsLlncLlve reglonal
dlsLrlbuLlons
4 Language ulsLrlbuLlon lndlcaLes
PlsLory and conquesL
lsolaLlon or lnLegraLlon of culLures
MlgraLlon of peoples
Lconomlc domlnaLlon of cerLaln culLures
lnfluence of wealLh and Lechnology
ollLlcal dlvlslons (counLry boundarles)
hyslcal geography barrlers (mLs deserLs)
4 Where are Lngllsh Language Speakers ulsLrlbuLed? A Case SLudy
ConLemporary dlsLrlbuLlon exlsLs because Lhe people of Lngland mlgraLed when
Lhey esLabllshed colonles durlng Lhe pasL four cenLurles
O Lngllsh ls Lhe offlclal language of mosL former colonles
O ulffused by Lngland Lo norLh Amerlca and lreland ln 17
Lh
cenLury SouLh
Asla ln Lhe mld18
Lh
CenLury SouLh aclflc ln Lhe laLe 18
Lh
cenLury/early
19
Lh
cenLury and souLhern Afrlca ln Lhe laLe 19
Lh
cenLury
O uS dlffused lL Lo several locaLlons lncludlng Lhe hlllpplnes
4 Cfflclal languages lnclude Lngllsh and llllplno
4 uevelopmenL/Crlgln of Lngllsh
Cermanlc 1rlbes (Cermany/uenmark)
O uLes
O Angles
O Saxons
vlklngs (norway)
O 9
Lh
11
Lh
CenLurles
normans (lrench)
O 8aLLle of PasLlngs 1066
O lrench was offlclal language for 130 years
4 ulalecLs of Lngllsh
ulalecL ls a reglonal varlaLlon of a language
O ulsLlngulshed by dlsLlncLlve vocabulary spelllng and pronunclaLlon
O 8eflecL dlsLlncLlve feaLures of Lhe envlronmenLs
lsogloss wordusage boundary
O lndlcaLes documenLed words noL used naLlonally
SLandard language Lhe dlalecL esLabllshed and wldely recognlzed
O MosL accepLable for buslness governmenL educaLlon mass
communlcaLlon
O SLandard Lngllsh dlalecL recognlzed as Lhe sLandard form around Lhe
world ls 8rlLlsh 8ecelved ronunclaLlon (88)
4 ulfferences 8eLween 8rlLlsh and Amerlcan Lngllsh
Why? lsolaLlon Lhe language developed lndependenLly durlng Lhe 18
Lh
and 19
Lh

CenLurles
Pow?
O vocabulary
4 SeLLlers encounLered new ob[ecLs and experlences
4 hyslcal feaLures anlmals new lnvenLlons
O Spelllng
4 noah WebsLer and Lhe ldea of an lndependenL naLlon
O ronunclaLlon
4 We are closer Lo Lhe way 17
Lh
cenLury 8rlLlsh pronounced words
4 ulalecLs ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes
new Lngland
O lnhablLed almosL enLlrely by Lngllsh seLLlers
O 2/3s were urlLans from LasL Anglla ln SouLheasL Lngland
SouLheasLern
O Palf came from SouLheasL Lngland
O ulverse populaLlon/soclal classes
Mlddle ALlanLlc
O More dlverse yeL
O Cuakers from Lhe norLh of Lngland Cerman uuLch Swedlsh
Language ueflned
A sysLem of communlcaLlon Lhru speech a collecLlon of sounds LhaL a group of people undersLands Lo
have Lhe same meanlng Crganlzed sysLem of spoken words by whlch people communlcaLe wlLh one
anoLher wlLh comprehenslon Many have a llLerary LradlLlon or wrlLLen sysLem of communlcaLlon
Languages subLly gradaLe one Lo anoLher ulalecLs and oLher reglonal dlfferences may evenLually lead Lo
lncomprehenslblllLy a new language MlgraLlon and lsolaLlon explaln how a slngle language can laLer
become Lwo or more
A Ceographers erspecLlve of Language
Language ls an essenLlal elemenL of culLure posslbly Lhe mosL lmporLanL medlum by whlch culLure ls
LransmlLLed Languages even sLrucLure Lhe percepLlons of Lhelr speakers ALLlLudes undersLandlngs and
responses are parLly deLermlned by Lhe words avallable Languages are a hallmark of culLural dlverslLy
wlLh dlsLlncLlve reglonal dlsLrlbuLlons
Language ulsLrlbuLlon lndlcaLes
PlsLory and conquesL lsolaLlon or lnLegraLlon of culLures MlgraLlon of people Lconomlc domlnaLlon of
cerLaln culLures lnfluence of wealLh and Lechnology ollLlcal dlvlslons (counLry boundarles) hyslcal
geography barrlers
Where are Lngllsh Language Speakers ulsLrlbuLed?
ConLemporary dlsLrlbuLlon exlsLs because Lhe people of Lngland mlgraLed when Lhey esLabllshed
colonles durlng Lhe pasL four cenLurles Lngllsh ls Lhe offlclal language of mosL former colonles ulffused
by Lngland Lo n Amerlca and lreland ln 17Lh cenLury SouLh Asla ln Lhe mld18Lh cenLury SouLh aclflc
ln Lhe laLe 18Lh cenLury and souLhern Afrlca ln Lhe laLe 19Lh cenLury uS dlffused lL Lo several locaLlons
lncludlng Lhe hlllpplnes Cfflclal languages lnclude Lngllsh and llllplno
uevelopmenL Cf Lngllsh
Cermanlc 1rlbes uLes Angles Saxons vlklngs(norway) 9Lh11Lh cenLurles normans (lrench) 8aLLle of
PasLlngs 1066 lrench was offlclal language for 130 years
ulalecL of Lngllsh
ulalecL ls a reglonal varlaLlon of a language ulsLlngulshed by dlsLlncLlve vocabulary spelllng and
pronunclaLlon 8eflecL dlsLlncLlve feaLures of Lhe envlronmenLs lsogloss word usage boundary lndlcaLes
documenLed words noL used naLlonally SLandard language Lhe dlalecL esL and wldely recognlzed MosL
accepLable for buslness governmenL educaLlon and mass communlcaLlons SLandard Lngllsh dlalecL
recognlzed as Lhe sLandard form around Lhe world ls 8rlLlsh 8ecelved ronunclaLlon (88)
ulfferences beLween 8rlLlsh and Amerlcan Lngllsh
Why? lsolaLlon Lhe language developed lndependenLly durlng Lhe 18Lh and 19Lh cenLurles Pow?
vocabulary SeLLlers encounLered new ob[ecLs and experlences hyslcal feaLures anlmals new
lnvenLlons Spelllng noah WebsLers and Lhe ldea of an lndependenL naLlon ronunclaLlon We are closer
Lo Lhe way 17Lh cenLury 8rlLlsh pronounced words
ulalecLs ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes
new Lngalnd lnhablLed almosL enLlrely by Lngllsh seLLlers 2/3s were urlLans from LasL Anglla ln SouLh
LasL Lngland SouLheasLern Palf came from SL Lngland ulverslLy populaLlon/soclalclass Mld ALlanLlc
More dlverse yeL Cuakers from Lhe norLh of Lngland Cerman uuLch Swedlsh
Language ulvlslons
Language lamlly A collecLlon of languages relaLed Lhru a common ancesLral language LhaL exlsLed long
before recorded hlsLory Language 8ranch A collecLlon of relaLed languages ulfferences noL as exLenslve
or old as wlLh language famllles Language Croups Several lndlvldual languages wlLhln a language branch
Share a common orlgln ln recenL pasL lew dlfferences ln grammar and vocabulary Languages 1hose
organlzed sysLems of spoken words Allows people Lo communlcaLe wlLh comprehenslon ulalecLs
8eglonal varlaLlons ulsLlngulshed by lLs vocab grammar and pronunclaLlon AccenLs 1he dlsLlncLlon can
be made only ln Lerms of pronunclaLlon
Why ls Lngllsh relaLed Lo oLher languages?
lndoLuropean branches Lngllsh ls parL of Lhe lndoLuropean language famlly lndoeuropeans ls Lhe
worlds mosL exLenslvely spoken language famlly lndoLuropean ls dlvlded lnLo 8 branches lour
branches have a larger number of speakers Cermanlc lndolranlan 8alLoSlavlc 8omance Less
exLenslvely used branches Albanla Armenlan Creek CelLlc
lndolranlan branch of lndoLuropean
1he mosL speakers of Lhe lndoLuropean famlly More Lhan 100 lndlvldual languages ulvlded lnLo 2
groups LasLern (lndlc) MosL wldely used languages of lndla aklsLan and 8angladesh CurrenLly 438
languages ln lndla WesLern (lranlan) Spoken ln lran and SW Asla Ma[or languages lnclude ersla (larsl) ln
lran ashLo ln easLern AfghanlsLan and wesLern aklsLan and kurdlsh All wrlLLen ln Arablc
Language and Language lamllles of lndla
Lngllsh and Plndl offlclal languages Plndl has many dlalecLs Cnly 1 way Lo wrlLe CounLry has 22
scheduled languages CovernmenL requlred Lo proLecL
8alLoSlavlc 8ranch of lndoLuropean
ulvlded lnLo LasL WesL SouLh Slavlc groups and 8alLlc groups LasL Slavlc and 8alLlc Croups MosL wldely
used of Slavlc languages rlmarlly 8usslan spoken by 80 of 8usslan people ukralnlan and 8elaruslan
nexL mosL lmporLanL language WesL and SouLh Slavlc Croups MosL spoken ls ollsh of WesL Slovak
followed by Czech and Slovak MosL lmporLanL SouLh Slavlc language ls all one language buL called
8osnlan CroaLlan and Serblan
8omance 8ranch of lndoLuropean
Spanlsh orLuguese lrench and lLallan are mosL wldely used Lvolved from LaLln spoken by Lhe 8omans
2000 years ago ulffused wlLh Lhe expanslon of Lhe Lmplre varled from place Lo place vulgar LaLln was
Lhe LaLln of Lhe people ln Lhe provlnces noL sLandard llLerary form More varlaLlon afLer Lhe collapse of
Lhe Lmplre
lndoLuropean lamlly 8omance 8ranch
LlLeraLure was all wrlLLen ln LaLln unLll Lhe 13Lh and 14Lh cenLury uanLe Allghlerls 1314 lnferno wrlLLen
ln vulgar LaLln (llorenLlne)
Why ls Lngllsh 8elaLed Lo oLher languages?
Crlgln and dlffuslon of lndoLuropean A proLolndoLuropean language lnLernal evldence Lvldence
based on Lhe physlcal aLLrlbuLed of words Lxamples words for some anlmals and Lrees Cenerally
accepLed as a Lheory buL dlvlded on Lhe where and when orlglnaLed and how dlffused nomadlc warrlor
Lheory SedenLary farmer Lheory
nomadlc Warrlor 1heory
Mar[a ClmbuLas kurgans 4300 8C nomadlc herders Conquered much of Lurope and SouLh Asla
beLween 3300 and 2300 8C
SedenLary farmer Lheory
Colln 8enfrew archaeologlsL 67006300 8C ulffused from AnaLolla wesLward Lo Creece ulffuslon
occurred wlLh agrlculLural pracLlces
Where are oLher languages dlsLrlbuLed?
ClasslflcaLlon of languages lndoLuropean Lhe largesL language famlly 4630 of Lhe worlds
populaLlon speaks an lndoLuropean language Slno1lbeLan Lhe second largesL language famlly 21 of
Lhe worlds populaLlon speaks a Slno1lbeLan language Mandarln Lhe mosL used language ln Lhe world
Cfflclal language of Chlna and 1alwan
Where are oLher language famllles dlsLrlbuLed?
Languages of Lhe Mlddle LasL and CenLral Asla AfroAslaLlc Arablc mosL wldely spoken AlLalc 1urklsh
mosL wldely spoken urallc LsLonlan Pungarlan and llnnlsh
Where are oLher language famllles dlsLrlbuLed?
Afrlcan language famllles LxLenslve llngulsLlc dlverslLy 1000 dlsLlncL languages + Lhousands of dlalecLs
nlgerCongo 93 of subSaharan Afrlcans speak a nlger Congo language nlloSaharan kholsan cllck
languages
nlgerlas Maln Language
Afrlcas mosL populous counLry More Lhan 314 languages naLlonal unlLy sLralned 8elocaLed caplLal
Why do people preserve language?
reservlng language dlverslLy LxLlncL languages 473 endangered languages Loday Lxamples 8evlvlng
exLlncL languages Pebrew reserved endangered languages CelLlc MulLlllngual sLaLes Walloons and
llemlngs ln 8elglum lsolaLed languages 8asque lcelandlc
Why do people preserve languages?
Clobal domlnance of Lngllsh Lngllsh an example of a llngua franca Llngua lranca an lnLernaLlonal
language ldgln Language a slmpllfled verslon of a language Lxpanslon dlffuslon of Lngllsh Lbonlcs
Clobal domlnance of Lngllsh ulffuslon Lo oLher languages lranglals 1he lrench Academy (1633) Lhe
supreme arblLer of Lhe lrench language Spangllsh uengllsh
WrlLLen Languages
ldeograms Sumerlan Chlnese LgypLlan apanese honeLlcs MosL languages
AddlLlonal 1erms for Language
ldgln a form of speech LhaL adopLs slmpllfled grammar and llmlLed vocabulary from a llngua franca
used for communlcaLlon beLween speakers of Lwo dlfferenL languages Creole a language LhaL resulLs
from Lhe mlxlng of a colonlzers language wlLh an lndlgenous language CfLen Lhey are pldglns
Worlds 1op 10 Languages
Mandarln Chlnese 726 mllllon Lngllsh 427 mllllon Spanlsh 266 mllllon Plndl 182 mllllon Arablc
181 mllllon orLuguese 163 mllllon 8engall 162 mllllon 8usslan 138 mllllon apanese 124 mllllon
Cerman 121 mllllon
key olnLs
Language ls a fundamenLal elemenL of culLural ldenLlLy Languages dlverge vla mlgraLlon and lsolaLlon
Small languages are dlsappearlng as a resulL of globallzaLlon Languages LhaL share a common ancesLor
belong Lo Lhe same famlly Language dlverslLy ls a source of pollLlcal confllcL ln Lhe world
Ceography of World 8ellglons

Language ulvlslons
4 Language lamlly
A collecLlon of languages relaLed Lhrough a common ancesLral language LhaL
exlsLed long before recorded hlsLory
4 Language 8ranch
A collecLlon of relaLed languages
ulfferences noL as exLenslve or old as wlLh language famllles
4 Language Croups
Several lndlvldual languages wlLhln a language branch
Share a common orlgln ln recenL pasL
lew ulfferences ln grammar and vocabulary
4 Languages
1hose organlzed sysLems of spoken words
Allows people Lo communlcaLe wlLh comprehenslon
4 ulalecLs
8eglonal varlaLlons
ulsLlngulshed by lLs vocabulary grammar and pronunclaLlon
4 AccenLs
1he dlsLlncLlon can be made only ln Lerms of pronunclaLlon
Language lamllles
4 A famlly may be dlvlded lnLo several dlvlslons or branches
Why ls Lngllsh 8elaLed Lo CLher Languages
4 lndoLuropean branches
Lngllsh ls parL of Lhe lndoLuropean language famlly
O lndoLuropean ls Lhe world's mosL exLenslvely spoken language famlly
lndoLuropean ls dlvlded lnLo elghL branches
O lour branches have a large number of speakers
4 Cermanlc lndolranlan 8alLoSlavlc 8omance
O Less exLenslvely used branches
4 Albanlan Armenlan Creek CelLlc
lndoLuropean Language lamlly Cermanlc 8ranch Croups
4 WesL Cermanlc
Lngllsh (314 mllllon)
Cerman (128 mllllon)
uuLch (21 mllllon)
4 norLh Cermanlc
uanlsh (3 mllllon)
Cerman (3 mllllon)
Swedlsh (9 mllllon)
lndolranlan 8ranch of lndoLuropean
4 1he mosL speakers of Lhe lndoLuropean famlly
More Lhan 100 lndlvldual languages
4 ulvlded lnLo Lwo groups
LasLern (lndlc)
O MosL wldely used languages of lndla aklsLan and 8angladesh
O CurrenLly 438 languages ln lndla
WesLern (lranlan)
O Spoken ln lran and SW Asla
O Ma[or languages lnclude erslan (larsl) ln lran ashLo ln easLern
AfghanlsLan and wesLern aklsLan and kurdlsh
O All wrlLLen ln Arablc
Language and Language lamllles of lndla
4 Lngllsh and Plndl offlclal languages
Plndl has many dlalecLs
Cnly 1 way Lo wrlLe
4 CounLry has 22 scheduled languages
CovernmenL requlred Lo proLecL
8alLoSlavlc 8ranch of lndoLuropean
4 ulvlded lnLo LasL WesL SouLh Slavlc groups and 8alLlc group
LasL Slavlc and 8alLlc Croups
O MosL wldely used of Slavlc languages
O rlmarlly 8usslan Spoken by 80 of 8usslan people
O ukralnlan and 8elaruslan nexL mosL lmporLanL
WesL and SouLh Slavlc Croups
O MosL spoken ls ollsh of WesL Slovak followed by Czech and Slovak
O MosL lmporLanL SouLh Slavlc language ls all one language buL called
8osnlan CroaLlan and Serblan
Language ulvlslons for Lngllsh
4 Language lamllles lndoLuropean
4 Language 8ranches Cermanlc
4 Language Croups WesL Cermanlc
4 Languages Lngllsh
4 ulalecLs norLheasLern
4 AccenLs 8osLon
Why do people preserve languages?
4 Clobal domlnance of Lngllsh
Lngllsh An example of a llngua franca
O Llngua franca an lnLernaLlonal language
O ldgln language a slmpllfled verslon of a language
O Lxpanslon dlffuslon of Lngllsh
O Lbonlcs
ulffuslon Lo oLher languages
O lranglals
4 1he lrench Academy (1633) Lhe supreme arblLer of Lhe lrench
language
O Spangllsh
O uengllsh
AddlLlonal Lerms for language
4 ldgln
4 Creole
WhaL ls 8ellglon?
A seL of bellefs An explanaLlon of Lhe orlglns and purpose of humans and Lhelr role on earLh An
exlsLence of a hlgher power splrlLs or god lL lnvolves rlLuals fesLlvals rlLes of passage and space
(rellglous landscapes) WebsLers new lnLernaLlonal ulcLlonary A personal awareness or convlcLlon of Lhe
exlsLence of a supreme belng or of supernaLural powers or lnfluences conLrolllng ones own humanlLys
or all naLures desLlny
1ypes of 8ellglons
unlversallzlng 8ellglon ALLempLs Lo appeal Lo all people noL [usL Lhose llvlng ln a parLlcular area Appeals
across culLures 38 of Lhe worlds populaLlon pracLlces LLhnlc rellglons Appeals prlmarlly Lo one group
of people llvlng ln one place ConcenLraLed spaLlal dlsLrlbuLlon whose prlnclples are llkely based on
physlcal characLerlsLlcs of a parLlcular locaLlon 26 of Lhe worlds populaLlon pracLlces
ulvlslon of unlversallzlng 8ellglons
8ranch A large and fundamenLal dlvlslon wlLhln a rellglon uenomlnaLlon A dlvlslon wlLhln a branch of a
rellglon unlLes a number of local congregaLlons Slngle legal and admlnlsLraLlon body SecL A relaLlvely
small denomlnaLlon group LhaL has broken away from an esLabllshed church
More 8ellefs
Anlmlsm bellef LhaL ob[ecLs have a dlscreLe splrlL and consclous llfe MonoLhelsm exlsLence of only
one god olyLhelsm exlsLence of many gods agan follower of an anclenL polyLhelsLlc rellglon
Cosmogony seL of rellglous bellefs concernlng Lhe orlgln of Lhe unlverse lundamenLallsm llLeral
lnLerpreLaLlon and sLrlcL adherence Lo baslc prlnclples of a rellglon rocess LhaL ls leadlng Lo lncreaslngly
large groups of people who clalm Lhere ls only way Lo lnLerpreL worshlp Cenerally envlslon a reLurn Lo a
more perfecL rellglon and eLhnlcs Lhey lmaglne exlsLed ln Lhe pasL Common ln Lhe uS and ln some
lslamlc naLlons
AddlLlonal 1erms Lo know
roselyLlze Lo Lry Lo converL people Lo ones bellef or oplnlon Mlsslonary lndlvldual who helps dlffuse
a unlversallzlng rellglon SyncreLlc LradlLlons LhaL borrow from boLh Lhe pasL and Lhe presenL
SecularlzaLlon a process LhaL ls leadlng Lo lncreaslngly large groups of people who clalm no alleglance
Lo any church Some of Lhese people are aLhelsLs CLhers slmply do noL pracLlce SLlll oLhers call
Lhemselves splrlLual buL noL rellglous Common ln Lurope and Lhe clLles of Lhe uS Common ln former
SovleL unlon and Chlna
8aslc rellglons
Apply Lo rellglons of conLemporary people whose rellglous ldeas are noL preserved ln wrlLLen form and
Lo Lhe rellglons of prehlsLorlc peoples Anlmlsm LoLemlsm and polyLhelsm naLlve Amerlcan and Afrlcan
rellglons 1oLal number of Lhls Lype of rellglon unknown
8ellglons CrlglnaLed ln lndla
lour of Lhe greaL rellglons orlglnaLed here Plndulsm alnlsm 8uddhlsm and Slkhlsm lndla sLlll Lhe home
of all of Lhese excepL 8uddhlsm All belleve ln many gods excepL Slkhlsm All belleve ln relncarnaLlon
ulLlmaLe concern ls Lhe release from Lhls cycle 8elease ls usually achleved Lhru acLlons
8ellglons CrlglnaLlng ln Chlna and apan
lnclude 1aolsm Confuclanlsm and ShlnLo 1aolsm and Confuclanlsm quesLloned as Lo wheLher Lhey are
really rellglons More a phllosophy 1hey have commonallLles 8ellef ln many gods lncludlng worshlp of
naLure worshlp or veneraLlon of ancesLors ShlnLo also lncludes reverences flr Lhe naLlon lLself
8ellglons CrlglnaLed ln Lhe Mlddle LasL
lnclude ZoroasLrlanlsm udalsm ChrlsLlanlLy lslam and 8ahal Slmllar bellefs Cne supreme creaLor Cod
Lach person only llves one earLhly llfe Llnear Llme ulvlne [udgmenL of Lhe world ChrlsLlanlLy and lslam
have been Lwo greaL mlsslonary rellglons
World 8ellglon Craph
ChrlsLlanlLy 21 bllllon lslam 13 bllllon nonrellglous 11 bllllon Plndulsm 900 mllllon Chlnese
LradlLlonal 394 mllllon 8uddhlsm 376 mllllon rlmallndlgenous 300 mllllon Afrlcan 1radlLlonal 100
mllllon udalsm 14 mllllon 8ahal 7 mllllon ShlnLo 4 mllllon ZoroasLrlanlsm 26 mllllon
ChrlsLlanlLy LocaLlon
MosL adherenLs of all rellglons mosL wldespread redomlnanL rellglon of n Amerlca S Amerlca
Lurope and AusLralla lus counLrles ln Afrlca and Asla 90 of people ln Lhe WesLern Pemlsphere
consldered ChrlsLlan 3 oLher rellglons 3 no rellglons 1hree ma[or branches 8oman CaLhollc
31 of worlds ChrlsLlans
roLesLanL 24 of worlds ChrlsLlans
CrLhodox 11 of worlds ChrlsLlans
CLher 14 of worlds ChrlsLlans

ChrlsLlan 1eneLs
lounded on Lhe Leachlngs of esus 8orn ln 8eLhlehem beLween 4 and 8 8C uled ln erusalem abouL Au
30 beLrayed by udas lscarloL 8eferred Lo as ChrlsL from Creek for messlah lour Cospels of Lhe 8lble
documenL hls mlracles and deeds MaLLhew Mark Luke and ohn ChrlsLlan belleve esus dled Lo aLone
for human slns 8alsed by Cod Lo provlde hope for salvaLlon for Lhe people 8oman CaLhollc bellef Cods
grace Lhrough 7 sacramenLs 8apLlsL ConflrmaLlon enance AnolnLlng Lhe slck MaLrlmony Poly
Crders and LucharlsL (LransubsLanLlaLlon) CrLhodoxy aLrlarch accepL sacramenLs buL re[ecL
docLrlnes added by Lhe 8oman CaLhollc Church afLer Lhe 8Lh cenLury roLesLanLlsm began wlLh MarLln
LuLher and Lhe 8eformaLlon
ChrlsLlanlLys ulffuslon
Clearly recorded ComblnaLlon of relocaLlon and expanslon dlffuslon Mlsslonarles aul ConsLanLlne
ensured Slnce 1300 Luropeans expanded Lhru colonlzaLlon MlgranLs broughL Lhelr rellglons ln Lhe 19Lh
cenLury Mormons from n? Lo uLah
ChrlsLlan 1eneLs
Poly lace? depends on Lhe adherenL Cosmogony Lhe LarLh was glven Lo humanlLy by Cod Calendar
Cregorlan for all buL CrLhodox (ullan) Polldays LasLer ChrlsLmas laces of Worshlp Church vary ln
slze and shape ulsposal of dead cemeLery burlal or cremaLlon 8ellglous seLLlemenLs uLoplan
communlLles wlLh rellglous Loponyms AdmlnlsLraLlon hlerarchlcal 8oman CaLhollc ope
Archblshops(provlnces) 8lshops (dlocese) rlesLs (arlsh)
lslam LocaLlon
8ellglon of 13 bllllon adherenLs redomlnaLe rellglon of Lhe Mlddle LasL (n Afrlca Lo CenLral Asla) Palf
Lhe worlds musllms llve ln 4 counLrles lndonesla aklsLan 8angladesh lndla 8apldly growlng ln n
Amerlca and Lurope 13 mllllon esLlmaLed ln n Amerlca 3 of Luropes populaLlon largesL ln lrance (4
mllllon) SLarLed ln Lhe uS wlLh 1930 wlLh Lhe naLlonal of lslam 1wo ma[or branches Sunnls 83
people followlng Lhe example of Muhammad ShllLes 16 secLarlan lran ls 90 ShllLe
lslamlc 1eneLs
lslam submlsslon Lo Lhe wlll of Cod Musllm llLerally means one who submlLs Lo Cod Core of lslamlc
belle ls represenLed bu Lhe flve plllars of falLh 8eclLe Lhe creed ually prayer Almsglvlng lasLlng
llgrlmage SLrlcLly monoLhelsLlc 1here ls no Cod buL Allah and Muhammad ls Lhe messenger of Allah
1aboos ork dogs blrds beasLs of prey donkeys mules Alcohol gambllng
Crlgln of lslam
Same narraLlve as udalsm and ChrlsLlanlLy Adam was Lhe flrsL man and Abraham was one of hls
descendanLs Muhammad propheL of lslam 8orn ln Mecca abouL 370 CL lsmaels descendanL llrsL
revelaLlon from Cod Lhru Angel Cabrlel aL 40 Curan holy scrlpLure LlLerally means readlng or
reclLaLlon WrlLLen ln heaven revealed Lo Muhammad no human auLhorshlp MlgraLlon ln 622 called
Lhe Pl[rah 8eglnnlng year of Lhe Musllm calendar Muhammad dled ln 632 lslam spread over mosL of
Arablc enlnsula Abu 8akr was hls successor callph Sunnl CpponenL Lo hls Lhlrd successor Lurned Lo
hls cousln/sonlnlaw All ShllLe
lslams ulffuclon noL aLrlarchal
Successors organlzed armles LxLended Musllm conLrol across Afrlca Asla and Lurope ulffused Lhru
mlsslonarles and Lraders
lslamlc 1eneLs
PollesL locaLlon Mecca LocaLlon of Lhe alkaba whlch ls ln Lhe cenLer of Lhe largesL mosque Mas[ld al
Param Pa[[ locaLlon 80 aLLend from Lhe Mlddle LasL 20 aLLend from Asla Second mosL holy locaLlon
Medlna LocaLlon of Muhammads Lombs whlch ls lnslde lslams second largesL mosque lslam uses a
lunar calendar 1o every 30 years on Lhe Cregorlan calendar lslam has 19 years wlLh 334 days and 11
years wlLh 333 days Polldays fall aL dlfferenL Llmes of Lhe year lace of Worshlp Mosques non
sancLlfled locaLlon for communlLy Lo gaLher CenLral courLyard ls LradlLlon so are mlnareLs 8ury Lhelr
dead cemeLerles AdmlnlsLraLlon local auLonomy no rellglous hlerarchy or formal LerrlLorlal
organlzaLlon unlformlLy achleved Lhru communlcaLlon mlgraLlon and docLrlne
8uddhlsm LocaLlon
nearly 400 mllllon adherenLs Malnly found ln Chlna and SouLheasL Asla 1hree maln branches of
8uddhlsm 1herevada oldesL way of our elders monks 36 of 8uddhlsLs rlmarlly ln Chlna apan
and korea Mahayana Lhe blgger ferry organlzed 2000 years ago 38 of 8uddhlsLs Cambodla Laos
Myanmar Srl Lanka 1halland 1anLrayanlsLs derlved from Mahayana 8emalnlng 6 1lber and Mongolla

8uddhlsL Crlglns
lounded by SlddharLha CuaLama 8orn abouL 363 8C ln presenLday nepal 1wo desLlnles avallable Lo hlm
CreaL wheelLurnlng klng 8uddha rlvlleged llfe changed afLer wlLnesslng paln and sufferlng uecreplL
old man severely lll man corpse Serene wanderlng asceLlc LefL home aL age 29 spenL 6 years searchlng
before enllghLenmenL SaL under a plpal Lree (Lhe Lree of awakenlng) or 8odhl 1ree 8esolved LeL only
skln slnew and bone remaln leL Lhe flesh and blood dry ln my body buL l wlll noL glve up Lhls seaL
wlLhouL aLLalnlng compleLe awakenlng 1ook 4 dhyanas led Lo 4 noble 1ruLhs 8uddhlsL 1eneLs
lour noble 1ruLhs foundaLlon Llfe ls full of sufferlng Sufferlng ls caused by aLLachmenL Abandonlng
aLLachmenL brlngs release from sufferlng 8elease can be achleved Lhru pracLlclng Lhe LlghL lold aLh
LlghL lold aLh 8lghL oplnlon rlghL lnLenLlons rlghL speech rlghL conducL rlghL llvellhood rlghL efforL
rlghL mlndfulness rlghL concenLraLlon LnllghLenmenL ls Lo have self exLlngulshed (nlrvana)
8uddhlsms ulffuslon
uld noL dlffuse rapldly lndlan Lmperor Asoka ConverLed Lo 8uddhlsm ln 297 8CL SenL mlsslonarles lnLo
Lhe world Pls efforLs guaranLeed survlval of 8uddhlsm afLer lL was absorbed by Plndulsm
8uddhlsm Poly laces
8uddhlsL Shrlnes all holy because Lhey have slgnlflcance ln 8uddhas llfe Lumblnl 8uddhas blrLhplace
8odh Caya locaLlon where he reached perfecL wlsdom ueer ark ln SarnaLh where 8uddha gave hls
flrsL sermon kuslnagara locaLlon of 8uddha deaLh 8uddhlsL Shrlnes slLes of 8uddhas mlracles SravasLl
where 8uddha creaLed mulLlple lmages of hlmself and vlslLed heaven Samkasya where 8uddha
ascended Lo heaven preached Lo hls moLher and reLurned Lo earLh 8a[agrha where 8uddha Lamed a
wlld elephanL valsall where 8uddha announced hls lmpendlng deaLh
8uddhlsm 1eneLs
Polldays 8uddhas blrLhday enllghLenmenL deaLh noL necessarlly on Lhe same day for every secL laces
of Worshlp agodas conLalnlng rellcs of 8uddha 8uddhas Leachlngs complled lnLo Lhe 1rlplLaka or
1hree 8askeLs ulsposlng of Lhe dead depends on LradlLlon of Lhe group/person could elLher be
cremaLed or burled Cosmogony relncarnaLlon unLll reach nlrvana
Slkhlsm
23 mllllon adherenLs All buL 3 mllllon clusLered on Lhe un[ab of lndla nanak (14691338) seen as
founder 9 gurus followed SynLhesls of lslam and Plndulsm 8ellef LhaL Cod ls one 1he 1rue name
1eaches docLrlne of relncarnaLlon 1eaches docLrlne of karma 8e[ecLed elemenLs of boLh also uocLrlne of
ahlsma emphaslzed human prlmacy ln Lhe order of Lhe Cne Cods creaLlon 8lLual and ceremony
advocaLes slmple and plaln rellglon AdvocaLed paclflsm opposlLe of boLh rellglons
8ahal
7 mllllon adherenLs Spread across may counLrles prlmarlly Afrlca and Asla Syyld All Muhammad known
as 8ab founded ln lran ln 1844 8ahaullah propheL and messenger of Cod LsLabllsh unlversal falLh
Lhrough abollLlon of raclal class and rellglous pre[udlces Calendar year of 19 monLhs wlLh 19 days
each 8eglns on Lhe flrsL day of sprlng March 21 nlneLeen uay lesLlval flrsL day of each monLh Pouses
of Worshlp dlspersed across dlfferenL conLlnenLs Cpen Lo adherenLs of all rellglons

ChrlsLlanlLy LocaLlon
MosL adherenLs of all rellglons mosL wldespread redomlnanL rellglon of n Amerlca S Amerlca
Lurope and AusLralla lus counLrles ln Afrlca and Asla 90 of people ln Lhe WesLern Pemlsphere
consldered ChrlsLlan 3 oLher rellglons 3 no rellglons 1hree ma[or branches 8oman CaLhollc
31 of worlds ChrlsLlans
roLesLanL 24 of worlds ChrlsLlans
CrLhodox 11 of worlds ChrlsLlans
CLher 14 of worlds ChrlsLlans

ChrlsLlan 1eneLs
lounded on Lhe Leachlngs of esus 8orn ln 8eLhlehem beLween 4 and 8 8C uled ln erusalem abouL Au
30 beLrayed by udas lscarloL 8eferred Lo as ChrlsL from Creek for messlah lour Cospels of Lhe 8lble
documenL hls mlracles and deeds MaLLhew Mark Luke and ohn ChrlsLlan belleve esus dled Lo aLone
for human slns 8alsed by Cod Lo provlde hope for salvaLlon for Lhe people 8oman CaLhollc bellef Cods
grace Lhrough 7 sacramenLs 8apLlsL ConflrmaLlon enance AnolnLlng Lhe slck MaLrlmony Poly
Crders and LucharlsL (LransubsLanLlaLlon) CrLhodoxy aLrlarch accepL sacramenLs buL re[ecL
docLrlnes added by Lhe 8oman CaLhollc Church afLer Lhe 8Lh cenLury roLesLanLlsm began wlLh MarLln
LuLher and Lhe 8eformaLlon
ChrlsLlanlLys ulffuslon
Clearly recorded ComblnaLlon of relocaLlon and expanslon dlffuslon Mlsslonarles aul ConsLanLlne
ensured Slnce 1300 Luropeans expanded Lhru colonlzaLlon MlgranLs broughL Lhelr rellglons ln Lhe 19Lh
cenLury Mormons from n? Lo uLah
ChrlsLlan 1eneLs
Poly lace? depends on Lhe adherenL Cosmogony Lhe LarLh was glven Lo humanlLy by Cod Calendar
Cregorlan for all buL CrLhodox (ullan) Polldays LasLer ChrlsLmas laces of Worshlp Church vary ln
slze and shape ulsposal of dead cemeLery burlal or cremaLlon 8ellglous seLLlemenLs uLoplan
communlLles wlLh rellglous Loponyms AdmlnlsLraLlon hlerarchlcal 8oman CaLhollc ope
Archblshops(provlnces) 8lshops (dlocese) rlesLs (arlsh)
lslam LocaLlon
8ellglon of 13 bllllon adherenLs redomlnaLe rellglon of Lhe Mlddle LasL (n Afrlca Lo CenLral Asla) Palf
Lhe worlds musllms llve ln 4 counLrles lndonesla aklsLan 8angladesh lndla 8apldly growlng ln n
Amerlca and Lurope 13 mllllon esLlmaLed ln n Amerlca 3 of Luropes populaLlon largesL ln lrance (4
mllllon) SLarLed ln Lhe uS wlLh 1930 wlLh Lhe naLlonal of lslam 1wo ma[or branches Sunnls 83
people followlng Lhe example of Muhammad ShllLes 16 secLarlan lran ls 90 ShllLe
lslamlc 1eneLs
lslam submlsslon Lo Lhe wlll of Cod Musllm llLerally means one who submlLs Lo Cod Core of lslamlc
belle ls represenLed bu Lhe flve plllars of falLh 8eclLe Lhe creed ually prayer Almsglvlng lasLlng
llgrlmage SLrlcLly monoLhelsLlc 1here ls no Cod buL Allah and Muhammad ls Lhe messenger of Allah
1aboos ork dogs blrds beasLs of prey donkeys mules Alcohol gambllng
Crlgln of lslam
Same narraLlve as udalsm and ChrlsLlanlLy Adam was Lhe flrsL man and Abraham was one of hls
descendanLs Muhammad propheL of lslam 8orn ln Mecca abouL 370 CL lsmaels descendanL llrsL
revelaLlon from Cod Lhru Angel Cabrlel aL 40 Curan holy scrlpLure LlLerally means readlng or
reclLaLlon WrlLLen ln heaven revealed Lo Muhammad no human auLhorshlp MlgraLlon ln 622 called
Lhe Pl[rah 8eglnnlng year of Lhe Musllm calendar Muhammad dled ln 632 lslam spread over mosL of
Arablc enlnsula Abu 8akr was hls successor callph Sunnl CpponenL Lo hls Lhlrd successor Lurned Lo
hls cousln/sonlnlaw All ShllLe
lslams ulffuclon noL aLrlarchal
Successors organlzed armles LxLended Musllm conLrol across Afrlca Asla and Lurope ulffused Lhru
mlsslonarles and Lraders
lslamlc 1eneLs
PollesL locaLlon Mecca LocaLlon of Lhe alkaba whlch ls ln Lhe cenLer of Lhe largesL mosque Mas[ld al
Param Pa[[ locaLlon 80 aLLend from Lhe Mlddle LasL 20 aLLend from Asla Second mosL holy locaLlon
Medlna LocaLlon of Muhammads Lombs whlch ls lnslde lslams second largesL mosque lslam uses a
lunar calendar 1o every 30 years on Lhe Cregorlan calendar lslam has 19 years wlLh 334 days and 11
years wlLh 333 days Polldays fall aL dlfferenL Llmes of Lhe year lace of Worshlp Mosques non
sancLlfled locaLlon for communlLy Lo gaLher CenLral courLyard ls LradlLlon so are mlnareLs 8ury Lhelr
dead cemeLerles AdmlnlsLraLlon local auLonomy no rellglous hlerarchy or formal LerrlLorlal
organlzaLlon unlformlLy achleved Lhru communlcaLlon mlgraLlon and docLrlne
8uddhlsm LocaLlon
nearly 400 mllllon adherenLs Malnly found ln Chlna and SouLheasL Asla 1hree maln branches of
8uddhlsm 1herevada oldesL way of our elders monks 36 of 8uddhlsLs rlmarlly ln Chlna apan
and korea Mahayana Lhe blgger ferry organlzed 2000 years ago 38 of 8uddhlsLs Cambodla Laos
Myanmar Srl Lanka 1halland 1anLrayanlsLs derlved from Mahayana 8emalnlng 6 1lber and Mongolla

8uddhlsL Crlglns
lounded by SlddharLha CuaLama 8orn abouL 363 8C ln presenLday nepal 1wo desLlnles avallable Lo hlm
CreaL wheelLurnlng klng 8uddha rlvlleged llfe changed afLer wlLnesslng paln and sufferlng uecreplL
old man severely lll man corpse Serene wanderlng asceLlc LefL home aL age 29 spenL 6 years searchlng
before enllghLenmenL SaL under a plpal Lree (Lhe Lree of awakenlng) or 8odhl 1ree 8esolved LeL only
skln slnew and bone remaln leL Lhe flesh and blood dry ln my body buL l wlll noL glve up Lhls seaL
wlLhouL aLLalnlng compleLe awakenlng 1ook 4 dhyanas led Lo 4 noble 1ruLhs 8uddhlsL 1eneLs
lour noble 1ruLhs foundaLlon Llfe ls full of sufferlng Sufferlng ls caused by aLLachmenL Abandonlng
aLLachmenL brlngs release from sufferlng 8elease can be achleved Lhru pracLlclng Lhe LlghL lold aLh
LlghL lold aLh 8lghL oplnlon rlghL lnLenLlons rlghL speech rlghL conducL rlghL llvellhood rlghL efforL
rlghL mlndfulness rlghL concenLraLlon LnllghLenmenL ls Lo have self exLlngulshed (nlrvana)
8uddhlsms ulffuslon
uld noL dlffuse rapldly lndlan Lmperor Asoka ConverLed Lo 8uddhlsm ln 297 8CL SenL mlsslonarles lnLo
Lhe world Pls efforLs guaranLeed survlval of 8uddhlsm afLer lL was absorbed by Plndulsm
8uddhlsm Poly laces
8uddhlsL Shrlnes all holy because Lhey have slgnlflcance ln 8uddhas llfe Lumblnl 8uddhas blrLhplace
8odh Caya locaLlon where he reached perfecL wlsdom ueer ark ln SarnaLh where 8uddha gave hls
flrsL sermon kuslnagara locaLlon of 8uddha deaLh 8uddhlsL Shrlnes slLes of 8uddhas mlracles SravasLl
where 8uddha creaLed mulLlple lmages of hlmself and vlslLed heaven Samkasya where 8uddha
ascended Lo heaven preached Lo hls moLher and reLurned Lo earLh 8a[agrha where 8uddha Lamed a
wlld elephanL valsall where 8uddha announced hls lmpendlng deaLh
8uddhlsm 1eneLs
Polldays 8uddhas blrLhday enllghLenmenL deaLh noL necessarlly on Lhe same day for every secL laces
of Worshlp agodas conLalnlng rellcs of 8uddha 8uddhas Leachlngs complled lnLo Lhe 1rlplLaka or
1hree 8askeLs ulsposlng of Lhe dead depends on LradlLlon of Lhe group/person could elLher be
cremaLed or burled Cosmogony relncarnaLlon unLll reach nlrvana
Slkhlsm
23 mllllon adherenLs All buL 3 mllllon clusLered on Lhe un[ab of lndla nanak (14691338) seen as
founder 9 gurus followed SynLhesls of lslam and Plndulsm 8ellef LhaL Cod ls one 1he 1rue name
1eaches docLrlne of relncarnaLlon 1eaches docLrlne of karma 8e[ecLed elemenLs of boLh also uocLrlne of
ahlsma emphaslzed human prlmacy ln Lhe order of Lhe Cne Cods creaLlon 8lLual and ceremony
advocaLes slmple and plaln rellglon AdvocaLed paclflsm opposlLe of boLh rellglons
8ahal
7 mllllon adherenLs Spread across may counLrles prlmarlly Afrlca and Asla Syyld All Muhammad known
as 8ab founded ln lran ln 1844 8ahaullah propheL and messenger of Cod LsLabllsh unlversal falLh
Lhrough abollLlon of raclal class and rellglous pre[udlces Calendar year of 19 monLhs wlLh 19 days
each 8eglns on Lhe flrsL day of sprlng March 21 nlneLeen uay lesLlval flrsL day of each monLh Pouses
of Worshlp dlspersed across dlfferenL conLlnenLs Cpen Lo adherenLs of all rellglons

LLhnlc 8ellglons
SaLurday uecember 03 2011
404 M
Plndulsm Crlgln and LocaLlon
LargesL number of adherenLs among Lhe eLhnlc rellglons 900 mllllon Worlds 3rd largesL rellglon no
speclflc founder Word Plndulsm orlglnaLed ln Lhe 6Lh cenLury 8CL SanskrlL lndlcaLed Lhe people llvlng
ln presenL day lndla erhaps oldesL and mosL complex rellglon Crlglns ln 3rd Mlllennlum 8CL 8eally a
mlx of naLlve peoples of lndla wlLh Lhe mlgraLlng Aryan ConcenLraLed ln one counLry lndla MosL of Lhe
remalnder can b found ln nepal Compromlsed 80 of Lhe populaLlon of Lhese Lwo counLrles
Plndulsm 8aslc 1eneLs
very loose approach Lo rellglon lndlvlduals selecL Lhelr own paLh Lo reach Cod no cenLral auLhorlLy
Average Plndu has alleglance Lo a parLlcular god or concepL 70 worshlps vlshnu 26 worshlps Shlva
(Slva) Plndu Lemples usually small Pome shrlne more lmporLanL Calendar celebraLlon of Lhe seasons
ulsposal of Lhe dead cremaLlon Classes developed from anclenL Aryan clvlllzaLlon whlch became Lhe
casLe sysLem 8rahmlns rlesLs kshaLrlyas chlefLalns and warrlors valshyas commoners and
merchanLs Shudras conquered peoples servanLs and slaves
uevoLlon Lo Plndu Cods
Many cholces lndlvlduals may glve Lhelr aLLenLlons Lo each of Lhe gods and goddesses 1hls paLh ls called
bhakLlmarga or Lhe way of devoLlon 8rahman ls Lhe ulLlmaLe reallLy he ls aL Lhe core of Plndu
LhoughL Pl ls one and undlvlded Seen ln Lerms of Lhree forms or funcLlons 1he LrlmurLl (Lhree forms) are
creaLlon desLrucLlon and preservaLlon Lach form/funcLlon expressed by a god from classlcal llLeraLure
8rahma
CreaLor of Lhe world 8ecelves Lhe leasL aLLenLlon usually shown as red four headed faces four arms
Chlef wlfe SarasvaLl
Shlva
Lhe desLroyer Cod of deaLh desLrucLlon dlsease and dance 1rldenL common symbol Also god of
reproducLlon Coddesses kall uurga and aravaLl assoclaLed wlLh hlm
vlshnu
Lhe preserver Cod of love benevolence and forglveness Loves play Lrlcks and pranks Appeared on
earLh ln nlne forms (avaLars) Pls LenLh avaLar wlll be aL Lhe end of Lhe world Lakshml ls hls wlfe
Canesh
Son of Shlva and arvaLl Lord of success and desLroyer of evlls and obsLacles ln vanlLy ego and prlde
(someLlmes also educaLlon knowledge wlsdom and wealLh) 8ldes a mouse represenLs ego
uescrlpLlon elephanL head poL belly holdlng a loLus flower and an ax one leg under Lhe oLher has a
mouse
Confuclanlsm
8ased on Lhe Leachlngs of Confuclus (331479 8CL) Chlnese phllosopher/Leacher Lmphaslzed Lhe
lmporLance of proprleLy or correcL behavlor Cosmogony unlverse made up of yln and yang ?ln forces
assoclaLed wlLh earLh darkness female cold depLh passlvlLy and deaLh ?ang heaven llghL male
heaL helghL acLlvlLy and llfe 1wo balance Lo achleve balance and harmony
uaolsm/1aolsm
8ased on Lhe Leachlngs of LaoZl(6043318CL) ConLemporary of Confuclus Lmphaslzed mysLlcal and
maglcal aspecLs of llfe Seek Lhe uao or way Lo belng a vlrLuous person Cosmogony unlverse made up of
yln and yang ?ln forces assoclaLed wlLh earLh darkness female cold depLh passlvlLy and deaLh ?ang
heaven llghL male heaL helghL acLlvlLy and llfe 1wo balance Lo achleve balance and harmony
ShlnLolsm apan
LLhnlc rellglon of apan slnce anclenL Llmes Consldered forces of naLure Lo be dlvlne especlally Lhe Sun
and Moon Cfflclal sLaLe rellglon for a Llme noL Loday ldea of nA1lCnALlSM 80000 shrlnes seL up
across apan
udalsm Crlgln and LocaLlon
14 mllllon adherenLs Loday 1/3 llve ln Lhe uS 1/3 llve ln lsrael 1/3 ln Lhe resL of Lhe world Peavlly
concenLraLed ln large clLles ln Lhe uS MonoLhelsLlc llrsL recorded rellglon Lo be so 1he one eLhnlc
rellglon LhaL has nC1 remalned local lsrael would be lLs locaLlon ulaspora Cosmogony same as
ChrlsLlanlLy and lslam
udalsm PlsLory
LLhnlclLy PlsLorlcal rooLs ln Lhe Pebrew eople of lsrael lnsLrucLed Lo refraln from lnLermarrlage wlLh
surroundlng Lrlbes corrupL falLh Ceography lsrael Cods promlse Lo Abraham AgrlculLural regulaLlons
apply only Lo lsrael Monarchy of klng uavld
Where dld Lhe word udalsm orlglnaLe?
lrom udah 4Lh son of acob (who was son of lsaac and grandson of Abraham) klng uavld was
descendenL of Lhe Lrlbe of udah Pls klngdom would be called udah ews were Lhose llvlng ln Lhe land
of udah or who had rooLs Lhere
WhaL Lhen can we say abouL udalsm?
noL a people ln general We can speak of Lhose who ldenLlfy Lhemselves wlLh Lhe rellglon of udalsm
8ellglous pracLlces dlffer greaLly unlfylng feaLure all ews belleve ln Lhe oneness of a Cod who work ln
and Lhrough hlsLorlcal evenLs and who has chosen Lhe ewlsh people as hls agenLs ln some manner
CrLhodox udalsm
LargesL group Seek Lo preserve LradlLlonal ewlsh culLure and 8ellglon lollow 8lbllcal and 1almudlc Law
lavor Pebrew as language of worshlp 1end Lo segregaLe genders ln worshlp
8eform udalsm
uS and WesLern Luropean cenLered Lmphaslzes unlversallzlng of LradlLlonal ewlsh values lnLerfalLh
dlalogue soclal acLlvlsm Seek modernlLy updaLlng of falLh refer vernacular Lo Pebrew ln worshlp no
segregaLlon of genders ln worshlp Women can be rabbls
ConservaLlve udalsm
AgalnsL exLremes of orLhodox and reform Crounded ln rabblnlc LradlLlon buL more relaxed Lhan
orLhodox More lnLeresLed ln sclenLlflc sLudy of Lhe 8lble Lhan Lhe orLhodox ewlsh 1heologlcal Semlnary
of Amerlca ln n?C refer vernacular Lo Pebrew ln worshlp
8econsLrucLlonallsL and lundamenLal SecLarlan udalsm
8econsLrucLlonallsL lrom Lhe conservaLlve secL udalsm ls more Lhan a rellglon lL ls a culLure LhaL musL
be llved as a whole SLrongly supporLs Lhe SLaLe of lsrael lundamenLal SecLarlan PosLlle Lo non ews
Many acLlve ln lsraels seLLlemenL movemenL Mlsslonary acLlon dlrecLed Lo nonobservanL ews
udalsm 8aslc 1eneLs
Ma[or holldays based on evenLs ln Lhe agrlculLural calendar 8osh Pashana new ?ear fall ?om klppur
day of ALonemenL fall SukkoL prayers for a successful year esach assover offer Cod flrsL frulLs of
Lhe sprlng harvesL ShavuoL leasL of Weeks end of graln harvesL use of lunar raLher Lhan solar
calendar
Afrlcan 8ellglous 8aslc 1eneLs
ApproxlmaLely 100 mllllon or 12 of Lhe conLlnenLs populaLlon follow Anlmlsm numbers are decllnlng
lnflux of ChrlsLlanlLy Loday 46 of Afrlca SpllL preLLy evenly beLween 8oman CaLhollc roLesLanL eLc
Why do LerrlLorlal confllcLs arlse?
8ellglons versus governmenL pollcles 8ellglon versus soclal change 1allban and WesLern values Plndulsm
and soclal lnequallLy CasLe sysLem 8ellglon versus communlcaLlon LasLern CrLhodoxy and lslam ln Lhe
SovleL unlon 8uddhlsm ln SouLheasL
Asla

Why do 1errlLorlal ConfllcLs Arlse?
8ellglon vs rellglon lundamenLallsm 8ellglous wars ln lreland 8ellglous wars ln Lhe Mlddle LasL Crusades
ews and Musllms ln alesLlne
ChapLer Summarles ChapLer 1 7
ChapLer 1
1 now Do Geographers Descr|be Where 1h|ngs Are?
Ceography ls mosL fundamenLally a spaLlal sclence Ceographers use maps Lo dlsplay Lhe
locaLlon of ob[ecL and Lo exLracL lnformaLlon abouL places Larly geographers drew maps of
LarLh's surface based on exploraLlon and observaLlon ClS and oLher conLemporary Lools asslsL
geographers ln undersLandlng reasons for observed regularlLles across LarLh
2 Why Is Lach o|nt on Larth Un|que?
Lvery place ln Lhe world has a unlque locaLlon or poslLlon on LarLh's surface Ceographers also
ldenLlfy reglons as areas dlsLlngulshed by dlsLlncLlve comblnaLlons of culLural as well as
economlc and envlronmenLal feaLures 1he dlsLrlbuLlons of feaLures help us Lo undersLand why
every place and every reglon ls unlque
3 Why Are D|fferent |aces S|m||ar?
Ceographers work aL all scales from local Lo global 1he global scale ls lncreaslngly lmporLanL
because few places ln Lhe conLemporary world are LoLally lsolaLed 8ecause places are
connecLed Lo each oLher Lhey dlsplay slmllarlLles Ceographers sLudy Lhe lnLeracLlons of groups
of people and human acLlvlLles across space and Lhe ldenLlfy processes by whlch people and
ldeas dlffuse from one locaLlon Lo anoLher over Llme
ChapLer 2
1 Where |s the Wor|d's opu|at|on D|str|buted?
Clobal populaLlon ls concenLraLed ln a few places Puman belngs Lend Lo avold Lhose parLs of
LarLh's surface LhaL Lhey conslder Lo be Loo weL Loo dry Loo cold or Loo mounLalnous
2 Where nas the Wor|d's opu|at|on Increased?
vlrLually all Lhe world's naLural lncrease ls concenLraLed ln Lhe LuCs of Afrlca Asla and LaLln
Amerlca ln conLrasL mosL Luropean and norLh Amerlcan counLrles now have low populaLlon
growLh raLes and some are experlenclng populaLlon decllnes 1he dlfference ln naLural lncrease
beLween MuCs and LuCs ls aLLrlbuLable Lo dlfferences ln C88s raLher Lhan ln Cu8s
3 Why |s opu|at|on Increas|ng at D|fferent kates |n D|fferent Countr|es?
1he demographlc LranslLlon ls a change ln a counLry's populaLlon A counLry moves from a
condlLlon of hlgh blrLh and deaLh raLes wlLh llLLle populaLlon growLh Lo a condlLlon of low blrLh
and deaLh raLes wlLh low populaLlon growLh uurlng Lhls process Lhe LoLal populaLlon lncreases
enormously because Lhe deaLh raLe decllnes some years before Lhe blrLh raLe does 1he MuCs
of Lurope and norLh Amerlca have reached or neared Lhe end of Lhe demographlc LranslLlon
Afrlcan Aslan and LaLln Amerlcan counLrles are aL Lhe sLages of Lhe demographlc LranslLlon
characLerlzed by rapld populaLlon growLh ln whlch deaLh raLes have decllned sharply buL blrLh
raLes remaln relaLlvely hlgh
4 Why M|ght the Wor|d Iace an Cver opu|at|on rob|em?
1he raLe aL whlch global populaLlon grew durlng Lhe second half of Lhe LwenLleLh cenLury was
unprecedenLed ln hlsLory A dramaLlc decllne ln Lhe deaLh raLe produced Lhe lncrease WlLh
deaLh raLes conLrolled for Lhe flrsL Llme ln hlsLory Lhe mosL crlLlcal facLor deLermlnlng Lhe slze of
Lhe world's populaLlon ln Lhe blrLh raLe 8lrLh raLes began Lo decllne sharply durlng Lhe 1990s
slowlng world populaLlon growLh and reduclng fear of overpopulaLlon ln mosL reglons SclenLlsLs
agree LhaL Lhe currenL raLe of naLural lncrease musL be furLher reduced buL Lhey dlsagree on
Lhe approprlaLe meLhods for achlevlng Lhls goal
ChapLer 3
1 Why Do eop|e M|grate?
We can group Lhe reasons lnLo push and pull facLors eople feel compelled (pushed) Lo
emlgraLe from a locaLlon for pollLlcal economlc and envlronmenLal reasons Slmllarly people
are lnduced (pulled) Lo lmmlgraLe because of Lhe pollLlcal economlc or envlronmenLal
aLLracLlveness of a new locaLlon We can also dlsLlngulsh beLween lnLernaLlonal and lnLernal
mlgraLlon
2 Where Are M|grants D|str|buted?
Cn a global scale Lhe largesL flows of mlgranLs are from Asla Lo Lurope and from Asla and LaLln
Amerlca Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes 1he unlLed SLaLes recelves by far Lhe largesL number of mlgranLs
3 Why Do M|grants Iace Cbstac|es?
MlgranLs have dlfflculLy geLLlng permlsslon Lo enLer oLher counLrles and Lhey face hosLlllLy from
local clLlzens once Lhey arrlve lmmlgraLlon laws resLrlcL Lhe number who can legally enLer Lhe
unlLed SLaLes ln Lurope and Lhe Mlddle LasL guesL workers mlgraLe Lemporarlly Lo perform
menlal [obs
4 Why Do eop|e M|grate W|th|n a Country?
We can dlsLlngulsh beLween lnLerreglonal and lnLrareglonal mlgraLlon wlLhln an lndlvldual
counLry PlsLorlcally lnLerreglonal mlgraLlon was especlally lmporLanL ln seLLllng Lhe fronLler of
large counLrles such as Lhe unlLed SLaLes 8ussla and 8razll 1he mosL lmporLanL lnLrareglonal
mlgraLlon Lrends are from rural Lo urban areas wlLhln LuCs and from clLles Lo suburbs wlLhln
MuCs
ChapLer 4
1 Where Do Io|k and opu|ar Cu|tures Cr|g|nate and D|ffuse?
8ecause of dlsLlncLlve processes of orlgln and dlffuslon folk culLure has dlfferenL dlsLrlbuLlon
paLLerns Lhan does popular culLure lolk culLure ls more llkely Lo have an anonymous orlgln and
Lo dlffuse slowly Lhrough mlgraLlon whereas popular culLure ls more llkely Lo be lnvenLed and
dlffuse rapldly wlLh Lhe use of modern communlcaLlons
2 Why Is Io|k Cu|ture C|ustered?
unlque reglons of folk culLure arlse because of lack of lnLeracLlon among groups even Lhose
llvlng nearby lolk culLure ls more llkely Lo be lnfluenced by Lhe local envlronmenL
3 Why Is opu|ar Cu|ture W|de|y D|str|buted?
opular culLure dlffuses rapldly across LarLh faclllLaLed by modern communlcaLlons especlally
Lelevlslon ulfferences ln popular culLure are more llkely Lo be observed ln one place aL dlfferenL
polnLs ln Llme Lhan among dlfferenL places aL one polnL ln Llme
4 Why Does G|oba||zat|on of opu|ar Cu|ture Cause rob|ems?
Ceographers observe Lwo klnds of problems from dlffuslon of popular culLure across Lhe
landscape llrsL popular culLure generally orlglnaLlng ln WesLern MuCs may cause
ellmlnaLlon of some folk culLure Second popular culLure may adversely affecL Lhe envlronmenL
ChapLer 3
1 Where Are Lng||shLanguage Speakers D|str|buted?
Lngllsh can be Lraced Lo lnvaslons of Lngland by Cermanlc Lrlbes 1300 years ago lrom Lngland
Lhe language dlffused around Lhe world when Lngllsh speakers esLabllshed colonles Amerlcans
and 8rlLlsh speak dlfferenL dlalecLs of Lngllsh because of Lhe relaLlve lsolaLlon of Lhe Lwo groups
2 Why Is Lng||sh ke|ated to Cther Languages?
Lngllsh ls ln Lhe Cermanlc branch of Lhe lndoLuropean language famlly nearly onehalf of Lhe
world speaks a language ln Lhe lndoLuropean famlly All lndoLuropean language can be Lraced
Lo a common ancesLor lndlvldual languages developed from Lhls slngle ancesLor Lhrough
mlgraLlon followed by Lhe lsolaLlon of one group from oLhers who formerly spoke Lhe same
language
3 Where Are Cther Language Iam|||es D|str|buted?
CneflfLh of Lhe world speaks a language ln Lhe Slno1lbeLan famlly Seven oLher language
famllles encompass mosL of Lhe remalnder Lach has a dlsLlncLlve dlsLrlbuLlon as wlLh lndo
Luropean whlch ls a resulL of a comblnaLlon of mlgraLlon and lsolaLlon
4 Why Do eop|e reserve Loca| Languages?
Lngllsh has become Lhe mosL lmporLanL language for lnLernaLlonal communlcaLlon ln popular
arLs sclence and buslness ln Lhe face of Lhe global domlnance of a llngua franca such as
Lngllsh less wldely used languages can face exLlncLlon buL recenL efforLs have been made Lo
preserve and revlve local languages because of Lhe lmporLance of language as an elemenL of
culLural ldenLlLy
ChapLer 6
1 Where Are ke||g|ons D|str|buted?
1he world has Lhree large unlversallzlng rellglons ChrlsLlanlLy lslam and 8uddhlsm each of
whlch ls dlvlded lnLo branches and denomlnaLlons Plndulsm ls Lhe largesL eLhnlc rellglon
2 Why Do ke||g|ons nave D|fferent D|str|but|ons?
A unlversallzlng rellglon has a known orlgln and clear paLLerns of dlffuslon whereas eLhnlc
rellglons Lyplcally have unknown orlglns and llLLle dlffuslon Poly places and holldays ln a
unlversallzlng rellglon are relaLed Lo evenLs ln Lhe llfe of lLs founder or propheL and are relaLed
Lo Lhe local physlcal geography ln an eLhnlc rellglon Some rellglons encourage pllgrlmages Lo
holy places
3 Why Do ke||g|ons Crgan|ze Space |n D|st|nct|ve atterns?
Some rellglons have elaboraLe places of worshlp 8ellglons affecL Lhe landscape ln oLher ways
8ellglous communlLles are bullL rellglous Loponyms mark Lhe landscape and exLenslve LracLs
are reserved for burylng Lhe dead Some buL noL all unlversallzlng rellglons organlze Lhelr
LerrlLory lnLo a rlgld admlnlsLraLlve sLrucLure Lo dlssemlnaLe rellglous docLrlne
4 Why Do 1err|tor|a| Conf||cts Ar|se Among ke||g|ous Groups?
WlLh LarLh's surface domlnaLed by four large rellglons expanslon of Lhe LerrlLory occupled by
one rellglon may reduce Lhe LerrlLory of anoLher ln addlLlon rellglons musL compeLe for conLrol
of LerrlLory wlLh nonrellglous ldeas noLably communlsm and economlc modernlzaLlon
ChapLer 7
1 Where Are Lthn|c|t|es D|str|buted?
Ma[or eLhnlclLles ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes lnclude Afrlcan Amerlcans Plspanlc Amerlcans and Aslan
Amerlcans 1hese eLhnlc groups are clusLered ln reglons of Lhe counLry and wlLhln urban
nelghborhoods ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes race and eLhnlclLy are ofLen used lnLerchangeably because
members of Lhe Afrlcan Amerlcan eLhnlc group also dlsLlngulshed as members of Lhe black race
(AlLhough noL all blacks are Afrlcan Amerlcans)
2 Why nave Lthn|c|t|es 8een 1ransformed Into Nat|ona||t|es?
naLlonallLles are eLhnlc groups LhaL possess among Lhelr culLural LradlLlons aLLachmenL and
loyalLy Lo a parLlcular counLry A naLlonallLy comblnes an eLhnlc group's language rellglon and
arLlsLlc expresslons wlLh a counLry's parLlcular lndependence movemenL hlsLory and oLher
paLrloLlc evenLs uurlng Lhe pasL Lwo cenLurles many counLrles have been creaLed LhaL aLLempL
Lo Lransform eLhnlc groups lnLo slngle naLlonallLles
3 Why Do Lthn|c|t|es C|ash?
ConfllcLs can arlse when a counLry conLalns several eLhnlclLles compeLlng wlLh each oLher for
conLrol or domlnance ConfllcLs also arlse when an eLhnlclLy ls dlvlded among more Lhan one
counLry
4 What Is Lthn|c C|eans|ng?
LLhnlc cleanslng ls an aLLempL by a more powerful eLhnlc group Lo creaLe an eLhnlcally
homogeneous reglon by forclbly evlcLlng all members of anoLher eLhnlc group 1he pracLlce has
been especlally wldespread ln Lhe counLrles LhaL comprlse Lhe former counLry of ?ugoslavla
8evlew CuesLlons
Sample A CuesLlons
1 ln 1798 1homas 8oberL MalLhus publlshed An Lssay on Lhe rlnclple of opulaLlon ln whlch he argued
LhaL populaLlon growLh wlll lnevlLably ouLpace food producLlon resulLlng ln wldespread famlne
A ldenLlfy and explaln 1WC reasons why some geographers Loday belleve MalLhus' Lheory can be used
Lo predlcL fuLure populaLlon lssues
8 ldenLlfy and explaln 1WC reasons why some geographers Loday belleve MalLhus' Lheory cannoL be
used Lo predlcL fuLure populaLlon lssues
CuesLlon 1 Scorlng Culdellnes
ln 1798 1homas 8oberL MalLhus publlshed An Lssay on Lhe rlnclple of opulaLlon ln whlch he argued
LhaL populaLlon growLh wlll lnevlLably ouLpace food producLlon resulLlng ln wldespread famlne
arL A (4 polnLs 1 polnL for each reason ldenLlfled lu and 1 explanaLlon polnL per lu)
ldenLlfy and explaln 1WC reasons why some geographers Loday belleve MalLhus' Lheory can be used Lo
predlcL fuLure populaLlon lssues
lu opulaLlon has been rlslng qulckly C8 opulaLlon has generally grown as predlcLed by MalLhus
LxplanaLlon
- LlmlLed use of conLracepLlon
- ollLlcal pollcles economlc declslons culLural bellefs LhaL supporL populaLlon growLh
- uemographlc LranslLlon model referrlng Lo SLage 2 and/or early SLage 3
lu lood supply has lncreased buL lL has noL kepL up wlLh populaLlon lncrease C8
lood supply has generally grown as predlcLed by MalLhus
LxplanaLlon
- lallure Lo adopL agrlculLural lnnovaLlon owlng Lo pollLlcal pollcles economlc declslons culLural bellefs
- Converslon of farmland for urban use
- LnvlronmenLal degradaLlon such as deserLlflcaLlon overgrazlng clear cuLLlng soll eroslon
unavallablllLy of fresh waLer
- Converslon of llfesupporLlng crops Lo cash crops (Lobacco sugar coLLon Lea coffee)
- 8lslng fuel cosLs wlll slow down growLh of food producLlon and dlsLrlbuLlon
- CllmaLe change wlll decrease producLlon
lu 1here are oLher llmlLlng facLors on populaLlon ln addlLlon Lo food
LxplanaLlon
- 8ecause of resource overuse and/or envlronmenLal degradaLlon we are ln danger of exceedlng Lhe
carrylng capaclLy (clean alr fossll fuel waLer and oLher resources)
arL 8 (4 polnLs 1 polnL for each reason ldenLlfled lu and 1 explanaLlon polnL per lu)
ldenLlfy and explaln 1WC reasons why some geographers Loday belleve MalLhus' Lheory cannoL be used
Lo predlcL fuLure populaLlon lssues
lu opulaLlon growLh has noL been rlslng geomeLrlcally/exponenLlally C8 opulaLlon has generally noL
grown as predlcLed by MalLhus
LxplanaLlon
- Lxpanded use of conLracepLlon
- ollLlcal pollcles economlc declslons culLural bellefs LhaL llmlL populaLlon growLh
- uemographlc LranslLlon model referrlng Lo laLe SLages 3 4 and/or 3 (decllnlng blrLh raLe)
lu lood supply has grown fasLer Lhan predlcLed by MalLhus C8 Carrylng capaclLy has expanded
LxplanaLlon
- new Lechnologles such as mechanlzaLlon facLory farmlng lndusLrlal agrlculLure agrlbuslness use of
chemlcals lrrlgaLlon CS
- CreaLer efflclencles such as larger farms consolldaLlon of farms mechanlzaLlon mulLlcropplng
- Creen 8evoluLlon geneLlcally modlfled crops mulLlcropplng lmproved seeds hlghyleldlng culLlvars
- Lxpanslon of agrlculLural lands
- Puman ablllLy Lo creaLe new Lechnlques
lu Cur ablllLy Lo preserve food and/or dlsLrlbuLe food Lo areas of need ls much greaLer Lhan durlng
MalLhus' Llme
LxplanaLlon
- lmprovemenLs ln any and all meLhods of LransporLaLlon (hlghways conLalnerlzaLlon refrlgeraLed
Lrucks)
- lmprovemenLs ln food preservaLlon (refrlgeraLlon packlng processed food)
2 Cver Lhe lasL 130 years Lurope has changed from a source Lo a desLlnaLlon reglon for lnLernaLlonal
mlgraLlon
A use Lhe demographlc LranslLlon model Lo explaln brlefly Lurope's developmenL as a source of
lnLernaLlonal mlgranLs beLween 1800 and 1920
8 ldenLlfy and brlefly explaln CnL facLor oLher Lhan demographlc LranslLlon LhaL was responslble for
Lurope's developmenL as a source of mlgranLs Lo Lhe unlLed SLaLes beLween 1800 and 1920
C 8rlefly explaln how 1P8LL aspecLs of Lhe demographlc LranslLlon model accounL for Lurope's
LransformaLlon lnLo a desLlnaLlon reglon for mlgranLs from norLh Afrlca beLween 1960 and 2000

3 1he populaLlon pyramlds above represenL Lwo counLrles aL dlfferenL sLages of Lhe demographlc
LranslLlon and economlc developmenL
A Lxplaln Lhe demographlc characLerlsLlcs of each counLry above wlLh respecL Lo Lhe demographlc
LranslLlon model
8 ulscuss CnL poslLlve lmpacL of LACP counLry's populaLlon sLrucLure on lLs economlc developmenL
C ulscuss CnL negaLlve lmpacL of LACP counLry's populaLlon sLrucLure on lLs economlc developmenL
CuesLlon 3 Scorlng Culdellnes
1he populaLlon pyramlds above represenL Lwo counLrles aL dlfferenL sLages of Lhe demographlc
LranslLlon and economlc developmenL
arL A (2 polnLs)
Lxplaln Lhe demographlc characLerlsLlcs of each counLry above wlLh respecL Lo Lhe demographlc
LranslLlon model
CounLry A
- MusL menLlon SLage 2 (second or early expandlng sLage) Anu elaboraLe brlefly abouL lLs
characLerlsLlcs such as hlgh blrLh raLe falllng deaLh raLe youLhful populaLlon developlng counLry
- lL ls noL accepLable Lo suggesL SLages 1 or 3 for CounLry A
CounLry 8
- MusL menLlon SLage 4 (fourLh flnal or low sLaLlonary sLage) Anu elaboraLe brlefly abouL lLs
characLerlsLlcs such as low blrLh raLe low deaLh raLe aglng populaLlon developed counLry
- lL ls accepLable Lo menLlon a posslble SLage 3 (flfLh sLage) for CounLry 8
arL 8 (2 polnLs)
ulscuss CnL poslLlve lmpacL of LACP counLry's populaLlon sLrucLure on lLs economlc developmenL
CounLry A (1 polnL)
- Lxpandlng or large workforce
- ?ouLhful populaLlon whlch can spark creaLlvlLy recepLlvlLy Lo change eLc
- Less need for lmmlgranL labor
- Less need for elder soclal safeLy neL (eg Soclal SecurlLy)
CounLry 8 (1 polnL)
- LducaLed (skllled experlenced eLc) workforce
- Low youLh dependency raLlo
- More women ln Lhe compensaLed workforce
- 1endency Lo spend dlscreLlonary lncome on needs oLher Lhan educaLlon
- MlghL need lmmlgranL labor whlch would allow clLlzens Lo Lake hlgherorder [obs
arL C (2 polnLs)
ulscuss CnL negaLlve lmpacL of LACP counLry's populaLlon sLrucLure on lLs economlc developmenL
CounLry A (1 polnL)
- Plgh youLh dependency raLlo
- SLraln on resources Lhe envlronmenL or socleLy owlng Lo rapld populaLlon growLh
- Low llLeracy raLe for women
- lewer women ln Lhe compensaLed workforce
CounLry 8 (1 polnL)
- Plgh elder dependency raLlo
- osslble fuLure labor shorLage
- CreaLer need Lo fund elder soclal safeLy neL (eg Soclal SecurlLy)
vldeo Llnks (SuggesL more)
hLLp//wwwyouLubecom/waLch?vAlqC79Wrpkg 3 1hemes of Ceography
hLLp//wwwyouLubecom/waLch?vda3Ck_CgM?w Super uuper Weenles
hLLp//enmemoryalphaorg/wlkl/uarmok_(eplsode) SLar 1rek uarmok
hLLps//wwwyouLubecom/waLch?vn8z8C2dvL8M WesL Wlng Map ro[ecLlon
Llnks Lo Pand CuLs (SuggesL more)
hLLp//wwwnyLlmescom/2010/04/29/nyreglon/29losLhLml?pagewanLedall

key 1erms ChapLers 1 7
Chapter 1
1. ricultural Density:
The ratio oI the number
oI Iarmers to the total
amount oI land suitable
Ior ariculture.
2. rithmetic Density:
The total number oI
people divided by the
total land area.
3. Base Line: n east-
west line desinated
under the Land
Ordinance oI 1785 to
Iacilitate the surveyin
and numberin oI
townships in the United
States.
4. Cartoraphy: The
science oI makin
maps.
5. Concentration: The
spread oI somethin
over a iven area.
6. Connections:
Relationships amon
people and objects
across the barrier oI
space.
7. Contaious diIIusion:
The rapid, widespread
diIIusion oI a Ieature or
trend throuhout a
population.
8. Cultural ecoloy:
Georaphic approach
that emphasizes
human-environment
relationships.
9. Cultural landscape:
Fashionin oI a natural
landscape by a cultural
roup.
10. Culture: The body oI
customary belieIs,
social Iorms, and
material traits that
toether constitute a
roup`s distinct
tradition.
11. Density: The Irequency
with which somethin
exists within a iven
unit oI area.
12. DiIIusion: The process
oI a spread oI a Ieature
or trend Irom one place
to another over time.
13. Distance decay: The
diminishin in
importance and
eventual disappearance
oI a phenomenon with
increasin distance
Irom its oriin.
14. Distribution: The
arranement oI
somethin across
Earth`s surIace.
15. Environmental
determinism:
nineteenth- and early
twentieth-century
approach to the study
oI eoraphy which
arued that the eneral
laws souht by human
eoraphers could be
Iound in the physical
sciences. Georaphy
was thereIore the study
oI how the physical
environment caused
human activities.
16. Expansion diIIusion:
The spread oI a Ieature
or trend amon people
Irom one area to
another in a
snowballin process.
17. Formal reion
(UniIorm or
homoenous reion):
n area in which
everyone shares in one
or more distinctive
characteristics.
18. Functional reion
(Nodal reion): n area
oranized around a
node or local point.
19. Georaphic
inIormation system
(GIS): computer
system that stores,
oranizes, analyzes,
and displays
eoraphic data.
20. Global Positionin
System (GPS):
system that determines
the precise position oI
somethin on Earth
throuh a series oI
satellites, trackin
stations, and receivers.
21. Globalization: ctions
or processes that
involve the entire world
and result in makin
somethin worldwide
in scope.
22. Greenwich Mean Time
(GMT): The time in
that zone encompassin
the prime meridian, or
0 lonitude.
23. Hearth: The reion
Irom which innovative
ideas oriinate.
24. Hierarchical diIIusions:
or trend Irom one key
person or node oI
authority or power to
other persons or places.
25. International Date
Line: n arc that Ior
the most part Iollows
180 lonitude,
althouh it deviates in
several places to avoid
dividin land areas.
When you cross the
International Date Line
headin east (toward
merica), the clock
moves back 24 hours,
or one entire day.
When you o west
(toward sia), the
calendar moves ahead
one day.
26. Land Ordinance oI
1785: law that
divided much oI the
United States into
townships to Iacilitate
the sale oI land to
settlers.
27. Latitude: The
numberin system used
to indicate the location
oI parallels drawn on a
lobe and measurin
distance north and
south oI the equator
(0).
28. Map: two-
dimensional, or Ilat,
representation oI
Earth`s surIace or a
portion oI it.
29. Mental map:
representation oI a
portion oI Earth`s
surIace based on what
an individual knows
about a place,
containin personal
impressions oI what is
in a place and where
places are located.
30. Meridian: n arc
drawn on a map
between the North and
South poles.
31. Parallel: circle drawn
around the lobal
parallel to the equator
and at riht anles to
the meridians.
32. Pattern: The eometric
or reular arranement
oI somethin in a study
area.
33. Physioloical density:
The number oI people
per unit oI area oI
arable land, which is
land suitable Ior
ariculture.
34. Place: speciIic point
on Earth distinuished
by a particular
character.
35. Polder: Land created by
the Dutch by drainin
water Irom an area.
36. Possibilism: The theory
that the physical
environment may set
limits on human
actions, but people
have the ability to
adjust to the physical
environment and
choose a course oI
action Irom many
alternatives.
37. Prime meridian: The
meridian, desinated as
0 lonitude, that
passes throuh the
Royal Observatory at
Greenwich, Enland.
38. Principal meridian:
north-south line
desinated in the Land
Ordinance ct oI 1785
to Iacilitate the
surveyin and
numberin oI
townships in the United
States.
39. Projection: The system
used to transIer
locations Irom Earth`s
surIace to Ilat map.
40. Reion: n area
distinuished by a
unique combination oI
trends oI Ieatures.
41. Reional (cultural
landscape) studies: n
approach to eoraphy
that emphasizes the
relationships amon
social and physical
phenomena in a
particular study area.
42. Relocation diIIusion:
or trend throuh bodily
movement oI people
Irom one place to
another.
43. Remote sensin: The
acquisition oI data
about Earth`s surIace
Irom a satellite orbitin
the planet or Irom other
lon-distance methods.
44. Resource: substance
in the environment that
is useIul to people is
economically and
technoloically Ieasible
to access and is socially
acceptable to use.
45. Scale: Generally, the
relationship between
the portion oI Earth
bein studied and Earth
as a whole;
speciIically, the
relationship between
the size oI an object on
a map and the size oI
the actual Ieature on
the Earth`s surIace.
46. Section: square
normally 1 mile on a
side. The Land
Ordinance oI 1785
divided townships in
the United States in 36
sections.
47. Site: The physical
character oI a place.
48. Situation: The location
oI a place relative to
another place.
49. Space: The physical
ap or interval between
two objects.
50. Space-time
compression: The
reduction in the time it
takes to diIIuse
somethin to a distant
place as a result oI
improved
communications and
transportation systems.
51. Stimulus diIIusion: The
spread oI an underlyin
principle, even thouh
a speciIic characteristic
is rejected.
52. Toponym: The name
iven to a portion oI
Earth`s surIace.
53. Township: square
normally 6 miles on a
side. The Land
Ordinance oI 1785
divided much oI the
United States into a
series oI townships.
54. Transnational
corporation:
company that conducts
research, operates
Iactories, and sells
products in many
countries, not just
where its headquarters
or shareholders are
located.
55. Uneven development:
The increasin ap in
economic conditions
between core and
peripheral reions as a
result oI the
lobalization oI the
economy.
56. Vernacular reion
(Perceptual reion): n
area that people believe
exists as part oI their
cultural identity.

Chapter 2
1. ricultural density:
The ratio oI the number
oI Iarmers to the total
amount oI land suitable
Ior ariculture.
2. ricultural revolution:
The time when human
beins Iirst
domesticated plants
and animals and no
loner relied entirely
on huntin and
atherin.
3. rithmetic density: The
total number oI people
divided by the total
land area.
4. Census: complete
enumeration oI a
population.
5. Crude birth rate (CBR):
The total number oI
live births in a year Ior
every 1,000 people
alive in the society.
6. Crude death rate
(CDR): The total
number oI deaths in a
year Ior every 1,000
people alive in the
society.
7. Demoraphic
transition: The process
oI chane in a society`s
population Irom a
condition oI hih crude
birth and death rates
and low rate oI natural
increase to a condition
oI low crude birth and
death rates, low rate oI
natural increase, and a
hiher total population.
8. Demoraphy: The
scientiIic study oI
population
characteristics.
9. Dependency ration:
under the ae oI 15 and
over ae 64 compared
to the number oI people
active in the labor
Iorce.
10. Doublin time: The
number oI years needed
to double a population,
assumin a constant
rate oI natural increase.
11. Ecumene: The portion
oI Earth`s surIace
occupied by permanent
human settlement.
12. Epidemioloic
transition: Distinctive
causes oI death in each
stae oI the
demoraphic transition.
13. Epidemioloy: Branch
oI medical science
concerned with the
incidence, distribution,
and control oI diseases
that are prevalent
amon a population at
a special time and are
produced by some
special causes not
enerally present in the
aIIected locality.
14. Industrial Revolution:
series oI
improvements in
industrial technoloy
that transIormed the
process oI
manuIacturin oods.
15. InIant mortality rate
(IMR): The total
number oI deaths in a
year amon inIants
under 1 year old Ior
every 1,000 live births
in a society.
16. LiIe expectancy: The
averae number oI
years an individual can
be expected to live,
iven current social,
economic, and medical
conditions. LiIe
expectancy at birth is
the averae number oI
years a newborn inIant
can expect to live.
17. Medical revolution:
Medical technoloy
invented in Europe and
North merica that is
diIIused to the poorer
countries oI Latin
merica, sia, and
Irica. Improved
medical practices have
eliminated many oI the
traditional causes oI
death in poorer
countries and enable
more people to live
loner and healthier
lives.
18. Natural increase rate
(NIR): The percentae
rowth oI a population
in a year, computed as
the crude birth rate
minus the crude death
rate.
19. Overpopulation: The
number oI people in an
area exceeds the
capacity oI the
environment to support
liIe at a decent standard
oI livin.
20. Pandemic: Disease that
occurs over is wide
eoraphic area and
aIIects a very hih
proportion oI the
population.
21. Physioloical density:
per unit oI area oI
arable land, which is
land suitable Ior
ariculture.
22. Population pyramid:
bar raph representin
the distribution oI
population by ae and
sex.
23. Sex ratio: The number
oI males per 100
Iemales in the
population.
24. Total Iertility rate
(TFR): The averae
number oI children a
woman will have
throuhout her
childbearin years.
25. Zero population rowth
(ZPG): decline oI the
total Iertility rate to the
point where the natural
increase rate equals
zero.

Chapter 3
1. Brain drain: Lare-
scale emiration by
talented people.
2. Chain miration:
Miration oI people to
a speciIic location
because relatives or
members oI the same
nationality previously
mirated there.
3. Circulation: Short-
term, repetitive, or
cyclical movements
that recur on a reular
basis.
4. Counterurbanization:
Net miration Irom
urban to rural areas in
more developed
countries.
5. Emiration: Miration
Irom a location.
6. Floodplain: The area
subject to Iloodin
durin a iven number
oI years accordin to
historical trends.
7. Forced miration:
Permanent movement
compelled usually by
cultural Iactors.
8. Guest workers:
Workers who mirate
to the more developed
countries oI Northern
and Western Europe,
usually Irom Southern
and Eastern Europe or
Irom North Irica, in
search oI hiher-payin
jobs.
9. Immiration: Miration
to a new location.
10. Internal miration:
Permanent movement
within a particular
country.
11. International miration:
Permanent movement
Irom one country to
another.
12. Interreional miration:
Permanent movement
Irom one reion oI a
country to another.
13. Intervenin obstacle:
n environmental or
cultural Ieature oI the
landscape that hinders
miration.
14. Intrareional miration:
Permanent movement
within one reion oI a
country.
15. Miration: Form oI
relocation diIIusion
involvin a permanent
move to a new location.
16. Miration transition:
Chane in the
miration pattern in a
society that results
Irom industrialization,
population rowth, and
other social and
economic chanes that
also produce the
demoraphic transition.
17. Mobility: ll types oI
movement Irom one
location to another.
18. Net miration: The
diIIerence between the
level oI immiration
and the level oI
emiration.
19. Pull Iactor: Factor that
induces people to move
into a new location.
20. Push Iactor: Factor that
induces people to leave
old residences.
21. Quotas: In reIerence to
miration, laws that
place maximum limits
on the number oI
people who can
immirate to a country
each year.
22. ReIuees: People who
are Iorce to mirate
Irom their home
country and cannot
return Ior Iear oI
persecution because oI
their race, reliion,
nationality,
membership in a social
roup, or political
opinion.
23. Unauthorized
immirants: People
who enter a country
without proper
documents.
24. Voluntary miration:
Permanent movement
undertaken by choice.

Chapter 4
1. Custom (p. 106): The
Irequent repetition oI
an act, to the extent that
it becomes
characteristic oI the
roup oI people
perIormin the act.
2. Folk culture (p. 106):
Culture traditionally
practiced by a small,
homoeneous, rural
roup livin in relative
isolation Irom other
roups.
3. Habit (p. 106):
repetitive act
perIormed by a
particular individual.
4. Popular culture (p.
106): Culture Iound in
a lare, heteroeneous
society that shares
certain habits despite
diIIerences in other
personal
characteristics.
5. Taboo (p. 112):
restriction on behavior
imposed by social
custom.
6. Terroir (p. 114): The
contribution oI a
location`s distinctive
physical Ieatures to the
way Iood tastes. From
the French lanuae.

Chapter 5
1. British Received
Pronunciation (BRP):
The dialect oI Enlish
associated with upper-
class Britons livin in
London and now
considered standard in
the United Kindom.
2. Creole or creolized
lanuae: lanuae
that results Irom the
mixin oI a colonizer`s
lanuae with the
indienous lanuae oI
the people bein
dominated.
3. Denlish: Combination
oI German and Enlish.
4. Dialect: reional
variety oI a lanuae
distinuished by
vocabulary, spellin,
and pronunciation.
5. Ebonics: Dialect
spoken by some
Irican mericans.
6. Extinct lanuae:
lanuae that was once
used by people in daily
activities but is no lon
used.
7. Franlais: term used
by the French Ior
Enlish words that
have entered the French
lanuae; a
combination oI
1rancais and anglais,
the French words Ior
'French and
'Enlish, respectively.
8. Ideorams: The system
oI writin used in
China and other East
sian countries in
which each symbol
represents an idea or a
concept rather than a
speciIic sound, as is the
case with letters in
Enlish.
9. Isoloss: boundary
that separates reions
which diIIerent
lanuae usaes
predominate.
10. Isolated lanuae:
lanuae that is
unrelated to any other
lanuaes and thereIore
not attached to any
lanuae Iamily.
11. Lanuae: system oI
communication throuh
the use oI speech, a
collection oI sounds
understood by a roup
oI people to have the
same meanin.
12. Lanuae branch:
collection oI lanuaes
related throuh a
common ancestor that
existed several
thousand years ao.
DiIIerences are not as
extensive or as old with
lanuae Iamilies, and
archaeoloical
evidence can conIirm
that the branches
derived Irom the same
Iamily.
13. Lanuae Iamily:
related to each other
throuh a common
ancestor lon beIore
recorded history.
14. Lanuae roup:
within a branch that
share a common oriin
in the relatively recent
past and display
relatively Iew
diIIerences in rammar
and vocabulary.
15. Linua Iranca:
lanuae mutually
understood and
commonly used in
trade by people who
have diIIerent native
lanuaes.
16. Literary tradition:
lanuae that is written
as well as spoken.
17. OIIicial lanuae: The
lanuae adopted Ior
use by the overnment
Ior the conduct oI
business and
publication oI
documents.
18. Pidin lanuae:
Iorm oI speech that
adopts a simpliIied
rammar and limited
vocabulary oI a linua
Iranca; used Ior
communications amon
speakers oI two
diIIerent lanuaes.
19. Spanlish:
Combination oI
Spanish and Enlish,
spoken by Hispanic
mericans.
20. Standard lanuae: The
Iorm oI a lanuae
used Ior oIIicial
overnment business,
education, and mass
communications.
21. Vular Latin: Iorm
oI Latin used in daily
conversation by ancient
Romans, as opposed to
the standard dialect,
which was used Ior
oIIicial documents.

Chapter 6
1. nimism: BelieI that
objects, such as plants
and stones, or natural
events, like
thunderstorms and
earthquakes, have a
discrete spirit and
conscious liIe.
2. utonomous reliion:
reliion that does not
have a central authority
but shares ideas and
cooperates inIormally.
3. Branch: lare and
Iundamental division
within a reliion.
4. Caste: The class or
distinct hereditary
order into which a
Hindu is assined
accordin to reliious
law.
5. Cosmoony: set oI
reliious belieIs
concernin the oriin
oI the universe.
6. Denomination:
division oI a branch
that unites a number oI
local conreations
into a sinle leal and
administrative body.
7. Ethnic reliion:
reliion with a
relatively concentrated
spatial distribution
whose principles are
likely to be based on
the physical
characteristics oI the
particular location in
which its adherents are
concentrated.
8. Fundamentalism:
Literal interpretation
and strict adherence to
basic principles oI a
reliion (or a reliious
branch, denomination,
or sect).
9. Ghetto: Durin the
Middle es, a
neihborhood in a city
set up by law to be
inhabited only by Jews;
now used to denote a
section oI a city in
which members oI any
minority roup live
because oI social, leal,
or economic pressure.
10. Hierarchical reliion:
reliion in which a
central authority
exercises a hih deree
oI control.
11. Missionary: n
individual who helps to
diIIuse a universalizin
reliion.
12. Monotheism: The
doctrine or belieI oI the
existence oI only one
od.
13. Paan: Iollower oI a
polytheistic reliion in
ancient times.
14. Pilrimae: journey
to a place considered
sacred Ior reliious
purposes.
15. Polytheism: BelieI in or
worship oI more than
one od.
16. Sect: relatively small
roup that has broken
away Irom an
established
denomination.
17. Solstice: stronomical
event that happens
twice each year, when
the tilt oI Earth`s axis is
most inclined toward or
away Irom the Sun,
causin the Sun`s
apparent position in the
sky to reach it most
northernmost or
southernmost extreme,
and resultin in the
shortest and lonest
days oI the year.
18. Universalizin reliion:
reliious that
attempts to appeal to all
people, not just those
livin in a particular
location.

Chapter 7
1. partheid: Laws (no
loner in eIIect) in
South Irica that
physically separated
diIIerent races into
diIIerent eoraphic
areas.
2. Balkanization: Process
by which a state breaks
down throuh conIlicts
amon its ethnicities/
3. Balkanized:
Descriptive oI a small
eoraphic area that
could not successIully
be oranized into one
or more stable states
because it was
inhabited by many
ethnicities with
complex, lon-standin
antaonisms toward
each other.
4. Blockbustin:
process by which real
estate aents convince
white property owners
to sell their houses at
low prices because oI
Iear that persons oI
color will soon move
into the neihborhood.
5. Centripetal Iorce: n
attitude that tends to
uniIy people and
enhance support Ior a
state.
6. Ethnic cleansin:
Process in which a
more powerIul ethnic
roup Iorcibly removes
a less powerIul one in
order to create an
ethnically
homoeneous reion.
7. Ethnicity: Identity with
a roup oI people that
share distinct physical
and mental traits as a
product oI common
heredity and cultural
traditions.
8. Multiethnic state: State
that contains more than
one ethnicity.
9. Multinational state:
State that contains two
or more ethnic roups
with traditions oI selI-
determination that
aree to coexist
peaceIully by
reconizin each other
as distinct nationalities.
10. Nationalism: Loyalty
and devotion to a
particular nationality.
11. Nationality: Identity
with a roup oI people
that share leal
attachment and
personal alleiance to a
particular place as a
result oI bein born
there.
12. Nation-state: state
whose territory
corresponds to that
occupied by a
particular ethnicity that
has been transIormed
into a nationality.
13. Race: Identity with a
roup oI people
descended Irom a
common ancestor.
14. Racism: BelieI that
race is the primary
determinant oI human
traits and capacities and
that racial diIIerences
produce an inherent
superiority oI a
particular race.
15. Racist: person who
subscribes to the belieIs
oI racism.

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